THE VELLORE ELECTRIC CORPORATION LTD. ETC.versusTHE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, MADRAS

A         THE VELLORE ELECTRIC CORPORATION LTD. ETC.
                              v.
            THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, MADRAS

                                   JULY 8, 1997

B                [S.C. AGRAWAL AND D.P. WADHWA, JJ.]

           Income Tax Act 1961/Electiicity Supply Act 1948--Section 80 !/Section
    57 read with paragraphs V(2), VA and (1), (2) and (3) of paragraph 11 of
    Sixth Schedule to the Act-lncome--Deductions-Assessee, a licensee for dis-
C   tribution of powe1'--Contributions made by assessee towards Contingency
    Reserve; Development Rese1ve and Taiiffs and Control Rese1ve-Amounts
    transfe1Ted by the assessee to these reserves, held, not deductible.

          Profits and Gains-Pliority lndustry-Assessee, a licensee for dist1ibu-
D   tion of powe1~Statuto1y condition under licence to create a contingency
    Reserve and invest the amounts appropriated thereto in secwities autholised
    under the Indian T1usts Act-Interest income de1ived from such investment
    held, has proximate and direct nexus to the company's business of generation
    and distribution of elecflicity-1herefore, allowable as deduction-Section 57
    read with Paragraphs JI! and W (2) of Sixth Schedule to the Electricity Supply
E   Act, 1948, Indian Tmsts Act, 1882 and Section 80-1, lncome Tax Act, 1961.

          The appellant assessee, a public limited company and a licensee
    under the provisions of the Electricity Supply Act 1948 to distribute power
    in Vellore and Ranipet areas, was required to set apart a part of its profits
F   for reserves being the 'Contingency Reserve'; 'Development Reserve' and
    'Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve'. Section 57 of the Electricity (Supp·
    ly) Act, 1948 read together with the Sixth Schedule to the Act contemplated
    the creation of the following reserves by the licensee :

           (a) Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve. (Paragraph 11(1)
G
           (b) Consumer's Rebate Reserve (Paragraph 11(4)

           (c) Contingencies Reserve (Paragraphs III, JV, V)

H          (d) Development Reserve (Paragraph VA)
                                      586
         VELLORE ELECTRIC CORPN. LTD. v. C.I.T. MADRAS                  587

      Also, under the Sixth Schedule to the Act, the assessee was required A
to invest the sums appropriated in the 'Contingencies Reserve' in
securities authorised under the Indian Trusts Act 1882.

       With respect to the assessment years 1967 -68 al)d 1968-69, the claim
of the assessee for deduction of sums of Rs. 91,715 and 1,39,781 transferred   B
by it to the Contingencies Reserve and Development Reserve, was rejected
by the Assessing Officer. On appeal, the Appellate Assistant
Commissioner allowed certain deductions but did not consider the
question of excluding the amounts transferred to the Reserves. The
Tribunal allowed the claim of the assessee partly with respect to the
Contingency Reserve. On reference, the High Court held thl)t the assessee      C
could not claim deductions in respect of Development Reserve.

      With respect to the assessment years 1969-70 and 1970-71,
deductions were claimed by the assessee with respect to appropriations
made to the Contingency Reserve, Development Reserve and Tariffs and
Dividend Control Reserve. Also deduction was claimed by the assessee D
under Section 80-1 on the interest received by the assessee on the
investment made in Government Securities for these years.

       The claim of deductions by the assessee were negatived by the Income
Tax Officer and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. On appeal, the E
Tribunal allowed the claim in respect of Contingencies Reserve but
rejected the claim of deductions as regards the other reserves. The
Tribunal in addition allowed the claim of the assessee under section 80-1
of the Act. The High Court however, disposed of all the issues in favour of
the Revenue and against the assessee. Aggrieved, the assessee filed the
present appeals.                                                            F

      Disposing of these appeals, this Court

       HELD : 1. The appellant-assessee is not entitled to claim deductions
in respect of contributions made to Contingencies Reserve. Contingencies G
Reserve is different from Consumers' Benefit Reserve. While in the
Consumers' Benefit Reserve, the amount appropriated in the reserve is to
be returned to the Consumers, the amounts standing to the credit of the
Contingencies Reserve is set apart to be utilised by the Electricity Company
for the purposes set out in Paragraph V of the·Sixth Schedule to the Act so
as to ensure that money is always available for meeting out its expenses and H
    588                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP.1 S.C.R.

A that the supply of electricity is not interrupted. [594-G-H; 595-A]

          Associated Power Co. Ltd. v. CIT, [1996] 7 SCC 221, followed.

          Vellore Electricity Corporation Ltd. v. UOJ, 109, ITR 454 (Mad) and
    CIT v. Sijua (Jhaniah) Electric Supply Co. Ltd., (1984) 145 ITR 740 (Cal.),
B referred to and impliedly approved.
        Cochin State Power and Light Corporation Ltd. v. CIT, Kera/a (1974)
  93 ITR 582 (Ker.); Amalgamated Electricity Co. Ltd. v. CIT Bombay City I,
  (1974) ITR 334 (Born.) and Darbhanga Laheriasari Electric Supply
C Corporation Ltd. v. CIT Bihar, (1979) 117 ITR 516 (Pat.) referred to and
  impliedly over-ruled.

