UNION OF INDIAversusC. RAMA SWAMY AND OTHERS

A                           UNION OF INDIA
                                  v.
                      C. RAMA SWAMY AND OTHERS

                                  APRIL 9, 1997

B                  [J.S. VERMA, CJ. AND B.N. KIRPAL, J.]


          Se1vice Law :

           Date of bitth-Alteration of-All India Services (DCRB) Rules, 1958,
C   Rule 16A-Rule 16A i11setted by Notification of 1971-Rule 16A inse1ted by
    Notification of 1978-Applicability of-Acceptance and 1wt detenni11ation of
    date of birth by the Central Govemment-P1i11ciple of estoppel:-Applicability
    of-Senior School Ce11ificate, applicatio11 for civil se1vices examination and
    service book me11tio11i11g date of bitth different from that mentioned in the
D   horoscope and in the record of bitth maintained in Registrar's Office which
    is claimed to be correct on~Representation made after a gap of many years
    for con·ection of date of bitth in the .wvice registe1~Held, principle of
    estoppel applicable-Relief of change of date of bitth denied.

          The respondent was selected as a direct recruit to the IPS of 1968
E batch. In his servict! book, 17th June, 1939 was entered as his date of birth.
    This was the date recorded in his Senior School Certificate and also
    mentioned in his application for Civil Services examination. In 1982, abont
    14 years from the date of his joining the services, he submitted a repre·
    sentation to the Andhra Pradesh State Government, the cadre to which he
F   had been assigned, for changing his date of birth from 17th June, 1939 to
    15th June, 1941. It was stated that his horoscope and the record of birth
    maintained by the Sub-Registrar's office indicated that his date of birth
    was 15th June, 1IJ41. The Andhra Pradesh Government rejected his request
    for alteration. Later on his request was turned down by the Central
    Government.
G
          Thereafter, the respondent filed a suit' in the Munsif Court, implead·
    ing the Director of School Education, Madras and others but not the
    Union Government and the State Government. The relief claimed was for
    a decree of mandatory injunction for a direction to change his date of
H   birth. The Court passed an order for necessary correction.
                                         760
                       U.0.1. v. C. RAMASWAMY                           761

      The respondent armed with a duly corrected Senior School Certifi-        A
cate, once again made a representation to the Government of India for
changing his date of birth but the same was rejected. Another repre-
sentation to the Secretary, Department of Personnel, Ministry of Home
Affairs, Government of India was also rejected.

      The respondent then approached the Central Administrative                B
Tribunal. The Tribunal came to the conclusion that 1971 Rules continued
to apply to pre 1971 direct recruits and accordingly directed that necessary
correction be made after examination of necessary material. Union of
India, aggrieved by the Tribunal's direction has filed the present Appeal.

      Allowing the Appeal, this Court
                                                                               c
      HELD : 1: Rule 16A of the All India (DCRB) Rules, 1958 inserted
by Notification of 1978 and not the repealed Rule 16A inserted by Notifica-
tion of 1971, applies to all persons of the All India Service to whom All
India Services (DCRB) Rules, 1958 are applicable. [765-D; 769-D]               D
      2. Rule 16A of 1978 alone is applicable in the present case as it was
in that the respondent made the first representation for alteration in his
date of birth. [769-C]

      3.1. The date of birth as recorded in the service book in the case of    E
pre 1971 direct recruits is accepted by the Central Government. It accepts
and does not determine date of birth. It accepts the date of birth except
where a bonafide clerical mistake has been committed. In this case, June
17, 1939 was the date of birth which was recorded in the service book and
which was required to be accepted by the Central Government under 16A
of 1978. [771-B; 770-F-G]                                                      F

      3.2. Bonafide clerical mistake would normally be one where by mis-
take or oversight a different date is recorded. In this case, the respondent
believed June 17, 1939 to be his correct date of birth and it was not a case
of any bonafide clerical mistake. In his original representation, he had       G
never even suggested that there had been any clerical mistake. The positive
case put forth by him was that he only subsequently discovered his real
date of birth. [771-D-G]

     4. It cannot be said that advantage is not obtained by a person who
subsequently claims to be younger. It would be against public policy to        H
    762                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [1997] 3 S.C.R.

