Supreme Court of India
T.M.A. PAI FOUNDATION AND ORS. ETC.versusSTATE OF KARNATAKA AND OTHERS ETC.
- Citation
- 1995 INSC 450
- Decided
- 11 August 1995
- Disposal
- Disposed off
Holding
While deferring the larger constitutional questions to a larger bench, the Court issued interim directions for 1995-96, staying the Karnataka restriction, fixing the NRI quota at 15%, prescribing fee structures, ordering a central subvention, and directing a loan scheme for private medical and dental colleges.
Summary
The Supreme Court was approached to resolve disputes arising from the Karnataka amendment that restricted admissions to private professional colleges to Karnataka students only, and to address grievances about the fee gap between free and payment seats, the NRI quota, and the applicability of the Unnikrishnan scheme to minority institutions. The Court held that broader constitutional questions concerning Article 30 and uniform treatment of minority educational institutions must be decided by a larger bench, but it could issue interim directions for the 1995-96 academic year. It stayed the Karnataka amendment for that year, fixed the NRI quota at 15%, and prescribed a fee structure for free (merit) and payment seats in medical and dental colleges. The Court also ordered a central government subvention of Rs.5,000 per student and directed the Reserve Bank of India to devise a loan scheme for students. Further, it directed Karnataka to allocate payment seats among Karnataka, non‑Karnataka, and NRI students as per the specified percentages and set timelines for admissions. The petition was ultimately disposed of after these interim orders.
Issues considered
- The applicability of Article 30 to a uniform admission scheme for all professional colleges, including minority institutions
- Whether the Karnataka amendment restricting admissions to Karnataka students can be enforced for the 1995-96 academic year
- The appropriate percentage for the NRI/foreign student quota for the 1995-96 academic year
- The proper fee structure for free (merit) and payment seats in private medical and dental colleges
- The provision of central government subvention to private medical colleges
- The role of the Reserve Bank of India in providing study loans to students of private professional colleges
- The need for a larger bench to consider the broader constitutional and policy questions
Legislation cited
Subjects
Admission to professional collegesArticle 30Minority Educational InstitutionsNRI quotaFee structureCentral government subventionStudy loan schemeKarnataka amendmentInterim directions
Judgment
A T.M.A. PAI FOUNDATION AND ORS. ETC.
v.
STATE OF KARNATAKA AND OTHERS ETC.
AUGUST 11, 1995
B [KULDIP SINGH, S.C. AGRAWAL AND B.P. JEEVAN REDDY, JJ.]
Constitution of India-Article 32-Admission to professional ·col-
leges-Interim directions made regarding admission and fee ;tructure confined
to Academic Year 1995-96 and limited to medical and dental col-
C leges-Education-Admission to Professional Courses.
In Unniklishnan, J.P. v. State ofAndhra Pradesh, a Constitution Bench
of the Court on 4.2.1993, framed a scheme governing admission to profes-
sional colleges with a view to eliminate the evil of capitation fee and to
D ensure that merit prevails in the matter of admissions, both in respect of
free seats as well as in respect of 'payment seats'. The scheme was to be
effective from the Academic Year 1993-94 onwards. Review Petitions filed
by several institutions against this judgment were dismissed by the Con-
stitution Bench on May 14, 1993 subject to one clarification that it sha~l be
open to the professional colleges to admit non resident Indian students to
E the extent of five percent of the total intake in a given year. These 5% seats
were to be out of fifty percent payment seats.
On March 10, 1993, the Karnataka Legislature enacted Karnataka
Selection of Candidates for Admission to Engineering, Medical, Dental,
Pharmacy and Nursing Courses Rules, 1993 under the Karnataka Educa-
F tional Institutions (Prohibition of Capital Fee) Act, 1984, providing certain
preference in favour of Karnataka students in the matter of admission to
these professional colleges. On May 20, 1995 amendments were made in the
Rules as a result of which no more Karnataka student, except perhaps the
non-resident Indians. Could be admitted to these institutions. The educa-
G tional institutions that the said restriction caused grave prejudice to them
in as much as they will not be able to fill up all the payment seats as the
gap in the fees paid by 'free students' and 'payment students' was too large
and contrary to the intention of the scheme.
There was also a complaint that the gap in the fees paid by 'free
H students' and payment students is too large and that most of the boys from
608·
T.M.A.PAIFOUNDATION v. STATE 609
the well-to-do families were taking away the free seats leaving the payments A
seats to the students from the rural areas and backward communities. The
management also complaint that the fee prescribed were not sufficient to
meet the necessary expenditure. By order dated April 27, 1995 the Court
invited suggestions and comments from the State Governments and Govt.
of India as well as from the Indian Medical Council, University Grant
Commission, Dental Council of India and All India Council of Technical
B
Education (A.I.C.T.E.). In response of the said order suggestions were
received from some of the State Governments, Statutory Councils Manage-
ments of the Educational Institutions and Students.
