SURINDER SINGH DESWAL @ COL. S.S. DESWAL AND OTHERSversusVIRENDER GANDHI

746                       [2019]
               SUPREME COURT     8 S.C.R. 746
                              REPORTS                       [2019] 8 S.C.R.


A        SURINDER SINGH DESWAL @ COL. S.S. DESWAL AND
                           OTHERS
                                        v.
                             VIRENDER GANDHI
B                    (Criminal Appeal Nos. 917-944 of 2019)
                                  MAY 29, 2019
                  [M. R. SHAH AND A. S. BOPANNA, JJ.]
             Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: ss.138, 148 – Deposit of
      fine or compensation for suspension of sentence – Whether s.148
C
      as amended by Act no.20/2018 shall not be applicable with respect
      to criminal proceedings already initiated prior to the amendment to
      s.148 of NI Act – Held: s.148 as amended, shall be applicable in
      respect of the appeals against the order of conviction and sentence
      for the offence under s.138, even in a case where the criminal
D     complaints for the offence under s.138 were filed prior to amendment
      Act No. 20/2018 i.e., prior to 01.09.2018 – By the amendment in
      s.148, it cannot be said that any vested right of appeal of the accused
      was taken away and/or affected – Therefore, submission that
      amendment in s.148 shall not be made applicable retrospectively,
      more particularly with respect to cases/complaints filed prior to
E
      1.9.2018, has no substance as by amendment in s.148, no
      substantive right of appeal was taken away and/or affected –
      However, in the peculiar facts and circumstances of the instant case
      and the fact that the accused-appellants were bonafidely litigating
      their case and the amount required to be deposited was huge, by
F     exercising powers under Art.142 of the Constitution, the appellants
      is granted four weeks to deposit the amount as was directed by the
      first appellate court – Retrospective effect – Code of Criminal
      Procedure, 1973 – s.389 – Constitution of India – Art.142.
            Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: s.148 – Amendment Act
G     No.20/2018 – Legislative intent – Delay tactics of unscrupulous
      drawers of dishonoured cheques resulted in frustrating the object
      and purpose of the enactment of s.138 – For this reason Parliament
      thought it fit to amend s.148 by which the first appellate Court, in
      an appeal challenging the order of conviction under s.138 was
      conferred with the power to direct the convicted accused-appellant
H
                                       746
   SURINDER SINGH DESWAL @ COL. S.S. DESWAL AND                        747
            OTHERS v. VIRENDER GANDHI

to deposit such sum which shall be a minimum of 20% of the fine or     A
compensation awarded by the trial Court – Interpretation of statutes
– Purposive interpretation – Legislative Intent.
      Dismissing the appeals, the Court
      HELD: 1. By the amendment in Section 148 of the N.I.
Act, it cannot be said that any vested right of appeal of the          B
accused-appellant has been taken away and/or affected.
Considering the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the
amendment in Section 148 of the N.I. Act on purposive
interpretation of Section 148 of the N.I. Act as amended, Section
148 of the N.I. Act as amended, shall be applicable in respect of      C
the appeals against the order of conviction and sentence for the
offence under Section 138 of the Act, even in a case where the
criminal complaints for the offence under Section 138 of the N.I.
Act were filed prior to amendment Act No. 20/2018 i.e., prior to
01.09.2018. [Para 8.1] [757-D, G-H]
                                                                       D
       2. When the amended Section 148 of the N.I. Act as a whole
is considered with the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the
amending Section 148 of the N.I. Act, though it is true that in
amended Section 148 of the N.I. Act, the word used is “may”, it
is generally to be construed as a “rule” or “shall”. While not to
direct to deposit by the appellate court is an exception for which     E
special reasons are to be assigned. Therefore amended Section
148 of the N.I. Act confers power upon the Appellate Court to
pass an order pending appeal to direct the Appellant-Accused to
deposit the sum which shall not be less than 20% of the fine or
compensation either on an application filed by the original            F
complainant or even on the application filed by the Appellant-
Accused under Section 389 of the Cr.P.C. to suspend the
sentence. Therefore, if amended Section 148 of the N.I. Act is
purposively interpreted in such a manner it would serve the
Objects and Reasons of not only amendment in Section 148 of
the N.I. Act, but also Section 138 of the N.I. Act. Due to delay       G
tactics by the unscrupulous drawers of the dishonoured cheques
due to easy filing of the appeals and obtaining stay in the
proceedings, an injustice was caused to the payee of a
dishonoured cheque who has to spend considerable time and
                                                                       H
748            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [2019] 8 S.C.R.


