STATE OF PUNJABversusAMARJIT SINGH AND ANR.

                    [2011] 2 S.C.R. 617


                     STATE OF PUNJAB                           A
                             v.
                AMARJIT SINGH AND ANR.
              (Civil Appeal No. 1494 of 2011)
                    FEBRUARY 8, 2011
                                                               B
      [R.V. RAVEENDRAN AND A.K. PATNAIK, JJ.]

     Land Acquisition Act, 1894: ss.23(1A), 23(2) -Additional
amount uls. 23(1A) whether awardable on solatium u/s.23(2)
- Acquisition of land belonging to the respondents - C
Reference court awarding compensation alongwith statutory
benef/ts u/s.23(1A), 23(2) and 28 - Before executing court,
claim of respondents for additional amount uls. 23(1 A) not
only ¢n the market value of the land but also on solatium
amount - Executing court accepting claim of respondents - D
Revision thereagainst dismissed by High Court - On appeal,
Held:1Additional amount uls.23(1A) is awardable only on the
market value determined under the first factor of s.23(1) and
cann@t be calculated on the solatium payable u/s.23(2) - The
orders of executing court and the High Court that additional E
amount ul s.23(1A) is payable on solatium are set aside.

       Assistant Commissioner, Gadag Sub-division, Gadag v.
  MathapathiBasavanne'{VWa (1995) 6 SCC 355, State of Tamil
  Nadu v. L. Krishnan(1996) 1 SCC 250; P. Ram Reddy v.
. Landi Acquisition Officer (1995)2 SCC 305; Sunder v. Union   F
  of lnqia (2001) 7 SCC 211; GurpreetSingh v. Union of India
  (2006) 8 sec 457 "".'"·relied on.
    Commissioner of Income Tax, Faridabad v. Ghanshyam
 (HUA)   (2009) 8 SCC 412 - referred to.                       G
                     Case. Law Reference:
     (:1995) s sec 355        relied on           Para 5

                             617                               H
    618       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                 [2011] 2 S.C.R.

A         (1996) 1 sec 250         relied on            Para 5
          (1995) 2 sec 305         relied on            Para 5
          (2001) 1 sec 211         relied on            Para 5

B         (2006) s sec 457         relied on            Para 7
          (2009) s sec 412         referred to          Para 8
        CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No.
    1494 of 2011.
c       From the Judgment & Order dated 4.9.2008 of the High
    Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in C.R. No. 4382 of
    2008.

          Kuldip Singh, K.K. Pandey, H.S. Sandhu for the Appellant.
D
          Arun Nehra, Shobha, Mohinder Pal Thakur, Ridhima Garg
    for the Respondents.

          The Order of the Court was delivered by

E                             ORDER

       R.V.RAVEENDRAN, J. 1. Leave granted. The question
  raised in this appeal is whether additional amount under
  Section 23(1A) of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 ('Act' for
F short) is payable on the solatium under Section 23(2) of the Act

        2. In regard to acquisition of land belonging to the
  respondents, the reference Court by judgment dated 5.3.2001
  awarded compensation at the rate of Rs.6,96,000/- per acre
  alongwith statutory benefits under Section 23(1A), 23(2) and 28
G of the Act. The respondents filed an execution application
  wherein they claimed additional amount of 12% per annum for
  the period 11.11.1993 to 16.6.1994 (that is from the date of
  notification under Section 4(1) of the Act till the date of the
  award) under Section 23(1A) of the Act, not only on the market
H value of the land, but also on the solatium amount. The said
 STATE OF PUNJAB v. AMARJIT SINGH AND ANR.                    619
           [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.]
claim was accepted by the Executing Court by order dated              A
8.5.2008. The revision filed by the appellant was rejected by
the High Court on 4.9.2008. The said revisional order of the
High Court is challenged in this appeal by special leave.