Disposing of the matter, this Court c
HELD : 1.1. The demand of states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu for
a uniform treatment of all professional colleges - whether established and
maintained by minorities or by others - in the matter of admissions, invol-
ves the question whether Article 30 of the Constitution stands in the way of
such equal treatment. Several aspects of Article 30 are already pending D
before a larger Bench. Any such direction as prayed for by the said states
can be done only by the larger Bench. Moreover admissions are already
under way in several States in accordance with the said scheme, as modified
by the subsequent orders of this Court. Regulations have been framed by
the A.I.T.C.E., Dental Council and several State Governments on the basis E
of and in accordance with the said scheme. All of them cannot suddenly be
suspended at this point of time. It requires a much wider and more exten-
sive hearing of all points of view and a deeper consideration of the sugges-
tions of several governments, councils, institutions and others before a
definite opinion can be expressed. [623-H; 624-A-C]
F
1.2. Having regard to the grievance relating to the gap between the
fees payable by the 'free student' and the 'payment student' and the uniform
demand for increasing the N.R.IJForeign students quota, the court gave the
following directions for Academic Year 1995-96 limited to medical and
dental colleges is that: [624-F]
G
(a) N.R.I. quota is fixed at fifteen percent for the current academic
year. It shall be open to the management to admit N.R.I. students and
foreign students within this quota and in case they are not able to get the
N.R.I. or foreign students upto the aforesaid specified percentage, it shall
be open to them to admit students on their own, in the order of merit, within H
610 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 2S.C.R.
A the said quota. This direction shall operate in the case of all the States
where admissions have not been finalised. No student who has already been
admitted shall however be disturbed or removed. [624-G-H; 625-A]
(b) So far as Minority Educational Institutions are concerned, the
orders made on August 18, 1993 shall continue to govern them for this
B academic year. This shall also be a general direction applicable to all States
including colleges in Maharashtra imparting 'unani' medicine courses.
[625-B]
1.3. As regards State of Karnataka the following additional direction
was given:
c
·(a) The restriction placed by the 1995 amendment to the Karnataka
Selection of Candidates for Admission to Engineering, Medical, Dental,
Pharmacy and Nursing Courses Rules,, 1993, viz.,. that only Karnataka
students (as defined by the said Rules) shall be admitted against the
payment seats shall not operate for the current academic year. Among the
D fifty percent payment seats, fifteen percent are allocated to N.R.IJforeign
students. Out of the balance thirty five percent seats, twenty percent shall
be reserved for Karnataka students and remaining fifteen percent for non-
Karnataka students - as was done during the previous academic year. The
admission of Karnataka students against the payment seats shall be made
E in accordance with the scheme framed in Unnikrishnan out of the students
who have appeared in the entrance test already held. If any of the seats in
this twenty percent remain vacant, they shall be added to the fifteen percent
quota of non-Karnataka students and shall be filled in accordance with
clause (b) below. [625-D-F]
F (b) Since there is no sufficient time left for conducting a fresh com-
mon entrance test for non-Karnataka students for admission to the
aforesaid.fifteen percent seats specified in clause (a) above, following direc-
tions is made: a press note shall be issued by the Government of Karnataka
on or before August 15, 1995, to be published in all the national dailies,
G calling for applications from non-Karnataka students for admission to
payment seats in private medical and dental colleges in Karnataka, to be
submitted on or before September 5, 1995. The applications shall be accom-
panied by the Memorandum of marks in the qualifying examination, apart
from other relevant documents. Admissions shall be made on the basis of
merit determined on the basis of the marks obtained by them in qualifying
H examination. The students admitted shall remit the requisite fee, as
T.MA PAl FOUNDATION v. STATE 611
specified, within ten days of the order of allotment. [625-G-H; 626-A] A
(c) All free seats, to be called "merit seats" shall be reserved for
Karnataka students. Allotments against these free/merit seats and the
payment seats meant for Karnataka students shall be completed on or
before September 16, 1995 and of seats to non-Karnataka students on or
before the October 9, 1995. Any seats remaining unallotted after that date B
or remaining unfilled as on October 30, 1995 shall be allowed to be filled
by the Management on its own. [626:C1
1.4. As regards the fee structure, in respect of the medical colleges
and dental colleges for the current academic year, the following directions
were given: [626-D]
c
(a) The fee payable by the students allotted against free seats desig-
.... nated as merit seats in Medical Colleges shall be Rupees twenty thousand
per annum. For the payment student, in respect of college~ having their
own hospitals, the fee shall be Rupees seventy five thousand per annum, D
in respect of colleges which partly depend upon government hospital and
partly upon their own facility the fee shall be Rupees seventy thousand per
annum and for colleges which depend wholly upon government hospitals,
the fees shall be Rupees sixty five thousand per annum. [626-E-F]
(b) So far as Dental colleges are concerned, the fees shall be Rupees
E
fifteen thousand per annum for free/merit seat and Rupees fifty thousand
per annum for payment seats respectively. [626-G]
1.5. The Central Government shall provide a subvention of Rupees
five thousand per annum in respect of every student admitted in a private F
medical college, whether admitted against free/merit seat or against a
payment seat, but not in respect of a student admitted against N.R.IJforeign
student quota specified above. The subvention shall be made and continued
until the student completes the course or for a period of five years whichever
is earlier. The subvention amount by the Central Government shall be sent G
directly to the concerned college, towards fee, every year, commencing with
Academic Year 1995-96. This direction shall be subject to the directions that
may be issued by the larger Bench. [626-H; 627-A-B]
1.6. The Reserve Bank of India shall evolve a scheme for extending
study loans to the students studying in medical and dental colleges in H
612 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
A private professional colleges. For this purpose, the study loans shall be
deemed to be in the priority sector and shall be dealt with as category
under 'Differential Rate Interest'. Pending the evolving of such a scheme,
the Reserve Bank of India is requested to issue appropriate directions for
this academic year in the following terms to Nationalised Banks forthwith,
not later than ten days : [627-C-D]
B
(a) Free/merit students shall be given a loan of Rupees fifteen
thousand for the Academic Year 1995.-96 on production of (i) a certificate
from the concerned medical/dental college that he is admitted against a
free seat, (ii) an affidavit by the student and his father (in absence of the
C father, by mother or other near relative) that the total annual income of
the student's family does not exceed Rupees fifty thousan~ per year and
(iii) a bond executed by the student (and in case he is a minor, by his
father/mother or the guardian) undertaking to repay the loan in five equal
annual instalments commencing from two years after completion of the
course he is studying, or within one year of his obtaining employment,
-·
D whichever is earlier. No security need be insisted upon. The amount of loan
shall be remitted directly to the college concerned. The free/merit students
shall pay the fees now fixed or the difference between the existing fee and
the fee now fixed within one month of their admission. (627-E-G]
E (b) Payment students shall be extended a loan upto Rupees fifty
thousand on the same terms but on further condition, that they furnish
adequate security to the satisfaction of the Bank for the loan advanced.