A     resources in the court proceedings to realise the value of the
      cheque and such delay has compromised the sanctity of the
      cheque transactions, the Parliament has thought it fit to amend
      Section 148 of the N.I. Act. Therefore, such a purposive
      interpretation would be in furtherance of the Objects and Reasons
      of the amendment in Section 148 of the N.I. Act and also Section
B
      138 of the Act. [Para 9] [758-C-H; 759-A-B]
             3. The opening word of amended Section 148 of the N.I.
      Act is that “notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of
      Criminal Procedure…..”. Therefore irrespective of the provisions
      of Section 357(2) of the Cr.P.C., pending appeal before the first
C     appellate court, challenging the order of conviction and sentence
      under Section 138 of the N.I. Act, the appellate court is conferred
      with the power to direct the appellant to deposit such sum pending
      appeal which shall be a minimum of 20% of the fine or
      compensation awarded by the trial Court. In the facts and
D     circumstances of the case and considering the fact that the
      appellants were bonafidely litigating before this Court challenging
      the order passed by the first appellate court, in exercise of powers
      under Article 142 of the Constitution of India and in the peculiar
      facts and circumstances of the case and the amount to be deposited
      is a huge amount, further four weeks’ time is granted to the
E     appellants to deposit the amount as directed by the first appellate
      court. [Paras 10, 11] [759-D-E; 760-A-B]
            Garikapatti Veeraya v. N. Subbiah Choudhury AIR 1957
            SC 540 : [1957] SCR 488 ; Videocon International
            Limited v. Securities and Exchange Board of India
F           (2015) 4 SCC 33 : [2015] 3 SCR 1 – held inapplicable.
            Dilip S. Dhanukar v. Kotak Mahindra Bank (2007) 6
            SCC 528 : [2007] 4 SCR 1122 – referred to.
                            Case Law Reference
G     [1957] SCR 488                 held inapplicable      Para 5.3
      [2015] 3 SCR 1                 held inapplicable      Para 5.3
      [2007] 4 SCR 1122              referred to            Para 5.7


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   SURINDER SINGH DESWAL @ COL. S.S. DESWAL AND                                749
            OTHERS v. VIRENDER GANDHI

       CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal                       A
Nos. 917-944 of 2019.
       From the Judgment and Order dated 24.04.2019 of the High Court
of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh in CRM-M No. 3377, 3790, 3828,
3857, 3860, 3862, 3864, 3867, 3868, 3869, 3871, 3875, 3888, 3894, 3895,
3904, 3906, 3912, 3913, 3921, 3924, 3925, 3926, 3929, 3932, 3949, 4018         B
& 3369 of 2019 (O&M).
       Vijay Hansaria, Sr. Adv., Aman Nandrajog, Sumeer Sodhi and
Siddharth Sharma, Advs. for the Appellants.
       Alok Sangwan, Adv. for the Respondent.
       The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                              C
       M. R. SHAH, J. 1. Leave granted.
       2. As common question of law and facts arise in this group of
appeals and, as such, all these appeals, arise out of the impugned common
judgment and order passed by the High Court, are being decided and
disposed of together by this common judgment and order.                        D
       3. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned common
order passed by the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh,
by which the High Court has dismissed the respective revision
applications and has confirmed the order passed by the first appellate
court – learned Additional Sessions Judge, Panchkula, directing the
                                                                               E
appellants herein – original appellants – original accused to deposit 25%
of the amount of compensation, in view of the provisions of amended
Act No. 20 of 2018 in Section 148 of the Negotiable Instruments Act,
1881 (hereinafter referred to as the ‘N.I. Act’), the original appellants –
original accused have preferred the present appeals.
       4. The facts leading to the present appeals in nutshell are as under:   F
       That criminal complaints were filed against the appellants
herein – original accused for the offence under Section 138 of the N.I.
Act. That the said criminal complaints were filed prior to 2.8.2018. That
the learned trial Court vide judgment and order dated 30.10.2018 convicted
the appellants for the offence under Section 138 of the N.I. Act and           G
sentenced them to undergo imprisonment of two years and to pay cheque
amount + 1% as interest and litigation expenses as fine.
      4.1 Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the order of conviction
passed by the learned trial Court, convicting the appellants – original
accused for the offence under Section 138 of the N.I. Act and the
                                                                               H
750            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2019] 8 S.C.R.


