STATE OF MAHARASHTRAversusM/S. HINDUSTAN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD.

                         [2010] 4 S.C.R. 46


A                   STATE OF MAHARASHTRA
                                  v.
       MIS. HINDUSTAN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD.
                  (Civil Appeal No. 2928 of 2010)

                           APRIL 1, 2010
B
          [R.V. RAVEENDRAN AND R.M. LODHA, JJ.]

         Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 - ss.34 and 37 -
    Disputes between respondent-company and appellant-State
C   - Arbitral award - Application by appellant u/s.34 for setting
    aside the award rejected - Appeal by appellant uls.37 -
    Subsequent application by appellant for amendment in
    memorandum of appeal to raise additional/ new grounds -
    Rejected by High Court on the reasoning that new grounds
D   for setting aside the arbitral award could not be permitted· to
    be raised beyond the period of limitation prescribed in s.34(3)
    - Justification of - Held: On facts, justified - The grounds
    sought to be added in the memorandum of arbitration appeal
    by way of amendment were absolutely new grounds for which
E   there was no foundation in the application for setting aside the
    award - Such new grounds containing new material/facts
    could not have been introduced for the first time in an appeal
    when admittedly these grounds were not originally raised in
    the arbitration application for setting aside the award -
F   Moreover, no prayer was made by appellant for amendment
    in the application uls.34 before the concerned court or at the
    appellate stage - In the circumstances, it cannot be said that
    discretion exercised by the High Court in refusing to grant
    leave to appellant to amend the memorandum of arbitration
G   appeal suffers from any illegality.

      Pleadings - Amendment of - Power of appellate court
  to grant leave to amend the memorandum of appeal -
  Discussed - Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - Order XL/, rr.2
  and 3 and Order VI, r. 17.
H                             46
      STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. HINDUSTAN                 47
          CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD.
    Respondent construction company had entered into A
a contract with the appellant-State. Disputes arose
between the parties in respect of the work carried out by
respondent, which were referred to the Arbitral Tribunal.
The Tribunal awarded a specified amount to the
respondent. Appellant filed an application under s.34 of B
the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 for setting aside
the arbitral award on various grounds viz., waiver,
acquiescence, delay, laches and res judicata. The District
Judge rejected the application for setting aside the award.

     The appellant filed arbitration appeal under s.37 of the C
Act before the High Court. Subsequently, the appellant
fil,~d an application seeking amendment to the
memorandum of arbitration appeal by adding new
grounds. The application for amendment was rejected by
the High Court on the reasoning that the new grounds D
for setting aside the arbitral award could not be permitted
to be raised beyond the period of limitation prescribed in ·
s.34(3) of the Act.

     In appeal to this Court, the question which arose for E
consideration was whether in an appeal under Section
37 of the Act from an order refusing to set aside the
arbitral award, an amendment in the memorandum of
appeal to raise additional/new grounds can be permitted.

    Dismissing the appeal, the Court                         F

    HELD: 1.1. Pleadings and particulars are required to
enable the court to decide true rights of the parties in trial.
Amendment in the pleadings is a matter of procedure.
Grant or refusal thereof is in the discretion of the court. G
But like any other discretion, such discretion has to be
exercised consistent with settled legal principles. Insofar
as Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 is concerned, Order VI
Rule 17 thereof provides for amendment of pleadings. It
                                                             H
    48     SUPREME COURT REPORTS              [2010] 4 S.C.R.


A says that the Court may at any stage of the proceedings
  allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings in such
  manner and on such terms as may be just, and all such
  amendments shall be made as may be necessary for the
  purpose of determining the real questions in controversy
B between the parties. [Paras 14 and 15) (56-E; 57-8-C]

         1.2. Order XU Rule 2 CPC makes a provision that the
    appellant shall not, except by leave of the Court, urge or
    be heard in support of any ground of objection not set
    forth in the memorandum of appeal; but the Appellate
C Court, in deciding the appeal, shall not be confined to the
    grounds of objections set forth in the memorandum of
    appeal or taken by leave of the Court. Order XU Rule 3
    CPC provides that where the memorandum of appeal is
    not drawn up as prescribed, it may be rejected, or be
D · returned to the appellant for the purpose· of being
    amended. The aforesaid provisions in CPC leave no
    manner of doubt that the· appellate court has power to
    grant leave to amend the memorandum of appeal. [Paras
    20, 21) (60-F-H; 61-A-B]
E
         1.3. No doubt an application for setting aside an
    arbitral award under Section 34 of the Arbitration and
    Conciliation Act, 1996 has to be made within time
    prescribed under sub-section (3) i.e., within three months
F and a further period of thirty days on sufficient cause
    being shown and not thereafter. However, if incorporation
    of additional grounds by way of amendment in the
    application under Section 34 is treated to tantamount to
    filing a fresh application in all situations and
G circumstances, it would follow that no amendment in the
    application for setting aside the award, howsoever
    material or relevant it may be for consideration by the
    Court, can be added nor existing ground amended after
    the prescribed period of limitation has expired although
    application for setting aside the arbitral award has been
H
      STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. HINDUSTAN                    49
          CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD.