(627-H]
1.7. So far as engineering and other colleges are concerned, the rules,
F regulations and orders made by the concerned council, government and
this court shall continue to govern for this academic year. There shall be
no change insofar as these colleges are concerned. The position obtaining
in the Academic Year 1994-95 shall apply and continue for Academic Year
19~5-96. The allotment of students to these colleges shall be completed by
G September 30, 1995. Any seats remaining unallotted - or any seats remain-
ing unfilled on or after 16th October, 1995 shall be allowed to be filled by
the Management. (628-A-B]
1.8. Insofar as the suggestion ofKarnataka, and Tamil Nadu Govern-
ments for uniform system of admissions to private colleges and for equal
H treatment of all professional colleg\!S - irrespective of the fact whether they
T.M.A. PAI FOUNDATION v. STATE 613
are M.E.Is. or not • is concerned, it involves the issue whether Article 30 A
stands in the way of equal treatment of M.E.Is. and other similady placed
educational institutions not established by the minorities. This question
cannot be considered by this Bench. It can be done only by the larger Bench.
So also, the request of Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu Governments to
introduce the system of only two categories (free seats and N.R.I. seats in
B
the proportion of 80:20 or 75:25, as the case may be) cannot be considered
by this Bench but only bya larger Bench (of seven Judges) in vi~ of the fact
that decision in Unnikrishnan was rendered by a Bench of five Judges.
[628-C-E]
CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Interlocutory Application C
Nos. 25-27.
In
Writ Petition (C) No. 317 of 1993 Etc. Etc.
(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.) D
D.P. Gupta, Solicitor General, K.T.S. Tulsi Additional Solicitor
General, N. Santosh Hegde, F.S. Nariman, H.N. Salve, Dr. Rajeev Dhawan,
Kapil Sibal and K.K. Venugopal, Sr. Advs., B.K. Prasad, Arun K. Sharma,
P. Parmeshwaran, S. Ravindra Bhat, Navin R. Nath, Ms. Kiran Jethanand, · E
P.D'Souza, S.M. Jadhav, K.S. Chauhan, R.B. Misra, Nalin Tripathi,
Janaradhan M., Padmanabha Mahale, M. Veerappa, M.D. Adkar, Ejaz
Maqbool, S. Udaya Kumar Sagar, B.E. Avhad, Dr. Roxna Swami, Subhash
Sharma, Bharat Sangal, Ms. A. Subhashini, L.R Singh, Ms. Lalita Kaushik,
Kailash Vasudev, A.K. Panda, Indeevar Goodwill, R.P. Wadhwani, T.C.
Sharma, P.R. Ramasesh, Ashok Grover, K.R. Nagaraja, B. Parthasarthy, F
Ranjit Kumar, Mrs. Aruna Mathur, Raj Kumar Mehta, Ms. Kiran Suri, Ms.
Bina Gupta, Rajiv Kumar Sharma, B.B. Singh, Mrs. Rani Chabra, A.V.
Rangam, A.S. Bhasme, M.J. Paul, Mrs. Rachna, Arun K. Sinha, K.R.
Choudhary, K. Ramkumar, Ejaz Maqbool, A.M. Khanwilkar and Mrs. V.D.
Khanna for the appearing parties. G
The following Order of the Court was delivered :
Though the orders we are now making are interim in nature, it is
appropriate to set out briefly the circumstances leading to the present stage
for a proper appreciation of the several directions we are making herein. H
614 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
A In Unnikrishnan, J.P. v. State of Andhra Pradesh, [1993] 1 S.C.C. 645,
a Constitution Bench of this Court framed a scheme governing admission
to professional colleges. This was done with a view to eliminate the evil of
capitation fee and the absolute discretion which the managements of these
colleges were exercising in the matter of admission of students. The main
objective was to ensure that merit prevails in the matter of admissions, both
B in respect of what were called "free seats" as well as in respect of "payment
seats". This judgment was rendered on February 4, 1993. The scheme was
· to be effective from the Academic Year 1993-94 onwards.
Review Petitions were filed by several institutions against the said
C judgment. They were dismissed by the Constitution Bench on May 14, 1993
subject to one clarification, viz., that it shall be open to the professional
colleges to admit non-resident Indian students to the extent of five percent
of the total intake in a given yeat. These five percent seats were to be out
of fifty percent payment seats.
D
The Government of Karnataka sought to apply the said scheme to
Minority Educational Institutions (M.E.Is.) as wel~ though the judgment
did not purport to say so. Complaining against the extension of the scheme
to them, certain M.E.Is. approached this Court by way of writ petitions.