           Poona Electric Supply Co. Ltd. v. CIT Bombay City I, (1965) 57 ITR
    521 (SC) and Commissioner of Wealth Tax, Bombay v. Bombay Suburban
    Electric Supply Ltd., (1976) 103 ITR 384 (Born.), referred to.
D
        2. Since there is no difference between the Development Reserve and
  Contingencies Reserve, the amount appropriated towards Development
  Reserve cannot be deducted. Development Reserve required to be created
  under Paragraph VA of the Sixth Schedule to the Electricity (Supply) Act
E is directly related to the Development Rebate being equal to the income
  tax and super tax payable on such rebate. The difference in language used
  in Para V(2) relating to contingency Reserve and para VA(4) relating to
  Development Reserve does not mean that the amounts appropriated to
  Development Reserve were not part of the real profit of the Electricity
  Company. Like, Contingencies Reserve, Development Reserve also
F belonged to the Electricity Company and it had the use of it. While the
  Contingencies Reserve is meant to be utilised by the Company to meet
  expenses or recoup loss of profits in the event of certain circumstances,
  Development Reserve is meant for investment in the business of electricity
  supply of the undertaking. Both the provisions achieve the same result viz.
G Reserve being available· to the State Electricity Board or the State
  Government. [599-G; A-F; 598-H]

          Ve/lore Electricity Corporation Ltd. v. UOJ, 109 ITR 454 (Mad.);
     Cochin State Power & Light Corporation Ltd. v. CIT Kera/a, (1974) 93 ITR
     582 (Ker.) and Associated Power Co. Ltd. v. CIT, [1996] 7 SCC 221,
H referred to.
          VELLORE ELECTRIC CORPN. LTD. v. C.I.T. MADRAS                  589

       3. Provisions contained in Paragraph 11(1), (2) and (3) of the Sixth A
 Schedule regarding Tarilfs and Dividend Control Reserve are practically
in the same terms as that contained in Paragraph VA relating to
Development Reserve. The reasons given for holding that the amounts
appropriated to Development Reserve could not be deducted are equally
applicable to Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve and therefore, the B
amounts appropriated to this Reserve cannot be deducted. Paragraph
ll(2) requires that this Reserve shall he available for disposal by the
licensee only to the extent by which the clear profit is less than the
reasonable return in any year of account. Under sub-para 3 of Paragraph
II, on the purchase of undertaking under the terms of licence, any balance
remaining in the Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve has to be handed C
over to the purchaser and has to be maintained as such Tariffs and
Dividend Control Reserve and where the undertaking is purchased by the
State Electricity Board or the State Government, the amount of the Tariffs
and Dividend Control Reserve may be deducted from the price payable to
the licensee. [599-H; 600-A-C]                                              D

       4.1. Profits and Gains can be said to be attributable to the priority
industry under section 80-1 if there is a direct and proximate connection
between the profits and gains and the business of the priority industry. It
is not necessary that the income should have been earned from the actual
conduct of the business of generation and distribution of electricity but      E
what is required is that the activity from which the income is earned must
have a direct and proximate connection with the priority industry of
generation and distribution of electricity. [606-C; 607-B]

      4.2. In the present case, by virtue of Section 57 of the Electricity F
 (Supply) Act read with provisions of Sixth Schedule particularly, Para III
and para IV(2), the requirement to create the Contingencies Reserve and
investment of the sums appropriated to the said Contingencies Reserve in
securities authorised under the Indian Trusts Act 1882, being a condition
statutorily incorporated in the licence granted to the assessee under the
Electricity (Supply) Act, is incidental to the carrying on of the business of G
generation and distribution of electricity by the Assessee. Since there is a
direct and proximate connection between the carrying on of business of
generation and distribution of electricity by the Assessee as licencee and
income derived by way of interest from the investment in securities, the
income earned by way of interest on the sums appropriated to the H
     590                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A Contingencies Reserve and which have been invested in securities can be
     said to be profits and gains attributable to the business of the Assessee
     for purposes of Section 80-1 of the Act. [607-C-E]

         Cambay Electric Supply Industrial Company Ltd. v. CIT Gujarat II,
  Ahmedabad, [1978) 2 SCC 644; Indian Aluminium Co. Ltd. v. CIT West
B Bengal II, 122 ITR 660 (Cal.); CIT Kera/a I, Ernakulam v. Cochin Refineries
  Ltd., 154 ITR 344 (Ker.); CIT Tamilnadu-Vv. Universal Radiators Pvt. Ltd.,
  128 ITR 531 (Mad.); CITv. Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd., 157 ITR 762 (Born.);
  English Electric Co. of India Ltd. v. CIT, 168 ITR 513 (Mad.); C/Tv.Dunlop
  India Limited, 197 ITR 34 (Cal.) and Indian Leather Corporation P. Ltd. v.
C CIT, (CA No. 292 of 1982 decided by S.C. on April 30 1997), referred to.
           CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos.
     3333-3334 of 1981 Etc.

          From the Judgment and Order dated 28.11.78 of the Madras High
D    Court in T.C. No. 116 of 1974.

           H.N. Salve, Shrinivasamoorty, K.N. Shukla, Jaideep Gupta, K.J. John,
     B.K. Prasad, N.D.B. Raja and C. Radha Krishnan for the appearing
     parties.

E          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

             S.C. AGRAWAL, J. These appeals filed by the assessee raise
      common questions for consideration. Civil Appeals Nos. 3333-3334 of 1981
      relating to assessment years 1967-68 and 1968-69 have been filed against
      the judgment of the Madras High Court dated November 28, 1978 in T.C.
F     No. 116 of 1974 on the basis of certificate of fitness granted by the High
      Court under Section 261 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred
      to as 'the Income Tax Act'). In these appeals the High Court has answered
      against the assessee and in favour of the Revenue the following question
      referred to by the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (hereinafter referred as
 G    'the Tribunal') :

              ''Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the
              Appellate Tribunal was right in holding that the sums of Rs. 47,055
              and Rs. 89,324 transferred to the Development Reserve Account
              fot the Assessment Years 1967-68 and 1968-69 respectively were
 H            not to be deducted in arriving at the taxable profits of the
        VELLOREELECTRICCORPN.LTD.v. C.l.T.MADRAS [S.C.AGRAWAL,J.]            591

             assessee-company?"                                                     A

           Civil Appeals Nos. 2613-14 of 1984 have been filed against the
    judgment of the Madras High Court dated February 6, 1978 on the basis
    of certificate of fitness granted by the High Court under Section 261 of the
'   Income Tax Act. In these appeals, which relate to assessment years 1969-70
    and 1970-71, the High Court has answered against the assessee and in            B
    favour of the Revenue the following questions referred by the Tribunal :

            "(1) Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case,
            the assessee is entitled to deduction of Rs. 55,703 and Rs. 30,104
            contributed by it for the 'Contingencies Reserve' for the assessment    C
            years 1969-70 an 1970-71 respectively?