    3. To find an answer to the question arising for
consideration, it is necessary to refer to Section 23 of the Act      8
dealing with matters to be 'considered in determining
compensation. The said provision is extracted below:

    "23. Matters to be considered in determining
    compensation:                                                     C

    (1) In determining the amount of compensation to be
    awarded for land acquired under this Act, the Court shall
    take into consideration-

    first, the market-value of the land at the date of the            D
    publication of the notification under section 4, sub-section
    (1 );

    secondly, the damage sustained by the person interested,
    by reason of the taking of any .standing crops or trees which     E
    may be on the land at the time of the Collector's taking
    possession thereof;

    thirdly, the damage (if any) sustained by the person
    interested, at the time of the Collector's taking possession      F
    of the land, by reason of severing such land from his other
    land;

    fourthly, the damage (if any) sustained· by the person
    interested, at the time of the Collector's taking possession
    of the land, by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting   G
    his other property, movable or immovable, in any other
    manner, or his earnings;

    fifthly, in consequence of the acquisition of the land by the
    Collector, the person interested is compelled to change his       H
    620       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                 [2011] 2 S.C.R.

A         residence or place of business, the reasonable expenses
          (if any) incidental to such change; and

          sixthly, the damage (if any) bona fide resulting from
          diminution of the profits of the land between the time of
          the publication of the declaration under section 6 and the
B .
          time of the Collector's taking possession of the land.

          (1 A) In addition to the market value of the land, as above
          provided, the Court shall in every case award an amount
          calculated at the rate of twelve per centum per annum
c         on such market value for the period commencing on and
          from the date of the publication of the notification under
          section 4, sub-section (1), in respect of such land to the
          date of the award of the Collector or the date of taking
          possession of the land, whichever is earlier.
D
          Explanation. - In computing the period referred to in this
          sub-section, any period or periods during which the
          proceedings for the acquisition of the land were held up
          on account of any stay or injunction by the order of any
          Court shall be excluded.
E
          (2) In addition to the market value of the land as above
          provided, the Court shall in every case award a sum of
          thirty per centum on such market value, in consideration
          of the compulsory nature of the acquisition."
F
                                               (emphasis supplied)
          4. Section 23 of the Act refers to four distinct amounts:

          (i) Market value of the land on the date of publication of
G         the notification under Section 4(1) of the Act is first and
          foremost of the six factors to be taken note of for
          determining the amount of compensation for the land
          acquired. It is the major component (and in most cases,
          the only component) of the compensation determined by         1



H         the court under Section 23(1) of the Act.
 STATE OF PUNJAB v. AMARJIT SINGH AND ANR.                  621
           [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.]

    (ii) Compensation to be awarded to a person for the A
    acquired land, is to be determined under Section 23(1) of
    the Act by taking into consideration six factors - (i) the
    market value of the land, on the date of publication of the
    notification under section 4(1) of the Act; (ii to iv) damage
    sustained by the person interested by reason of the taking · B
    of any standing crops or trees in the lands, or severing such
    land from his other land/s, or the acquisition injuriously
    affecting his other property or earnings; (v) the reasonable
    expense~ incidental to the person interested being
    compelled to change the residence or place of business          c
    as a consequence of acquisition; and (iv) the damage
    bonafide resulting from diminution of the profits of the land
    between the time of publication of declaration under
    section 6 and the time of the Collector's taking possession
    of the land.                                                  D
    (iii)Additional amount at the rate of 12% per annum on
    such market value (for the period commencing on and
    from the date of publication of notification under Section
    4(1) of the Act to date of award of the Collector or the date
    of taking possession of the land, whichever is earlier).        E

    (iv) Solatium at 30% ,bn such market value, in
    consideration of the compulsory nature of acquisition.

    While market value and compensation are factors to be F
    assessed and determined by the court, no such judicial
    exercise is involved in regard to additional amqunt payable
    under Section 23(1A) and solatium payable under Section
    23(2) as they are statutory benefits payable automatically
    at the rates specified in those sub-sections, qua the market
    price. No reasons need be assigned for grant of additional G
    amount or solatium.

   5. This court explained the o,bject of granting additional
amount under Section 23(1 A) of the Act in Assistant
Commissioner, Gadag Sub-Division, Gadag v. Mathapathi H
    622       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [2011) 2 S.C.R.