Writ Petition (C) No. 350 of 1993 was filed by Islamic Academy of
E Education, Mangalore (claiming to be a religious M.E.I.) and Writ Petition
(C) No. 355of1993 was filed by S.Venkatesha Education Society (claiming
to be a linguistic minority). While the Islamic Academy of Education was
running a dental college in Karnataka, S. Venkatesha Education Society
was running an engineering college in that State. These writ petitions came
F up before a Bench comprising the Hon'ble Chief Justice and one of us
(B.P. Jeevan Reddy, J.) on May 14, 1993. The Bench made the following
interim order :
"2. There will be in interim order in the following terms :-
G (i) Fifty per cent of the total intake in the petitioner's educational
institutions shall be permitted to be filled up by candidates selected
by the agencies of the .the State Government on the basis of a
competitive examination/test. The candidates so selected and ad-
mitted shall pay scales of fee as applicable to this class of students
H as determined by the State Government from time to time.
T.M.A. PAl FOUNDATION v. STATE 615
(ii) The remaining fifty per cent of the intake may be regulated by A
the petitioners to admit candidates belonging to the particular
religious or linguistic minority. However, the selection shall be
made strictly on the basis of merit among the candidates seeking
admission to the institutions. Such merit shall be determined on
the basis of the academic performance of the qualifying examina-
B
tion; or on the basis of any objective test that the institution might
itself apply to determine such relative and competing merits; or on
the basis of performance of the results of the selection tests that
the State Government may itself hold for selecting candidates for
admission to technical colleges in the State. It is optional for the
petitioners to adopt any one of these three modes and apply it c
uniformly. Candidates so selected on the basis of merit amongst
the minorities shall, however, abide by such condition in the matter
of payment of tuition and other fee as may be permitted by the
State Government.
D
3. It is made clear that this order is made on the assumption that
- the petitioners are minority institutions. It is open to the respon-
dents to question this status claimed by the petitioners."
Several other Educational Institutions claiming to be M.E.ls. filed
writ petitions questioning the application of the said scheme to them. All E
these writ petitions including Writ Petition (C) Nos. 350 and 355 of 1993
were heard by a Constitution Bench. On August 18, 1993, it passed interim
orders applicable to Academic Year 1993-94, which orders were based
upon the order dated May 14, 1993 (made in Writ Petition (C) nos. 350
and 355 of 1993) coupled with certain modifications and clarifications. p
After hearing the parties, the Constitution Bench framed three questions
and referred the same to a larger Bench by its order dated October 7, 1993.
The order of reference is reported in 1993 (4) S.C.C. 286. The three
questions referred are :
"(1) What is the meaning and content of the expression 'minorities' G
in Article 30 of the Constitution of India?
(2) What is the meaning of the expression 'Minority Educational
Institution' and what is the indicia to determine whether an educa-
tional institution is a Minority Educational institution? H
616 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 2S.C.R.
A (3) Whether the decision of this Court in St. Stephens is right in
saying that Article 30 clothes a Minority Educational Institution
with the power to admit students by adopting its own method of
selection and that the State or the affiliating University has no
power to regulate admission of students to such Minority Educa-
tional Institution even while permitting the Minority Educational
B
Institution to admit students belonging to the relevant minority to
the extent of 50% of its intake capacity?
The Seven-Judge Bench met and after hearing the counsel for the
parties, it re-framed the questions arising before it into seven questions on
C March 18, 1994. The seven questions framed by the larger Bench are :
'(l)(a) Where a religious or linguistic niinority in State 'A' estab-
lished an educational institution in the said State, can the member
of that religious/linguistic group in State 'B' claim rights flowing
from Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India in respect of the
D above said educational institution established in State 'A'?
(b) Whether it would be correct to say that only the members of
that minority residing in State 'A' will be treated as the members
of the minority vis-a-vis such institution?
.E (2) What are the indicia for treating an educational institution as
a minority educational institution? Would an institution be
regarded as a minority educational institution only because it was
established by a person(s) belonging to a religious or linguistic
minority or it is being administered by a person(s) belonging to a
religious or linguistic minority?
F
(3) Whether the minority's 'right to establish and administer educa-
tional institutions of their choice' will include the procedure and
method of admission and selection of a student?
(4) Whether the admission of students to minority educational
G
institution, whether aided or unaided, can be regulated by the State
Govt. or by the University to which the Institution is affiliated?
'
(5) Whether the decision of this Court in St. Stephens is right in
saying that Article 30 clothes a minority educational institution with
H the power to admit students by adopting its own method of selec-
- T.M.A. PAI FOUNDATION v. STATE 617
tion and that the State or the affiliated University has the power A
to regulate admission of students to such minority educational
institution even while permitting the minority educational institu-
tion to admit students belonging to the relevant minority to the
extent of 50% of intake capacity. We make it clear that the
percentage decided in St. Stephens case will equally be open for B
re-consideration.
(6) What is meant by the expression 'religion' in Article 30(1)?
Can the followers of a sect of denomination of a particular religion
claim protection under Article 30(1) on the basis that they con-
stitute a minority in the State even though the followers of that C
religion are in majority in that State?
(7) What is meant by the expression 'language' in Article 30(1)?
Does it include a language which is not included in the Eight
Schedule to the Constitution?"
D
The Bench could not, howeyer, complete the hearing. The matters
remained part heard.
In view of the approaching Academic year 1994-95, the larger Bench
directed on April 5, 1994 that the interim order made by this Court for the E
year 1993-94 shall continue to govern admissions for the Academic Year
1994-95 as well, both M.E.ls. and others. The directions included the fees
to be charged from the 'free' students and 'payment' students. So far as
N.R.I. quota is concerned, while it was fixed at fifteen percent for the
Academic Year 1993-94, it was fixed at ten percent for the Academic Year
1994-95. F
In view of the fact that the Academic Year 1995-96 was commencing,
.