made in time. This is not and could not have been the A
intention of Legislature while enacting Section 34.
Moreso, Section 34(2)(b) enables the Court to set aside
the arbitral award if it finds that the subject matter of the
dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under
the law for the time being in force or the arbitral award is B
in conflict with the public policy of India. The words in
Clause (b) "the Court finds that" do enable the Court,
where the application under Section 34 has been made
within prescribed time, to grant leave to amend such
application if the very peculiar circumstances of the case c
so warrant and it is so required in the interest of justice.
[Para 25) [64-F-H; 65-A-C]

      1.4. The Courts would, as a rule, decline to allow
 amendments, if a fresh claim on the proposed
 amendments would be barred by limitation on the date            D
 of application but that would be a factor for consideration
 in exercise of the discretion as to whether leave to amend
should be granted but that does not affect the power of
 the court to order it, if that is required in the interest of
justice. There is no reason why the same rule should not         E
 be applied when the Court is called upon to consider the
application for amendment of grounds in the application
for setting aside the arbitral award or the amendment in
the grounds of appeal under Section 37 of the Act.
However a fine distinction between what is permissible           F
amendment and what may be impermissible, in sound
exercise of judicial discretion, must be kept in mind.
Every amendment in the application for setting aside an
arbitral award cannot be taken as fresh application.
[Paras 25, 26) [65-C-E; 66-C]                                    G

    L.J. Leach and Company Ltd., v. Jardine Skinner and Co.
(1957) SCR 438; Pirgonda Hongonda Patil v. Ka/gonda
Shidgonda Patil and Others (1957) SCR 595; Jai Jai Ram

                                                                 H
    50     SUPREME COURT REPORTS              [2010] 4 S.C.R.


A Manohar Lal v. National Building Material Supply, Gurgaon
  (1969) 1 SCC 869; Vastu Invest & Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai
  v. Gujarat Lease Financing Ltd., Mumbai (2001) 2 Arb. LR
  315 (Bombay); Union of India v. Popular Construction Co.
  (2001) 8 SCC 470; Consolidated Engineering Enterprises v.
B Principal Secretary, Irrigation Department and Others (2008)
  7 SCC 169; Madan Lal v. Sunder Lal and Another, AIR 1967
  SC 1233; Bijendra Nath Srivastava v. Mayank Srivastava and
  others (1994) 6 SCC 117; Dhartipakar Madan Lal Agarwal v.
  Rajiv Gandhi 1987 (Supp.) SCC 93; Ganesh Trading Co. v.
c Moji Ram (1978) 2 SCR 614; Clarapede & Company v.
  Commercial Union Association Vol XXXll Vol XXXll The
  Weekly Reporter 262; Charan Das and Others v. Amir Khan
  and Others (1920) LR 47 IA 255 and Harcharan v. State of
  Haryana (1982) 3 SCC 408, referred to.
D      2. In the present case, in the application for setting
  aside the award, appellant set up five grounds viz.,
  waiver, acquiescence, delay, laches and res judicata. The
  grounds sought to be added in the memorandum of
  arbitration appeal by way of amendment are absolutely
E new grounds for which there is no foundation in the
  application for setting aside the award. Such new
  grounds containing new material/facts could not have
  been introduced for the first time in an appeal when
  admittedly these grounds were not originally raised in the
F arbitration petition for setting aside the award. Moreover,
  no prayer was made by the appellant for amendment in
  the petition under Section 34 before the concerned cuurt '
  or at the appellate stage. As a matter of fact, the High
  Court observed that the grounds of appeal which are
G now sought to be advanced were not originally raised in
  the arbitration petition and that the amendment that is
  sought to be effected is not even to the grounds
  contained in the application under Section 34 but to the
  memo of appeal. In the circumstances, it cannot be said
H that discretion exercised by the High Court in refusing to
      STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. HINDUSTAN                   51
          CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD.
grant leave to appellant to amend the memorandum of A
arbitration appeal suffers from any illegality. [Para 28] [66-
F-H; 67-A-C]

                     Case Law Reference:
   (1957) SCR 438                referred to       Para 10      B

   (1957) SCR 595                referred to       Para 10
   (1969) 1 sec 869              referred to       Para 10
   (2001) 2 Arb.                 referred to       Para 11      c
    LR 315(Bom)
   (2001) 8 sec 470              referred to       Para 12
   (2008) 1 sec 169              referred to       Para 12
   AIR 1967 SC 1233              referred to       Para 12      D

   (1994) 6 sec 111              referred to       Para 12
   1987 (Supp.) sec 93           referred to       Para 12
   (1978) 2 SCR 614              referred to       Para 14      E
   Vol XXXll Vol XXXll           referred to       Para 15
   The Weekly Reporter 262
   (1920) LR 47 IA 255           referred to       Para 16
  (1982) 3 sec 408               referred to       Para 21      F

    CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No.
2928 of 2010.

