Holding

The election petition was fatally defective in material facts, material particulars, verification and affidavit, and therefore must be dismissed.

Summary

The appellant, a defeated candidate, filed an election petition challenging the Rajya Sabha election of the respondent on alleged corrupt practices, including bribery, undue influence, and the appointment of party‑affiliated persons to state corporations. The petition was found to lack material facts, material particulars, a proper verification clause, and an affidavit in the prescribed Form 25, violating Sections 81, 83 and 86 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 and Rule 94‑A of the Conduct of Election Rules. The High Court dismissed the petition without trial, and the appellant appealed. The Supreme Court held that such non‑compliance is fatal; while a defect under Section 81 may be cured by substantial compliance, a defect under Section 83 (material particulars, verification, affidavit) must be remedied by amendment, which the petitioner failed to do. Consequently, the petition disclosed no cause of action and was rightly dismissed. The appeal was dismissed with costs.

Issues considered

The High Court was justified in dismissing the election petition without trial despite material facts being set out and issues framed.
Whether a miscellaneous application to strike out paragraphs of the petition could be entertained after issues were framed.
Whether the High Court could dissect the pleadings to determine if each part disclosed a cause of action.
Whether the petition’s lack of material facts, material particulars, proper verification, and a correctly‑formulated affidavit warranted dismissal at the threshold.

Legislation cited

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. Order 2, s. Order 6 Rule 16, s. Order 7 Rule 11
Conduct of Election Rules, 1961s. Rule 94-A
Representation of the People Act, 1951s. 100(1)(d), s. 123(1)(B), s. 79(d), s. 81, s. 83(1)(a), s. 83(1)(b), s. 83(1)(c), s. 86, s. 8A

Subjects

election petitioncorrupt practicebriberyundue influenceverification clauseaffidavit compliancematerial factsmaterial particularsRepresentation of the People ActConduct of Election Rulessubstantial compliancecurability

Judgment

()

A V. NARAYANASWAMY
v.
C.P. THIRlJNAVLKKARASU

JANt:ARY lY, 2000

8 [DR. A.S. ANAND, C.J., D.P. WADHWA A~D
S. RAJE!'.DRA BABU, JJ.]

Representation of the People Act, 19S 1 :

C Sections 123U)(B) & (2), JOO(l)(b) & (d) and 79(d).

Election--Corrnpt practice-Bribery and undue influenc~lection to
Rajya Sabha-Allegation that MLAs belonging to a political party other than
the election petitioner's were entertained in five Mar hotels by the Chief
Ministef'-The Chief Minister belonged to the returned candidate's political
D parf>--No allegations that the election petitioner was prevented from meeting
any of those MLAs-Further allegarion that Government appointed Chainnen
for five State-owned Corporations after the commencement of the election
proces~--But none of the nominees belonged to the election petitioner's
party-Held: In the circumstances of the case, allegation of bribery and undue
E influence not established.
Section 83( J,(c}- Election-Election petition-Affidavit-Verification
o:f Held : Has to confonn not only to the fonn pre,cribed in substance but
also must contain particulars as· required by RuleJ"-()therwise petition is
liable to be rejected at the threshold--Conduct of Election Rules, 1961,
F R.94-A.

Sections 81, 83 and 86-Election-Election petition-Pleading~-Re
quirements of-Held : Cause of action must be disclosed-The court cannot
dissect pleadings into several parts and consider whether each one of them
G discloses a cause of action--Petition has to be considered as· a whole-There
cannot be a partial rejection of the petition.

Sections 81 and 83-Election-Election petition--Comtpt practice-Re-
quirement~-Held : Petition must be l·uppurted by affidavit which should
disclose source of infonnation- -Petitioner must state which allegations are
H true to his knowledge and which to his belief-Allegation must be clearly and
292
'
'-" •'

V. NARA YANASWAMY v. C.P. TIIIRUNAVUKKARASU 293

precisely stated-It should not be open to two equally possible inferences-It A
has to be specifically alleged that the comcpt practice is committed with the
consent of the returned candidate and that a particular electoral right o{ a
person is ajfected.

Sections 81, 83 ( 1) (c) and 86-Election-Election petitio11- -Material
facts and material particulars-Difference between-Held: Failure to plead B
material facts is fat al to the election petition-Whereas absence of material
particulars can be cured subsequently-But despite every opportunity to supply
the material particulars the petitioner has not done so, the petition has to be
rejected-However, no duty is cast on the High Court to direct suo motzt the
furnishing of better particulars-In the circumstances of the case, the petition C
lacked material facts, material particulars, was defective in verification and
the affidavit not in the fonn prescribed.

Hence, petition liable to be rejected-Code of Civil Procedure, 1908,
Or. 6 R. 16 and Or. 7 R. 11.
D
Doctrines : Doctrine of Substantial Compliance-Doctrine of
Curability-Discussed.

The appellant-defeated candidate filed an election petition before the
High Court challenging the election of the respondent-returned candidate
to the Rajya Sabha. The appellant alleged that the election of the respon· E
dent was vitiated due to corrupt practice within the meaning of Section
123(1)(B)(b) and Section lllO(l)(d) of the Representation of the People
Act, 1951 committed by the respondent, his agents and other persons with
the consent of the respondent.

The appellant alleged the following corrupt practices committed by F
the respondent :·

1. The respondent was proposed by the then Chief Minister belong·
ing to the respondent's political party. For the second set of application
the name of the respondent was proposed by the Minister in the Govern· G
ment of the Union Territory. The proposals were seconded respectively by
Deputy Sp~aker and Parliamentary Secretary to the Chief Minister. All
these four persons acted as agents for the respondent in the election.

2. After the commencement of the election process the Government
of the Vnion Territory announced appointment of Chairmen for five H
' ,.)
I

294 SUPRi:'ME COURT REPORTS [2000) l S.C.R.

A State-owned Corporations but none of the nominees wets from the
appellant's party which amounted to exercise of undue influence to secure
the votes of the rtlLAs, particularly the MLAs who were nominated as
,----
Chairmen. '
I
I
I

I'
3. After the date of the dection was fixed tlte appellant wanted to
''
B meet all the MLAs but the MLAs other than the MLAs of the appellant's
party were entertained in five star hotels by the Chief Minister.

4. The Minister who had proposed the name of the respondent took
the Deputy Speaker and the Parliamentary Secretary to the Chief Minister
C in a Government vehicle to Goa and made to stay in Government Guest
House and were entertained there at Government e"Pense as a reward for
voting in favour of the respondent.

5. Another agent of the respondent, who was an MLA and Govern·
ment whip belonging to the respondent's party, also influenced and MLA
D belonging to a political party other than the appellant's by keeping him at
a hotel and then taking him to several places at Government expense.

In the verification to the election petition the appellant stated "that
what all stated in tine above paragraphs l to 15 are all true to the best of
my knowledge, information and belief. In the affidavit the appellant stated
E as follows :·

(a) "that the statements made in paragraphs 7 to 10 of the accom·
panying Election Petition about the commission of the corrupt practice of
gratification as a motive or reward for securing votes and undue influence
F as referred under Section 123 (1) (B) and (2) of the Representation of the
People Act, 1951 and the particulars of such corrupt practice mentioned
in paragraphs 7 to 10 of the same petition are true to my knowledge;

(b) that the statements made in par11graphs 7 to 10 of the accom·
panying Election Petition about the commission of the corrupt pr.ictice of
G gratification as a motive or reward for securing votes and undue influence
as referred under Section 123(1)(B) and (2) of the Representation of the
People Act, 1951 and the particulars of such corrupt practice mentioned
in paragraphs 7 to 11 of the same petition are true to my information;

(c) that the statements made in paragraph 11 of the accompanying
H Election Petition about the commission of corrupt practice 1Jf gratification
V.NARAYANASWAMYv. C.P. TllIRUNAVUKKARASU 295

as a motive or reward for securing votes and undue influence as referred A
under Section 123(1) (B) and (2) of the Representation of the People Act,
1951 and the particulars of such corrupt practice mentioned in paragrapli
11 of the same petition are true to my information."

