Holding

The deed is a mortgage with conditional sale, not a sale with a condition of purchase, and Section 58(c) of the Transfer of Property Act applies.

Summary

The appellant had earlier mortgaged a portion of a house to a third party and later executed a single document selling the entire house to the respondents, which contained a right to redeem the mortgage. The respondents attempted to redeem, were refused, and filed suit for redemption and specific performance. The trial court, and subsequently the first appellate court, held that the document was a deed of mortgage with a conditional sale under Section 58(c) of the Transfer of Property Act, not a sale with a condition of purchase. The High Court dismissed the appellant's second appeal, and the Supreme Court affirmed that the transaction was a mortgage with conditional sale, applying Section 58(c) and considering the stamp duty payment, the stipulations, and the parties' conduct. Consequently, the appeal was dismissed.

Issues considered

Whether the deed dated 30-12-1968 constitutes a sale with a condition of purchase or a mortgage by way of conditional sale under Section 58(c) of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.
Whether Section 91 of the Evidence Act, 1872, precludes extrinsic evidence to interpret the deed.
Whether the respondents were entitled to specific performance of a sale deed.

Legislation cited

Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 9, s. 91
Transfer of Property Act, 1882s. 58(c), s. 83

Subjects

mortgageconditional saleTransfer of Property ActSection 58(c)redemptionspecific performanceevidencebest evidence ruledeed interpretation

Judgment

TULSI AND ORS. A
v.
CHANDRIKA PRASAD AND ORS.

AUGUST 24, 2006.

[SB. SINHA AND DAL VEER BHANDARI, JJ.] B

Transfer of Property Act, 1882-Sections 58(c) and 83-Evidence Act,
I 872-Section 9 I-Mortgage of Part of suit property-Sale of the whole suit
property thereafter to another by a document with a right to redeem the C
mortgage-Suit for decree of redemption of mortgage or in the alternative
for a decree for specific performance to execute a sale deed was filed before
trial court-Trial Court decreed the suit holding that the doucment is a deed
of mortgage with conditional sale and not a sale with a condition to
repurcahse -First Appellate Court affirmed the decree-High Court dismissed
the Second Appeal----Correctness of-Held, on facts, transaction is held to be D
a mortgage with conditional sale since it is evidenced by. one document-
Hence allowed the suit.

Appellant-defendant transferred by a deed of mortgage the northern part
of suit property in favour of one B. Appellant, thereafter, sold the entire suit
property to respondent~laintiffs for a valuable consideration by a document E
which included a right to redeem the mortgage. Respondents issued several
notices to the appellants expressing intention to redeem the mortgage. When
personal tender of the mortgage money was refused by the appellants, the
respondent filed an application under section 83 of the Transfer of Property
Act, 1882 and deposited the mortgage money in Civil Court. Thereafter, the F
respondents filed a suit for redemption of mortgage and for mesne profits
before trial court. In the alternative, the respondents prayed for a decree for
specific performance of contract directing the appellants to execute a deed of
sale in their favour. The appellants contended before the trial court that the
document in question was a deed of sale with a condition to repurchase. The
trial court, after construing the doucments, came to a finding that t.he G

- document was a deed of mortgage with condition of sale and not a sale with a
condition to repurchase and consequently decreed the suit The first appellate
court affirmed the decree of the trial court. The Second Appeal filed by the
appellants was dismissed by the High Court. Hence the appeal before this

255 H
256 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2006] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A Court.
Dismissing the appeals, the Court

HELD: I.I. Under section 58(c) of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, a
transaction may be held to be a mortgage with conditional sale if it is
B evidenced by one document. The condition precedent for arrriving at a finding
that the transaction involves mortgage by way of conditional sale is that there
must be an ostensible sale. The transaction has been evidenced by one
document. Section 58(c) of the Act will therefore apply. (261-8, F)

1.2. The categorical statement of the scribe of the document was that
C he had been asked by the parties to scribe a document of mortgage and not a
deed of sale. Respondent no.I, in the document itself categorically stated that
he was executing a deed of mortgage. The amount of stamp duty was paid by
him. In case of deed of sale ordinarly the transferee pays the stamp duty. The
deviation from the normal practice has not been explained by the appellant.
D [261-GJ
1.3. The transaction categorically states that appellant no. I was to
maintain the property in its present condition. If the contention of the parties
was to transfer the property absolutely, no such stipulation was required to
be made at all. In a case of absolute transfer, the vendee has an absolute right
E to deal with his property in any manner he likes. It was clearly stipulated in
the deed that in the event, the executant repaid the entire consideration, the
purchaser would reconcey the property and furthermore deliver possession
thereof. The sale was to become absolute only when the transferee failed to
pay the amount within the stipulated period. The contemporaneous conduct of
the parties was taken into considrration in treating the transaction to be one
F of mortgage and not of sale. Hence the parties entered into a transaction of
mortgage and not a sale. [262-A, B, CJ
1.4. Section 91 of the Evidence Act, 1872 mainly forbids proving of the
contents of a writing otherwise than by writing itself and merely lays down
the 'best evidence rule'. It, however, does not prohibit the parties to adduce
G evidence, in a case, the deed is capable of being construed differently to show
they understood the same. (262-DJ
Smt. Indira Kaur and Ors. v. Sheo Lal Kapoor, [1998) 2 SCC 488
referred to.
-
H. 1.5. The transferees did not get their name mutated. The tenant in the
TULSI v. CHANDRIKA PRASAD [S.B. SINHA, J.] 257