            (2) Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the
            assessee is entitled to the deduction of Rs. 98,676 and Rs. 18,735
            transferred by it to the 'Development Reserve' account and to the
            'Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve' account respectively for         D'
            the assessment year 1969-70 and Rs. 68,228 transferred by it to the
            'Development Reserve' account for the assessment year 1970-71?

            (3) Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case and
            in view of the prol'isions of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, the   E
            assessee is entitled to relief under Section 80-I not only in respect
            of business income but also in respect of income derived by it from
            investments in securities?"

           The assessee is a public limited company having a licence under the
    provisions of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 (hereinafter referred to as F
    'the Electricity Supply Act') to distribute power in the Vellore and Ranipet
    areas. In view of Section 57 of the Electricity Supply Act read with Sixth
    Schedule to the said Act, the assessee was required to set apart a part of
    its profits for reserves known as "Contingencies Reserve'', "Development
    Reserve", and "Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve". Under the Sixth .G
    Schedule to the Electricity Supply Act the assessee was required to invest
    the sums appropriated in the 'Conting~cies Reserve' in securities
    authorised under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882. In respect of the assessment
    years 1967-68 and 1968-69 the assessee claimed deduction of the sums of
    Rs. 91, 715 and Rs. 1,39, 781 in respect of the amounts transferred by the
    assessce to the Contingencies Reserve and Development Reserve. The H
    592                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP.1 S.C.R.

A Income Tax Officer while making the assessment disallowed the said
    deductions and added the said amounts in the income of the assessee. On
    appeal, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner allowed certain deductions
    but did not consider the question of excluding the amounts transferred to
    the Contingencies Reserve and Development Reserve. On further appeal,             ,.
B   the Tribunal disallowed the claim of the assessee with regard to
    Development Reserve but held that the assessee was entitled to succeed in
    respect of the claim relating to Contingencies Reserve. The Tribunal
    referred to the High Court for its opinion the question above mentioned
    in respect of assessment years 1967-68 and 1968-69 regarding deductibility
    of the sums transferred to the Development Reserve. On the basis of its
C   earlier judgment in the Ve/lore Electricity Corporation Ltd. v. Union of India,
    109 ITR 454, concerning the assessment year 1966-67 in respect of the same
    assessee the High Court held that the assessee could not claim deduction
    in respect of Development Reserve and the question referred was
    answered against the assessee.
D         In the assessment year 1969-70 there was appropriation of Rs. 55,703
    to the Contingencies Reserve, Rs. 98,676 to the Development Reserve and
    Rs. 18,735 to the Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve. In the assessment
    year 1970-71 there was appropriation of Rs. 30,104 to the Contingencies
    Reserve and Rs. 62,288 to the Development Reserve. The assessee also
E   claimed deduction at the rate of 8% under Section 80-I of the Act on Rs.
    17,791 and Rs. 14,741 being the interest received by the assessee on
    Government Securities during the assessment years 1969-70 and 1970-71 in
    respect of amounts in the Contingencies Reserve which are required to be
    invested in such securities under the provisions of the Electricity Supply
F   Act. The said claim of the assessee was dismissed by the Income Tax
    Officer and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. The Tribunal, on
    further appeal, allowed the claim of the assessee in respect of
    appropriation of sums to the Contingencies Reserve, but rejected the claim
    for deduction of the amounts appropriated to the Development Reserve
G   and Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve. The Tribunal also allowed the
    claim of the assessee under Section 80-1 of the Act. In respect of the
    assessment years 1969-70 and 1970-71 the three questions mentioned-above
    were referred by the Tribunal to the High Court for its opinion. By its
    judgment dated February 6, 1978, the High Court answered questions Nos.
     1 and 2 in favour of the Revenue and against the assessee on the basis of
H
    VELLORE ELECTRIC CORPN. LTD. v. C.I.T. MADRAS (S.C. AGRAWAL, J.]    593

its earlier judgment in Ve/lore Electric Corporation Ltd. (supra) in respect A
of assessment year 1966-67. As regards question No. 3 the High Court has
held that the interest received on investments of the sums in the
Contingencies Reserve could not be considered profit of the company
attributable to the business of the assessee which alone could be taken into
account for the purpose of Section 80-I of the Act and, therefore, the B
assessee was not entitled to claim any deduction under Section 80-I.
Therefore, the third question was also answered against the assessee.

      Tliese appeals broadly involve following two questions :

        (i) Is the assessee entitled to claim deduction in respect of sums     C
        transferred to the Contingencies Reserve, Development Reserve
        and Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve?

        (ii) Is the assessee entitled to deduction under Section 80-I on the
        interest received on the amounts transferred to the Contingencies
        Reserve which were invested in Government securities?                  D

       As indicated earlier, the assessee is a licensee under the Electricity
Supply Act for the purpose of distribution of power. Under Section 57 of
the Electricity Supply Act the provisions of the Sixth Schedule are deemed
to be incorporated in the licence of a licensee, not being a local authority E
                           '
and the licensee is required    to comply with the provisions of the said
Schedule. The Sixth Schedule contains the financial principles and their
application. It makes provisions for creation of the following reserves by
the licensee :

        (a) Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve (Paragraph 11(1)              F

        (b) Consumers' Rebate Reserve (Paragraph 11(4)

        (c) Contingencies Reserve (Paragraphs III, VI & V)

        (d) Development Reserve (Paragraph VA)
                                                                               G

      In Poona Electric Supply Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax,
Bombay City I, (1965) 57 ITR 512, this Court has laid that the amounts
credited to the Consumers' Rebate Reserve account did not form part of
the real profits of the appellant -company and in order to arrive at the H
    594                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A taxable income of the appellant-company from business under Section
    10(1) of the .Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 the said amounts had to be
    deducted.

