SURINDER SINGH AND ORS. ETC.versusSTATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. ETC.

A                    SURINDER SINGH AND ORS. ETC.
                                         v.
                     STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. ETC.

                                AUGUST 27, 1997

B            [SUJATA V. MANOHAR AND D.P. WADHWA, JJ.]

          Service Law :

        Recmitment-f'rocess of-Excess appointments over and above the
C vacancies advertised-Held, normally not pemiissible but a policy decision
  can be taken to make excess appointments in rare, and exceptional cir-
  cumstances and in emergent situation-However reasonableness of the policy
  decision is subject to judicial review-Administrative law-Judicial review.

       Wait listed candidates-Have no vested right to be appointed except
D when a selected candidate does not join and the waiting list is still operative.
          Recmitment process-Waiting List-Scope and intent of-Explained.

          Practice and Procedure :

E         Time barred SLP--Refusal to condone delay though leave to appeal
    grante~Whi/e considering batch of SLPs, leave granted in all cases but delay
    not condoned in two cases which were delayed by 673 and 756 days as there
    was no sufficient cause to condone delay-Rather the petitioners acted as
    opportunists in approaching Supreme Court-Constitution of India-Article
F 136.
                                                                                     >
         The State Government advertised 2461 vacancies of teachers on
  19.8.1992. Between 19.8.1992 to 22.6.1994, when process of selection was
  over and postings were made, 7737 posts of various categories of teachers
  became vacant. State Government filled up these posts out of the can-
G didates who had applied against the post advertised on 19.8.1992. This
  action of the State Government was challenged in a batch of writ petitions
  filed before the High Court. The High Court quashed the appointments of
  7737 candidates and upheld the selection and posting of candidates up to
  the number of posts advertised by the State Government. Some of the
H candidates filed SLP against the judgment of the High Court, which was
                                          538
                      SURINDERSINGHv. STATE                             539
dismissed. State Government after the judgment of the High Court took A
the decision that the candidates who were selected in order of merit and
whose appointments had not been approved by the High Court might be
appointed on ad hoc basis for 89 days and that this would be a stop gap
arrangement and that the process of further recruitment might be restart-
ed by inviting fresh applications through advertisement. This action of the B
State Government was again challenged in various writ petitions. The High
Court upheld the action of the State Government giving ad hoc appoint-
ment till the candidates were selected on regular basis. The High Court,
however, extended time for the purpose from time to time and fixed a date
after which the ad hoc appointment of the candidates would terminate. C
Hence the candidates whose ad hoc appointments had been extended from
time to time till regular appointments were made in terms of various
orders of the High Court, had preferred the present appeal.

      Dismissing the appeal, this Court
                                                                               D
      HELD : 1.1. It is an improper exercise of power to make appoint·
ments over and above those advertised. It is only in rare and exceptional
circumstances and in emergent situation that this rule can be deviated
from. It should be clearly spelt out as to under what policy such a decision
has been taken. Exercise of such power has to be tested on the touchstone      E
of reasonableness. Before any advertisement is issued, it would, therefore,
be incumbent upon the authorities to take into account the existing vacan-
cies and anticipated vacancies. It is not as a matter of course that the
authority can fill up more posts than advertised. [547-E-F)
                                                                               F
       1.2. In the present case, no exceptional circumstance existed, nor was
there any emergent situation for the State Government to deviate from the
principle of limiting the number of appointment so advertised. The High
Court was right in setting aside the appointments of teachers over and
above those advertised. The State Government accepted the judgement of G
the High Court and did not come in appeal. However, to get over the
situation created because of the fact that more vacancies of teachers were
noticed during the period of interview, the State Government appointed
candidates more than the number of posts advertised on ad hoc basis and
continued them as such till fresh process of selection was gone into. That
process is on and in various writ petitions, the High Court has been issuing H
    540                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A directions from time to time extending the ad hoc appointments and in the
    meanwhile to complete the process of fresh selection. Selection of 10,000
    more candidates for appointment to categories of teachers has, already
    been completed and selection process of about 22,000 more teachers has
    either been completed by now or is under completion. This Court need not
B   interfere in the matter and set the clock back particularly when there is
    no ground to invalidate the impugned judgment of the High Court. In the
    present appeals, none of the appellants can claim to fall within the first
    2462 posts for which the advertisement was issued. (547-G•H; 548-A·C]

          Gujarat State Dy. Executive Engineers Association v. State of Gujarat &
C Ors., [1994) Supp. 2 SCC 591, relied on.
          Prem Singh & Ors. v. Haryana State Electricity Board, [1996) 4 SCC
    319, distinguished.