A     sentence imposed by the learned trial Court, the appellants – original
      accused have preferred criminal appeals before the first appellate
      Court – learned Additional Sessions Judge, Panchkula. In the said
      appeals, the appellants – original accused submitted application/s under
      Section 389 of the Cr. P.C. for suspension of sentence and releasing
      them on bail, pending appeal/s.
B
            4.2 That considering the provisions of amended Section 148 of
      the N.I. Act, which has been amended by Amendment Act No. 20/2018,
      which came into force w.e.f. 1.9.2018, the first appellate Court, while
      suspending the sentence and allowing the application/s under Section
      389 of the Cr.P.C, directed the appellants to deposit 25% of the amount
C     of compensation/fine awarded by the learned trial Court.
             4.3 Feeling aggrieved by the order passed by the learned first
      appellate Court – learned Additional Sessions Judge, Panchkula directing
      the appellants – original accused – original appellants to deposit 25% of
      the amount of compensation/fine awarded by the learned trial Court,
D     pending appeal challenging the order of conviction and sentence imposed
      by the learned trial Court, the appellants approached the High Court of
      Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh by way of revision application/s.
            4.4 It was the case on behalf of the appellants that Section 148 of
      the N.I. Act, as amended by Act No. 20/2018, shall not be applicable
E     with respect to criminal proceedings already initiated prior to the
      amendment in Section 148 of the N.I. Act.
            4.5 The High Court by a detailed judgment and order has not
      accepted the aforesaid contention and has dismissed the revision
      application/s and has confirmed the order passed by the learned first
F     appellate Court – learned Additional Sessions Judge, Panchkula directing
      the appellants - original appellants-original accused to deposit 25% of
      the amount of compensation awarded by the learned trial Court
      considering Section 148 of the N.I. Act, as amended.
            4.6 Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned common
G     judgment and order passed by the High Court in dismissing the revision
      application/s and confirming the order/s passed by the learned first
      appellate Court directing the appellants – original appellants – original
      accused to deposit 25% of the amount of compensation awarded by the
      learned trial Court under Section 148 of the N.I. Act, as amended, the
      original appellants – original accused have preferred the present appeals.
H
   SURINDER SINGH DESWAL @ COL. S.S. DESWAL AND                                751
     OTHERS v. VIRENDER GANDHI [M. R. SHAH, J.]