           As regards Contingencies Reserve there was difference of opinion
B   among the various High Courts. The High Courts of Madras [Ve/lore
    Electric Corporation Ltd. (supra)] and Calcutta [Commissioner of Income
    Tax, West Bengal v. Sijua (Jharriah) Electric Supply Co. Ltd., (1984) 145 ITR
    740) had taken the view that deduction could not be claimed in respect of
    the amounts appropriated to the Contingencies Reserve. The High Courts
    of Ker ala [Cochin State Power & Light Corporation Ltd. v. Commissioner of
C   Income Tax, Kerala, (1974) 93 ITR 582); Bombay [Amalgamated Electricity
    Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay City[, (1974) 97 ITR
    334) and Patna [Darbhanga Laheriasari Electric Supply Corporation Ltd. v.
    Commissioner of Income-Tax Bihar, (1979) 117 ITR 516) had taken a
    contrary view and had held that deduction could be claimed in respect of
D   the amounts appropriated to the Contingencies Reserve. For the purpose
    of Wealth Tax the Bombay High Court in Commissioner of Wealth-Tax,
    Bombay v. Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Ltd., (1976) 103 ITR 384, had
    held that the amount standing to the credit of the Contingencies Reserve
    is a part of the assets belonging to the assessee and is includible in the net
    wealth of the assessee and is chargeable to wealth tax. This conflict in the
E   views of the High Courts with regard to taxability of the amounts
    appropriated to Contingencies Reserve was resolved by this Court in
    Associated Power Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, [1996] 7 SCC
    221, wherein the decisions of the High Courts of Madras and Calcutta
    referred-to-above have been approved and the deeisions of the High
F   Courts of Kerala and Bombay mentioned above have 'been overruled. It
    has been held that Contingencies Reserve is to be created from existing
    reserves or "from the revenues of the undertaking" which indicates that the
    monies which have to be put into the Contingencies .Reserve reach the
    electricity company and it is the electricity company which has to invest the
    sums appropriated to the Contingencies Reserve. It has been pointed out
G   that Contingencies Reserve differs from Consumers' Benefit Reserve since
    the amount appropriated in the Consumers' Benefit Reserve has to be
    returned to the consumers and it is as if the electricity company had not
    received that amount which it is obliged to return and that the position is
    altogether different in the case of monies standing to the credit of the
H   Contingencies Reserve which are set apart to be utilised by the electricity
    VELLOREELECTRICCORPN.LTD.v. C.l.T. MADRAS (S.C.AGRAWAL,J.]         595

company for the purposes set out in Paragraph V of the Sixth Schedule to A
the Electricity Supply Act which are the expenses which the electricity
company has to incur and that the reservation is made so that money is
always available for meeting these expenses and the supply of electricity is
not interrupted. It was held that the monies in the Contingencies Reserve
belong to the electricity company. In view of the decision of this Court in B
Associated Power Co. Ltd. (supra) it must be held that question No. 1 in
Civil Appeals Nos. 2613-14 of 1984 relating to Contingencies Reserve has
been rightly answered against the assessee and in fav0ur of the Revenue
by the High Court.

      We may now come to Development Reserve and Tariffs and                  C
Dividend Control Reserve. In respect of Development Reserve the
following provisions are contained in Paragraph VA of the Sixth Schedule
to the Electricity Supply Act :

        "VA. (I) There shall be created a reserve to be called the D
        Development Reserve to which shall be appropriated in respect
        of each accounting year a sum equal to the amount of income-tax
        and super-tax calculated at rates applicable during the assessment
        year for which the accounting year of the licensee is the previous
        year, on the amount of investment allowances to which the licensee
        is entitled for the accounting year under Section 32A of the Income E
        Tax Act, 1961 ( 43 of 1961);

        Provided that if in any accounting year, the clear profit excluding
        the special appropriation to be made under item (va) of clause (c)
        of sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph XVII together with the              F
        accumulations, if any, in the Tariffs and Dividends Control Reserve
        less the sum calculated as aforesaid falls short of the reasonable
        return, the sum to be appropriated to the Development Reserve
        in respect of such accounting year shall be reduced by the amount
        of the shortfall.
                                                                              G
        (2) Any sum to be appropriated towards the Development Reserve
        in respect of any accounting year under sub-paragraph (1), may
        be appropriated in annual instalments spread over a period not
        exceeding five years from the commencement of that assessment
        year.                                                          H
    596                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A           (3) The Development Reserve shall be available only for
            investment in the business of electricity supply of the undertaking.

            (4) On the purchase of the undertaking, the Development Reserve
            shall be handed over to die purchaser and maintained as such
            Development Reserve :
B
            Provided that where the undertaking is purchased by the Board or
            the State Government, the amount of the Reserve whether such
            amount is in the form of cash or other assets may be deducted
            from the price payable to the licensee."
c       Paragraph VA was inserted by Act 101 of 1956 with effect from April
  1, 1957. Prior to that by Finance Act, 1955 provision for allowances by way
  of development rebate was incorporated in Section 10(2)(vi)(b) of the
  Indian Income Tax, 1922 but such rebate was allowable only if an amount
  equal to 75% of it was debited to the profit and loss account for the
D relevant previous year and credited to a reserve account to be utilised by
  the assessee during a period of ten years next following for the purpose
  of the undertaking except for distribution by way of profits or by way of
  remittances outside India as profits or the creation of any asset outside
  India. This obligation did not extend to a case where the assessee was a
E company, being a licensee within the meaning of the Electricity Supply Act.
  Therefore, a separate provision was made by amending the Sixth Schedule
  to the Electricity Supply Act for the creation of a Development Reserve.
  Development Reserve required to be created under Paragraph VA of the
  Sixth Schedule to the Electricity Supply Act is directly related to the
  Development Rebate being equal to the income tax and the super tax
F payable on such rebate. The Kerala High Court in Cochin State Power &
  Light Corporation Ltd. (supra) has made a distinction between
  Development Reserve and Contingencies Reserve and, while holding that
  the amounts appropriated to Contingencies Reserve must be deducted, it
  held that the amounts appropriated to Development Rebate could not be
G deducted. The High Court has said :
            "We will now take up the case of development reserve provided
            under Paragraph V-A of the Sixth Schedule. This, as we have·''··
            already pointed out, is of the same character as the 75 per cent of
            the development rebate which the assessee was bound to plough
H           back into the business of the undertaking under the proviso to
    VELLOREELECTRIC CORPN. LTD. v. C.I.T. MADRAS [S.C. AGRAWAL, J.] 5CJ"7