           2. Waiting List cannot be used as a perennial source of recruitment
D   for filling up the vacancies not advertised. The candidates in the waiting
    list have no vested right to be appointed except to the limited extent that
    when a candidate selected against the existing vacancy does not join for
    some reason and the waiting list is still operative. The candidates included
    in the waiting list cannot claim appointment on the ground that the vacan·
    cies were not worked out properly. (547-D]
E
         CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5807 of
    1997 Etc.

         From the Judgment and Order dated 28.9.94 of the Punjab &
    Haryana High Court in C.W.P. No. 5985 of 1994.
F
           P.P. Rao, R.K. Jain, P.P. Singh, (A.V. Palli) for Ms. Rekha Palli,
     (R.K. Talwar) for Prem Malhotra and A. Sharan for appearing parties.

          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

G         D.P. WADHWA, J. Leave granted.

          There are four appeals.

          Two appeals arising out of SLP No. 23952/96 and SLP No. 5570/97
     are against the judgment dated September 28, 1994 of the Punjab and
H    Haryana High Court in a batch of writ petitions Nos. 5985/94, 12105/94 and




                                                                                    -.
             SURINDERSINGHv. STATE(D.P. WADHWA,J.)                        541

others. By the impugned judgment, the High Court had cancelled the               A
appointment of 7737 candidates for the posts of different categories of
teachers which was over and above 2461 such posts which had been
advertised for being filled up. While SLP No. 23952/96 is barred by
limitation of 673 days, SLP No. 5570/97 is barred by 756 days. As we will
presently see, there is no sufficient cause to condone the delay and rather      B
the appellants have acted as opportunists in coming to this Court.

      Two more appeals arising out of SLP No. 11939/97 and SLP No.
562/97 are against two other judgments of the Punjab and Haryana High
Court in different writ petitions but challenge again is in effect against the
judgment dated September 28, 1994 of the High Court mentioned above.             C
These two SLPs are though within the period of limitation.

      The State advertised on August 19, 1992 for filling up of 2461
vacancies of teachers but between this date and June 22, 1994 when the
interview process was completed and postings were made, 7737 posts of            D
various categories of teachers had become available for appointment. The
State Government keeping in view the interest of the students filled up all
the available posts of 7737 out of the applicants who had applied against
advertisement published on August 19, 1992. This action of the State
Government was challenged in batch of writ petitions in the High Court
by the petitioners who claimed to be higher in merit than those who were         E
appointed against 7737 post.s. As noted above the High Court by its
judgment dated September 28, 1994 quashed the appointment of 7737
candidates and upheld the selection and appointments of candidates upto
the number of posts advertised.
                                                                                 F
       Aggrieved by this judgment of the High Court dated September 28,
1994 some of the candidates whose appointments had thus been set aside
filed special leave petitions in this Court, these being SLP Nos. 11728-
11773/95 which were dismissed on May 1, 1995 by the following order :

            "Court fee in one set may be treated as sufficient.
                                                                                 G

            SLP is heard on merits and is dismissed."

      A review petition was also dismissed by order dated February 7,
1996. In our view, therefore, the judgment of the High Court dated               H
    542                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A   September 28, 1994 became final and could not, therefore, be subject
    matter of appeals arising out of SLP Nos. 23952/96 and 5570/97. These
    appeals are also by candidates whose appointment had been set aside by
    the High Court being over and above the number of posts advertised. The
    State Government, it would appear, accepted the judgment of the High
B   Court as it did not come uirin appeal to this Court.