~. certain institutions approached this Court again for appropriate directions .
This Court directed that the orders made earlier with respect to Minority
Educational institutions shall continue to govern the admissions for the G
Academic Year 1995-96 as well. While so, the Karnataka Government
brought about a change in law which has made several institutions to
approach this Court again for appropriate directions. As is well-known, the
bulk of these private professional colleges are situated in the State of
Karnataka and to a lesser extent in Maharashtra. Private professional
colleges are there in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and other states as well H
618 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
A but the problem now before us mainly concerns the States of Karnataka -.
and Maharashtra. We shall first state the change in law brought about by
the Karnataka Government in the matter of admissions to private colleges.
In the year 1984, the Karnataka Legislature had enacted the Kar-
nataka Educational Institutions (Prohibition of Capital Fee) Act, 1984.
B Rules were made under this Act called "Karnataka Selection of Candidates
for Admission to Engineering, Medical, Dental, Pharmacy and Nursing
Courses Rules, 1993" on March 10, 1993. The rules contained inter alia the
definition of "Karnataka students". The rules provided certain preference
in favour of Karnataka students in the matter of admission to these profes-
c sional· colleges. By amendments effected on May 20, 1995, however, two
major changes were brought about, viz., (a) definition of "Karnataka stu-
dent" was amended to read as follows: ·
(1) "Karnataka Student" means a student who has studied in one
or more Government or Government recognised educational in-
D stitutions located within the State of Karnataka for a minimum
period of ten academic years (commencing from first standard to
twelth standard, both standards inclusive or qualifying examina-
tion, either continuously or in broken periods) as on first July of
the year in which Entrance Test is held and has studies, appeared
E and passed the Secondary Leaving Certificate Examination or
Tenth Standard Examination: and the Second Pre-University Ex-
amination or the 12th Standard Examination in a Government or
Government recognised educational institution located within the
State of Karnataka.
F and (b) Rule 5 was amended providing that all free seats shall be filled
only by Karnataka students and that all payment seats, except as otherwise
provided in the said Rules, shall be filled by Karnataka students only. The
result of these amendments in that no non-Karnataka student can be
admitted to these institutions - except perhaps the non-resident Indians
G and that too under and by virtue of the orders of this Court.
The educational institutions both belonging to minorities and others
are complaining that all these years they were admitting students from all
over the country, N.R.ls. and even foreign students and that the present
restriction causes grave prejudice to them inasmuch as they will not be able
H to fill up all the payments seats. They submit that after the scheme in
"I.•
T.M.APAIFOUNDATION v.STATE 619
Unnikrislman was implemented, the Karnataka Government was allotting A
only Karnataka students against free seats while the payment seats were
divided between Karnataka students and non-Karnataka students in a
certain proportion, besides, of course, the N.R.I. quota. The Minority
Educational Institutions complain that they are entitled to admit students
belonging to their minority community (whether religious or linguistic)
from all over the country and that they cannot be confined to Karnataka B
alone. They point out that one of the questions before the seven-Judge
Bench is whether a M.E.I. is entitled to draw students belonging to that
minority from outside the State or whether it is restricted to that particular
State alone. By amending the said Rules in the above manner, they com-
plain, the Karnataka Government has pre-empted the answer to the ques-
tion.
c
There is no change in law so far as State of Maharashtra is con-
cerned. The Maharashtra Government has, of course, filed an application
seeking specific directions from this Court with respect to the extent of
N.R.I. quota for the Academic Year 1995- 96 and with respect to the D
manner in which the M.E.Is. should be allowed to make admissions.
Pausing here we must mention a change in law brought about by the
Regulations famed by the Dental Council under the Dentists Act, 1948.
This change, of course, is relevant insofar as dental colleges alone are E
concerned. But having regard to the. fact that there are a large number of
dental colleges in Karnataka - and may be some in other States - this
question has become relevant. In the year 1948, Dentists Act was enacted.
By Amendment Act 30 of 1993, Section 10-A was inserted providing that
no new college or new course of study shall be opened except with the
prior permission of the Central Government. Every person applying for F
such permission is obliged to prepare and submit a scheme in accordance
,-
with the provisions of Section 10-A. Section 20 of the Act permits Regula-
tions to be made by the Dental Council with the approval of the Central
Government, regulating inter alia the standards of examinations held in the
dental colleges and also in particular to "(fa) prescribe the form of the
G
scheme, the particulars to be given in such scheme, the manner in which
the scheme is to be preferred and the fee payable with the scheme under
' clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section lOA." Accordingly, the Dental
Council has framed Regulations on January 5, 1995. These Regulations are
broadly modelled upon and incorporate the scheme contained in Unnik-
rishnan. The expression "competent authority" is defined in clause (b) of H
620 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
A Regulation 3 in the following words :
"O\mpetent Authority' means a Government or University or any
other authority as may be designated by the Government or the
University or by law to allot students for admissions to various
dental colleges in a State or Union Territory."