        section 10(2)(vi)(b) of the Income Tax Act, 1922. It cannot be said A
        that the amount is expended by the assessee nor could it be said
        that it is lost to the assessee to an overriding obligation. The
        development reserve is still available to the assessee with the only
        limitation that it is so available only for investment in the business
        of the electricity supply undertaking. There is no restriction as to B
        the scope of investment of the amount nor reserved in any
        particular manner. Even the sum to be so appropriated towards
        the development reserve in respect of any accounting year could
        not be appropriated in annual instalments spread over for a period
        not exceeding five years. The benefit of the amount so set apart
        as reserve is available to the assessee directly. It could be applied C
        by him as he pleases as investment in the business of the electricity
        supply undertaking." (pp. 591-592)

      Development Reserve was held to be different from Contingencies
Reserve for the reason that while in Contingencies Reserve there is diver-
sion of the revenue, there is no such diversion in Development Reserve.    D
       The Madras High Court in Ve/lore Electric Corporation Ltd. (supra),
has disagreed with the view of the Kerala High Court in Cochin State Power
& Light Corporation Ltd. (supra) as regards the deductibility of the amounts
appropriated to the Contingencies Reserve but has agreed with the view
of the Kerala High Court with regard to Development Reserve. According         E
to the Madras High Court, there is no difference between the two revenues
and, referring to the decision of the Kerala High Court in this regard, it
has been observed :

        "As a matter of fact, the very tests that the learned Judges applied   F
        for holding that the development reserve cannot be deducted, will
        apply to the contingencies reserve also."
                                                                    (p. 462)
     The view that there is diversion of revenue in Contingencies Reserve
has not been accepted by this Court in Associated Power Co. Ltd. (supra). G

       Shri Harish Salve, the learned senior counsel appearing for the
assessee, has urged that under the Sixth Schedule there is difference
between Development Reserve under Paragraph VA(l) and Contingencies
Reserve under Paragraphs III, IV and V. The learned counsel has laid
stress on the difference in the language used in sub-para (2) of Paragraph H
    598                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A V relating to Contingencies Reserve and sub-para (4) of Paragraph VA
    relating to Development Reserve. Sub-para (2) of Paragraph V and
    Sub-para (4) of Paragraph VA provide as follows :

            "V(2). On the purchase of the undertaking, the Contingencies
            Reserve, after deduction of the amounts drawn under
B           sub-paragraph (1), shall be handed over to the purchaser and
            maintained as such Contingencies Reserves :

            Provided that where the undertaking is purchased by the Board or
            the State Government, the amount of the Reserve computed as
c           above shall, after further deduction of the amount of
            compensation, if any, payable to the employees of the outgoing
            licensee under any law for the time being in force, be handed over
            to the Board or the State Government, as the case may be,

            VA(4). On the purchase of the undertaking the Development
D           Reserve shall be handed over to the purchaser and maintained as
            such Development Reserve :

            Provided that where the undertaking is purchased by the Board or
            the State Government, the amount of the Reserve whether such
            amount is in the form of cash or other assets may be deducted
E           from the price payable to the licensee."

        A perusal of the said provisions would indicate that the main part of
  sub-para (2) of Paragraph V and sub-para (4) of Paragraph VA are
  practically the same. There is difference in the Proviso to the said
p provisions. Under the Proviso to sub-para (2) of Paragraph V where the
  undertaking is purchased by the State Electricity Board or the State
  Government the amount of the Contingencies Reserve after further
  deduction of the amount of compensation, if any, payable to the employees
  of the outgoing licensee under any law for the time being in force, has to
  be handed over to the Electricity Board or the State Government as the
G case may be. Under the Proviso to sub-para (4) of Paragraph VA where
  the undertaking is purchased by the State Electricity Board or the State
  Government the amount of Development Reserve has to be deducted from
  the price payable to the licensee. This difference in the two provisions does
  not, in our opinion, mean that the amounts appropriated to Development
H Reserve were not part of the real profit of the Electricity Company. Like
    VELLORE ELECTRIC CORPN. LTD. v. C.l.T. MADRAS [S.C. AGRAWAL, J.]    599

Contingencies Reserve, Development Reserve also belonged to the                A
Electricity Companv and it had the use of it. The Contingencies Reserve
is meant to be utilised by the Electricity Company to meet the expenses or
recoup loss of profits arising out of accidents, strikes or other
circumstances which the Electricity Company could not have promoted or
to meet the expenses on replacement or renewal of plant or works or for        B
payment of compensation required by law for which no other provision has
been made. Development Reserve is meant for investment in the business
of electricity supply of the undertaking. On the purchase of the undertaking
Contingencies Reserve as well as Development Reserve have to be handed
over to the purchaser and have to be maintained as Contingencies Reserve
and Development Reserve, as the case may be, in view of the main part of       C
sub-para (2) of the Paragraph V and sub-para (4) of Paragraph VA. Under
the Proviso to sub-para (2) of Paragraph V where the undertaking is
purchased by the Electricity Board or the State Government the amount
of Contingencies Reserve, after deduction of the amount of compensation,
if any, payable to the employees of the outgoing licensee, is to be handed     D
over to the Electricity Board or the State Government as the case may be.
Under sub-para (4) of Paragraph VA the amount of Development Resetye,
instead of being handed over to the Electricity Board or the State
Government, can be deducted from the price payable to the licensee. Both
the provisions achieve the same result, viz., the Reserve being available to
the State Electricity Board or the State Government. The difference in the     E
language in the Provisos in sub-para (2) of Paragraph V and sub-para (4)
of Paragraph VA may be due to the fact that the liability for the payment
of compensation payable to the employees of the outgoing licensee would
be of the licensee and the said liability has to be met out of the
Contingencies Reserve in view of Paragraph V(l)(c) of the Sixth Schedule       F
and the amount of Contingencies Reserve is to be handed over after
deducting the amount of compensation so payable by the licensee.