In the counter-affidavit filed by the respondent he denied all the
allegations made against him and submitted that the allegations of corrupt B
practices alleged in the election petition were vague and unspecific and
bereft of material facts and particulars. It was also submitted that the
election petition be dismissed under Order 6 Rule 16 and Order 7 Rule 11
of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. On the same day the respondent also
filed a miscellaneous application praying for striking out certain para-
graplis of the election petition on the ground that material facts were not
c
stated in the election petition and prayed for dismissal of the election
petition on that score. The respondent also raised objection to the validity
of the verification to the petition and to the affidavit in support of the
allegations of corrupt prdctices. The appellant filed a rejoinder to the
counter-affidavit and reply to the miscellaneous application reaffirming D
what he had said in the election petition. The appellant said that the
election petition was duly verified as per law and that the affidavit was
legally correct.

The High Court dismissed the election petition without holding any E
trial. Hence this appeal.

Dismissing the appeal, this Court

HELD : 1.1. An election petition is based on the rights, which are
purely the creature of statute, and if the statute renders any particular F
requirement mandatory, the court cannot exercise dispensing powers to
waive non-compliance. For the purpose of considering a preliminary objec-
tion as to the maintainability of the election petitition the averments in the
petition should be assumed to be true and the court has to find out v;bether
these averments dbclose a cause of actfon or a triable issue as such.
Sections 81, 83(1)(c) and 86 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 G
read with Rule 94-A of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 and Form 25
are to be read conjointly as an integral scheme. When so read if the court
finds non-compliance it has to uphold the preliminary objection and has
no option except to dismiss the petition. The appellant had every oppor-
tunity to supply the material particulars, which admittedly were lacking H
296 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2000] 1 S.C.R.
A and also to amend the verificatio11 and to file the affidavit in the form
prescribed hut for the reaso11s best known to him, he failed to do so.
(320-B·C]
1.2. There is a difference bet\'l'ee11 "material facts" and •material
particulars". While the failure to plead material facts is fatal to the election
B petitio11 the absence of material particulars can be cured at a later stage
by an appropriatt amendment. "Material facts" mean the entire bundle of
facts, which would constitute a complete cause of action and these must
be concisely stattd in the election petitio11 vide Sectio11 83(1)(a). Then
under Sectio11 83(l)(b) the election petition must co11tain full particulars
C of any corrupt practice. T:1ese particulars are obviously different from
material facts on which the petition is fo11nded. (320-D]

2.1. A petition levelling a charge of corrupt practice is required by
law to be supported by an affidavit and the election petitioner is obliged
to disclose bis source of information in respect of the commissio11 of
D corrupt practice. He must state which of the alltgations are true to bis
lmowledge and which to bis belief 0111 information received and believed by
him to be true. It is not the form of the aftidavit but its substance that
matters. To plead corrupt practice as contemplated by law it bas to be
specifically alleged that the corrupt practices were committed with the
E consent of the candidate and that a particular electoral right of a person
was affected. It cannot be left to time, chance or conjecture for the court
to draw inference by adopting an involved process of reasoning. Where the
alleged corrupt practice is open to two equal possible inferences the
pleadings of corrupt practice must fail. Where several paragraphs of the
election petition alleging corrupt practices remain unaffirmed under the
F verification clause as well as the affidavit, the unswom allegation could
have no legal existence and the court could not take cognizance thereof.
The charge of corrupt practice being quasi-criminal in nature the court
must always insist on strict compliance with the provisions of law. In such
a case it is equally essential t!iat the particulars of the charge of allegations
G are clearly and precisely stated in the petition. (320-F-H; 321-A]
2.2. It is the violation of the provisions of Section 81 of the Act, which
can attract the application of the doctrine of substantial compliance. The
defect of the type provided in Section 83 of the Act on the other hand can
be dealt with under the doctrine of curability, on the principles co11tained
H in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1!}08. N1111-compliance with the provisions
V. NARA YANASWA.\1Y v. C.P . THlRUNAVUKKARASU 297

of Sectio11 83 may lead to dismissal of the petitio11 if the catter falls within A
the scop: 11f Order 6 Rule 16 and Order 7, Rule 11 of the CPC. [321-B]

2.3. Where neither the verification in the petition nor the affidavit
gives any indication of the sources of information of the petitioner as to
the facts stated in the petition which are not to his knowledge and the
petitioner persists that the verificatio11 is correct and affidavit in the form B
prescribed does not suffer from any defect, the allegations of corrupt
practice cannot be inquired and tried at all. In such a case the petitio11
has to be rejected on the threshold for non-compliance with the mandatory
provisions of law as to pleadings. Where the petition does not disclose any
cause of action it has to be rejected. The court, however, cannot dissect the C
pleadings into several parts and co11sider whether ellch one of them
discloses a cause of action. The petition has to be considered as a lrhole.
There cannot be a partial rejection of the petition. [321-C-E]

D. Ramachandran v. R. V. Janakiraman, [1999) 3 SCC 267, referred
to. D

3. In a petition on the allegation of corrupt practices cause of action
cannot be equated with the cause of action as is normally understood
because of the consequences that follow in a petition based 011 the allega-
tio11s of corrupt practices. An election petition seeking a challenge to the
election of a candidate on the allegation of corrupt practices is a serious
E
matter. If proved not only that the candidate suffers ignominy, he also
snffers disqualilicatiun from stnnding for election for a period that may
extend to six years. Reference in this connection may be made to Section
8-A lbf the Act. It was for this purpose that proviso to Section 83(1) was
inserted by Act 4 of 1961 (w.e.r. 20-9-1961) requiring filing of the affidavit F
in the prescribed form where there are allegations of currupt practice in
the election petition. Filing of the affidavit as required is not a mere
formality. By naming a document as an affidavit it does not become an
affidavit. To be an affid.avit it has to conform not only to the form
prescribed in substanc.: but ltas also to contain particulars as required by G
the Rules. [322-0-E; 324-A]

4. The High Court has undoubtedly the power to permit amendment
of the petition for supply of better material particulars and also to require
amendment of the verification and filing of the required affidavit but there
is no duty cast on the High Court to direct suo motu the furnishing of better H
p

298 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2000] 1 S.C.R.
A particulars and requiring amendment of the petition for the purpose of
verification and filing of proper affidalit. In a matter of this !tind the
primary responsibility for furnishing full particulars of the alleged corrupt
practices and to tile a petition in full compliance with the provisions of law
is on the petitioner. [323-H; 324-A]

B Bhikaji Keshao Joshi v. Brijlal Nandlal Biyani, AIR (1955) SC 610,
followed.