          The matter, however did not end there. The State Government after
  the judgment dated September 28, 1994 took a decision that the candidates
  who were selected in order of merit and whose appointments had not been
  approved by the High Court might be appointed on ad hoc basis for 89
C days at a time and that this would be a stop gap arrangement and that the
  process of further recruitment might be 'restarted by inviting fresh
  application through advertisement. This action of the State Government
  was against challenged in various writ petitions in the High Court being
  Writ Petition No. 18331/94 and batch of other writ petitions. These writ
D petitions were disposed of by order dated March 28, 1995 and the action
  of the State Government giving ad hoc appointments on 89 days basis was
  upheld but at the same time the High Court issued various directions for
  filling up future vacancies. It is, however, not necessary for us to set out
  those directions. The High Court in its judgment dated March 28, 1995
E noted an order dated January 10, 1995 of another Division Bench in Civil
  Writ Petition No. 14347/94 where also the High Court had directed the
  State Government to complete the fresh selection process and in the
   meanwhile allowed services of candidates on ad hoc basis to continue till
   the availability of candidates selected on regular basis. We may also note
F that contempt proceedings were initiated as the State Government did not
   fill up future vacancies within the time framework set up by the High Court
   to complete the fresh selection process. The High Court, however,
   extended time for the purpose and fixed a further date after which the ad
   hoc appointments of the candidates would terminate. The appellants
   before us are those candidates whose ad hoc appointments had been
G extended from time to time till regular appointments were made in terms
   of various orders of the High Court.

        Appeal arising out of SLP No. 562/97 is against the judgment of the
  Punjab and Haryana High Court dated October 21, 1996 in Civil Writ
H Petition No. 16819/96. In this writ petition there were 923 petitioners and
             SURINDERSINGHv. STATE[D.P. WADHWA,J.]                      543

they had claimed regular appointments on the basis of their selection made     A
in pursuance to advertisement dated August 19, 1992 though they had been
appointed on ad hoc basis in terms of the decision of the State Government
after the judgment dated September 28, 1994 of the High Court. In this
petition the High Court held that earlier challenge of the candidates
suitably selected from regular to their ad hoc appointments had failed in      B
Civil Writ Petition No. 4623/95 decided on April 27, 1995 and that there
was no ground now for interference and that the petitioners would continue
as ad hoc teachers etc. till regular appointments were made.

       Appeal arising out of SLP No. 11939/97 is also against the judgment
dated December 17, 1996 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Civil          C
Writ Petition No. 1382/96. In this appeal, there is only one appellant and
the issue involved before the High Court was different inasmuch as he had
contended that he being No. 6 on the waiting list of lecturers for a
particular institution and claimed right to appointment when one of the
candidates selected did not join. This plea was negatived by the High Court    D
in view of the judgment dated September 28, 1994 which is being impugned.
The High Court also held that the petitioner had come to the court too
late and that he should have filed the writ petition either in 1994 or early
1995 but he came to the court only in September 1996 by which time the
select list had lapsed.
                                                                               E
       In pursuance to various orders of the High Court 10,000 fresh posts
of various categories of teachers were advertised on December 28, 1994
and the process of selection had since been completed. These candidates,
howeVer, could not be appointed because of intervention of this Court in
staying the impugned judgment dated September 28, 1994 in these appeals.       F
Meanwhile two further advertisements for appointments to teachers for
10,000 and 12,220 posts were made on January 12, 1996 and October 18,
1996 respectively and it is stated by the State that the process of their
selection is on. We may also again note that the appellants in the present
appeals arising out of SLP Nos. 23952/96 and 5570/97 are those who are
being appointed on ad hoc basis for 89 days at a time and they had also        G
applied for their appointments in pursuance to subsequent advertisements
but it would appear since they could not be selected they filed these
appeals after great deal of delay. They cannot have any equity in their
favour even otherwise for having enjoyed the ad hoc status for about two
years.                                                                         H
    544                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A         In view of what we have stated above it ll).ay not be necessary for us
   to consider any further submissions of the appellants. However, we may
   refer to a decision of this Court in Prem Singh & Others v. Haryana State
   Electricity Board & Ors., (1996] 4 SCC 319 on which strong re)iance had
   been placed by the appellants. In this case the Court considered various
B judgments of this Court on the question whether appointments over and
   above those advertised could be justified and in this context para 26 of the
 · judgment was referred to which is as under :