A permit a change in the earlier date of birth to enable longer benefit to the
    person concerned. The principle of estoppel would apply and the
    authorities concerned would be justified in declining to alter the date of
    birth. [772-G; 773-A]

            Slui Manak Chand Vaidya v. State of Himachal Pradesh and Others,
B (1976) 1 SLR 402, overruled.

            CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 12087 of
    1996.

          From the Judgment and Order dated 22.12.95 of the Central Ad·
C   ministrative Tribunal, Hyderabad in O.A. No. 383 of 1994.

            N.N. Goswamy, Hemant Sharma and P. Parmeswaraq for the Appel-
    !ant.

            H.S. Gururaja Rao and T.V. Ratnam for the Respondents.
D
            The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

          KIRPAL, J. The question which arises for consideration in this
    appeal is whether the respondent was entitled to ask for an alteration of
                                                                           I
E   his date of bi.th as entered in his service record, which entry had been
    made at the time when he had joined service.

           The respondent had taken the All India Joint Service Competitive
    Examination in the year 1967. On the basis of the said examination he was
    selected as direct recruit to the Indian Police Service (IPS) of 1968 batch.
F   In his service book date of birth which was entered as 17th June, 1939. This
    entry was made on the basis of his date of birth as recorded in the senior
    school leaving certificate and also in his application for appearing for civil
    services examination of the year 1967 in which he was selected.

            Nearly fourteen years after the respondent had joined service he
G submitted a representation dated 4th September, 1982 to the Andhra
  Pradesh State Government, the cadre to which he has been assigned, for
  changing his date of birth to 15th June, 1941. In the said application it was,
  inter alia, stated that after the demise of his mother, while going through
  various papers in his house, he fo, nd from his horoscope that his date of
H birth which was written in Tamil corresponded to 15th June, 1941. He also
                 U.0.l. v. C. RAMASWAMY [KIRPAL,J.]                       763

stated that he had obtained extracts from the record of birth from Sub-          A
Registrar's office which indicated that his date of birth was 15th June, 1941.
Accordingly he requested that his date of birth be altered from 17th June,
1939 to 15th June, 1941.

       Vide memorandum dated 20th October, 1982 respondent was in-
formed by the State Government that his request for alteration of his date       B
of birth could not be agreed to. Thereafter the respondent wrote a letter
dated 1st December, 1982 to the Director General and Inspector General
of Police. Andhra Pradesh requesting him to ask the State Government to
forward to the Government of India a representation for correcting his
date of birth. To this letter the respondent received a memorandum dated         C
11th March, 1983 from the Chief Secretary, Another Pradesh to the effect
that the Government did not see any reason to re-open the case which had
already been rejected. Thereupon the respondent against vide letter dated
14th August, 1983 requested the St.:tc Government to forward his repre-
sentation to the Government of India.
                                                                                 D
     The aforesaid representation was rejected by the Central Govern-
ment vide its order dated 23rd May, 1990.

      Still in pursuit of his desire to get his date of birth altered the
respondent adopted a novel method. He filed a suit in the court of the
District Munsif, Sholinghur, impleading the Director of School Education,        E
Madras; District Educational Officer, Vellore and his eldest sister Karola
as the defendants. In the suit the relief claimed was for a decree of
mandatory injunction for directing defendants 1 and 2 to alter his date of
birth from 17th June, 1939 to 15th June, 1941 in his SSLC book. It is
pertinent to notice that neither the State of Andhra Pradesh nor the Union       F
of India were impleaded as parties. The court on 28th October, 1992
decreed the suit and granted the mandatory injunction and ordered that
the date of birth of the respondent should be corrected in the SSLC book
so as to reflect the respondent's date of birth as being that of 15th June,
1941 instead of 17th June, 1939.
                                                                                 G
       Armed with a duly corrected senior school leaving certificate, pur-
suant to the aforesaid decree having been passed by the Court, the respon-
dent once again made a representation to the Government of India for
altering his date of birth to 15th June, 1941. Vi de order dated 15th
November, 1993, passed in exercise of its power conferred by Rule 16A of H
    764                   SUPREME COURT REPORT'S                    (1997] 3 S.C.R.