Ch. Subbarao v. Member, Election Tribuna4 Hyderabad, [19114] 6 SCR
213; Murarka Radhey Shyam Ram Kumar v. Roop Singh Rat/tore, [1964] 3
C SCR 573; Dau/at Ram Chauhan v.Anand Shanna, AIR [1984] SC 621; FA.
Sapa v. Singora, [1991] 3 SCC 375; KM. Mani v. P J. Anthony, (1979] 2 SCC
221; Gajanan Krishnaji Bapat v. Dattaji Raghobaji Meghe, Ant (1995) SC
2284; T.M Jacob v. C. Pou/ose, [1999] 4 SCC 274; Dr. Shipra v. Shanti Lal
Kholwal, (1996] 5 SCC 181; R.P. Moidutty v. P. T. Kunju Mohammad, JT
(1999) 7 SC 457; L.R. Shivaramagowda v. T.M. Chandrashekar, [1999] 1
D SCC 666; H.D. Revanna v. G.Puttaswamy Gowda, [1999] 2 SCC 217 and
Dharamvir v.Amar Singh, [1996] 3 SCC 158, relied on.

Sampat N. Balkrishna v. George Fernandez, [1969] 3 SCC 238; Azhar
Hussain v. Rajiv Gandh~ [1986] 2 SCR 782; A.S. Subbaraj v. M. Muthiah, 5
E ELR 21 and Ba/wan Singh v. Lakshmi Narain, AIR (1960) SC 770, cited.

5.1. The appellant alll!ged that the MLAs were '!tept" in a hotel but he
has not given particulars as to what be meant by the word "kept". "Kept" is
certainly not "confined". What entertainment wa~ provided to those MLAs
in various places has also not been specified. It is not his case that he was
F prevented in any way from meeting any of those MLAs. It was a material
fact to allege which he failed to do so. This is apart from the fact that the
material particulars as to when the MLAs were taken to the hotel and to
other places, the names of the MLAs and names of the hotels in these
places, who too!t them there, who paid their bills and who brought them
G bac!t, are lacking. The appellant does not show as to why he could m1t mett
all these MLAs prior to the election. Apart from one independent MLA
other MLAs belonged to various other political parties. Rather it can be
assumed that the MLAs voted according to their political affiliations. It has
come on record t!tat out of a total number of 29 MLAs \'/ho constituted the
Legislative Assembly, one political party ltad taltcn the decision not to v11te
H for any candidate and that is how the two MLAs of this party did not
V. NARAYANASWAMYv. C.P. THIRUNAVUKKARASU 299

participate in the election and total votes polled were 27. There was only A
one independent MLA and his casting of vote eitlner vmy would not have at
all affected the result of the election considering the numlnr of votes polled
by each 11f the candidates. It is not the case of the appellant that he was
barred fr11m meetin.~ any of the MLAs in order to s11licit their votes. There
is no e.llegation if tlitre is any complaint by any MLA that he was !tept out
of circubltion by respondent 11r with bis consent by any other person for B
the purpose 11r not heinc accessible to the appellant. [324-C-D]

5.2. The appellant in his petition stated that the Minister, the Deputy
Speaker and the Parliamentary Secretary to the Chief Minister were the
agents of the respondent. It is furtl1er alleged that one of them to11!t the C
11ther tv•o to Goa with a view to influencing them to get tlteir votes in favour
of the respondent. But it is paradoxical where 011e agent influences the
other agent to vote in a particular way. It certainly could not be a corrupt
practice. Regarding the allegation relating to the MLA who was Govern-
ment whip it is not the case of the appellant that what the said MLA did was
with the consent of the respondent or any of his agent or othenvise. This is D
a material fact, which the appellant failed to allege. Lastly, the notification
regarding to the appoinbnents of Chairmen to various Corp11rati1111s came
out much later after the results 'l'l'2re declared. It is correct that none of tile
nominees belonged to the appellant's party. [324-H; 325-A·C]

Therefore, the e!1ittlon petltl11n not only lt~clted the material fccts, It E
11foo lec!ted tlotcrlcl p::irt!cul111"11, \<~n d::rcctlv;i In r..riflcctlon and the
efildovlt lll:id "'~~ n11t In th:i fo;;ra prc:.:crlb:::d. [325-D]

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 3871 of
~ F
From the JudBIDent and Order dated 18.8.98 of the Madras Hish
Court in DA. No. 298 of 1998.

M.C. Bhnndare, 1. Satyanarayana, Ms. C.K. Sucharita and Ranji G
Thomas for the Appellant.

S. Sivasubramaniam, R. Mohan, S. Thananjayan and M.A. Krish-
namurty for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by H
300 SUPREJv."E COURT REPORTS [2000) 1 S.C.R.

A D.P. WADHWA, J. This appeal is directed against the judgment
dated August 18, 1998 of the Madras High Court allowing the miscel-
laneous application (Original Application No. 298/98) filed by the respon-
1
dent under Order 6 Rule 16 and Ruk 11 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure
(for short the 'Code') and thus holding that the election petition filed by
the appellant under Section lOO(l)(b) and (d) of the Representation of
B the People Act, 1951 {for short the 'Act') stands dismissed under Section
83(1) of the Act read with the Code. In the election petition appellant had
challenged the election of the respondent to the Council of States (Rajya
Sabha) from the: Pondicherry Legislative Assembly.

c callingOnuponSepkmber 16, 1997 Election Commission issued a notification
the Legislative Assembly of the Union of Territory of Pondicher-
ry to till up the vacancy on the completion of the term of the appellimt in the
Rajya Sabha. The notification also stipalated the election schedule. By the
same notification the Secretary, Pondicherry Legislative Assc:mbly was ap-
pointed as Returning Officer for the tlection. On September 26, 1997 the
D Election Commission released the list of contesting candidates. These were
the appellant belonging to the Indian National Congress (INC) and the
respondent belonging to Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). On October
I
!
E l. '16. Striking out pleading;· - The Court may at any stage of the proceedingi; order to
be struck out or amended any matter in any pleading - l
(a) which m~y be unnecessary, scandalou:;, frivolous or vexatious, or
(b) which m;,y tend to prejudice, embarr.a."" or de!cy the fair trial of the suit, or
(c} which is otherwise an abuse of the process of the Court.'
2. 'Rejection of plaint. - The plaint shall be rejected in the following cases :
F (a) where it does not di~close a cause of ~ction;
(b) where the relief claimed is undetvalued, and the plaintiff, on being required by the
Court to correct the valuation within a time to be fixed by the Court, fails to do so;
(c) where the relief claimed is properly valued but the plaint is written upon paper
insufficiently stamped, and the plaintiff on being required by the Court to supply the
requisite stEmp-paper within a time to be fixed by the Court, faih to do oo,
G
(d) where the suit appe<rs from the statement in the plaint to be barred by •ny law;
II
Provided that the time fixed by the Court for the correction of the valuation or supplying
of the requHte stamp-papers shall not be extended unless the Court, for reasons to be I
recorded, is >atisfied that the plaintiff WJS prevented by any cause of an exceptional '
nature from correcting the valuation or supplying the requisite stamp-papers, as the C<iSC
may be, within the time fixed by the Court and that refusal to extend such time would
H cause grave injustice to the plaintiff."
()

V. NARAYANASWAMY v. C.P. THIRUNAVUKKARASU [D.P. WADHWA,J.f 301

23, 1997 election was held and results declared the same day. Out of the A
total electorate of 29 members of the Legislative Assembly 27 cast their
votes. Respondents polled 15 votes, the appellant U. On October 7, 1997
notification dated October 6, 1997 to this effect was published in the
Government Gazette. On November 17, 1997 appellant fded the election
petition in the High Court challenging the election of the respondent. He
alleged that election of the respondent was vitiated due to corrupt practice
B
with the meaning of Section 123(1)(B){b)3 and Section 100(1)(d) 4 of the
Act, committed by the respondent, his agents and other persons with the
consent of the respondent.