             "In the present case, as against the 62 advertised posts the Board
             made appointments on 138 posts. The selection process was started
c            for 62 clear vacancies and· at that time anticipated vacancies were
             not taken into account. Therefore, strictly speaking, the Board was
             not justified in making more than 62 appointments pursuant to the
             advertisement published on 2.11.1991 and the selecti<;m process
             which followed thereafter. But as the BQard could have taken into
             account not only the actual vacancies but'also vacancies which were
D            likely to arise because of retirement etc. by the time the selection
             process was completed it would not be just and equitable to
             invalidate all the appointments made on posts in excess of 62.
             however, the appointments which were made against future vacan-
             cies - in this case on posts which were newly created - must be
E            regarded as invalid. As stated earlier, after the selection process
             had stated 13 posts had become vacant because of retirement and
             12 because of deaths. The vacancies which were likely to arise as
             a result of retirement could have been reasonably anticipated by
             the Board. The Board through oversight had not taken them into
              consideration while a requisition was made for filling up 62 posts.
F             Even with respect to the appointments made against vacancies
              which arose because of deaths, a lenient view can be taken and on
              consideration of expediency and equity they need not be quashed.
              Therefore, in view of the special facts and circumstances of this
              case we do not think it proper to invalidate the appointments made
              on those 25 additional posts. But the appointments made by the
G             Board on posts beyond 87 are held invalid. Though the High Court
              was right in the view it has taken, we modify its order to the
              aforesaid extent. These appeals are allowed accordingly. No order
              as to costs.

H          We, however, do not think that on the submission made in para 26
            SURINDER SINGH v. STATE [D.P. WAD HWA, J.)                 545

and quoted above the appellants can succeed. Statement of law has been A
stated in para 25 of this very judgment which is as under :

        "From the above discussion of the case-law it becomes clear that
        the selection process by way of requisition and advertisement can
        be started for clear vacancies and also for anticipated vacancies B
        but not for future vacancies. If the requisition and advertisement
        are for a certain number of posts only the State cannot make more
        appointments than the number of posts advertised, even though it
        might have prepared a select list of more candidates. The State
        can deviate form the candidates. The State can deviate from the
        advertisement and make appointments on\ posts falling vacant C
        thereafter in exceptional circumstances only or in an emergent
        situatiOn and that too by taking a policy decision in that behalf.
        Even when filling up of more posts than advertised is challenged
        the court may not, while exercising its extraordinary jurisdiction,
        invalidate the excess appointments and may mould the relief in D
        such a manner as to strike a just balance between the interest of
        the State and the interest of persons seeking public employment.
        What relief should be granted in such cases would depend upon
        the facts and circumstances of each case."

       The High Court in the impugned judgment had noted a decision of        E
this Court in Gujarat State Dy. Executive Engineers Association v. State of
Gujarat & Ors.,[1994] Supp. 2 SCC 591 and relying on that had quashed
the appointment of the teachers over and above that advertised. We may
refer to paras 8 and 9 of the judgment which we reproduced as under :
                                                                              F
        "Coming to the next issue, the first question is what is a waiting
        list?; can it be treated as a source of recruitment from which
        candidates may be drawn as and when necessary?; and lastly how
        long can it operate? These are some Important questions which
        do arise as a result of direction issued by the High Court. A waiting G
        list prepared in service matters by the competent authority is a list
        of eligible and qualified candidates who in order of merit are
        placed· below the last selected candidate. How it should operate
        and what is its nature may be governed by the rules. Usually it is
        linked with the selection or examination for which it is prepared.
        For instance, if an examination is held say for selecting 10 can- H
    546                SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A         didates for 1990 and the competent authority prepares a waiting
          list then it is in respect of those 10 seats only for which selection
          or competition was held. Reason for it is that whenever selection
          is held, except where it is for single post, it is normally held by
          taking into account not only the number of vacancies existing on
          the date when advertisement is issued or applications are invited
B
          but even those which are likely to arise in future within one year
          or so due to retirement etc. It is more so where selections are held
          regularly by the Commission. Such lists are prepared either under
          the rules or even otherwise mainly to ensure that the working in
          the office does not suffer if the selected candidates do not join for
c         one or the other reason or the next selection or examination is not
          held soon. A candidate in the waiting list in the order of merit has
          a right to claim that he may be appointed if one or the other
          selected candidate does not join. But once the selected candidates
          join and no vacancy arises due to resignation etc. or for any other
          reason within the period the list is to operate under the rules or
D
          within reasonable period where no specific period is provided than
          candidate from the waiting list has no right to claim appointment
          to any future vacancy which may arise unless the Selection was
          held for it. He has no vested right except to the limited extent,
          indicated above, or when the appointing authority acts arbitrarily
E         and makes appointment from the waiting list by picking and
          choosing for extraneous reasons.