     From the Judgment & Order dated 9.1.2009 of the High
                                                             G
Court of Judicature at Bombay in Civil Application No. 21 of
2008 in Arbitration Appeal No. 6 of 2007 in Arbitration
Application No. 44 of 2003.

    Shekhar Naphade, Sanjay V. Kharde, Chinmoy A.
Khaladkar Asha Gopalan Nair, Subhangi Tuli for the Appellant.   H
    52      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2010] 4 S.C.R.


A         Ashok H. Desai, Bhavesh V. Panjvani, Sameer Parekh,
    D.P. Mohanty Ranjeeta Rohatgi, Rajat Nair (for Parekh & Co.)
    for the Respondent.

         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
B        R.M. LODHA, J. 1. Leave granted.

         2. The question presented in this appeal by special leave
    is : whether in an appeal under Section 37 of the Arbitration
    and Conciliation Act, 1996 (for short '1996 Act') from an order
c   refusing to set aside the award, an amendment in the
    memorandum of appeal to raise additional/new grounds can
    be permitted.

        3. M/s. Hindustan Construction Company Limited
  (respondent) and the State of Maharashtra (Irrigation
D Department, the Executive Engineer - appellant) entered into
  a contract on March 14, 1992 being ICB Contract No. 11/1992
  for the construction of civil work of Pressure Shafts and Power
  House Complex at Koyana Hydro Electric Project, Stage-IV.
  The contract work was completed by respondent within the
E extended period i.e., by March 31, 2000. However, it appears
  that disputes arose between the parties in respect of the work
  carried out by respondent in relation to (a) revision of
  percentages for hidden expenses, over breaks and profit for
  further additional cases of extract items/rate revision; (b) claim
F for extended stay at site; (c) revision of rate for Pressure Shaft
  excavation; (d) fixation of new rate on account of variation in
  the item of Transformer hall arch concrete; and (e) fixation of
  new rate on account of variation in the item of Transformer Hall
  excavation. These disputes were referred to the Arbitral
G Tribunal. The Arbitral Tribunal made award on June 26, 2003
  and a signed copy thereof was forwarded to the appellant along
  with the letter dated June 30, 2003. By the said award the
  Arbitral Tribunal awarded an amount of Rs. 17,81,25,152/- to
  respondent and further directed that if the said amount was not
H
    STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. HINDUSTAN                          53
 CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD. [R.M. LODHA, J.]

paid by appellant within two months from the date of the award,      A
then the awarded sum shall carry an interest at the rate of 15
per cent per annum from June 27, 2003.

      4. Not satisfied with the award dated June 26, 2003,
appellant made an arbitration application on August 22, 2003         8
for setting aside the award. The appellant also relied upon
Sections 28, 33 and 16 of 1996 Act in assailing the award
being in contravention of the provisions of 1996 Act and set
up the grounds viz., (i) waiver (final bill was accepted by
respondent without protest and the claims are not arbitrable);       C
(ii) acquiescence (contract ceased to exist after accepting final
payment which was made on March 30, 2001 after completion
of maintenance period); (iii) delay (claims are time barred
under the provisions of the Limitation Act); (iv) laches
(respondent's Arbitrator was not appointed before expiry of 30
days from the defect liability and, therefore, the claimant was      D
not entitled to bring claim Nos. 3, 4 and 5 to arbitration) and
(v) res judicata (claim No. 1 was referred to the earlier
Arbitration Panel in the year 1998 and hence the said claim is
barred by principles of res judicata).
                                                                     E
    5. The District Judge, Ratnagiri vide order dated June 29,
2006 rejected the application for setting aside the award dated
June 26, 2003.

    6. The appellant aggrieved thereby preferred an appeal           F
under Section 37 of 1996 Act on February 6, 2007 before the
High Court of Judicature at Bombay.

     7. On June 23, 2008, appellant made an application before
the High Court seeking amendment to the memorandum of
arbitration appeal by adding additional grounds, namely, that        G
the Arbitral Tribunal exceeded jurisdiction in awarding revision
of percentage for hiElden expenses over-heads and profits for
further additional items (Claim No. 1); that the Arbitral Tribunal
acted beyond the scope of arbitration with regard to extended
stay charges (Claim No. 2); the Arbitral Tribunal exceeded           H
    54        SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [2010] 4 S.C.R.