B
It is contended by Sri F.S. Nariman that once these Regulations are
made, they alone govern the admissions to and fees payable in the dental
colleges and that the Karnataka Rules aforesaid - and in particular the
amended Rule 5 read with the definition of "Karnataka student" - cease to
c apply to them with effect from the said date. It is submitted that with from
the date of the said Regulations, Karnataka Government has no power over
the dental colleges. These submissions are disputed by the learned Advo-
cate General of the Karnataka. --
Over the last two years, several problems and difficulties in the
D matter of implementation of the said scheme were brought to our notice
by the governments, managements, students and their parents. In par-
ticular, it was being complained that the gap in the fees paid by 'free
students and 'payment students' is too large and that contrary to the
intention of the scheme, most of the boys from the well-to-do families were
taking away free seats leaving the payment seats to students from the rural
E areas and backward communities. The managements also complained that
the fees prescribed by this Court is· not sufficient to meet the necessary
expenditure. Keeping these representations in mind, we made the following
order on April 27, 1995 suo motu :
F "A Constitution Bench of this Court in Unnikrishnan J.P. and Ors.
v. State of A.P. & Ors., [1993] 1 SCC 645, framed a Scheme
regarding admission of candidates to the private professional col-
leges. In terms of the Scheme 50% seats were free seats and the
remaining 50% seats have (?) were payment seats. By a subsequent
order part of the payment seats were also allocated as NRI quota.
G The Scheme has now been operative for over two years. We would
like to have the suggestions and comments from the State Govern-
ments and Union of India regarding the functioning of the Scheme.
The concerned Ministeries of the Government shall indicate in
case any modification/change in the working of the Scheme is
H required at this stage.
T.MAPAIFOUNDATION v. STATE 621
Copy of this Order be sent to the Advocate Generals of all the A
States, Attorney General of India, Indian Medical Council, Univer-
sity Grants Commission, Dental Council of India, All India Council
for Technical Education. The response of the above shall be filed
.l.
before 31st July, 1995."
B
In response to the above order, some of the State Governments,
statutory councils, managements, students and other interested persons
have come forward with suggestions which may briefly be mentioned
hereinbelow.
SUGGESTIONS : c
The Karnataka Government has suggested that there should be a
uniform method of admission to all the professional colleges irrespective
of the fact whether they were established and maintained by a minority
community or by others and that the scheme of admissions should be D
applied equally to deemed universities. In short, .they want a uniform
scheme of admissions applicable to all professional colleges. It is further
submitted that the denial of discretion to the management in the matter of
admission of students altogether has led to great resentment and lack of
incentive in better management and improvement of the institutions. It is
suggested that all the professional colleges should be permitted to admit E
N.R.ls./foreign students (and in case N.R.ls./foreign students are not avail-
able, students of their own choice) to the extent of twenty five percent of
the intake capacity and the rest seventy five percent should be treated as
free seats.
MAHARASHTRA : F
The Maharashtra Government has suggested that the present scheme
of fifty percent free seats and fifty percent payment seats may be modified
to make it eighty percent free seats and twenty percent non-resident quota.
It is submitted that admissions to both these quotas should be allowed to G
be made by the State Government alone and that the fees for twenty
percent N.R.I. seats should be son fixed as to cover entire cost of running
the college. It is also submitted that constitutional reservations be allowed
to be made among the eighty percent free seats. Another suggestion made
is that students coming from outside Maharashtra should be allowed to be
charged higher fees than the Maharashtra students. H
622 SUPREMECOURTREPORTS [1995]SUPP.2S.C.R.
A TAMILNADU:
The Tamil Nadu Government has suggested that under the present
scheme, students from rural background and poor classes are not able to
get into merit seats. It has suggested that twenty five percent seats be
reserved for N.R.Is./Management and the balance of seventy five percent
B seats should be allowed to be filled by the government as free seats. It has
requested that the separate status for minority institutions permitting them
to admit fifty percent of the students on their own may be abolished and
that there should be a uniform pattern of admissions for all the professional
colleges. It has pointed out that because of the special consideration shown
to M.E.ls., a number of institutions are fals~ly claiming to _be minority
c institutions only with a view to gain the advantage of fifty percent admis-
sions on their own.
UNION OF INDIA :
The Union of India has filed an application seeking extension of time
D by six weeks on the ground that the suggestions formulated by the Ministry
of Human Resource Development have been submitted to the Cabinet for
its approval and that the Cabinet is likely to consider the same and take a
decision in about six weeks.
UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION (U.G.C.) :
E
The U.G.C. has stated that because of certain legal difficulties, it
could not evolve a fee structure or frame regulations governing the admis-
sions to these professional colleges. It is stated that in any event regulations
framed by A.l.C.T.E., M.C.A. and D.C.A. cover most of the field. It has
requested the Court to empower it to frame regulations under Sections 12
F
and 12-A regulating the admissions and the fees to be charged in these
colleges. It has sought a clarification whether the said scheme applies to
deemed universities. It has also suggested that for generating additional
resources the colleges may be permitted to admit more N.R.ls./foreign
students against payment seats.
G
A.I. C. T.E. :
A.I.C.T.E. has stated that it has framed regulations as contemplated
by this court incorporating the scheme evolved in Unnikrishnan. It has
suggested that the present fee structure should ·be revised and that the
H N.R.I. quota should be increased.
T.M.A PAI FOUNDATION v. STATE 623
INTERVENORS : A
A number of educational institutions have sought permission to
intervene in the matter. They have made several suggestions. Broadly
speaking, they want more discretion in the matter of admission of students,
steep increase in the fees, hiking up of N.R.I. quota and so on. The fees,
it is submitted, should be 'need based' and fixed separately for each B
institution. Some of the M.E.ls. have asked for liberty to admit the entire
hundred percent strength with the students belonging to the concerned
minority. At the same time, Sri Nariman stated that the M.E.ls. should be
made to admit the students belonging to the particular minority strictly in
order of merit. Learned counsel did not plead for any discretion for the
management of M.E.ls. in the matter of admission.
c
THE PRESENT STATUS :
The situatio11 as on today in that in the State of Maharashtra, not
only the common entrance test has been held and result published but the D
students have also been allotted against all the free seats. But for the
clarification sought by the State Government with respect to N.R.I. quota,
fhe allotment of payment seats would also have been completed by now.