A the All India Services (DCRB) Rules, 1958 the representation of the
    respondent for change of the date of birth was rejected. Not deterred by
    this, the respondent made yet another representation on 4th January, 1994
    to the Secretary, Department of Personnel, Government of India, Ministry
    of Home Affairs, inter alia, contending that the government had not
    considered the documentary evidence which had been produced by him
B   and his date of birth should be altered so as to entitle him to continue in
    service till 30th June, 1999. He also sought to place reliance on the cases
    of two officers where the Government of India had accepted their repre-
    sentation and altered the date of birth. This representation again met with
    no success and, vide letter dated 11th April, 1994 the respondent was
C   informed about the rejection of the representation.

           Having failed lo get relief from the government the respondent filed
    OA No. 383 of 1994 before the Hyderabad Bench of the Central Ad-
    ministrative Tribunal requiring it to direct the alteration of his date of birth
D   to 15th June, 1941. On behalf of the appellants herein, apart from contend-
    ing that no case had been made out for agreeing to the change in the date
    of birth, reliance was placed on Rule 16A which had been amended vide
    notification dated 7th June, 1978 and it was submitted that the date of birth
    as recorded in the service book had to be accepted as final and correct.

E         By an involved reasoning the Tribunal came to the conclusion that
    sub-rule (4) and (5) of the 1971 Amendment Rules continued to apply to
    pre 1971 direct recruits even after the promulgation of the new Rule 16A
    in 1978 and under the 1971 Rules no determination with regard to the date
    of birth of the respondent had taken place. The Tribunal accordingly
F   directed the appellants herein to determine his date of birth after giving
    the respondent an opportunity to place the necessary material available
    with him. It was further directed that in case it was found that the date of
    birth of the respondent herein had to be altered from 17th June, J939 then
    necessary correction had to he made in his service register and the same
    had to be taken as the basis for determination of the age of superannuation
G   of the respondent.

         Aggrieved by the aforesaid direction the Union of India has filed the
    present appeal. It is contended by Mr. N.N. Goswami, learned senior
    counsel for the appellants, that not only was the application filed before
H   the Tribunal barred by time but the Tribunal compietely misrepresented
                U.O.I. v. C. RAMASWAMY[KIRPAL, J.]                       765

the said rules and came to a wrong conclusion that the date of birth of the     A
respondent had to be determined under the 1971 Rules. On behalf of the
respondents it was submitted that the order of the Tribunal calls for no
interference and that the 1971 Rules apply and as there had been no
determination of the respondent's date of birth under Rule 16A as intro-
duced in 1971, therefore the Tribunal rightly directed such a determination
to be made. Learned counsel for the respondent also sought to place
                                                                                B
reliance on certain decisions in an effort to show that relief with regard to
alteration in the date of birth has been granted in appropriate cases. In
particular, reliance was also placed on a decision of the High Court of
Hima..:hal Pradesh in (1996) 1 SLR 402 wherein it was observed that the
principle of estoppel does not apply to such cases of changes in date of        c
birth.

      ln order to examine the rival contentions it is necessary to refer to
Rule 16A as inserted by the notification dated 4th December, 1971 and the
new Rule 16A, which substituted the earlier rule, as inserted vide notifica-
tion dated 7th June, 1978. These rules read as follow :                         D
      "1971 Rules

         16A Determination of the dale of birth

         (1) For the purpose of the determination of the date of superan-       E
         nuation of a member of the service such date shall be calculated
         with reference to the date of his birth as accepted or determined
         to the Central Government under this Rule.