A jurisdiction and, in fact, committed error of jurisdiction in
  granting claim pertaining to revision of rate for pressure shaft
  excavation and mis-conducted themselves in awarding
  escalation considering March 2000 Indices.

       8. The aforesaid application was opposed by respondent
8
  on diverse grounds, inter alia, that the additional grounds
  sought to be incorporated in the memorandum of arbitration
  appeal can not be allowed at this stage after the expiry of period
  prescribed in Section 34(3) as that would tantamount to
  entertaining a challenge after and beyond the period of
C limitation and that the award has not been challenged by the
  appellant on any of the grounds sought to be urged/added
  through the amendment application.

        9. On January 9, 2009, learned Single Judge dismissed
D the application for amendment in the memorandum of
   arbitration appeal. Learned Single Judge held that the ground
 · not initially raised in a petition for setting aside the arbitral award
   can not be permitted to be raised beyond the period of limitation
   prescribed in Section 34(3). It was also observed that the
E proposed amendments in the memorandum of arbitration
   appeal are not even sought to the grounds contained in the
   application under Section 34.

       10. Mr. Shekhar Naphade, learned senior counsel for the
  appellant submitted that there is no nexus between pleadings
F and limitation and it is the relief that determines the limitation.
  The grounds/objections in the petition under Section 34 of 1996
  Act are in the nature of pleadings and any amendment thereto
  must be guided by the same principles which govern
  amendments to the pleadings. He heavily relied upon the
G decisions of this Court in L.J. Leach and Company Ltd., v.
  Jardine Skinner and Co. 1 and Pirgonda Hongonda Patil v.
  Kalgonda Shidgonda Patil and Others 2 in support of his

    1.   (1957) SCR 438.
H 2.     (1957) SCR 595.
        STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. HINDUSTAN                     55
     CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD. [R.M. LODHA, J.]

contention that delay does not affect the power of the court to A
order amendments if that is required in the interest of justice.
Learned senior counsel also placed reliance upon decision of
this Court in Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal v. National Building
Material Supply, Gurgaon3 and submitted that the Court always
grants leave to amend pleadings of a party., bJnless it is mala B
fide or that the other side can not be compensated for by an
order of costs.                                 ~
     11. Mr. Shekhar Naphade submitted that although the
Arbitral Tribunal is bound to decide in accordance with the
terms of the contract, as mandated by Section 28 of 1996 Act, C
in the present case respondent got the relief from the Arbitral
Tribunal beyond the terms of contract and, therefore, in the
interest of justice, the amendments sought for by the appellant
for addition of grounds in the memorandum of arbitration appeal
ought to have been granted. He also contended that decision D
of the Division Bench of Bombay High Court in Vastu Invest &
Holdings Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai v. Gujarat Lease Financing Ltd.,
Mumbai4 does not lay down the correct law.

      12. Mr. Ashok Desai, learned senior counsel for the E
respondent, on the other hand, submitted that recourse to a
court against an arbitral award could be made only by way of
an application under Section 34 for setting aside such award
and sub-section (3) thereof stipulates that such an application
may not be made after three months have elapsed from the F
date on which the party making the application has received
the arbitral award. Proviso to Section 34(3) empowers the
Court, if satisfied of sufficient cause, to entertain the application
for setting aside award within a further period of thirty days but
not thereafter. He would submit that the time limit prescribed G
under Section 34 to challenge an award is absolute and
unextendible by Court. He relied upon two decisions of this
Court in this regard, namely (i) Union of India v. Popular
3.    (1969) 1 sec 595.
4.    2001 (2) Arb. LR 315 (Bombay).                               H
    56        SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2010] 4 S.C.R.


A   Construction Co. 5 and Consolidated Engineering Enterprises
    v. Principal Secretary, Irrigation Department and Others6 • He
    submitted that Bombay High Court in Vastu Invest and
    Holdings Private Limited4 has rightly held that new ground/s
    cannot be permitted to be introduced into an arbitration petition
B   for setting aside of the award beyond the period of four months
    stipulated in Section 34(3) of the 1996 Act. He also relied upon
    decisions of this Court in Madan Lal v. Sunder Lal and
    Another; Bijendra Nath Srivastava v. Mayank Srivastava and
    others8 and Dhartipakar Madan Lal Agarwal v. Rajiv Gandh1'9.
c        13. Mr. Ashok Desai submitted that more than five years
    after the award, the appellant was not entitled to seek
    amendment in the memorandum of arbitration appeal by
    adding new grounds which were not taken in the application
    for setting aside the award. He, thus, submitted that High Court
D   was not unjustified in rejecting the application for amendment
    in the memorandum of arbitration appeal.