3. '123 Conupt practices. • The following shall be deemed to be corrupt pr•ctices for the c
purposes of this Act;
(1) "Bribery", that is to say·
(A) ....... ..
(B) the receipt of, or agreement to receive, any gr•tification, whether as a motive or a
reward·
D
(a) by a person for standing or not standing as, or for withdrawing or not withdrawing
from being, • candidate; or
(b) by any person whomsoever for himself or any other person for voting or refraining
from voting, or inducing or attempting to induce any elector to vote or refrain from
voting, or any candidate to withdraw or not to withdraw his candidature."
Explanation. · For the purprn;es of this clause the term "gratification" is not restricted
to pecuniary gr•tifications or gratifications estimable in money and it includes all form.' E
of entertainment and all forms of employment for rewJrd but it does not include the
payment of any expenses bona fide incurred at, or for the purpose of, any election and
duly entered in the account of election expenses referred to in section 78.
(2) l:ndue influence, that is to Slly, any direct or indirect interference or attempt to
interfere on the part of the candidate or his agent, or of any other person with the
consent of the candidate or his election agent, with the free exercise of any electoral
right :
F
Provided that •

4. "100. Grounds for declaring election to be void · (1) Subject to the provisions of
sub-section (2) if the High Court is of opinion •
(a)············ G
(b) that any corrupt pr•ctice has been committed by a returned candidate or his election
agent or by any other person with the consent of a returned candidate or his election
agent, or

(c) ·······
(d) that the result of the election, in so far so it concerns a returned candidate, has
been materially affected • H
()

302 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2000) l S.C.R.
A The appdlant alleged the following corrupt practices committed by
the respondent ·

1. Respondent was proposed by \fr. R.V. Janakiraman, Chief Mini-
ster belonging to DMK. For the second set of application the name of
respondent was proposed by Mr. C. Jayakumar, Minister in the Govern-
ment of Pondicherry. The proposals were seconded respectively by Mr. M.
B Kandaswamy, Deputy Speaker and Mr. K. Rajasekheran, Parliamentary
Secretary to the Chief Minister. All these four persons acted as agents for
the respondent in the election. (parn 6 of the election petition)

2. After the commencement of the election process on September 26,
1997 Government of Pondicherry announced appointment of Chairmen for
C five State owned corporations. It was published in the daily newspaper •
Daily Jhanthi on September 27, 1997. None of the nominees was from
Congress. This amounted to exercise of undue influence to secure the votes
of the MLAs, particularly the MLAs who wer~ nominated as Chairmen.
The Government of Pondicherry was headed by Mr. R.V. Janakiraman,
who acted as agent of the respondent. Announcement of the notification
materially affected the result of the election. (para 11 of the election
D petition)
(i) ....... .
(ii) by ;my comipt proctice committed in the intere&ts of the returned CQndidate by on
E
~cent other lh·:n hb el:ction :cent, or

(Ill) ...........
F (Iv) ...........
tho H(;h Court 111~11 dccbr;: th• el:ction of tho return~d c~ndid~te to bo void.
(2) If In the opinion of the Hluh Coun, ! returned ccndld~te h~~ been 311ilty by Qn
Q(lCl!t, other tllon his election ~i:;;:nt of "ny corrupt proctlce but the Hli:h Court b
s:.tisfled •
(:) thut no such corrupt pr.octlce was committed ot the election by the cundid~te or his
election .oi;ent, .ond e-.i:y such corrupt pr.:ctice w~s committed contrui:y to the ordeB,
G Md without the con:ent, ot the c::ndid::te or his election ~sent;
(b) Omitted
(c) thot tile c;.indid~te and his election :,gi::nt too!< •II reosono.ble meuns for pre-=nting
the commission of corrupt practices •t the election, >nd
(d) that in all other respects the election w~s free from any corrupt prnctice on the p::n
of the candid~tc or any of his agents,
H then the High Coun may decide that the election of the returned candidate is not void."
V. NARAY ANASWAMY v. C.P. 'fHtRLNAVl:KKARASL [lJ.P. WADHWA, J.J 303

3. After the date of the election was fixed for October 3, 1997 the A
appellant wanted to meet all the MLAs at Pondicherry. However, MLAs
belonging to DMK, Tamil Manila Congress, Communist Party of lndia,
Pattali Makkel Katchi, Janata Dal and also an independent MLA were not
available in Pondicherry. The MLAs were taken out of Pondicherry, enter-
tained there and were brought back to Pondicherry on Octobt:r 2, 1997.
Similarly exet:pt two Ministers, Mr. S.P. Sivakumar and Mr. R. Vis-
B
wanathan, no other Minister was available in Pondicherry. The Chief
Minister Mr. R.V. Janakiraman took the MLAs and kept them at Hotel
Ashok, Pondicherry by providing all facilities to them from Septt:mber 25,
1997 tu September 27, 1997. Thereafter the MLAs wen: shifted tu
Mahabalipuram and entertained in five star hotels. Complaint to this effoct c
was sent by the appellart to the Election Commission on Octobcr 2, 1997.
(para 7 of thc election pctition)

4. Mr. C. Jayakumar, who had proposed the name of the respondent,
took Mr. Kandaswamy and Mr. K. Rajasekheran to Goa with a vicw to D
inlluence them. They were taken thcre in a Government vehicle bcaring
registration No. PY-01-C-2345 and PY-01-0-9289 on September 27, 1998,
returning on October 1, 1997. In Goa all the three stayed in Government
Guest House. Entire expenses for tht:ir travel and stay at Goa wcre met by
the Govcrnmcnt of Pondicherry. Both Mr. Kandaswamy and Mr. Rajasek- E
heran were taken to Goa and entertained there as a reward for voting in
favour of the respondent. They Were influenced to c;ist their votes in favour
of the respondent. This conduct of Mr. C. Jayakumor, who was lleent of
the respondent, amounted to corrupt pr<:ictice. Both Mr. C. Juydtumur .und
Mr. R.V. J,mw.kir<iman, the Chief Minister, did the corrupt prnctice with
the consent of the respondent, which materially affected the election result F
in so far iiS it concerned the respondent.