      5. Shri Vijay Hansaria, learned Senior Advocate has appeared on          A
behalf of the appellants – original appellants – original accused and Shri
Alok Sangwan, learned Advocate has appeared on behalf of the original
complainant.
       5.1 Shri Vijay Hansaria, learned Senior Advocate appearing on
behalf of the appellants has vehemently submitted that in the present          B
case, both, the High Court as well as the learned first appellate Court
have materially erred in directing the appellants to deposit 25% of the
amount of compensation as per Section 148 of the N.I. Act, as amended.
      5.2 It is vehemently submitted by the learned Senior Advocate
appearing on behalf of the appellants that in the present case as the          C
criminal proceedings were initiated and the complaints were filed against
the accused for the offence under Section 138 of the N.I. Act, prior to
the amendment Act came into force, Section 148 of the N.I.Act, as
amended shall not be applicable.
       5.3 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing    D
on behalf of the appellants that the legal proceedings, whether civil or
criminal, are to be decided on the basis of the law applicable on the date
of the filing of the suit or alleged commission of offence by the trial
Court or the appellate Court, unless the law is amended expressly with
retrospective effect, subject to the provisions of Article 20(1) of the
Constitution of India. In support of his above submission, learned Senior      E
Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants has heavily relied upon
the decisions of this Court in the case of Garikapatti Veeraya v. N.
Subbiah Choudhury, reported in AIR 1957 SC 540; and Videocon
International Limited v. Securities and Exchange Board of India,
reported in (2015) 4 SCC 33.                                                   F
        5.4 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing
on behalf of the appellants that even otherwise in the present case, the
first appellate Court has interpreted the word “may” as “shall” in Section
148 of the N.I. Act and proceeded on the basis that it is mandatory for
the appellate Court to direct deposit of minimum of 25% of the fine or         G
compensation awarded by the trial Court for suspension of sentence.
      5.5 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing
on behalf of the appellants that the first appellate Court heavily relied
upon the decision of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in the case of
M/s Ginni Garments and another v. M/s Sethi Garments (CRR No.
                                                                               H
752             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2019] 8 S.C.R.


A     9872 of 2018, decided on 04.04.2019), in which it was held that the
      appellate Court continues to have discretion as to the condition to be
      imposed or not to be imposed for suspension of sentence and it was
      further held that however in case discretion is exercised to suspend the
      sentence subject to payment of compensation/fine, such order must
      commensurate with Section 148 of the N.I. Act. It is submitted, however,
B
      in the present case, the appellate Court did not exercise discretion and
      proceeded on the assumption that it is mandatory to deposit 25% of the
      fine or compensation as a condition for suspension of sentence. It is
      submitted that therefore the High Court ought to have remanded the
      matter back to the appellate Court to decide on the question of suspension
C     of sentence as per the decision in the case of M/s Ginni Garments
      (supra).
              5.6 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing
      on behalf of the appellants that a similar view is taken by the Bombay
      High Court in the case of Ajay Vinodchandra Shah v. The State of
D     Maharashtra (Criminal Writ Petition No. 258 of 2019). It is submitted
      that in the said decision, the Bombay High Court has also observed and
      held that as per Section 148 of the N.I. Act as amended, the appellate
      Court has the discretion to direct deposit the sum pending appeal, but if
      at all such direction is given, that sum shall not be less than 20% of the
      amount of fine or compensation awarded by the trial Court. It is submitted
E     that in the present case, the appellate Court wrongly presumed that the
      requirement under Section 148 of the N.I. Act is the deposit of 25% of
      the fine or compensation.
             5.7 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing
      on behalf of the appellants that in the present case the learned trial
F     Court imposed the fine under Section 138 of the N.I. Act, equal to the
      amount of cheque plus 1%. It is submitted that as per Section 357(2) of
      the Cr.P.C., no such fine is payable till the decision of the appeal. It is
      submitted that therefore also the first appellate Court ought not to have
      passed any order directing the appellants to deposit 25% of the amount
G     of fine/compensation, pending appeal/s. In support of his above
      submission, learned Senior Counsel has heavily relied upon the decision
      of this Court in the case of Dilip S. Dhanukar v. Kotak Mahindra
      Bank, reported in (2007) 6 SCC 528.
            5.8 Making the above submissions and relying upon the aforesaid
H     decisions, it is prayed to allow the present appeals and quash and set
    SURINDER SINGH DESWAL @ COL. S.S. DESWAL AND                                753
      OTHERS v. VIRENDER GANDHI [M. R. SHAH, J.]