       There is, therefore, no difference between Development Reserve and
Contingencies Reserve and the High Court, in the impugned judgment, has
rightly held that the amount appropriated towards Development Reserve G
could not be deducted.

      Provisions regarding Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve are
contained in sub-paras (1), (2) and (3) of Paragraph II of the Sixth
Schedule. The said provisions are practically in the same terms as those H
    600                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP.1 S.C.R.

A contained in Paragraph VA relating to Development Reserve. Sub-para (2)
    of Paragraph II fequires that the Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve ,
    shall be available for disposal by the licensee only to the extent by which
    the clear profit is less than the reasonable return in any year of account.
                                               '
    Under sub-para (3) of Paragraph II on the      purchase of the undertaking
B   under the terms of license any balance remaining in the Tariffs and
    Dividend Control Reserve has to be handed over to the purchaser and has
    to be maintained as such Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve and where
    the undertaking is purchased by the State Electricity Board or the State
    Government the amount of the Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve may
    be deducted from the price payable to the licensee. The reasons given for
C   holding that the amounts appropriated to Development Reserve could not
    be deducted are equally applicable to Tariffs and Dividend Control
    Reserve and it must, therefore, be held that the amounts appropriated to
    the Tariffs and Dividend Control Reserve could not be deducted.

D         It must, therefore, be held that the question referred in Civil Appeals
    Nos. 3333-3334 of 1981 and question No. 2 referred in Civil Appeals Nos.
    2613-14 of 1984 have been rightly an~wered against the assessee and in
    favour of the Revenue by the High Court in the impugned judgments.

            We may now come to question No. 3 in Civil Appeals Nos. 2613-14
E    of 1984 which relates to relief claimed by the assessee under Section 80-1
     of the Act in respect of income earned by way of interest on investment in
    · securities of the amounts appropriated to the Contingencies Reserve. At
     the relevant time Section 80-1 read as under :


F            "Section 80-L Deduction in respect of profits and gains from priority
             industries in the case of certain companies. - (1) In the case of a
             company to which the section applies, where the gross total income
             includes any profits and gains attributable to any priority industry,
             there shall be allowed, in accordance with and subject to the
             provisions of this section, a deduction from such profits and gains
G            of an amount equal to eight per cent thereof, in computing the
             total income of the company.

             (2) This section applies to a domestic company, save in a case
             where such company is a company which is referred to in section
H            108 and has a gross total income of fifty thousand rupees or less.
    VELLORE ELECTRIC CORPN. LTD. v. C.l.T. MADRAS [S.C. AGRAWAL, J.]       601

         (3) Where a company to which this section applies is entitled also       A
         to the deduction under section SOH, the deduction under
         sub-section (1) of this section shall be allowed with reference to
         the amount of the profits and gains attributable to the priority
         industry or industries as reduced by the deduction under section
         SOH in relation to such profits and gains."
                                                                                  B
      Prior to the enactment of Section SO-I a similar prov1S1on was
contained in Section SOE which was applicable to certain specific industries
mentioned therein, Sub-section (1) of Section SOE provided as under :

         "Section BOE. Deduction in respect ofprofits and gains from specified C
         industries -in the case of certain companies. - (1) In the case of a
         company to which this section applies, where the total income (as
         computed in accordance with the other provisions of this Act)
         includes any profits and gains attributable to the business of
         generation or distribution of electricity or any other form of power
         or of construction, manufacture or production of any one or more         D
         of the articles or things specified in the list in the Fifth Schedule,
         there shall be allowed a deduction from such profits and gains of
         an amount equal to eight per cent, thereof, in computing the total
         income of the co~pany.

         (2) This section applied to -                                            E

         (a) an Indian company; or                                          ,
        (b) any other company which has made the prescribed
        arrangements for the declaration and payment of dividends
        (including dividends on preference shares) within India                   F

        but does not apply to any Indian company referred to in clause
        (a), or to any other company referred to in clause (b), if such
        Indian or other company is a company referred to in Section lOS
        and its total income as computed before applying the provisions           G
        of sub-section (1) does not exceed twenty-five thousand rupees."

      The said provision came up for consideration before this Court in
Cambay Electric Supply Industrial Co. Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Income
Tax, Gujarat-II, Ahmedabad, [197S] 2 SCC 644. In that case, while
construing the expression "profits and gains attributable to the business ot'' H
    602                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A in Section SOE, this Court said :

            "As regards the aspect emerging from the expression 'attributable
            to' occurring in the phrase 'profits and gains attributable to the
            business of' the specified industry (here generation and
B           distribution of electricity) on which the learned Solicitor General
            relied, it will be pertinent to observe that the Legislature has
            deliberately used the expression 'attributable to' and not the
            expression 'derived from'. It cannot be disputed that the expression
            'attributable to' is certainly wider in import than the 'expression
            derived from'. Had the expression 'derived from' been used it
c           could have with some force been contended that a balancing
            charge arising from the sale of old machinery and buildings cannot
            be regarded as profits and gains derived from the conduct of the
            business of generation and distribution of electricity. In this
            connection it may be pointed out that whenever the Legislature
D           wanted to give a restricted meaning in the manner suggested by
            the learned Solicitor General it has used the expression 'derived
            from', as for instance in Section 80J. In our view, since the
            expression of wider import, namely, 'attributable to' has been used,
            the Legislature intended to cover receipts from sources other than
            the actual conduct of the business of generation and distribution
E           of electricity." (pp. 654, 655)