A   Basavannewwa (1995) 6 SCC 355 and in State of Tamil Nadu
    v. L. Krishnan (1996) 1 SCC 250. In Mathapathi
    Basavannewwa (supra) this court observed:

          "The object of introducing Section 23(1-A) is to mitigate
          the hardship caused to the owner of the land, who has
B
          been deprived of the enjoyment of the land by taking
          possession from him and using it for the public purpose,
          because of considerable delay in making the award and
          offering payment thereof. To obviate such hardship, Section
          23(1-A) was introduced and the Legislature envisaged
c         that the owner of the land is entitled to 12 per cent per
          annum additional amount on the market value ............ ."

          In L.Krishnan (supra) this court observed:

D         "The provisions in this Sub-section are designed to
          compensate the owners of the land for the rise in prices
          during the pendency of the land acquisition proceedings.
          It is a measure to off-set the effects of inflation and the
          continuous rise in the values of properties over the last few
          decades .......... "
E
    In P.Ram Reddy v. Land Acquisition Officer (1995) 2 SCC
    305 this court held that additional amount under Section 23(1A)
    of the Act was payable only on the market value determined
    under Section 23(1) of the Act, thereby clearly implying that it
F   was not reckonable on any other amount:

          "The amount awardable under Sub-section (1-A) of
          Section 23 of the LA Act, therefore, would be an amount
          of 12 per centum per annum on the market value of the
G         land determined under first Clause of Sub-section (1) of
          Section 23 for the period between the date of publication
          of Notification under Section 4(1) and to the dale of the
          award of the Collector or the date of taking possession of
          the land, whichever is earlier ................ In this context is
          has to be noted that the amount payable is 12 percentum
H
 STATE OF PUNJAB v. AMARJIT SINGH AND ANR.                   623
           [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.]
    per annum on the market value in the first Clause of Sub-        A
    section (1) of Section 23 of the LA Act. It has also to be
    noted that solatium under Sub-section (2) is not payable
    in respect of the amount awardable under Sub-section (1-
    A), in that, Sub-section (2) says that in addition to the
    market value of the land, as above provided, the Court shall     B
    in every case award a sum of thirty per centum on such
    market value, in consideration of the compulsory nature of
    the acquisition."

                                           (emphasis supplied)       C
In Sunder v. Union of India (2001) 7 SCC 211, a Constitution
Bench of this court held that the terms 'sum awarded' or 'amount
awarded' occurring in sections 34 and 28 of the Act would
include not only the compensation determined by taking note
of the six factors mentioned in Section 23(1) of the Act, but also   D
amounts awarded under the remaining sub-sections of section
23 as well, for the purpose of calculating interest. The words
'compensation to be awarded' used in Section,'23(1) of the Act
refers to the total of the sums awarded with 'reference to the
six factors enumerated in Section 23(1). On the other hand, the      E
words 'amount awarded' or 'sum awarded' in Sections 28 and
34 of the Act refers to the aggregate of the compensation
determined by the court under Section 23(1), the additional
amount payable under Section 23(1A) and the solatium paya"le
under Section 23(2) of the Act.                                      F

     6. Section 23(1) refers to market value of the land on the
date of publication of the notification under Section 4(1) of the
Act as a relevant factor for determining the amount of
compensation to be awarded for land acquired under the Act.
Sub-section (2) provides that in addition to the market value of     G
the land determined under Section 23(1 ), the Court shall, in
every case, award a sum of 30% on such market value in
consideration of the compulsory nature of acquisition. Sub-
section (1A) of Section 23, inserted by Act 68of1984 provides
that in addition to the market value of the land, as provided        H
       624     SUPREME COURT REPQRTS                   [2011] 2 S.C.R.