          14. Pleadings and particulars are required to enable the
    court to decide true rights of the parties in trial. Amendment in
E   the pleadings is a matter of procedure. Grant or refusal thereof
    is in the discretion of the court. But like any other discretion,
    such discretion has to be exercised consistent with settled legal
    principles. In Ganesh Trading Co. v. Moji Ram 10, this Court
    stated :
F         "Procedural law is intended to facilitate and not to obstruct
          the course of substantive justice. Provisions relating to
          pleading in civil cases are meant to give to each side
          intimation of the case of the other so that it may be met,

G   s.   (2001) 8 sec 470.
    6.   (2008) 7 sec 169.
    7.   AIR 1967 SC 1233.
    8.   (1994) 6 sec 117.
    9.   1987 (Supp.) sec 93.
H   10. (1978) 2 SCR 614.
    STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. HINDUSTAN                          57
 CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD. [R.M. LODHA, J.]

      to enable Courts to determine what is really at issue A
      between parties, and to prevent deviations from the course
      which litigation on particular causes of action must take."

    15. Insofar as Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (for short
'CPC') is concerned, Order VI Rule 17 provides for amendment B
of pleadings. It says that the Court may at any stage of the
proceedings allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings
in such manner and on such terms as may be just, and all such
amendments shall be made as may be necessary for the
purpose of determining the real questions in controversy C
between the parties. The matters relating to amendment of
pleadings have come up for consideration before courts from
time to time. As far back as in 1884 in Clarapede & Company
v. Commercial Union Association 11 - an appeal that came up
before Court of Appeal, Brett M.R. stated :
                                                                      D
     " ..... The rule of conduct of the court in such a case is that,
     however negligent or careless may have been the first
     omission, and, however late the proposed amendment, the
     amendment should be allowed if it can be made without
     injustice to the other side. There is no injustice if the other E
     side can be compensated by costs; but, if the amendment
     will put them into such a position that they must be injured,
     it ought not to be made ..... "

     16. In Charan Das and Others v. Amir Khan and Others12 , F
Privy Council exposited the legal position that although power
of a Court to amend the plaint in a suit should not as a rule be
exercised where the effect is to take away from the defendant
a legal right which has accrued to him by lapse of time, yet there
are cases in which that consideration is outweighed by the
special circumstances of the case.                                 G

     17. A four-Judge Bench of this Court in L.J. Leach and

11. Vol XXXll The Weekly Reporter 262.
12. (1920) LR 47 IA 255.                                             H
    58       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [2010] 4 S.C.R.


A Company Ltd., v. Jardine Skinner and Co. 1 while dealing with
    the prayer for amendment of the plaint made before this Court
    whereby plaintiff sought to raise, in the alternative, a claim for
    damages for breach of contract for non-delivery of the goods
    relied upon the decision of Privy Council in Charan Das &
B   Others 12; granted leave at that stage and held :

         "It is no doubt true that courts would, as a rule, decline to
         allow amendments, if a fresh suit on the amended claim
         would be barred by limitation on the date of the application.
         But that is a factor to be taken into account in exercise of
c        the discretion as to whether amendment should be ordered,
         and does not affect the power of the court to order it, if that
         is required in the interests of justice."

        18. Again, a three-Judge Bench of this Court in Pirgonda
D   Hongonda Pati/2 in the matter of amendment of the plaint at
    appellate stage reiterated the legal principles exposited in L.J.
    Leach and Company Ltd. 1 and Charan Das and others 12 This
    Court obseNed :

         "Recently, we have had occasion to consider a similar
E
         prayer for amendment in L.J. Leach & Co. v. Jardine
         Skinner & Co., 1957 SCR 438, where, in allowing an
         amendment of the plaint in an appeal before us, we said:
         "It is no doubt true that courts would, as a rule, decline to
         allow amendments, if a fresh suit on the amended claim
F        would be barred by limitation on the date of the application.
         But that is a factor to be taken into account in exercise of
         the discretion as to whether amendment should be ordered,
         and does not affect the power of the court to order it, if that
         is required in the interests of justice." These obseNations
G        were made in a case where damages were originally
         claimed on the footing of conversion of goods. We held,
         in agreement with the learned Judges of the High Court,
         that on the evidence the claim for damages on the footing
         of conversion must fail. The plaintiffs then applied to this
H        Court for amendment of the plaint by raising, in the
   STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. HINDUSTAN                       59
CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD. [R.M. LODHA, J.]
  alternative, a claim for damages for breach of contract for   A
  non-delivery of the goods. The application was resisted by
  the respondents and one of the grounds of resistance was
  that the period of limitation had expired. We accepted as
  correct the decision in Charan Das v. Amir Khan, (1920)
  LR 47 IA 255 which laid down that "though there was full      B
  power to make the amendment, such a power should not
  as a rule be exercised where the effect was to take away
  from a defendant a legal right which had accrued to him
  by lapse of time; yet there were cases where such
  considerations were outweighed by the special                 c
  circumstances of the case".