In Karnataka, common entrance test has been held confining it to Kar-
nataka students alone and results have been published but no allotment has
been made awaiting the orders of this Court. (Sri Rama Jois, learned E
counsel appearing for certain non-Karnataka students complains that State
Government is in truth colluding with the managements of professional
colleges with a view to defeat the scheme framed by this Court and that
while amending Rules on one hand restricting the admissions to Karnataka
students, the Government has permitted the managements to issue adver-
tisements inviting applications for admission to these colleges to be sub- F
mitted directly to them. Even the amendment of Rules in 1995 (referred
to above), says Sri Jois, is in truth intended to allow these colleges to admit
students of their choice directly since it is a well known fact that all the
payment seats cannot be filled by Karnataka students.) So far as other
States are concerned, precise information is not placed before us except G
to state that the process of admission is at various stages of finalisation.
In the above state of affairs, it is obvious, any major modification of
the scheme in Unnilaislman can only be for the next academic year and
onwards. The major demand of Karnataka and the Tamil Nadu Govern-
ments is for a uniform treatment of all professional colleges - whether H
624 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
A established and maintained by minorities or by others - in the matter of
admissions. This submission involves the question whether Article 30 of the
Constitution stands in the way of such equal treatment. Several aspects of
Article 30 are already pending before a larger Bench as stated above. It is,
therefore, not possible for us to make any such direction as prayed for by
....
the said governments. That can be done only by the larger Bench.
B
Moreover, admissions are already under way in several States in
accordance with the said scheme, as modified by the subsequent orders of
this Court referred to above. Regulations have been framed by the
A.l.T.C.E., Dental Council and several State Governments on the basis of
C and in accordance with the said scheme. All of them cannot suddenly be
suspended by us and at this point of time. It requires a much wider and
more extensive hearing of all points of view and a deeper consideration of
the suggestions of several governments, councils, institutions and others
before a definite opinion can be expressed. Need there certainly is for
evolving a better and a fool prcof scheme consistent with public interest.
D None before us, it may be noted, asked for a return to the situation
obtaining prior to Mohini Jain v. State of Kamataka, [1992] 3 S.C.C. 666
and Unnikrishnan.
There is yet another consideration. Since the aforesaid decisions of
E this Court, the outlay in education has been raised substantially; we are
told that as a percentage of G.D.P., it has almost been doubled. We need
not emphasise the fundamental significance of investment in education. It
is, therefore, time that the governments and public financial institutions
involve themselves more actively in promoting education.
F We have also taken note of the grievance relating to the gap between
the fees payable by the "free student" and the uniform demand for increas-
ing the N.R.l./foreign students quota. Hence the following directions,
confined no doubt to Academic Year 1995-96 only and limited to medical
and dental colleges only :
G (1) So far as N.R.I. quota is concerned, it is fixed at fifteen percent for the
current academic year. It shall be open to the management to admit N .R.I.
students and foreign students within this quota and in case they are not
able to get the N.R.I. or foreign students upto the aforesaid specified
percentage, it shall be open to them to admit students on their own, in the
H order of merit, within the said quota. This direction shall be a general
T.M.A PAI FOUNDATION v. STATE 625
direction and shall operate in the case of all the States where admissions A
have not been finalised. It is, however, made clear that the virtue of this
direction, no student who has already been admitted shall be disturbed or
removed.
(2) So far as minority Educational Institutions are concerned, the orders
made on August 18, 1993 shall continue to govern them for this academic B
year. This shall also be a general direction applicable to all States. It is
made clear that the above direction applies equally to colleges in
Maharashtra imparting 'unani' medicine courses.
(3) So far as State of Karnataka is concerned, the following additional C
directions are made :
(a) The restriction placed by the 1995 amendment to the Karnataka
Selection of Candidates for Admission to Engineering, Medical, Dental,
Pharmacy and Nursing Courses Rules, 1993, viz. that only Karnataka
students (as defined by the said Rules) shall be admitted against the D
payment seats shall not operate for the current academic year. Among the
fifty percent payment seats, we have allocated fifteen percent to
N.R.l./foreign students [direction (1)). Out of the balance thirty five per-
cent seats, twenty percent shall be reserved for Karnataka students and
remaining fifteen percent for non-Karnataka students - as was done during E
the previous academic year. The admission of Karnataka students against
the payment seats shall be made in accordance with the scheme framed in
Unnikrishnan out of the students who have appeared in the entrance test
already held. If any of the seats in this twenty percent remain vacant, they
shall be added to the fifteen percent quota of non-Karnataka students and
shall be filled in accordance with clause (b) below. F
(b) Since there is no sufficient time left for conducting a fresh common
entrance test for non-Karnataka students for admission to the aforesaid
fifteen percent seats specified in clause (a) above, the following direction
is made : a press note shall be issued by the Government of Karnataka on
or before August 15, 1995, to be published in all the national dailies, calling G
for applications from non-Karnataka students for admission to payment
seats in private medical and dental colleges in Karnataka, to be submitted
on or before fifth day of September, 1995. The applications shall be
accompanied by the Memorandum of marks in the qualifying examination,
apart from other relevant documents. All the applications so received shall H
626 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
A be tabulated and admissions made on the basis of merit determined on the
basis of the marks obtained by them in the qualifying examination. The
students admitted shall remit the requisite fee, as specified hereinbelow,
within ten days of the order of allotment. The remitting of amount by the
student into the government account in the specified Bank or the govern-
ment treasury, as the case may be, shall be treated as acceptance of
B allotment of seats by the student and the same shall be binding upon all
concerned.