-- A under Section 23(1), the Court shall, in every case, award an
     amount calculated at the rate of 12% per annum on such
     market value for the period commencing on or from the date
     of publication of the notification under Section 4(1) in respect
     of such land to the date of award of the collector or the date of
   B taking possession of the land, whichever is earlier. The
     additional amount under Section 23(1A) and solatium under
     Section 23(2) are both payable only on the market value
     determined under Section 23(1) of the Act and not on any other
     amount. Solatium under Section 23(2) is not payable on the
   c additional amount nor additional amount under Section 23(1A)
     payable on solatium. Solatium and additional amount are also
     not payable on the damages/expenses that may be awarded
     under second to sixth factors under Section 23(1) of the Act.

          7. Thus a person whose land is acquired is entitled to the
   D following amounts under the Act.

             (a)   Compensation determined under Section 23(1) of
                   the Act (comprising the market value of the land
                   referred to as the first factor and any damages/
   E               expenses referred to as the second to 's_ixth factors
                   under the said sub-section).

             (b)   Solatium at 30% on the market value determined
                   as the first factor under section 23(1) of the Act.

   F         (c)   Additional amount at 12% per annum of the market
                   value of the land referred to as the first factor under
                   Section 23(1) of the Act, for the period specified
                   in Section 23(2).
   G         (d)   Interest on the aggregate of (a), (b) and (c) above
                   for the period between the date of taking
                   possession to date of payment/deposit at the rate
                   of 9% per annum for the first year and 15% per
                   annum for the remaining period.
   H
 STATE OF PUNJAB v. AMARJIT SINGH AND ANR.               625
            [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.]
Payments made are to be adjusted and accounted in the A
manner set out in Gurpreet Singh v. Union of India (2006) ·8
sec 457.
     8. Learned counsel for the respondents placed reliance on
the following observations of this Court in Commissioner of
                                                               8
Income Tax, Faridabad Vs. Ghanshyam (HUF) - (2009) 8
sec 412:
    "The additional amount payable under Section 23(1A) of
    the 1894 Act is neither interest nor solatium. It is an
    additional compensation designed to compensate the C
    owner of the land, for the rise in price during the pendency
    of the land acquisition proceedings. It is a measure to
    offset the effect of inflation and the continuous rise in the
    value of properties. Therefore, the amount payable under
    Section 23(1 A) of the 1894 Act is an additional D
    compensation in respect to the acquisition and has to be
    reckoned as part of the market value of the land."

The learned counsel for respondents submitted that as this court
has treated additional amount under Section 23(1A) as part of E
the market value, additional amount is payable on the solatium.
There is no logic in the contention as the decision nowhere
holds that solatium is part of market value nor holds that
additional amount under Section 23(1A) is payable on the
solatium amqunt. Be that as it may. More importantly, what
requires to be noticed is that the entire consideration and F
analysis in that decision was with reference to the question .
whether solatium, additional amount and interest are part of
'enhanced compensation' for the purposes of Section 45(5)(b)
of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The observations therein should
be understood in the context of the provisions of the Income G
Tax Act. For example the decision also holds that interest
;Jayable under Section 28 of the Act is 'enhanced
•::ompensation' for the purposes of Section 45(5)(b) of Income
Tax Act, which if taken as the interpretation with reference to
                                                                 H
    626       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                 [2011] 2 S.C.R.


A   the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, will be contrary to the
    constitution bench decision in Sunder (supra). We may also
    note that the decision clearly holds that additional amount is
    awardable only against the market value and not solatium:

          "It is clear from reading of Sections 23(1A), 23(2) as also
B
          Section 28 of the 1894 Act that additional benefits are
          available on the market value of the acquired lands under
          Section 23(1A) and 23(2) whereas Section 28 is available
          in respect of the entire compensation."

C      9. In view of the above, the appeal is allowed, the orders
  of the High Court and the Executing Court, in so far as they hold
  that additional amount under Section 23(1A) is payable on
  solatium, are set aside. It is declared that additional amount
  under Section 23(1A) is awardable only on the market value
D determined under the first factor of Section 23(1) of the Act.and
  cannot be calculated on the solatium payable under Section
  23(2) of the Act.

    D.G.                                           Appeal allowed.