   As pointed out in Charan Das case the power exercised
   was undoubtedly one within the discretion of the learn~d
   Judges. All that can be urged is that the discretion was
   exercised on a wrong principle. We do riot think that it was D
   so exercised in the present case. The facts of the 'present -
   case are very similar to those of the case before Their
   Lordships of the Privy Council. In the latter, the
   respondents sued for a declaration of their right of pre-
   emption over certain land, a form of suit which would not E
   lie having regard to the proviso to s.42 of the Specific
   Relief Act (1 of 1877). The trial Judge and the first appellate
   court refused to allow the plaint to be amended by claiming
  possession on pre-emption, since the time had expired for
  bringing a suit to enforce the right. Upon a second appeal F
  the court allowed the amendment to be made, there being
  no ground for suspecting that the plaintiffs had not acted
  in good faith, and the proposed amendment not altering
  the nature of the relief sought. In the case before us, there
  was a similar defect in the plaint, and the trial Judge G
  refused to allow the plaint to be amended on the ground
  that the period of limitation for a suit under 0. XXI, r.103
  of the Code of Civil Procedure, had expired. The learned
  Judges of the High Court rightly pointed out that the
  mistake in the trial Court was more that of the learned H
    60      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                     [2010] 4 S.C.R.


A        pleader and the proposed amendment did not alter the
         nature of the reliefs sought."

         19. In Jai Jai Ram Manohar La/3, this Court was
    concerned with a matter wherein amendment in the plaint was
    refused on the ground that the amendment could not take effect
8
    retrospectively and on the date of the amendment the action
    was barred by the law of limitation. It was held :

         ".... Rules of procedure are intended to be a handmaid to
         the administration of justice. A party cannot be refused just
c        relief merely because of some mistake, negligence,
         inadvertance or even infraction of the Rules of procedure.
         The Court always gives leave to amend the pleading of a
         party, unless it is satisfied that the party applying was acting
         mala fide, or that by his blunder, he had caused injury to
D        his opponent which may not be compensated for by an
         order of costs. However negligent or careless may have
         been the first omission, and, however late the proposed
         amendment, the amendment may be allowed if it can be
         made without injustice to the other side."
E
         This Court further stated :

         "..... The power to grant amendment of the pleadings is
         intended to serve the ends of justice and is not governed
         by any such narrow or technical limitations."
F
        20. Do the principles relating to amendment of pleadings
  in original proceedings apply to the amendment in the grounds
  of appeal? Order XLI Rule 2 CPC makes a provision that the
  appellant shall not, except by leave of the Court, urge or be
G heard in support of any ground of objection not set forth in the
  memorandum of appeal; but the Appellate Court, in deciding
  the appeal, shall not be confined to the grounds of objections
  set forth in the memorandum of appeal or taken by leave of the
  Court. Order XLI Rule 3 CPC provides that where the
H memorandu;n of appeal is not drawn up as prescribed, it may
    STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. HINDUSTAN                          61
 CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD. [R.M. LODHA, J.]

be rejected, or be returned to the appellant for the purpose of       A
being amended.

      21. The aforesaid provisions in CPC leave no manner of
doubt that the appellate court has power to grant leave to amend
the memorandum of appeal. As a matter of fact, in Harcharan
                                                                      8
v. State of Haryana 13 , this Court observed that the
memorandum of appeal has same position like the plaint in the
suit. This Court said:

     "..... When an appeal is preferred the memorandum of
     appeal has the same position like the plaint in a suit C
     because plaintiff is held to the case pleaddi:I in the plaint.
     In the case of memorandum of appeal same situation
     obtains in view of Order 41, Rule 3. The appellant is
     confined to and also would be held to the memorandum
     of appeal. To overcome any contention that such is not the D
     pleading the appellant sought the amendment.. ... "


     22. In light of the aforesaid legal position governing the
amendment of pleadings in the suit and memorandum of E
appeal, the immediate question to be considered is : whether
the same principles must govern the amendment of an
application for setting aside the award or for that matter,
amendment in an appeal under Section 37 of 1996 Act. In
Madan Laf, this Court with reference to the provisions of the
Arbitration Act, 1940 (for short, '1940 Act') stated that under F
the scheme of 1940 Act there has to be an application to set
aside the award; such application has to be made within the
period of limitation and any objection to the award after the
limitation has elapsed cannot be entertained. This Court
observed:                                                       G

     "8. It is clear, therefore, from the scheme of the Act that if
     a party wants an award to be set aside on any of the

13. (1982) 3 sec 408.                                                 H
    62        SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [2010] 4 S.C.R.