5. Mr. N. Kcshavan, another agent of the respondent, also influenced
Mr. R. Rajnraman, Janata Dal MLA. Mr. N. Keshavan, MLA is the
Government whip belonging to DMK. Mr. R. Rajaraman was kept at G
Ashok Hotel at Pondicherry and then taken to Kovalam, Chengleput
District, then to Tirupati in a Government vehicle bearing registration No.
PY-01-6667 and then brought back to Pondicherry on October 2, 1997.
Entire expenses of this trip were borne by the Govermnent of Pondicherry
headed by Mr. R.V. Janakiraman, an agent of the respondent. H
304 SUP RF.ME COURT REPORTS [2000) 1 S.C.R.
A In the counkr affidavit filed by the respondent on May 25, 1998 he
denied all the allegations made against him. It was submitted that the
allegations of corrupt practices alleged in the election petition were vague
and unspecific and bereft of material facts and particulars. It was also
submitted that the election petition be dismissed under Order 6 Rule 16
and Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code. On the same day the respondent also
B filed a miscellaneous application (Original Application No. 298 of 1998)
praying for striking out the paragraphs 5 to 11, 13 and 14 of the election
p&ition on the ground that material facts were not stated in the election
petition and praying for dismissal of the election petition to that score.
Respondent also raised objection to the validity of the verification to the
C petition and to the affidavit in support of the allegations of corrupt prac-
tices. The appellant filed rejoinder to the counter affidavit and reply to the
miscellaneous application reaffirming what he: had said in the election
petition. He said the election petition was duly verified as per law and the
affidavit legally correct.
D
On the pleadings of the parties High Court framed the issues.
However, by the impugned judgment dattcd August 18, 1998 High Court
allowed the miscellaneous application of the respondent and dismissed the
election petition without holding any trial. Aggriewd appellant got leave
to appeal and this is how the matter is before us.
E
Mr. Murli Bhandare, learned senior counsel for the appellant, con-
fined his submissions to corrupt practices alleged in paras 6, 7, 8, 9 & 11
of the election petition, which haw been noted above. He submitted that
High Court was in error in dismissing the election petition without trial on
F the ground that material facts were not set out when High Court itself had
framed issues on the basis of the material facts set out in the election
petition. He said High Court failed in appreciating the crucial distinction
between material facts and material particulars and that High Court also
failed to take notice of the decision of this Court in D. Ramachandran v.
R. V. !anakiraman and Others, (1999) 3 SCC 267, holding that the court
G cannot dissect the pkadings into several parts to consider whether each on
of them disclosed a cause of action Mr. Bhandare said following questions
arose for consideration by this Court :-

(i) · Whether the High Court was justified in dismissing the elec-
H lion petition without trial although material facts were set out
V. NARAYANASWAMY v. C.P. THIRUNAVUKKARASV (D.P. WADHWA,J.J 305

in the petition and issue~ were framed for trial. A
(ii) Whether the High Court was justified in entertaining a mis-
cellaneous application on behalf of the returned candidate
for striking out paragraphs 5 to 11, 13 and 14 of the election
petition after framing issues for trial on the basis of the
pleadings and after hearing the parties. B
(iii) Whether the High Court was justified in dissecting the plead-
ings into several parts to consider whether each one them
discloses a cause of action.

(iv) Whether the High Court was justified in rejecting the election C
petition without trial without appreciating the crucial distinc-
tion between material facts and material particulars.

We may refer to the verification to the election petition and also to
the affidavit, which is required to be filled, in the form prescribed, by the D
appellant:

"VERIFICATION

I, Mr. V. Narayanasamy, son of Sri Velu, residing at No. 5,
Ellaiamman Koil Street, Pondicherry-1, the petitioner herein do
hereby declare that what all stated in the above paragraphs 1 to
E
15 are all true to the best of my knowledge, information and belief.

Verified at Chennai this 17th day of November, 1997.

Petitioner."
F
"AFFIDAVIT OF V. NARAYANASAMY

I, Mr. V. Narayanasawamy, son of Vclu, Hindu aged about 50
years, residing at No. 5, Ellaiamman Koil Street, Pondicherry-1
now temporarily come down to Chennai, the petitioner in the G

.. Election Petition calling in question the Election of Shree C.P.
Thirunavukkarasu, the respondent in the Election Petition, niakes
solemn affirmation/Oath and say :-

(a) that the statements made in paragraphs 7 to 10 of the accom-
panying Election Petition about the commission of the cor- H
306 SUPRFME COURT REPORTS [20CO) 1 S.C.R.
A rupt practice of gratification as a motive or reward for secur-
ing votes and undue influence as referred under Section
123{1 )(B) and (2) of the particulars of such corrupt practice
mentioned in paragraphs 7 to 10 of the same petition are true
to my knowledge.

B (b) That the statements made in paragraphs 7 to 10 of the
accompanying Election Petition about the Commission of the
corrupt practice of gratificc: tions a motive or reward for
securing votes and undue influence as referred under Section
123(1 )(b) and (2) of the Representation of the People Act,
c 1951 and the particulars of such corrupt practice mentioned
in paragraphs 7 to 11 of the same petition are true to my
information :

(c) That the statem1,;nts made in paragraph 11 of the accompany-
ing Election Petition about the: Commis~ion of corrupt prac-
D tice of gratification as a motive or reward for securing votes
and undue influence as referred under Section 123(1)(B) and
(2) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 and the
particulars of such corrupt practice mentioned in paragraph
11 of the same petition are true to my information."
E Both the verification and the affidavit do not meet the requirement
of law.

In the counter affidavit filed to the eh::ction petition, the r1:spondcnt
had sp1:cifically pr11y1:d for strikina out pun1s S to 11, 13 1111d 14 of the
F election petition on the [ll'OUnd th:.it in tho~.: pllTaertiphs there W\lre no
material facts tnd thut material facts nccessmy to constitute cause of action
had not been ple11ded. He had also prayed for dismissal of the election
petition under Order 6 Rule 16 and Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code.
Appellant, it appears, filed his rejoinder denying thut the material facts h11d
G not been stated or that the petition had not been verified properly or the
affidavit in support of corrupt practice did not conform to the requirements
of law. In the miscellaneous application (Oriainal Application No. 298198),
the respondent had ;;gain prayed for striking out the paragraphs 5 to 11, ..
13 and 14 of the election petition as wdl for dismissal of the election
petition on the grounds that the avcrments pleaded in those paragraphs
H did not give rise to (i) any triable: issm: and (ii) the election petition
V. NARAYANASWAMYv. C.P.THIRUNAVVKKARASt: (D.P. WADHWAJ.) 307

suffered from lack of valid verification and the affidavit. Again in reply to A
this, the appdlant denied that there Wt:re no material facts and that the
verification in the petition was not proper or that the affidavit was not in
accordance with the Rules.

The question, therefore, before us, is what is the effect of lack of
makrial facts, matt:rial particulars, proper verification to the election B
petition and the defective affidavit required to be filed in the form
prescribed'! The respondent says that when the petition lacked even
material facts and since the pt:tition did not disclose cause of action for
having committed any corrupt practice, for all these reasons High Court
was justified in dismissing the petition at the threshold without going for a C
trial.

In support of their rival contentions various decisions of this Court
were cited at the Bar. We may refer to some of them.

In Ch. Subbarao v. Member, Election Tribunal, Hyderabad, (1964] 6 D
SCR 213 (CB) elt:ction petition was type written and the copies which
accompanied the pc:tition were carbon copies of the type written script, so
there was no question of the copies being other than true copies. The
copies bore two signatures in original of the petitioner authenticating both
the contents of the petition as well as the verification thc:reof. The
petitioner, however, did not insert the word ''true copy" before or above E
the signatures. High Court considered that this rendered the petition filed
not in accordance with Section 81(3) of the Act and on that ground the
petition was dismissed. The view of the High Court was challenged before
this Court. While explaining the proposition that an election petition was
not to be equated to an action at law or in equity but that as the rights F
were purely the creatun: of statute, if the statute rendered any particular
requirement mandatory, the courts possessed and could exercise no dis-
pensing power to waive non-compliance. This Court held that the alleged
defect in the: petition did not constitute non-compliance with the provisions
of Section 81(3) of the Act as there was substantial compliance with those G
provisions. In coming to this conclusion, the Court relied on its earlier
Constitution Bench decision in the case of Murarka Radhey Shyam Ram
Kumar v. Roop Singh Rathore & Ors., (1964] 3 SCR 573.