           Shri Harish Salve has submitted that the said judgment in Cambay
    Electric Supply Industrial Co. Ltd. (supra) was not available to the High
F Court at the time when question No. 3 was answered by the impugned
  judgment in Civil Appeal Nos. 2613-14 of 1984 since the case of Cambay
  Electric Supply Industrial Co. Ltd. (supra) was decided on April 11, 1978
  while the impugned judgment of the High Court was delivered on February
  2, 1978. The submission is that in view of the interpretation placed by this
G Court on the words 'attributable to' in Cambay Electric Supply Industrial
  Co. Ltd. (supra), the income by way of interest on the amounts lying in
  Contingencies Reserve that were invested in securities have to be treated
  as profits and gains attributable to the business of the assessee-company in
  generating electricity as a licensee under the Electricity Supply Act. In this
  context, Shri Salve has placed reliance on sub-para (2) of Paragraph IV of
H the Sixth Schedule to the Electricity Supply Act which reads as follows :
    VELLORE ELECTRIC CORPN. LTD. v. C.J.T. MADRAS [S.C. AGRAWAL, J.] 603

        "IV(2). The sums appropriated to the Contingencies Reserve shall         A '
        be invested in securities authorised under the Indian Trusts Act,
        1882 (92 of 1882) and such investment shall be made within a
        period of six months of the close of the year of account in which
        such appropriation is made."

                                                                                 B
      The submission is that since the assessee, as a licensee, was required
to appropriate certain amounts in the Contingencies Reserve and to invest
the same as securities authorised under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882, the
income by way of such investments as securities has to be treated as profits
and gains attributable to the business of the assessee to generate electricity
as licensee under the Electricity Supply Act.                                    C

      Shri K.N. Shukla, the learned senior counsel appearing for the
Revenue, has, however, submitted that income derived by way of interest
from investment securities cannot be regarded as profits and gains
attributable to the business of generating electricity carried on by the         D
assessee. Shri Shukla has placed reliance on the decisions of various High
Courts. (Indian Aluminium Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, West
Bengal-II, 122 ITR 660 (Calcutta); Commissioner of Income-Tax, Kera/a-I,
Emakulam v. Cochin Refineries Ltd., 154 ITR 344 (Kerala); Commissioner
of Income-Tax, Tamil Nadu,V v. Universal Radiators P. Ltd., 128 ITR 531
(Madras); Commissioner of Income-Tax v. Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd., 157          E
ITR 762 (Bombay); and English Electric Co. of India Ltd. v. Commissioner
of Income-Tax, 168 ITR 513 (Madras).

      In Indian Aluminium Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax West
Bengal-II (supra) the assessee was carrying on business as manufacturer of       F
aluminium. Income by way of interest had accrued from the surplus funds
of the assessee that had been invested for short periods. It was held by the
Calcutta High Court that no part of the interest accruing from company
investments of surplus funds can be said to be attributable to the priority
industry of the assessee and that such interest had arisen by reason of the
surplus fund being not employed in the priority industry and that such           G
temporary investment had not been shown to have any connection
whatsoever direct or indirect with the priority industry of the assessee.

      In Commissioner of Income-Tax, Tamil Nadu-V v. Universal
Radiators P. Ltd. (supra) the assessee had surplus funds which it had            H
    604                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A invested in the bank in fixed deposit and thereafter when the assessee
    wanted money from the bank on the security of the said fixed deposit,
    amounts were lent by the bank. After observing that the Court was
    concerned with the deposit having nexus with the priority industry at the
    stage at which the amounts were deposited in the bank and started earning
B   interest, the Madras High Court held that, considering the question of the
    interest income at the stage at which the deposit was made, the use of the
    receipt as security does not make the income that of the priority industry.
    The High Court has referred to the impugned judgment (which had since
    been reported in 119 ITR 523) and after taking note of the decision of this
C   Court in Cambay Electric Supply Industrial Co. Ltd. (supra), the High Court
    has said :

             "In the context of the pronouncement· of the Supreme Court, the
             view taken by this Court that the profits and gains must arise from
             the specific activities or business of generation of electricity may
D            have to be reconsidered. As 'attributable to' is wider than 'derived
             from, the relief is not confined only to the profits of the priority
             industry strictly so called. It would have a wider ambit. However,
             the conclusion arrived at in the case is unexceptionable because
             the character of the interest is different from the character of the
             income attributable to the priority industry." (128 ITR 539, 540)
E
           In Commissioner of Income-Tax, Kera/a-/, Emalatlam v. Cochin
    Refineries Ltd. (supra) the assessee had derived interest on bank deposits.
    The said deposits were of amounts meant for the purpose of re-payment
    of loans which were so deposited as the loans were not due for re-payment.
F   Such deposits were for short duration and were subsequently utilised for
    re-payment of loans. Deduction was claimed under Section 80-I in respect
    of interest received from these deposits. The Kerala High Court held that
    the amounts of interest were. receipts from other sources and not profits
    and gains attributable to the business of the assessee as a priority industry
    and the assessee was not entitled to deduction under Section 80-I in respect
G   of such amounts. The Court has expressed its agreement with the impugned
    judgment and has observed that the decision of this Court in Cambay
    Electric Supply Industrial Co. Ltd. Esupra) did not support the contention
    of the assessee to the contrary. It was held that the words "profits and gains"
    in the expression "profits and gains attributable to any priority industry"
H   means only the business income and not any other income.
        VELLORE ELECTRIC CORPN. LTD. v. C.l.T. MADRAS [S.C. AGRAWAL, J.j   605