         (2) In relation to a person appointed after the commencement of
         the All India Services (Death-cum-retirement Benefits) Amend-
                                                                                F
         ment Rules 1971 to :

              (a) the Indian Administrative Service under clause (a) or
              clause (aa) of sub-rule (a) of rule 5 of the Indian Administra-
              tive Service (Recruitment) Rules 1945 or;                         G
              (b) the Indian Police Service under clause (a) of clause; (aa)
              of sub-rule (1) of Rule 4 of the Indian Police Service
              (Recruitment) Rules 1954 or;

              (c) the Indian Forest Service under clause (a) or clause (aa)     H
    766                SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [1997) 3 S.C.R.

A              of the sub-rule (2) of the Rule 4 of the Indian Forest Service
               (Recruitment) Rules 1965;

          The date of birth as declared by such person in the application for
          recruitment to the service shall in the absence of any cogent
          evidence to the contrary be accepted by the Central Government
B         on the date of birth of such person.

          (3) The date of birth in relation to a person to whom sub-rule (2)
          does not apply and who is appointed to the service after the
          commencement of the All India Services (Death-cum-retirement
          Benefits) Amendment Rules 1971 shall be determined in the
c         following manner, namely,

               (a) every such member shall within one month of the date on
               which he joins the service make a declaration as to the date
               of his birth.
D              (b) On receipt of a declaration made under clause (a) the
               Central Government shall after making such inquiry as it may
               deem fit with regard to the declaration and after considering
               such evidence, if any, as may be accepted in support of the
               said declaration make an order within four months from the
E              date on which such member had joined the service determin-
               ing the date of birth of such member.

          (4)(a) Every member of the service holding office immediately
          before the commencement of the All India Services (Death-cum-
          retirement Benefits) Amendment Rules 1971 shall within three
F         months from such commencement make a declaration as to the
          date of his birth;

              (b) On receipt of the declaration made under clause (a) the
          Central Government shall after making such inquiry as it may deem
          fit with regard to the declaration and after considering such
G         evidence, if any, as may be adduced in support of the said decla-
          ration make an order within four months from the date of such
          declaration determining the date of birth of such member.

          (5) In the case of a member of the Service referred to in sub-rule
H         (3) or sub-rule (4) as the case may be who fails to make a
        U.0.1. v. C.RAMASWAMY[KIRPAL,J.)                        767

declaration in respect of the date of his birth as required by such     A
sub-rule, the Central Government shall after taking into account
such evidence, as may be available to it, and after giving such
member a reasonable opportunity of being heard make an order
determining the date of birth of such member.

(6) Notwithstanding anything contained in this rule, no date of         B
birth other than the date of birth declared by a member of the
service shall be accepted or determined, in relation to such mem-
ber except after giving such member a reasonable opportunity of
showing cause against the proposed action.

(7) Every date of birth accepted or determined under this rule
                                                                        c
shall be subject to Rule 168 be final.

1978 Rules : Acceptance of date of binh

16A Acceptance of date of birth (1) For the purpose of determina-       D
~ion of the date of superannuation of a member of the service, such
'date shall be calculated with reference to the date of his birth as
 accepted by the Central Government under this rule.

(2) In relation to a person appointed, after the commencement of
the All India Services (Death-cum-retirement Benefits) Amend-           E
ment Rules, 1971.

     (a) The Indian Administrative Service under clause (a) or
     clause (aa) of sub-rule (a) of rule 4 of the Indian Administra-
     tive Service (Recruitment) Rules, 1954; or
                                                                        F
     (b) The Indian Police Service under clause (a) or clause (aa)
     or sub-rule (1) of rule 4 of the Indian Police Service (Recruit-
     ment) Rules, 1954; or

     (c) The Indian Forest Services under clause (a) or clause (aa)     G
     of sub-rule (2) of rule 4 of the Indian Forest Service (Recruit-
     ment) Rules, 1966 :

the date of birth as declared by such person in the application for
recruitment to the service shall be accepted by the Central Govern-
ment as the date of birth of such person.                               H
    768                   SUPREME COURT REPORT~                    (1997) 3 S.C.R.