A        grounds mentioned in S. 30 it must apply within 30 days
         of the date of service of notice of filing of the award as
         provided in Art. 158 of the Limitation Act. If no such
         application is made the award cannot be set aside on any
         of the grounds specified in S. 30 of the Act. It may be
B        conceded that there is no special form prescribed for
         making such an application and in an appropriate case
         an objection of the type made in this case may be treated
         as such an application, if it is filed within the period of
         limitation. But if an objection like this has been filed after
c        the period of limitation it cannot be treated as an
         application to set aside the award, for if it is so treated it
         will be barred by limitation.

          9. It is not in dispute in the present case that the objections
          raised by the appellant were covered by S. 30 of the Act,
D         and though the appelfant did not pray for setting aside the
          award in his objection that was what he really wanted the
         ·court to do after hearing his objection. As in the present
          case the objection was filed more than 30 days after the
          notice it could not be treated as an application for setting
E         the award, for it would then be barred by limitation. The
          position thus is that in the present case there was no
          application to set aside the award on grounds mentioned
          in S. 30 within the period of limitation and therefore the
          court could not set aside the award on those grounds.
F         There can be no doubt on the scheme of the Act that any
          objection even in the nature of a written-statement which
          falls under S. 30 cannot be considered by the court unless
          such an objection is made within the period of limitation
          (namely, 30 days), though if such an objection is made
G         within limitation that objection may in appropriate cases
          be treated as an application for setting aside the award."

        23. In Popular Construction Company5 this Court, while
    considering the question whether the provisions of Section 5
    of Limitation Act, 1963 are applicable to an application
H
    STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. HINDUSTAN                       63
 CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD. [R.M. LODHA, J.]
challenging an award under Section 34 of the 1996 Act, held : A

    "12. As far as the language of Section 34 of the 1996 Act
    is concerned, the crucial words are "but not thereafter''
    used in the proviso to sub-section (3). In our opinion, this
    phrase would amount to an express exclusion within the
                                                                  8
    meaning of Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act, and would
    therefore bar the application of Section 5 of that Act.
    Parliament did not need to go further. To hold that the court
    could entertain an application to set aside the award
    beyond the extended period under the proviso, would
    render the phrase "but not thereafter'' wholly otiose. No C
    principle of interpretation would justify such a result.

    13. Apart from the language, "express exclusion" may
    follow from the scheme and object of the special or local
    I~                                                           D

           "[E]ven in a case where the special law does not
           exclude the provisions of Sections 4 to 24 of the
           Limitation Act by an express reference, it would
           nonetheless be open to the court to examine           E•
           whether and to what extent the nature of those
           provisions or the nature of the subject-matter and
           scheme of the special law exclude their operation."

   14. Here the history and scheme of the 1996 Act support
   the conclusion that the time-limit prescribed under Section F
   34 to challenge an award is absolute and unextendible by
   court under Section 5 of the Limitation Act. The Arbitration
   and Conciliation Bill, 1995 which preceded the 1900·'.Act
   stated as one of its main objectives the need "fo minimise
   the supervisory role of courts in the arbitral process". This· G
   objective has found expression in Section 5 of the Act
   which prescribes the extent of judicial intervention in no
   uncertain terms:

          "5. Extent ofjudicial intervention.-Notwithstanding    H
    64      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [2010] 4 S.C.R.


A               anything contained in any other law for the time
                being in force, in matters governed by this Part, no
                judicial authority shall intervene except where so
                provided in this Part."

         15. The "Part" referred to in Section 5 is Part I of the 1996
B
         Act which deals with domestic arbitrations. Section 34 is
         contained in Part I and is therefore subject to the sweep
         of the prohibition contained in Section 5 of the 1996 Act."

        24. Again in Consolidated Engineering Enterprises6, this
C   Court observed:

         "19. A bare reading of sub-section (3) of Section 34 read
         with the proviso makes it abundantly clear that the
         application for setting aside the award on the grounds
D        mentioned in sub-section (2) of Section 34 will have to be
         made within three months. The period can further be
         extended, on sufficient cause being shown, by another
         period of 30 days but not thereafter. It means that as far
         as application for setting aside the award is concerned,
         the period of limitation prescribed is three months which
         can be extended by another period of 30 days, on sufficient
         cause being shown to the satisfaction of the court."