property was no other than the husband of appellant no.1. He continued to be A
a tenant. The possession purported to have been delivered in favour of the
defendant was merely a symbolic one. (262-F[

1.6. Appellant no.1 did not examine herself. The respondents
categorically averred in the plaint that the mortgage amount was tendered to
her as also to her husba~d. Having regard to the peculiar facts anti B
circumstances of this case, she should have examined herself to deny such
tender. [263-C]

Tamboli Raman/al Motilal (Dead) by LRs. v. Ghanchi Chimanlal
Keshavlal (Dead) by LRs. and Anr., (1993) Supp. 1 SCC 295, distinguished. C
Sardar Gurbaksh Singh v. Gurdial Singh and Anr., AIR (1927) PC 230,
referred to.

Martand Pandharinath v. Radhabai, AIR (1931) Born 97 and Sudhir
Ranjan Paul v. Chhatter Singh Baid and Anr., Cal LT (1999) 3 HC 261, D
referred to.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3631 of2006.

From the Judgment/Order dated 27.7.2004 of the High Court of Jharkhand
at Ranchi, in Appeal From Appellate Decree No. 23/1991 (R).
E
S.B. Upadhyay, Shiv Mangal Sharma and Sharmila Upadhyay for the
Appellants.

V. Shekhar, Amrit Pal Singh Gambhir, Pradeep K. Dubey and S. Ganesh
for the Respondents.
F
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

S.B. SINHA, J. Leave granted.

Whether the deed dated 30.12.1968 constitutes a sale with condition of
purchase or mortgage by way of conditional sale is the question which falls G
for consideration in this appeal which arises out of a judgment and order
dated 27.7.2004 passed by the High Court of Jharkhand in F.A. No. 23of1991
(R).

The basic fact of the matter is not in dispute. The property in question H
258 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2006] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A is a house property. It belonged to one Jawala Prasad Sah, defendant No.
3 in the suit. On 30.12.1968, he transferred the northern part of the house
property to one Balmukund Chaudhary by way of mortgage for a consideration
of Rs. 4,300/-' repayable by 30.1.1971. He sold the entire property to the
plaintiffs for a valuable consideration of Rs. 14,000/-. It included the right to
B redeem the mortgage. The transaction in question was also carried out on
the same date, i.e .. 30.12.1968.

The husband of the Appellant No. I herein Banshidhar Singhania was
a tenant in the said premises.

The Respondents filed a suit for a decree for redemption of the said
C mortgage as also a decree for mesne profit for the period 3.1.1972 till the
recovery of possession of the mortgaged property. In the alternative, a prayer
for a decree of specific performance was made.

It is not in dispute that prior to filing of the suit by several notices, the
D plaintiffs expressed their intention to redeem the mortgage. A personal tender
of the entire mortgage amount was made which was refused. An application
under Section 83 of the Transfer of Property Act was filed wherein an order
for deposit of the mortgage amount was passed. In the said proceedings an
objection was filed raising a contention that the instrument in question is a
deed of sale.
E
The learned Trial Judge held that the document in question was a deed
of mortgage with conditional sale and not a deed of sale with a condition of
purchase and consequently a decree was passed. The First Appellate Court