A            (3) In relation to a person to whom sub-rule (2) does not apply,
             the date of birth as recorded in the service book or other similar
             official document maintained by the concerned government shall
             be accepted by the Central Government, as the date of birth of
             such person.

B            (4) The date of birth as accepted by the Central Government shall
             not be subject to any alteration except where it is established that
             a bona fide clerical mistake has been committed in accepting the
             date of birth under sub-rule (2) or (3)."


c the application
       For the view which we are taking it is not necessary to decide whether
                  of the respondent before the Tribunal was time barred
    because, in our opinion, on a correct interpretation of the said rules no
    relief could have been granted to the respondent.

          The respondent had entered the IPS in 1968. At that point of time
D   Rule 16A was not in existence. The date of birth which was recorded in
    his service book was that of 17th June, 1939. In the application which had
    been filed by the respondent, the correctness of the contents of which were
    duly certified by him, it was clearly indicated that his date of birth was 17th
    June, 1939. It is also not disputed that the school leaving certificate
E   contains the same date of birth. The descriptive roll of the service book
    (photo copy of which was placed on record) also shows the date of birth
    having been recorded as 17th June, 1939 and this roll has been signed by
    the respondent as far back as on 24th December, 1968.

          The first time when the respondent agitated for his date of birth to
F be changed was when he submitted his representation dated 4th Septem-
    ber, 1982. As on that date Rule 16A as inserted vide notification dated 7th
    July, 1978 was in existence. This rule had replaced the earlier Rule 16A
    which had been incorporated vide notification dated 4th December, 1971.
    Therefore, Rule 16A as incorporated in 1978 was applicable as on the date
G   of his representation and the question of applicability of the repealed Rule
    16A which had been incorporated in 1971, could not possibly arise as the
    same was not in existence as on that day.

          The Tribunal approached the problem in an incorrect manner. It
    interpreted repealed Rule 16A as incorporated in 1971 and came to the
H   conclusion that sub-rules (4) and (5) of that Rule 16A required a specific
                 U .0.1. v. C. RAMA SWAMY [KIRP AL, J.]                    769

determination of the date of birth, after giving opportunity to the officer       A
concerned. The Tribunal then interpreted the new Rule 16A of 1978 and
concluded that this did not apply to a direct recruit who had entered the
service before 4th December, 1971 and, therefore, determination under
sub-rules (4) and (5) of the original Rule 16A of 1971 should be done by
the Government.
                                                                                  B
       The effect of a rule being substituted by a new rule clearly is that the
old rule, which stands substituted, can under no circumstances have any
application atleast from the date when it ceased to exist. With effect from
7th July, 1978 a new Rule 16A having been incorporated in the Rules it
was this rule alone which was applicable when the respondent represented          c
for alteration in the date of birth by his first representation of 4th Septem-
ber, 1982. Reading Rule 16A as a whole it is clear to us that it applies to
all person belonging to the All India Services who were in service and the
said rule does not pre 4th December, 1971 direct recruits from its applica-
tion, as has been held by the Tribunal.
                                                                                  D
       Rule 16A is a composite rule which was intended to and does apply
to all persons of the All India Service to whom the principle rules of 1958
are applicable.

      Sub-rule (1) of Rule 16A states that for the determination of the date E
of Superannuation the date is to be calculated with reference to the date
of birth as accepted by the Central Government under this Rule. The use
of the word "accepted" in sub-rule (1) is indicative of the fact that except
in a case where there may be a correction on account of bona fide clerical
mistake having occurred the Central Gov:::rnment accepts, and does not F
determine, the date of birth in the manner specified in sub-rule (2) and
sub-rule (3). Sub-rule (2) is applicable to a person appointed after com-
mencement of the All India Services (Death-cum-retirement Benefits)
Amendment Rules 1971. According to this the date of birth of the appoin-
tees as declared in their applications for recruitment shall be accepted by
the Central Government as the date of birth of such persons. The effect of G
this is that atleast as far as post 4th Decembu, 1971 appointees are
concerned the question of the Central Government accepting any date of
birth other than that indicated in the application for recruitment to the
service does not arise. The implication of this clearly is that with the
insertion of new Rule 16A (2) there would be no occasion for the Central H
    770                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [1997) 3 S.C.R.