       25. There is no doubt that application for setting aside an
  arbitral award under Section 34 of 1996 Act has to be made
F within time prescribed under sub-section(3) i.e., within three
  months and a further period of thirty days on sufficient cause
  being shown and not thereafter. Whether incorporation of
  additional grounds by way of amendment in the application
  under Section 34 tantamounts to filing a fresh application in all
G situations and circumstances. If that were to be treated so, it
  would follow that no amendment in the application for setting
  aside the award howsoever material or relevant it may be for
  consideration by the Court can be added nor existing ground
  amended after the prescribed period of limitation has expired
H although application for setting aside the arbitral award has
     STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. HINDUSTAN                           65
  CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD. [R.M. LODHA, J.]
been made in time. This is not and could not have been the              A
intention of Legislature while enacting Section 34. Moreso,
Section 34(2)(b) enables the Court to set aside the arbitral
award if it finds that the subject matter of the dispute is not
capable of settlement by arbitration under the law for the time
being in force or the arbitral award is in conflict with the public     B
policy of India. The words in Clause (b) "the Court finds that"
do enable the Court, where the application under Section 34
has been made within prescribed time, to grant leave to amend
such application if the very peculiar circumstances of the case
so warrant and it is so required in the interest of justice. L.J.       c
Leach and Company Ltd.1 and Pirgonda Hongonda Patil2,
seem to enshrine clearly that courts would, as a rule, decline
to allow amendments, if a fresh claim on the proposed
amendments would be barred by limitation on the date of
application bµt that would be a factor for consideration in             0
exercise of the discretion as to whether leave to amend should
be granted but that does not affect the power of the court to
order it, if that is required in the interest of justice. There is no
reason why the same rule should not be applied when the Court
is called upon to consider the application for amendment of             E
grounds in the application for setting aside the arbitral award
or the amendment in the grounds of appeal under Section 37
of 1996 Act.

      26. It is true that, the Division Bench of Bombay High Court
in Vastu Invest and Holdings Pvt. Ltd. 4 held that independent          F
ground of challenge to the arbitral award cannot be entertained
after the period of three months plus the grace period of thirty
days as provided in the proviso of sub-section (3) of Section
34, but, in our view, by 'an independent ground' the Division
Bench meant a ground amounting to a fresh application for               G
setting aside an arbitral award. The dictum in the aforesaid
decision was not intended to lay down an absolute rule that in
no case an amendment in the application for setting aside the
arbitral award can be made after expiry of period of limitation
provided therein. Insofar as Bijendra Nath Srivastava 8 is              H
    66      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2010] 4 S.C.R.


A concerned, this Court did not agree with the view of the High
  Court that the trial court did not act on any wrong principle while
  allowing the amendments to the objections for setting aside
  award under 1940 Act. This Court highlighted the distinction
  between 'material facts' and 'material particulars' and observed
B that amendments sought related to material facts which could
  not have been allowed after expiry of limitation. Having held so,
  this Court even then went into the merits of objection introduced
  by way of amendment. In our view, a fine distinction between
  what is permissible amendment and what may be
c impermissible, in sound exercise of judicial discretion, must be
  kept in mind. Every amendment in the application for setting
  aside an arbitral award cannot be taken as fresh application.

        27. In the case of Dhartipakar Madan Lal Agarwa/9 this
  Court held that a new ground cannot be raised or inserted in
D an election petition by way of an· amendment after the expiry of
  the period of limitation. It may not be proper to extend the
  principles ·enunciated in Dhartipakar Madan Lal Agarwa/9 in the·
  context of the provisions contained in Section 81 of the
  Representation of the People Act, 1951 to an application
E seeking amendment to the application under Section 34 for
  setting aside an arbitral award or an appeal under Section 37
  of 1996 Act for the reasons we have already indicated above.

        28. The question then arises, whether in the facts and
F circumstances of the present case, the High Court committed
  any error in rejecting the appellant's application for addition of
  new grounds in the memorandum of arbitration appeal. As
  noticed above, in the application for setting aside the award,
  appellant set up only five grounds viz., waiver, acquiescence,
G delay, laches and resjudicata. The grounds sought to be added
  in the memorandum of arbitration appeal by way of amendment
  are absolutely new grounds for which there is no foundation in
  the application for setting aside the award. Obviously, such new
  grounds containing new material/facts could not have been
  introduced for the first time in an appeal when admittedly these
H
    STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. HINDUSTAN                          67
 CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LTD. [R.M. LODHA, J.]
grounds were not originally raised in the arbitration petition for   A
setting aside the award. Moreover, no prayer was made by the
appellant for amendment in the petition· under Section 34 before
the concerned court or at the appellate stage. As a matter of
fact, the learned Single Judge in paragraph 6 of the impugned
order has observed that the grounds of appeal which are now          B
sought to be advanced were not originally raised in the
arbitration petition and that the amendment that is sought to be
effected is not even to the grounds contained in the application
under Section 34 but to the memo of appeal. In the
circumstances, it cannot be said that discretion .exercised by       c
learned Single Judge in refusing to grant leave to appellant to
amend the memorandum of arbitration appeal suffers from any
illegality.

     29. The result is, appeal has no force and is dismissed
with no order as to costs.                         ·                 D

B.B.B.                                       Appeal dismissed.