F
affirmed the said decree. The Second Appeal filed by the Appellant herein,
as noticed hereinbefore, was dismissed.
.•
The instrument in question is peculiar in nature. The nature of the deed
was described as Kewala Baibulwafa. The expression 'Kewala' denotes sale.
We would a little later notice that use of the ~xpression 'Baibulwafa' is not
correct. . Paragraph 5 of the deed described the property under sale. The
G reason for execution of the document is said to be pressing need of money
on the part of the plaintiff for augmenting business capital and for domestic
expenses as also for repaying debt to the moneylenders. The amount of
consideration was stipulated as adequate therefor. However, it was stipulated
that the purchaser, till the expiry of the specified time therein and till the sale
became absolute and perfect, would maintain the property in its present
H condition. She, however, was permitted to exercise her option to carry on the
TULSI v. CHANDRIKA PRASAD [S.B. SINHA, J.) 259
reconstruction. The parties agreed on request having been made by the A
plaintiff-Appellant No. 1 that she be allowed time and opportunity to repay
the entire consideration money in cash whereupon a deed of reconveyance
would be executed in her favour. It was agreed .that if the executant repays
the entire amount by 30.12.1971, the executee will execute a deed of
reconveyance in respect of the property in her favour and handover possession B
thereof. However, if the executant fails to repay payment of the entire
consideration on that date, then in that case the sale would become absolute
whereupon the executant or his heirs and successors will have no objection;
and if the executant or his heirs and successors raise objection in respect of
the stipulation therein, the same shall be ineffective and useless and the sale
shall become absolute. It was fu1thermore stipulated: C
"Therefore, after having fully considered about his profit and loss as
also out of his free will and volition (the executant) writes (executes) this deed
ofKewala Baibulwafa with condition of repayment of consideration money for
future use. Dated the 29th December, 1969 at Daltonganj."
D
The following circumstances weighed with the learned trial court as well
as the High Court in arriving at the finding that the transaction in question
was a mortgage by way of a conditional sale:

(i) The husband of the Appellant No. I was a tenant in respect of
the property and he continued to occupy the same in the same E
capacity.
(ii) The Appellants bore the costs of stamp duty which is not the
nonnal practice in a case of absolute sale.
(iiQ The transaction essentially was a Baibulwafa, viz., mortgage by
conditional sale. F
(iv) The land was required to be kept in the existing condition.
(v) The transferor had an option to repay the entire consideration in
one instalment whereupon a deed of reconveyance was to be
executed by the transferor in her favour. For the said purpose G
a specific date was fixed, viz., 30.12.1971 and on obtaining such
amount the transferee was to restore possession of the land to
the plaintiff and only in the event of default on her part to repay
the same; the sale was to become absolute and perfect.
(vi) In the margin of the deed, the transferor categorically stated that
H
260 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006) SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A he had executed a deed of Baibulwafa in respect of two parts of
the shop.
(vii) The amount has been received by the transferor in presence of
the husband of the transferee.

We may, at the outset, notice that almost a similar question came up for
B consideration before a Division Bench of this Court in Bishwanath Prasad
Singh v. Rajendra Prasad and Anr., (2006] 4 SCC 432, wherein it was held:

"A deed as is well known must be construed having regard to the
language used therein. We have noticed hereinbefore that by
C reason of the said deed of sale, the right, title and interest of the
respondents herein was conveyed absolutely in favour of the
appellant. The sale deed does not recite any other transaction of
advance of any sum by the appellant to the respondents which was
entered into by and between the parties. In fact, the recitals made
in the sale deed categorically show that the respondents expressed
D their intention to convey the property to the appellant herein as they
had incurred debts by taking loans from various other creditors."

However, in that case keeping in view the recitals made in the deed and
other circumstances surrounding thereto the Trial Court as also the First
Appellate Court came to finding that the Respondents therein executed a
E deed of absolute sale in favour of the Appellant, who in tum executed an
agreement for reconveyance in favour of the Respondent. The term
'Baibulwafa' was held to be a deed of conditional sale with a contract of
purchase and not a mortgage with conditional sale. The said findings were
over-turned by the High Court.
F This Court opined:

"The terminology 'vaibulwafa' used in the agreement does not carry
any meaning. It could be either 'bai-ul-wafa' or 'bai-bil-wafa'.

It will bear repetition to state that with a view to ascertain the-nature
G of a transaction the document has to be read as a whole. A sentence
used or a term used may not be determinative of the real nature of
transaction.

Baib-ul-wafa, it was held by the trial court connotes only an agreement
for sale. In terms of Section 91 of the Evidence Act, if the terms of
H
TULSI v. CHANDRIKA PRASAD [S.B. SINHA, J.] 261

any disposition of property is reduced to writing, no evidence is A
admissible in proof of the terms of such disposition of property except
the document itself."

Referring to Section 58(c) of the Transfer of Property Act, it was also
held that the transaction in question was not partial but an absolute one.
B
Before we consider the stipulations contained in the deed dated
30.12.1968, it may be noticed that in terms of Section 58(c) of the Transfer of
Property Act, a transaction may be held to be a mortgage with conditional
sale if it is evidenced by one document. The condition precedent for arriving
at a finding that the transaction involves mortgage by way of conditional sale
is that there must be an ostensible sale. It must contain a condition that on C
default of payment of mortgage money on certain date, the sale shall become
absolute or on condition that on such payment being made the sale shall
become void, or on condition that on such payment being made the buyer
shall transfer the property to the seller.
D
A distinction exists between a mortgage by way of conditional sale and
a sale with condition of purchase. In the former the debt subsists and a right
to redeem remains with the debtor but in case of the latter the transaction
does not evidence an arrangement of lending and borrowing and, thus, right
to redeem is not reserved thereby.
E
The proviso appended to Section 58(c) of the Transfer of Property Act
was added by Act No. 20 of I929 for resolution of the conflict in decisions
on the question whether the condition relating to reconveyance contained in
a separate document could be taken into consideration in finding out whether
a mortgage was intended to be created by the principal deed.
F
The transaction in this case has been evidenced by one document.
Section 58(c) of the Transfer of Property Att will, therefore, apply.