aside the impugned order passed by the first appellate court, confirmed         A
by the High Court, by which the appellants are directed to deposit 25%
of the amount of compensation considering Section 148 of the N.I. Act
as amended.
       6. While opposing the present appeals, Shri Alok Sangwan, learned
Advocate appearing on behalf of the original complainant has vehemently         B
submitted that the order passed by the first appellate Court directing the
appellants to deposit 25% of the amount of compensation/fine pending
appeal and while suspending the sentence imposed by the learned trial
Court is absolutely in consonance with the Statement of Objects and
Reasons of the amendment in Section 148 of the N.I. Act. It is submitted
that having found that because of delay tactics of unscrupulous drawers         C
of dishonoured cheques due to easy filing of appeals and obtaining stay
on proceedings, the object and purpose of N.I. Act was being frustrated
and having found that due to such delay tactics, injustice is caused to the
payee of a dishonoured cheque who has to spend considerable time and
resources in court proceedings to realize the value of the cheque, the          D
Parliament thought it fit to amend Section 148 of the N.I. Act, which
confers powers on the first appellate court to direct the appellant (the
convict for the offence under Section 138 of the N.I. Act) to deposit
such sum which shall be minimum of 20% of the fine or compensation
awarded by the trial court. It is submitted that therefore the High Court
has rightly refused to interfere with the order passed by the first appellate   E
court, which was just in consonance with the provisions of Section 148
of the N.I. Act as amended.
        6.1 It is further submitted by the learned Advocate appearing on
behalf of the original complainant that the submission on behalf of the
appellants – original accused that Section 148 of the N.I. Act would not        F
be made applicable retrospectively and shall not be applicable to the
appeals arising out of the criminal proceedings which were initiated much
prior to the amendment in Section 148 of the N.I. Act is concerned, it is
vehemently submitted that the aforesaid submission has no substance.
It is submitted that first of all amendment in Section 148 of the N.I. Act      G
is procedural in nature and therefore there is no question of applying the
same retrospectively. It is submitted that as such no vested right of the
appeal of the appellants has been taken away or affected by amendment
in Section 148 of the N.I. Act. It is submitted that in the present case,
admittedly, the appeals were preferred after the amendment in Section
                                                                                H
754             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2019] 8 S.C.R.


A     148 of the N.I. Act came into force and therefore Section 148 of the
      N.I. Act, as amended, is rightly invoked/applied by the learned first
      appellate Court. It is submitted that therefore the amendment so brought
      in the Act by insertion of Section 148 of the N.I. Act is purely procedural
      in nature and not substantive and does not affect the vested rights of the
      appellants, as such, the same can have a retrospective effect and can be
B
      applied in the present case also.
              6.2 Now so far as the reliance placed on Section 357(2) of the
      Cr.P.C. and the submission of the learned Senior Advocate appearing on
      behalf of the appellants that in view of Section 357(2) of the Cr.P.C.,
      fine during the pendency of the appeal is not recoverable is concerned,
C     it is vehemently submitted that in the present case in Section 148 of the
      N.I. Act as amended, it is specifically stated that “Notwithstanding
      anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973…..”. It is
      submitted that therefore Section 148 of the N.I. Act as amended shall
      be applicable and it is always open for the appellate court to direct deposit
D     of such sum, but not less than 20% of the amount of compensation/fine
      imposed by the learned trial court.
            6.3 Making the above submissions, it is prayed to dismiss the
      present appeals.
             7. We have heard the learned counsel for the respective parties
E     at length.
             7.1 The short question which is posed for consideration before
      this Court is, whether the first appellate court is justified in directing the
      appellants – original accused who have been convicted for the offence
      under Section 138 of the N.I. Act to deposit 25% of the amount of
F     compensation/fine imposed by the learned trial Court, pending appeals
      challenging the order of conviction and sentence and while suspending
      the sentence under Section 389 of the Cr.P.C., considering Section 148
      of the N.I. Act as amended?
            7.2 While considering the aforesaid issue/question, the Statement
G     of Objects and Reasons of the amendment in Section 148 of the N.I.
      Act, as amended by way of Amendment Act No. 20/2018 and Section
      148 of the N.I. Act as amended, are required to be referred to and
      considered, which read as under:

H
SURINDER SINGH DESWAL @ COL. S.S. DESWAL AND                              755
  OTHERS v. VIRENDER GANDHI [M. R. SHAH, J.]