In Murarka Radhey Shyam Ram Kumar's case [1964] 3 SCR 573 (CB)
this Court held that defect in verification which is to be made in the manner H
308 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2000j 1 S.C.R.
A laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 for the verification of
pleadings as required by clause (c) of Section 81(3) is not fatal to the
maintainability of the election petition. The Court then considered the
arguments relating to the affidavit which accompanied the election petition
in respect of corrupt practice alleged in the petition. The argument was
B that the affidavit was m:ither in the prescribed form nor was it properly
sworn as required by the Rules under the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961.
Therefore, there was a failure to comply with the provisions of Section
83(1) of the Act. Further argument was that an election petition under
Section 81 must comply with the provisions of Section 83 and unless it
complies with those provisions, it is not an election petition under Section
C 81. The Court approved the view of the Election Tribunal that the affidavit
was in the prescribed form but due to inexperience the Oath Commissioner
had made a mistake in the verification portion of the affidavit. This Court
did not think that the defect in the verification due to the inexperience of
the Oath Commission was such a fatal defect as to require the dismissal of
D the election petition.
In Dau/at Ram Chauhan v. Anand Sharma, AIR (1984) SC 621
(1984] 2 SCC 64 (21), this Court laid two propositions :

''1. A person may, dut: to sympathy or on his own, support the
E candidature of a particular candidatt: but unless a close and direct
nexus is proved between the act of the person and the consent
given to him by the candidate or his election agent, the same would
not amo~nt to a pleading of corrupt practiet: as contemplated by
law. It cannot be left to time, chanc;: or conjecture for the court
to draw an inference by adopting an involved process of reasoning.
F In fine, the allegation must be so dear and specific that the
inference of corrupt practice will irresistibly admit of no doubt or
qualm.

2. Where the allegation of fraudulent practice is open to two equal
possible infen:nces the pleadings of corrupt practice must fail. For
G
instance, A, or in this case Sood or Batish, joined or participated
or was present in an election rally or crowd and may have shouted
slogans on his own without taking the consent of the candidate
concerned, this would not be a corrupt practice within the meaning
of Section 123(2) because the element of consent is wholly want-
H ing."
u
V. NARAYANASWAMY v. C.P. THIRCNAVUKKARASU [D.P WADHWA. J.) 309

In FA. Sapa & Ors. v. Singora & Ors., [1991) 3 SCC 375 (3J) the A
· question before the High Court was whether the election petition was in
conformity with the requirements of Sections 815 and 836 of the Respresen-
tation of the People Act, 1951 and the Rules framed thereunder. Prelimi-
nary objection raised by the appellant, the successful candidate, about the
maintainability of the petition, was negatived by the High Court. Against
that order he came to this Court. One of the questions before this Court
B
was if the election petition was liable to be dismissed under Section 83 of
the Act primarily on the ground that the affidavit filed by the original
petitioner was not strictly in conformity with Form 25, inasmuch as the
verification as regards the averments based on knowledge and the aver-
ments based on information had not been made separately as required by c
the said form prescribed by Rule 95-A of the Rules. This Court considered
various provisions of the Act, particularly Part VI entitled "Disputes
Regarding Elections" and said that it constituted a sdf-contained code. It

5. 81. Presentation of petitions - (1) An election petition calling in question any election D
may be presented on one or more of the grounds specified in sub-section (1) of section
IUO and section 101 to the High Court by any candidate at such election or any elector
within forty-five days from, but not earlier than the date of election of the returned
candidate or if there are more than one returned candidate at the election and dates
of their election are different, the later of those two dates.
Explanation ~ In this sub-section, "elector" means a person who was entitled to vote at
the election to which the election petition relates, whether he has voted at such election E
or not.
(2) ...... (omitted by Act 47 of 1966, s. 39 (w.e.f 14.12.1966)
(3) Evexy election petition shall be accompanied by as many copies thereof as there are
respondents mentioned in the petition, and evexy such copy shall be attested by the
petitioner under his own signature to be a true copy of the petition.
6. 83. Contents of petition - (1) An election petition - F
(a) shall contain a concise statement of the material facts on which the petitioner relies;
(b) shall set forth full particulars of any corrupt practice that the petitioner alleges,
including as full a statement as possible of the names of the parties alleged to have
committed such corrupt practice and the date and place of the commission of each such
practice, and
(c) shall be signed by the petitioner and verified in the manner laid down in the Code G
of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) for the verification of pleading.s:
Provided that where the petitioner alleges any corrupt practice, the petition shall also
be accompanied by an affidavit in the prescribed form in support of the allegation of
such corrupt pr•ctice and the particulars thereof.
(2) Any schedule or annexure to the petition shall also be signed by the petitioner and
verified in the same manner as the petition. II
310 SUPRE!vlF. COURT REPORTS [2CXXJI l S.C.R.
A was submitted by the appellant in that case that then: was failure to comply
with even the basic requirements of an affidavit and as a matter of fact it
was a case of no compliance. This Court held that where several para-
graphs of the c!t:ction petition remain unaffirmed under the verification
clause as well as the affidavit, the unsworn allegation could have no legal
B existence and the Court could not take cognizance thereof. It was further
submitted in that case that proof of alkgation of corrupt practic.: would
visit the returned candidate with certain slri6us consequences and must,
therefore, be viewed seriou~ly It was furtht:r held by this Court that inquiry
being quasi-cr'.minal in natun:, tht: Court must always insist on strict
compliance with the provisions of law in t'lat behalf and failure to do so
C must prove fatal. This Court said :

"It is fairly well st:!tlt:d that our di::ction law being statutory in
characttr must bi:: strictly complied with since an election petition
is not guided by ever changing common law principles of justice
and notions of t:quity. Being statutory in character it ·is t:sscntial
D that it must conform to the requirements of our election law. But
at the same time the purity of dection process must be maintained
at all costs and those who violatt: the statutory norms must suffer
for such violation. If the returned candidate is shown to have
secured his success at the election by corrupt means he must suffer
E for his misdi::eds.''

This Court observed that where the petitioner has allt:ged corrupt practice
that is not enough, proviso to Section 83 demands that the petition
shall be accompanied by an affidavit in tic prescribed form support-
F ing the allegation of such corrupt practice and particulars thereof.
The Court said :

''Therefore, an election petition in which corrupt practice is alleged
stands on a different footing from an election petition which does
not carry such an allegation. The legislature has taken special care
G to ensure that ordinary verification will not suffice, it must be
supported by an affidavit in the prescribed form. Form 25 has been ....
prescribed for such an affidavit under Rule 94-A of the Rules. That
rule says that the affidavit referred to in the proviso to Section
83( 1) shall be in Form 25. The form of the affidavit requires the
H deponent to state which of the para&'l'aphs of the election petition
V ~ARAYANASWAMY<.C'P IHIRLt-.AVU<KARASC[D.P.WADHWAJ.i 311

in which allegations of corrupt practice are made are based on his A
own knowledge and which an: based on his information. Section
86(1) then mandalt:s that the High Court ;'shall" dismiss an election
petition which does not comply with the provisions of Section 81
or Section 82 or Section 117 of the R.P. Act. The language of this
sub-section is quite imperative and commands the High Court, in
no uncertain tt:rms, to dismiss an election petition which does not
B
comply with the requirements of Section 81 or Section 82. This
7
mandate is, however, qualified by section 86(5) referred to ear-
lier."