A Government to even entertain an application for alteration in the date of
    birth, as the Government is enjoined no accept only that date which is
    declared by such person in his application for recruitment. This of course
    is subject to the limited circumsio.nces under which correction can be
    effected under sub-rule (4) of Rule 16A, namely, in cases where a bona
B   fide clerical mistake had occurred in accepting the date of birth under
    sub-rule (2) or sub-rule (3).

        The opening words of sub-rule (3) of Rule 16A state that the said
  sub-rule applies in relation to a person to whom sub-rule (2) does not
  apply. As sub-rule (2) applies to a person appointed to the All India
C Service after 4th December, 1971 it is obvious that sub-rule (3) would be
  applicable to all other officers to whom All India Services Rules apply
  which would necessarily include the direct recruits who were :i.ppointed
  prior to 4th December, 1971. There are no words of restriction in sub-rule
  (3)(a) which can persuade us to take a different view. With Rule 16A as
D incorporated in 1971 having been superseded by the new Rule 16A, if the
  contention of the respondent is accepted the effect would be that an
  incongruou& situation would arise whereby there would be no rule in
  existence dealing with cases of persons other than those who were ap-
  pointed arter 4th December, 1971. Neither the plain language of Rule 16A,
  and sub-rule (3) in particular, nor the intent of the said rule suggests that
E an artificially restricted meaning should be given to the opening words of
  sub-rule (3) of Rule l6A so as to exclude pre 1971 direct recruits from its
  operation. In our opinion, direct recruits like the respondent who had
  joined service before 4th December, 1971 would be covered by sub-rule
  (3) of Rule 16A. Sub-rule (3) of Rule l6A requires the Central Govern-
  ment to accept that date of birth as has been recorded in the service book
F
  or other similar other official documents as maintained by the concerned
  government in respect of such an officer. Admittedly' the date of birth of
  17th June, 1939 was recorded in the service book of the respondent. Under
  Rule 16A of 1978 it is this date of birth which was required to be accepted
  by the Government.
G
          Reading sub-rules (2) and (3) together it is clear that whereas in the
    case sub-rule (2) the <late of birth has to be accepted which is indicated in
    the application for recruitment but in the case covered by sub-rule (3) if
    the date of birth as recorded in the service book is different from the one
H   which was contained in the application, possibly because of an alteration
                  U.0.1. v. C. RAMASWAMY [KIRPAL,J.J                         771

having been made at the instance of the officer concerned, then that is the         A
date which has to be accepted by the Central Government.

      The date of birth as recorded in the service book, in the case of a
pre 4th December, 1971 entrants, and the date as declared by an officer in
the application for recruitment, in the case of post 4th December, 1971
entrants, has to be accepted as correct by the Central Government and, as           B
already indicated, this can be altered only if under sub-rule (4) it is
established that a bona fide clerical mistake had been committed in accept-
ing the date of birth. It is for this reason we find that in the orders rejecting
the representation of the respondent the Central Government has stated
that there was no bona fide clerical mistake which had been committed.              c
       It was faintly submitted that on the basis of the birth certificate
obtained from the Sub-Registrar's office by the respondent as well as his
horoscope it should be held that there was a bona fide clerical mistake and,
therefore, the date of birth could be corrected. We are unable to accept D
the submission. Bona fide clerical error would normally be one where an
officer has indicated a particular date of birth in his application form or
any other document at the time of his employment but, by mistake or
oversight a different date has been recorded. In the present case admittedly
the date of birth indicated in the application form filled in for the purpose
of taking the competitive examination was that of 17th June, 1939. This date E
was then incorporated in his descriptive roll kept in his service record and
this was duly signed by the respondent. Admittedly the respondent also
believed this to be his correct date of birth, therefore, it was not a case
where the date of 17th June, 1939 had been incorrectly recorded in the
service book as a result of any bona fide clerical mistake. In fact in his
                                                                              F
original representation it was not even suggested by the respondent that
there had been any clerical mistake. The positive case put forth by the
respondent was that it is after the demise of his mother that he had
discovered that his real date of birth was 15th June, 1941 and not 17th June,
1939.
                                                                                    G
      Inasmuch as Rule 16A as amended on 7th July, 1978 had come into
operation at the time when the respondent had first made his repre-
sentation in 1982, it is not necessary to examine the interpretation of the
original Rule 16A as introduced on 4th December, 1971 and we express
no opinion on the said old as interpreted by the Tribunal.                          H
    772                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                 (1997] 3 S.C.R.