 “The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (the Act) was enacted to           A
 define and amend the law relating to Promissory Notes, Bills of
 Exchange and Cheques. The said Act has been amended from
 time to time so as to provide, inter alia, speedy disposal of cases
 relating to the offence of dishonour of cheques. However, the
 Central Government has been receiving several representations
                                                                          B
 from the public including trading community relating to pendency
 of cheque dishonour cases. This is because of delay tactics of
 unscrupulous drawers of dishonoured cheques due to easy filing
 of appeals and obtaining stay on proceedings. As a result of this,
 injustice is caused to the payee of a dishonoured cheque who has
 to spend considerable time and resources in court proceedings to         C
 realize the value of the cheque. Such delays compromise the
 sanctity of cheque transactions.
 2. It is proposed to amend the said Act with a view to address the
 issue of undue delay in final resolution of cheque dishonour cases
 so as to provide relief to payees of dishonoured cheques and to          D
 discourage frivolous and unnecessary litigation which would save
 time and money. The proposed amendments will strengthen the
 credibility of cheques and help trade and commerce in general by
 allowing lending institutions, including banks, to continue to extend
 financing to the productive sectors of the economy.
                                                                          E
 3. It is, therefore, proposed to introduce the Negotiable Instruments
 (Amendment) Bill, 2017 to provide, inter alia, for the following,
 namely:—
 (i) to insert a new section 143A in the said Act to provide that the
 Court trying an offence under section 138, may order the drawer          F
 of the cheque to pay interim compensation to the complainant, in
 a summary trial or a summons case, where he pleads not guilty to
 the accusation made in the complaint; and in any other case, upon
 framing of charge. The interim compensation so payable shall be
 such sum not exceeding twenty per cent of the amount of the
 cheque; and                                                              G
 (ii) to insert a new section 148 in the said Act so as to provide that
 in an appeal by the drawer against conviction under Section 138,
 the Appellate Court may order the appellant to deposit such sum
 which shall be a minimum of twenty per cent of the fine or
 compensation awarded by the trial court.                                 H
756            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2019] 8 S.C.R.


A           4. The Bill seeks to achieve the above objectives.”
            ‘‘148. Power to Appellate Court to order payment pending
            appeal against conviction.... (1) Notwithstanding anything
            contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), in
            an appeal by the drawer against conviction under section 138, the
B           Appellate Court may order the appellant to deposit such sum which
            shall be a minimum of twenty per cent of the fine or compensation
            awarded by the trial Court:
                   Provided that the amount payable under this sub-section
            shall be in addition to any interim compensation paid by the appellant
C           under section 143A.
                  (2) The amount referred to in sub-section (1) shall be
            deposited within sixty days from the date of the order, or within
            such further period not exceeding thirty days as may be directed
            by the Court on sufficient cause being shown by the appellant.
D                 (3) The Appellate Court may direct the release of the amount
            deposited by the appellant to the complainant at any time during
            the pendency of the appeal:
                   Provided that if the appellant is acquitted, the Court shall
            direct the complainant to repay to the appellant the amount so
E           released, with interest at the bank rate as published by the Reserve
            Bank of India, prevalent at the beginning of the relevant financial
            year, within sixty days from the date of the order, or within such
            further period not exceeding thirty days as may be directed by the
            Court on sufficient cause being shown by the complainant.’’
F            8. It is the case on behalf of the appellants that as the criminal
      complaints against the appellants under Section 138 of the N.I. Act were
      lodged/filed before the amendment Act No. 20/2018 by which Section
      148 of the N.I. Act came to be amended and therefore amended Section
      148 of the N.I. Act shall not be made applicable. However, it is required
      to be noted that at the time when the appeals against the conviction of
G
      the appellants for the offence under Section 138 of the N.I. Act were
      preferred, Amendment Act No. 20/2018 amending Section 148 of the
      N.I. Act came into force w.e.f. 1.9.2018. Even, at the time when the
      appellants submitted application/s under Section 389 of the Cr.P.C. to
      suspend the sentence pending appeals challenging the conviction and
H     sentence, amended Section 148 of the N.I. Act came into force and was
   SURINDER SINGH DESWAL @ COL. S.S. DESWAL AND                               757
     OTHERS v. VIRENDER GANDHI [M. R. SHAH, J.]