The Court then observed that the procedural precautions intended to c
ensure that the person mal<ing the allegation of corrupt practice realizes
the seriousness thereof as such a charge would be akin to a criminal charge
since it visits the party indulging in such practice with a twofold penalty
and that is why this Court described it as quasi-criminal in nature. It is,
therefore, equally essential that the particulars of the charge or allegation
D
are clearly and precisely stated in tht.: election petition to afford a fair
opportunity to the person against whom it is levelled to effectively count<:r
the same (see KM. Mani v. P.J. Anthony, [L/79) 2 SCC 221. This Court
then said:

"Section 83(1)(a) stipulates that t.:Very election petiti0n shall con-
E
tain a concise statement of the 'material facts' on which the
petitioner relies. That means th~ entire bundle of facts which would
constitute a complete cause of action must be concisely stated in
an dection petition. Section 83(1)(b) next requires an election
petitioner to set forth full 'particulars' of any corrupt practice F
alkged against a retum..:d candidate. These 'particulars' are ob-
viously difforcnt from the 'material facts' on which the petition is

7. 86. Trial of election petitions ·· (1) to (4) .....
(5) The High Court m•y. upon such terms •• to cost• and otherwise as it may deem fit,
allow the particulars ol any corrupt practice alleged in the petition to be amended or G
amplified in such manner as may in its opinion be necessary for ensuring a fair ~nd
effecth>e trial of the petition, but shall not allow any amendment of the petition which
wilt ha>e the effect of introducing particular> of a corrupt pr&ctice not previously alleged
in the petition.
(6) ....... .
(7) ........ H
312 SUPREME COVRT REPORTS (20CO] l S.C.R.
A founded and are intended to afford to the returned candidate an
adequate opportunity to effectivdy meet with such an allegation.
The underlying idea in requiring the election petitioner to set out
in a concise manner all the 'material facts' as well as the •full
particulars' where commission of corrupt practice is complained
of is to delineak the scope, ambit and limits of the inquiry at the
B trial of the election pttition."

Then the Court held as under :

"From the text of the relevant provisions of the R.P. Act, Rule
94-A and Form 25 as wdl as Order 6 Rule 15 and Order 19 Rule
c 3 of the Code and the resume of the case law discussed above it
clearly emerges (i) a ddect in the verification, if any, can be cured
(ii) it is not essential that the verification clause at the foot of the
pt::tition or the affidavit accompanying the same should disclose
the grounds or sources of information in regard to the averments
D or alleg<1tions wh, ch are based on information believed to be true
(iii) if the respondent desires better particul<1rs in regard to such
averments or allt:gations, he may call for the same in which case
the petitioner m<.y be required to supply the same and (iv) the
defect in tht: affidavit in prescribed Form 25 can be cured unless
E the affidavit forms an integral part of the petition, in which case
the defect concerning material facts will have to bt: dealt with,
subject to limitation, under St:ction 81(3) as indicated earlier.
Similarly, the court would have to decide in each individual case ..
wht:ther the schedule or anm::xure reft:rred to in Section 83(2)
constitutes an integral part of the elt:ction pt:tition or not; differt:nt
F considerations will follow in the case of the former as compared
to those in the case of the lattt:r .''

In Gajanan Krishnaji Bapat and Another v. Dattaji Raghobaji Meghe
and Others, AIR (1995) SC 2284 = [1995] 5 SCC 347, this Court again
G said:
'l. Section 83 of the Act provides that the election petition must
contain a concise statement of the material facts on which the
petitioner relies and further that he must set forth full particulars
of the corrupt practice that he alleges including as full a statement .
H as possible of the name of the parties alleged to have committed
V.NARAYANASWAMYv. C.P. THIRLNAVLKKARASl: [D.P. WADHWA,J.J 313

such corrupt practices and the date and place of the commission A
of each of such corrupt practice. This section has been held to be
mandatory and requires first a concise statement of material facts
and then the full particulars of the alleged corrupt practice, so as
to present a full picture of the cause of action.

2. A petition Jevdling a charge of corrupt practice is required, by B
law, to be supportt:d by an affidavit and tht: election petitiont:r is
also obliged to disclose his source of information in respect of the
commission of the corrupt practice. This becomes necessary to
bind the election petitioner to the charge levelled by him and to
prevent any fishing or roving enquiry and to prevent the returned c
candidate from being taken by a surprise. (see : Sampat N.
Balkrishr.a v. George Fernandez, [1969) 3 SCC 238.

In T.M. Jacob v. C. Poulose and Others, [1999] 4 SCC 274 a Con-
stitution Bench of this Court was considering a judgment in the case of Dr. D
Shipra v. Shanti Lal Kholwal, [19%] 5 SCC 181, whert:in on the basis of
non- compliance of Section 81(3) the elt:ction petition was dismissed at the
threshold under Section 86(1) of the Act. Then Considering the provisions
. of Sections 81, 82, 83, 86(1) and 86(5) of the Act the Court said :

"(That apart), to our mind, the legislative intent appears to be quite E
clear, since it divides violations into two classes - those violations
which would entail dismissal of the election petition under Section
86(1) of the Act like non- compliance with Section 81(3) and those
violations which attract Section 83(1) of the Act, i.e., non-com-
pliance with the provisions of Section 83. It is only the violation of F
Section 81 of the Act which can attract the application of the
doctrine of substantial compliance as expounded in Murarka Radhey
Shyam Ram Kumar v. Roop Singh Rathore, (1964] 3 SCR 573 and
Ch. Subbarao v. Member Election Tribunal, Hyderabad, [1984) 6
SCR 213, cases. The defect of the type provided in Section 83 of
the Act, on the hand, can be dealt with under the doctrine of G
curability, on the principles contained in the Code of Civil Proce-
dure."

In D. Ramachandran v. R.V Janakiraman and Otherl; [1999] 3 SCC
267, a thr..:e Judge Bench of this Court observed : H
314 SCPREML COURT Rf.PC >RTS [2CCO] l s.e.R.
A "It is well settled that in all casts of preliminary objection, tht: test
lo st:t: whetht:r any of the rdids prayt:d for could be granted to
the appdlant if the averments 'llade in the pi:tition are proved to
be true. For the purpose of con,idering a prdiminary objt:ctiun,
the avermi:nl5 in the petition should be assumed to be true and
the court has to find out whether those averments disclose a cause
B of action or a triable is&ue as such. The court cannot probe into
the facts on the basis of the controversy raised in the counter."

The Court said that undt:r Order 7, Rule 11 of the Codt: the court is to
rejt:ct the plaint wht:rt: it dot:s not disclose the cause of action. But there
C is no question of striking out any portion of the pleadings under this Rule.
The Court said :

"The application fi!t:d by the first respondt:nl in OA No. 36 of 1997
is on the footing that the averments in the ekction petition did
not contain the matt:rial facts giving rise to a triablt: issue or
D
disclosing a caust: of action. Laying stress upon the provisions of
Order 7 Rule 11 (a), learned Srnior Counsel for the first respon-
dent took us through the cntir~ election petition and submitted
that the avcrmcnts then.:in do not disclose a cause of action. On a
reading of the petition, wt: do not find it possible to agree with
. -
E him. The election pt:tition as such docs disclose a caru.e of action
which if unrebulted could void the ckction and the provisions of
Order 7 Rule 11(a) CPC cannot therefore be invoked in this ca&e.
Tht:re is no merit in the contel'tion that some tu tht: allegations
are bereft of matt:rial facts and as such do not disclose a cause of
F action. ll i& elementary that under Order 7 Rule ll(a) CPC, the
court cannot dissect the pleading into several parts and consider
whetht:r .:ach one of them discloses a caust: of ai:tion. l:nder the
Rule:, thtre cannot be a partial rejection of the plaint or pt:tition."