A        Before concluding we may note that learned counsel for the appel-
  lant referred to certain decisions where amendment to the date of birth
  had been allowed. It is not necessary to deal with the said decisions because
  none of them relates to the relevant Rule 16A on the interpretation of
  which we find that this statutory rule, except in cases where a clerical error
  has occurred, does not entitle an officer to ask for change in the date of
B birth which is once recorded in his application as mentioned in sub-rule
  (ii) or in the service book as mentioned in sub-rule (iii) of Rule 16A . It
  is, however, appropriate to refer to one decision relied upon by Mr. H.S.
  Gururaja Rao, learned senior counsel for the respondents which is of the
  Himachal Pradesh High Court in Shri Manak Chand Vaidya v. State of
C Himachal Pradesh and Ors., (1976) 1 SLR 402. In that case correction of
  date of birth was sought by the petitioner. It was contended on behalf of
  the State that the petitioner therein was estopped from pleading a different
  date of birth when the entry in that regard in his service record had been
  entered on his representation at the time when he entered service. This
  contention was repelled by the High Court with the observation that it had
D not been shown that the petitioner gained any advantage by representing
  a particular date of birth at the time of entry into the service.


         In matters relating to appointment to service various factors ·are
  taken into consideration before making a selection or an appointment. One
E of the relevant circumstances is the age of the person who is sought to be
  appointed. It may not be possible to conclusively prove that an advantage
  had been gained by representing a date of birth which is different than that
  which is later sought to be incorporated. But it will not be unreasonable to
  presume that when a candidate, at the first instance, communicates a
p particular date of birth there is obviously his intention that his age calcu-
  lated on the basis of that date of birth should be taken into consideration
  by the appointing authority for adjudging his suitability for a responsible
  office. In fact, where maturity is a relevant factor to assess suitability, an
  older person is ordinarily considered to be more mature and, therefore,
  more suitable. In such a case, .it cannot be said that advantage is not
G obtained by a person because of an earlier date of birth, if he subsequently
  claims to be younger in age, after taking that advantage. In such a situation,
  it would be against public policy to permit such a change to enable longer
  benefit to the person concerned. This being so, we find it difficult to accept
  the broad proposition that the principle of estoppel would not apply in
H such a case where the age of a person who is sought to be appointed may
                 U.O.l. v. C. RAMASWAMY[KIRPAL,J.)                      773

be a relevant consideration to assess his suitability.                         A
      In such a case, even in the absence of a statutory rule like Rule 16A,
the principle of estoppel would apply and the authorities concerned would
be justified in declining to alter the date of birth. If such a decision is
challenged the court also ought not to grant any relief even if it is shown
that the date of birth, as originally recorded, was incorrect because the      B
candidate concerned had represented a different date of birth to be taken
into consideration obviously with a view that that would be to his ad-
vantage. Once having secured entry into the service, possibly in preference
to other candidates, then the principle of estoppel would clearly be ap-
plicable and relief of change of date of birth can be legitimately denied.     C
To that extent the decision in Manak Chand's case does not lay down the
correct law.

       For the aforesaid reasons while allowing the appeal the order of the
Tribunal is set aside the effect of which would that OA No. 383 of 1994
filed by the respondent would stand dismissed and the date of birth of 17th    D
June, 1939, as recorded in his service book would remain unaltered. There
will be no order as to costs.

J.N.S.                                                     Appeal allowed.