-          Commissioner of Income-Tax v. Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. (supra) A
    related to profits earned by the assessee from sale of dry fruits imported
    under Import Licences granted under the Export Promotion Scheme. The
    assessee was engaged in the business of manufacture and export of oil
    engines. It was held that the said profits did not qualify for relief under
    Section 80-I of the Act because the same could not be said to be profits B
    attributable to the priority industry, namely, manufacture and export of oil
    engines. The Bombay High Court has said that it is not enough that there
    should be a traceable relationship between the profits earned and the
    priority industry and that the profits must be more closely linked to the
    priority industry for it to be held that they were attributable to it. It was
    observed that profits realised upon the sale of the import entitlements are C
    so closely and directly linked as to be attributable to the priority industry
    but when the assessee has utilised the import entitlements, imported goods
    and sold them, the profits so earned are too remotely linked to be
    attributable to the priority industry.
                                                                                 D
           In English Electric Co. of India Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax
    (supra) the assessee had received interest from supplies of raw materials,
    the State Electricity Board, banks as well as.on security deposits with other
    agencies. The Madras High Court, while following its earlier decision in
    Universal Radiators P. Ltd. (supra) and the decision of this Court in ·
    Cambay Electric Supply Industrial Co. Ltd. (supra), has held that in so far E
     as the interest received from a bank deposits was concerned, the same
    could not be attributable to the priority industry itself but as regards
    interest earned on other deposits, the High Court held that they were in
    the nature of security deposits for the purpose of contracts by the
    assessee-company and in case of interest received from supply of raw F
    materials, the same was received because the raw materials were not
    supplied at all and the advance receipts were returned with interest which
    had a direct 'nexus with the business of the priority industry and that when
    the company had to keep security deposits such deposits were necessary
    for the purpose of its business and any such interest obtained from such
    deposits would be clearly attributable to priority industry. This decision G
    indicates that in a case where the security deposit is necessary for the
    purpose of business of the assessee, then the interest obtained therefrom
    can be said to be attributable to the priority industry.
                                                                                     ..
         To the same effect is the decision of the Calcutta High Court in H
    606                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. lS.C.R.

A Commissioner of Income Tax v. Dunlop India Ltd., 197 ITR 34 (Calcutta).
    In this case deposits were made by the assessee with the Excise department
                                                                                       -
    for obtaining manufacturing facilities under the Central Excise laws and
    with the electricity boards in West Bengal and Tamil Nadu for the purpose
    of obtaining industrial power connections. It was held that these deposits
B   made were incidental to and for the purpose of carrying on the business
    of- priority industry and the interest receipts earned from these securities
    had to be treated as part of the profits and gains attributable to a priority
    industry under Section 80-1 of the Act.                     "

           The position that emerges from these decisions is that profits and
C   gains can be said to be attributable to the priority industry under Section
    80-1 if there is a direct and proximate connection between the profits and
    gains and the business of the priority industry. In this context, reference
    may be made to the ,recent decision in Indian Leather Corporation P. Ltd.
    v. Commissioner of Income Tax, (C.A. No. 292 of 1982 decided on April
D   30, 1997) this Court, while construing the words "income attributable to any
    of the aforesaid activities" in Section 104(4) of the Act, has said :

             "In order that income can be said to be attributable to manufacture
             or processing of goods for the purpose of Explanation to Section
             104(4) of the Act the earning of the income must be directly
E            connected with manufacture or processing of goods."

           In the present case, the assessee is carrying on business of generating
    electricity as a licensee under the Electricity Supply Act. Under Section 57
    of the Electricity Supply Act the provisions of the Sixth Schedule shall be
F   deemed to be incorporated in the license of every licensee. Under
    Paragraph III of the Sixth Schedule, the licensee is obliged to create from
    existing reserves or from the revenues of the undertaking a reserve called
    'Contingencies Reserve' and under sub-para (2) of Paragraph IV the
    licensee is obliged to invest the sums appropriated to the Contingencies
    Reserve in securities authorised under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882. The
G   requirement to create the Contingencies Reserve is a part of the obligation
    of the assessee as a licensee to carry on its business of generating electricity
    and it is also part of the obligation of the assessee as a licensee that the
    sums appropriated to the Contingencies Reserve are invested in securities
     authorised under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882. hi Cambay Electric Supply
H   Industrial Co. Ltd. (supra) this Court has said :
    VELLORE ELECTRIC CORPN. LTD. v. C.I.T. MADRAS [S.C. AGRAWAL, J.]      f:IJ7

         "In our view, since the expression of wider import, namely,              A
         "attributable to", has been used, the Legislature intended to cover
         receipts from sources other than the actual conduct of the business
         of generation and distribution of electricity."

       This would mean that it is not necessary that the income should have       B
been earned from the actual conduct of the business of generation and
distribution of electricity. What is required is that the activity from which
the income is earned must have a direct and proximate connection with
the priority industry of generation and distribution of electricity. The
creation of the Contingencies Reserve and the investment of the sums
appropriated to the said Reserve in security authorised under the Indian          C
Trusts Act, 1882, being a condition statutorily incorporated in the license
granted to the assessee under the Electricity Supply Act, is incidental to
the carrying on of the business of generation and distribution of electricity
by the assessee. There is thus a direct and proximate connection between
the carrying on the business of generation and distribution of electricity by     D
the assessee as a licensee under the Electricity Supply Act and the income
derived by way of interest from the investments in securities of the sums
appropriated to the Contingencies Reserve as required under the
provisions of the Sixth Schedule to the Electricity Supply Act which is one
of the conditions of license on the basis of which the assessee can carry on
its business of generating and distributing electricity. We are, therefore, of    E
the view that the income earned by way of interest on the sums
appropriated to the Contingencies Reserve which have been invested in
securities can be said to be profits and gains attributable to the business
of the assessee for the purpose of Section 80-I of the Act. Question No.
3 in Civil Appeals Nos. 2613-14 of 1984 is, therefore, answered in the            F
affirmative, i.e., in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue.

      In the result, Civil Appeals Nos. 3333-3334 of 1981 are dismissed and
Civil Appeal Nos. 2613-14 of 1984 are partly allowed to the extent that
question No. 3 is answered in the affirmative, in favour of the assessee and
against the Revenue and the impugned judgment of the High Court is                G
reversed to this extent. There is no order as to costs.

R.D.                                      C.A. Nos. 3333-3334/81 dismissed.
                                             C.A. Nos. 2613-14/84 allowed.
                                                                                  H