(c) All free seats, hereinafter to be called "merit seats" shall be reserved
for Karnataka students. Allotments against these free/merit seats and the
C payment seats meant for Karnataka students shall be completed on or
before September 16, 1995. The allotment of seats to non-Karnataka
students shall be completed on or before 9th day of October, 1995. Any
seats remaining unallotted after that date or remaining unfilled as on 30th
October, 1995 shall be allowed te be filled by the Matt:igement on its own.
D FEE STRUCTURE :
So far as fee structure is concerned, the following orders are made
in respect of the medical colleges and dental colleges for the current
academic year :
E (A) The fee· payable by the students allotted against free seats which may
hereafter be designated as merit seats shall be Rupees twenty thousand per
annum. The fee payable by the payment student is fixed at Rupees seventy
five thousand, Rupees seventy thousand and Rupees sixty five thousand per
annum respectively. In other words, in respect of colleges having their own
F hospitals, the fee shall be Rupees seventy five thousand per annum, in
respect of colleges which partly depend upon government hospital and
partly upon their own facility shall be Rupees seventy thousand per annum
and in respect of colleges which depend wholly upon government hospitals,
the fees shall be Rupees sixty five thousand per annum. ·
G So far as dental colleges are concerned, the fees shall be Rupees
fifteen thousand per annum for free/merit seat and Rupees fifty thousand
per annum for payment seats respectively.
(B) The Central Government shall provide a subvention of Rupees five
H thousand per annum in respect of every student admitted in a private
T.M.APAIFOUNDATION v. STATE 627
medical college, whether admitted against free/merit seat or against a A
payment seat, but not in respect of a student admitted against
N.R.I./foreign student quota specified above. The subvention shall be made
and continued until the student completes the course or for a period of
five years whichever is earlier. The subvention amount by the Central
Government shall be sent directly to the concerned college, towards fee,
B
every year, commencing with Academic Year 1995-96. This direction shall
be subject, of course, to the directions that may be issued by the larger
Bench.
(C) The Reserve Bank of India is directed to evolve a scheme for extending
study loans to the students studying in medical and dental colleges in C
private professional colleges. This direction is made after hearing Sri
Harish Salve, for the Reserve Bank of India, to whom we had given a notice
for this purpose. For this purpose, the study loans shall be deemed to be
in the priority sector and shall to dealt with as a category under 'Differen-
tial Rate Interest'. Pending the evolving of such a scheme, the following D
direction is made for this academic year and the Reserve Bank of India is
requested to issue appropriate directions to Nationalised Banks forthwith,
not later than ten days.
So far as free/merit students are concerned, they shall be given a loan
of Rupees fifteen thousand for the Academic Year 1995-96 on production E
of (i) a certificate from the concerned medical/dental college that he is
admitted against a free seat, (ii) an affidavit by the student and his father
(in the absence of the father, by mother or other near relative) that the
total annual income for the students' family does not exceed Rupees fifty
thousand an year and (iii) a bond executed by the student (and in case he F
is a minor, by his father/mother or the guardian) undertaking to repay the
loan in five equal annual instalments commencing from two years after
completion of the course he is studying, or within one year of his obtaining
employment, whichever is earlier. No security need be insisted upon. The
amount of loan shall be remitted directly to the college concerned. The
free/merit students shall pay the fees now fixed or the difference between G
the existing fee and the fee now fixed within one month of their. admission.
So far as payment students are concerned, a loan upto Rupees fifty
thousand may be extended to them on the same terms but on further
condition that they furnish adequate security to the satisfaction of the Bank H
628 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) SUPP. 2S.C.R.
A for the loan advanced.
So far as engineering and other colleges .are concerned, the rules,
regulations and orders made by the concerned council, government and
this court shall continue to govern for this academic year. There shall be
no change insofar as these colleges are concerned. In short, the position
B obtaining in the Academic Year 1994-95 shall apply and continue for
Academic Year 1995-96. The allotment of students to these colleges shall
be completed by September 30, 1995. Any seats remaining unallotted - or
any seats remaining unfilled.on or after 16th October, 1995 shall be allowed
to be filled by the Management.
c Insofar as the suggestion of Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu Govern-
ments for uniform system of admissions to private colleges and for equal
treatI_Uent of all professional colleges - irrespective of the fact whether they
are M.E.Is. or not - is concerned, it involves the issue whether Article 30
stands in the way of equal treatment of M.E.Is. and other similarly placed
D educational institutions not established by the minorities. This question
cannot be considered by us. It can be done only by the larger Bench.
Similarly, the request of Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu Governments to
introduce the system of only two categories (free seats and N.RJ. seats in
the proportion of 80:20 or 75:25, as the case may be) cannot be considered
E by us but only by a larger Bench (of seven Judges) in view of the fact that
decision in Unnikrishnan was rendered by a Bench of five Judges. There is
yet another circumstance : the Government of India is yet to come forward
with its suggestions in the matter, as stated above. After the suggestions of
the Government of India are received, appropriate orders have to be made
to be effective for the next academic year onwards. We are also of the
F opinion that so far as the final adjudication of the several issues indicates
hereinabove are concerned, it has to be done by a larger Bench as indicated
above. The questions posted before the seven-Judge Bench too have to be
answered. The scheme framed in Unnikrishnan may also have to be recon-
sidered/modified.
G
The Hon'ble Chief Justice may consider constituting a Bench of
seven Judges for considering and deciding the above issues.
R.A. Petition disposed of.
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