              A waiting list prepared in an examination conducted by the
          Commission does not furnish a source of recruitment. It is opera-
F         tive only for the contingency that if any of the selected candidates
          does not join then the person from the waiting list may be pushed
          up and be appointed in the vacancies so caused or if there is some
          extreme exigency the Government may as a matter of policy
          decision pick up persons in order of merit from the waiting list.
          But the view taken by the High Court that since the vacancies have
G         not been worked out properly, therefore, the candidates from the
          waiting list were liable to be appointed does not appear to be
          sound. This practice, may result in depriving those candidates who
          become eligible for competing for the vacancies available in future.
          If the waiting list in one examination was to operate was an infinite
H         stock for appointments, there is a danger that the State Govern-
             SURINDERSINGHv. STATE[D.P. WADHWA,J.]                        547

        ment may resort to the device of not holding an examination for          A
        years together and pick up candidates from the waiting list as and
        when required. The constitutional discipline requires that this
        Court should not permit such improper exercise of power which
        may result in creating a vested interest and perpetrate waiting list
        for the candidates of one examination at the cost of entire set of       B
        fresh candidates either from the open or even from service."

      Prem Singh case [1996] 4 SCC 319 was decided on the facts of that
case and those facts do not hold good in the present case. In the case of
Gujarat State Dy. Executive Engineers Association [1994] Supp. 2 SCC 591,
this Court has explained the scope and intent of a waiting list and how it       C
is to operate in service jurisprudenc::. It cannot be used as a perennial
source of recruitment filling up the vacancies not advertised. The Court
also did not approve the view of the High Court that since vacancies had
not been worked out properly, therefore, the candidates from the waiting
list were liable to be appointment. Candidates in the waiting list have no       D
vested right to be appointed except to the limited extent that when a
candidate selected against the existing vacancy does not join for some
reason and the waiting list is still operative.

       It is in no uncertain words that this Court has held that it would be
improper exercise of power to make appointments over and above those             E
advertised. It is only in rare and exceptional circumstances and in emergent
situation that this rule can be deviated from. It should be clearly spelled
out as to under what policy such a decision has been taken. Exercise of
such power has to be tested on the touch stone of reasonableness. Before
any advertisement is issued, it would, therefore, be incumbent upon the          p
authorities to take into account the existing vacancies and anticipated
vacancies. It is not as a matter of course that the authority can fill up more
posts than advertised.

       Keeping the above principles in view, if we analyse the facts and
circumstances of the present case, we find that no exceptional circumstance G
existed or there was any emergent situation for the State to deviate from
the principle of limiting the number of appointments so advertised. In our
view, the High Court was right in setting aside the appointments of teachers
over and above those advertised. The State accepted the judgment of the
l-Iigh Court and did not come up in appeal in this Court. However, to get H
    548                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A over the situation created because of the fact that more vacancies of
    teachers were noticed during the period of interview, it appointed can-
    didates more than the number of posts advertised on ad hoc basis and
    continued them as such till fresh process of selection was gone into.
    Admittedly, that process is on and in various writ petitions the High Court
B   has been issuing directions from time to time extending the ad hoc appoint-
    ments and in the meanwhile to complete the process of fresh selection. As
    noticed above, selection of 10,000 more candidates for appointment to
    various categories of teachers has already been completed and selection
    process of about 22,000 more such teachers has either been completed by
    now or under completion. We do not think at this stage that we should
C   interfere in the matter and set the clock back particularly when we find no
    ground to invalidate the impugned judgment of the High Court. In the
    present appeals, there is no appellant who can claim to fall within the first
    2461 posts for which advertisement was issued.

           These appeals are dismissed with costs. Interim orders stand vacated.
D   in this view of the matter the applications for impleadment do not require
    any consideration and are also dismissed.

    R.K.S.                                                   Appeals dismissed.