brought on statute w.e.f. 1.9.2018. Therefore, considering the object         A
and purpose of amendment in Section 148 of the N.I. Act and while
suspending the sentence in exercise of powers under Section 389 of the
Cr.P.C., when the first appellate court directed the appellants to deposit
25% of the amount of fine/compensation as imposed by the learned trial
Court, the same can be said to be absolutely in consonance with the
                                                                              B
Statement of Objects and Reasons of amendment in Section 148 of the
N.I. Act.
       8.1 Having observed and found that because of the delay tactics
of unscrupulous drawers of dishonoured cheques due to easy filing of
appeals and obtaining stay on proceedings, the object and purpose of the
enactment of Section 138 of the N.I. Act was being frustrated, the            C
Parliament has thought it fit to amend Section 148 of the N.I. Act, by
which the first appellate Court, in an appeal challenging the order of
conviction under Section 138 of the N.I. Act, is conferred with the power
to direct the convicted accused – appellant to deposit such sum which
shall be a minimum of 20% of the fine or compensation awarded by the          D
trial Court. By the amendment in Section 148 of the N.I. Act, it cannot
be said that any vested right of appeal of the accused – appellant has
been taken away and/or affected. Therefore, submission on behalf of
the appellants that amendment in Section 148 of the N.I. Act shall not be
made applicable retrospectively and more particularly with respect to
cases/complaints filed prior to 1.9.2018 shall not be applicable has no       E
substance and cannot be accepted, as by amendment in Section 148 of
the N.I. Act, no substantive right of appeal has been taken away and/or
affected. Therefore the decisions of this Court in the cases of
Garikapatti Veeraya (supra) and Videocon International Limited
(supra), relied upon by the learned senior counsel appearing on behalf        F
of the appellants shall not be applicable to the facts of the case on hand.
Therefore, considering the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the
amendment in Section 148 of the N.I. Act stated hereinabove, on
purposive interpretation of Section 148 of the N.I. Act as amended, we
are of the opinion that Section 148 of the N.I. Act as amended, shall be
applicable in respect of the appeals against the order of conviction and      G
sentence for the offence under Section 138 of the N.I. Act, even in a
case where the criminal complaints for the offence under Section 138 of
the N.I. Act were filed prior to amendment Act No. 20/2018 i.e., prior to
01.09.2018. If such a purposive interpretation is not adopted, in that
case, the object and purpose of amendment in Section 148 of the N.I.          H
758             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                             [2019] 8 S.C.R.


A     Act would be frustrated. Therefore, as such, no error has been committed
      by the learned first appellate court directing the appellants to deposit
      25% of the amount of fine/compensation as imposed by the learned trial
      Court considering Section 148 of the N.I. Act, as amended.
             9. Now so far as the submission on behalf of the appellants that
B     even considering the language used in Section 148 of the N.I. Act as
      amended, the appellate Court “may” order the appellant to deposit such
      sum which shall be a minimum of 20% of the fine or compensation
      awarded by the trial Court and the word used is not “shall” and therefore
      the discretion is vested with the first appellate court to direct the appellant
      – accused to deposit such sum and the appellate court has construed it
C     as mandatory, which according to the learned Senior Advocate for the
      appellants would be contrary to the provisions of Section 148 of the N.I.
      Act as amended is concerned, considering the amended Section 148 of
      the N.I. Act as a whole to be read with the Statement of Objects and
      Reasons of the amending Section 148 of the N.I. Act, though it is true
D     that in amended Section 148 of the N.I. Act, the word used is “may”, it
      is generally to be construed as a “rule” or “shall” and not to direct to
      deposit by the appellate court is an exception for which special reasons
      are to be assigned. Therefore amended Section 148 of the N.I. Act
      confers power upon the Appellate Court to pass an order pending appeal
      to direct the Appellant-Accused to deposit the sum which shall not be
E     less than 20% of the fine or compensation either on an application filed
      by the original complainant or even on the application filed by the
      Appellant-Accused under Section 389 of the Cr.P.C. to suspend the
      sentence. The aforesaid is required to be construed considering the fact
      that as per the amended Section 148 of the N.I. Act, a minimum of 20%
F     of the fine or compensation awarded by the trial court is directed to be
      deposited and that such amount is to be deposited within a period of 60
      days from the date of the order, or within such further period not
      exceeding 30 days as may be directed by the appellate court for sufficient
      cause shown by the appellant. Therefore, if amended Section 148 of
      the N.I. Act is purposively interpreted in such a manner it would serve
G     the Objects and Reasons of not only amendment in Section 148 of the
      N.I. Act, but also Section 138 of the N.I. Act. Negotiable Instruments
      Act has been amended from time to time so as to provide, inter alia,
      speedy disposal of cases relating to the offence of the dishonoured of
      cheques. So as to see that due to delay tactics by the unscrupulous
H
   SURINDER SINGH DESWAL @ COL. S.S. DESWAL AND                                759
     OTHERS v. VIRENDER GANDHI [M. R. SHAH, J.]