In the instant case, the scribe of the document was examined. His
categorical statement was that he had been asked by the parties to scribe a
deed of mortgage and not a deed of sale. The Respondent No. i, as noticed G
hereinbefore, in the document itself categorically stated that he was executing
a deed of mortgage. Indisputably, the amount of stamp duty was also paid
by him. In a case of deed of sale ordinarily the transferee pays the stamp
duty. Why such a deviation from the normal practice was made has not been
explained by the Appellant. H
262 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A We have noticed hereinbefore that the nature of the deed described that
the document is ambiguous as both the tenns, viz., Kewala and Baibulwafa,
were mentioned. The transaction, however, categorically states that the
Appellant No. I was to maintain the property in its present condition. Of
course, permission for reconstruction of the structure was granted. But, ifthe
contention of the parties was to transfer the property absolutely, no such
B stipulation was required to be made at all. In a case of absolute transfer, the
vendee has an absolute right to deal with his property in any manner he likes.
It was clearly stipulated in the deed that in the event, the executant repayed
the entire consideration by 30.12.1971, the purchaser would reconvey the
property and furthermore deliver possession thereof. The sale was to become
C absolute only when the transferee failed to pay the said amount within the
stipulated period. The courts below have also taken into consideration the
contemporaneous conduct of the parties in treating the transaction to be one
of mortgage and not of sale. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the parties
intended to enter into a transaction of mortgage and not sale.

D Section 91 of the Evidence Act mainly forbids proving of the contents
of a writing otherwise than by writing itself and merely lays down the 'best
evidence rule'. It, however, does not prohibit the parties to adduce evidence,
in a case, the deed is capable of being construed differently to show how they
understood the same.
E We may notice that in Smt. Indira Kaur & Ors. v. Shea Lal Kapoor,
[1988] 2 SCC 488, this Court upon taking into consideration the stipulations
made in the deed to the effect that a period of 10 years was fixed for
conveying the property and the vendee was prohibited from selling and
parting with his right, title and interest for the said period and no order of
F mutation was passed in his favour, construed the same to be a transaction
of mortgage.

In the instant case also the transferees did not get their name mutated.
The tenant in the property was no other than. the husband of Appellant No.
I. He continued to be a tenant. The possession purported to have been
G delivered in favour of the defendant was merely a symbolic one.

Mr. S.B. Upadhyay, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the Appellants
strongly relied upon Tamboli Raman/al Motilal (Dead) by LRs. v. Ghanchi
Chimanlal Keshavlal (Dead) by LRs. and Anr.. [1993] Supp 1 SCC 295.

H In Tamboli Raman/al Motilal (supra}, having regard to the stipulations
TULSI v. CHANDRIKA PRASAD [S.B. SINHA, J.] 263
made in the document the court was unable to conclude that there was a debt A
and the relationship between the parties was that of the debtor and the
creditor. The stipulation "The property is sold conditionally for a period of
five years and possession is handed over. ... Therefore, you and your heirs and
legal representatives are hereafter entitled to use, enjoy and lease the said
houses under the ownership right" was considered to be one of the factors B
for coming to the conclusion that the transaction evidenced thereby was an
absolute sale under a right of ownership. The transferee also had a right to
get his name mutated in the municipal record and pay taxes. The transferee
therein had an absolute right to mortgage, sell, or gift the suit property. The
executant could not dispute the title of the transferee. Such is not the
position here. C
Before the courts below, the Appellant No. I did not examine herself.
The Respondents categorically averred in the plaint that the mortgage amount·
was tendered to her as also to her husband. Having regard to the peculiar
facts and circumstances of this case, we are of the opinion that she should
have examined herself to deny such tender. D
In Sardar Gurbakhsh Singh v. Gurdial Singh and Anr., AIR (1927) PC
230, the Privy Council emphasized the need of examination of the parties as
witnesses. [See also Martand Pandharinath v. Radhabai, AIR (1931) Born
97 and Sri Sudhir Ranjan Paul v. Sri Chhatter Singh Baid & Anr., Cal LT
(1999)3HC261] E
For the aforementioned reasons, we are of the opinion that there is no
infirmity in the judgment of the courts below. The appeal is, therefore,
dismissed. In the facts and circumstances of this case, there shall be no order
as to costs.
F
B.S. Appeal dismissed.