drawers of the dishonoured cheques due to easy filing of the appeals           A
and obtaining stay in the proceedings, an injustice was caused to the
payee of a dishonoured cheque who has to spend considerable time and
resources in the court proceedings to realise the value of the cheque and
having observed that such delay has compromised the sanctity of the
cheque transactions, the Parliament has thought it fit to amend Section
                                                                               B
148 of the N.I. Act. Therefore, such a purposive interpretation would
be in furtherance of the Objects and Reasons of the amendment in
Section 148 of the N.I. Act and also Sec 138 of the N.I. Act.
        10. Now so far as the submission on behalf of the appellants,
relying upon Section 357(2) of the Cr.P.C. that once the appeal against
the order of conviction is preferred, fine is not recoverable pending appeal   C
and therefore such an order of deposit of 25% of the fine ought not to
have been passed and in support of the above reliance placed upon the
decision of this Court in the case of Dilip S. Dhanukar (supra) is
concerned, the aforesaid has no substance. The opening word of
amended Section 148 of the N.I. Act is that “notwithstanding anything          D
contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure…..”. Therefore irrespective
of the provisions of Section 357(2) of the Cr.P.C., pending appeal before
the first appellate court, challenging the order of conviction and sentence
under Section 138 of the N.I. Act, the appellate court is conferred with
the power to direct the appellant to deposit such sum pending appeal
which shall be a minimum of 20% of the fine or compensation awarded            E
by the trial Court.
      In view of the above and for the reasons stated herein above,
impugned Judgment and Order passed by the High Court does not call
for any interference.
                                                                               F
       11. At this stage, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of
the appellants has requested to grant the appellants some more time
(three months’ time) to deposit the amount as per the order passed by
the first appellate court, confirmed by the High Court. The said prayer
is opposed by the learned Advocate appearing on behalf of the original
complainant. It is submitted that as per amended Section 148 of the N.I.       G
Act, the appellants – accused have to deposit the amount of compensation/
fine as directed by the appellate court within a period of 60 days which
can be further extended by a further period of 30 days as may be directed
by the Court on sufficient cause being shown by the appellants. However,
                                                                               H
760              SUPREME COURT REPORTS                        [2019] 8 S.C.R.


A     in the facts and circumstances of the case and considering the fact that
      the appellants were bonafidely litigating before this Court challenging
      the order passed by the first appellate court, in exercise of powers under
      Article 142 of the Constitution of India and in the peculiar facts and
      circumstances of the case and the amount to be deposited is a huge
      amount, we grant further four weeks’ time from today to the appellants
B
      to deposit the amount as directed by the first appellate court, confirmed
      by the High Court and further confirmed by this Court.
            12. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, we see
      no reason to interfere with the impugned common judgment and order
      passed by the High Court dismissing the revision application/s, confirming
C     the order passed by the first appellate court directing the appellants to
      deposit 25% of the amount of fine/compensation pending appeals.
             The instant appeals are accordingly dismissed with the aforesaid
      observations and appellants are now directed to deposit the amount
      directed by the first appellate court within extended period of four weeks
D     from today.

      Devika Gujral                                             Appeals dismissed.



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