The cast: of Dr. Shipra (Smt.) and Others v. Shanti Lal Klto/wal and
G Others, [1990[ 5 sec 181, was considered by the Constitution Bt:nch in the
case of T.M. Jacob V. c.
Pou/ose and Others, (1999] 4 sec 274. In Dr.
Shipra's case a prdiminary objection was raised that copy of the notice
together with the affidavit in support of the election petition on the
allegation of corrupt practices did not contain tht: wrification by the
H Notary and hence the elt:ction petition was not maintainable in accordance
V. NARA\A~ASWAMY '· C.P. THIRLNAVI ,~RAS\' p.P. WADHWAJ.J 3l5

with Section 83(1)(c) of the Act. The objection was uphdd by the High A
Court and appeal against that was dismissed by this Court. The question
thus raised before this Court for its consideration was whether the copy of
the dection p..:tition accompanicd by supporting affidavit served nn the
rcspondrnt al1•ng with form 25 pr~"cribccd under Ruh.: 94-A of th<: Con-
duct uf !::Jcct!L•n Ruks, '. '161 without atkstation part duty v.:rifo.:d by the
District M'1gistrnk.':'1.utary.'C Jatl1 ( 'ommi"ion...:r ..:uuld h.o said tu he 'true
B
and cum;d copy'' of the ekctiun pditiun as envisaged in Section 81.(3) of
the Act. Explaining the judgment in Dr. Shipra's case tho; Constitution
Bench in T.AL Jacob·~ case observ.;d :

Tho; dekct found m tho; 'true copy' of the affidavit in Dr. C
Shipra's case was not merdy the absence of the name of the Notary
or his st:al and stamp but a compktc absence of ''notarial endor-
sement" of the verification as wdl as absence of an ''affirmation"
or ''oath'' by the election petitioner. It was in that context that the
Bench had found in Dr. Shipra case that the returned candidate
would have got the impn:ssion, on a perusal of the 'true copy" of D
the affidavit, that there was no duly sworn and verified affidavit
filt:d in support of the allt:gations of corrupt practice by the
election petitioner. lt was precisdy on account of this 'fatal" defect
that K. Ramaswamy, J. opined that "the prindpk of 1'Ubstantial
• complianc~ canl'!ot h~ aceepkd in '.he be• sit'.1ation" Thus the E
judgni.;;nt ~H fJr. Sh!pra La~i..' j~, \"l'nt:n1 J t,~ l~1..; '(1~! 2-iitu::.i.t~on as
cxi.~ting in that ca~t:........ "

In Dr. Shipra's case this Court hdd :-

"Sections 81, 83(1)(c) and 86 and with Rule 94-A of the Rules and F
Form 25 an: to be read conjoint!y as an integral scheme. When so
read, if the court finds on an objection, being raised by tht: returned
candidate, as to the maintainability of the dection petition, the
court is required to go into the qm:stion and decide the preliminary
objection. In case tht: court doi:s not uphold the same, the need G
to conduct trial would arise. It the court upholds the preliminary
objection, the ekction petition would result in dismissal at the
thn:shold, as the court is ldt with no option except to dismiss the
same.'(

In R.P. 1'vfoidutty v. P. T. Kunju Mohammad & Anr., JT (1999) 7 SC H
316 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2000] 1 S.C.R.
A 457 (3J) this Court was considering the question regarding nature of
particulars required to be pleaded in support of an averment of corrupt
practice. It said that heavy onus lies on the petitioner seeking setting aside
of the election of a successful candidate to make out a ckar case for such
relief both in the pleadings and at the trial. Tht: mandate of the people is
B one as has been truly, fredy and purdy expressed. And furtht:r that ''as the
consequences flowing from the proof of corrupt practice at the t:kction an:
serious, the onus of establishing commission of corrupt practice lits heavily
on the person who alleges the sarnt:''. In this cast, the corrupt practice
alleged was scr.:ening of a video film by t!te successful candidate whicft
according to tht petitioner materially affected the rt:sult of the election and
C vitiated by the commission of corrupt practici:: within the meaning of
sub-section (3) and (3A) of Section 123 of the Act. It was alleged that the
film was exhibitt:d throughout the constituency during the election. The
photo-contents of the video film as also the speeches contained thi::rein
were highly objectionable and inflammatory. This Court also reforred to
D the verification to the election petition a~ wdl as to the affidavit re-
quired to be filed in Form No. 25 appended to the Rules. The verifica-
tion was as under :

"l. R.P. Moidutty, S/o Abubakker Haji, aged 54, pi;titioner in the
above election petition do hereby declare that the averments in
E para 1 to 17 are true and made from pi::rsonal knowledge and on
the basis of p..:rsonal enquiry I bdievi: that all the averments madt:
in para 1 to 17 are true.

Signed and verified on this the 21st day of June, 1996.

F PETITIONER"

This Court then said :

''Application of the abovenoted well settled principles to the case
at hand raises a gloomy picture indeed. The petition is bereft of
G some material facts and particulars. 1t does not set out names of
even a few persons who viewed the film and/or in whose presence
it was exhihited though it was not necessary for the petitioni::r to
have alleged the names of each and every person who had vii::wed
the video film. However, the names of a few persons who had
H viewed the film and in whose presence it was exhibited were
V. NAJlAYANASWAMYv. CP 1HIRCNAVLKKARASL [D.P. WADHWA.J.J 317

expected to have been alleged in the election petition so as to put A
respondent No. 1 on notice that tht:se were the persons who were
proposed to be examined by the petitioner in support of his
avermenb. Th~ petitioner's pleading in this regard fails to satisfy
tht: rt:quircmcnts of proviso to sub-section (I) of Section 83 of tht:
Act as explained in Azhar Hussain v. Rajiv Gandhi, [19861 2 SCR
B
782.'

'The affidavit filed by the pditiont:r in support of the election
petition as required by Rule 94-A also docs not satisfy the require-
ment of proviso to sub-section ( 1) of S.:ction 83 of the Act and
Form No. 25 appt:nded to the Rules. The several avermcnts relat- C
ing to commission of corrupt practice by the first respondent as
contained in paragraphs 4 to 12 and 16 of the petition have been
verified as true to the best of "my knowkdge and information" -
both, without specifying which of the allegations were true to the
personal knowledge of the petitioner and which of the allegations D
were based on the information of the petitiona bdiewd by him
to be true. Neither the verification in the petition nor the affidavit
gives any indication of the sourct: of information of the petitioner
as to such facts as were not in his own knowledge."

\11 'be aVi..:Tmi.:nt~ madL ~n P<-•f~f::, i {n i 7 01 th~ p1..::tiUfHl' }}av\..·
•i ..
E
been stated to be true to the: personal knuwkdgc of the pttitmner
and in the next breath the very samt avermt:nts have been stated
to be based on the information of the petitioner and believed by
him to be true. The source of information is not disclosed. As
observed by the Supreme Court in FA. Sapa Etc. Etc. v. Singora F
and OtherJ; JT ( 1991) 2 SC 503, the object of requiring verification
of an election petition is to clearly fix the responsibility for the
averments and allegations in tht: petition on the person signing the
verification and, at the same time discouraging wild and irrespon-
sible allegations unsupported by facts. However, the defeat of
verification is not fatal to the petition, it can be cured (see :Murarka G
Radhey Sham Ram Kumar v. Roop Singh Rathore and Ors., AIR
(1964) SC 1545. A.S. Subbaraj v. M. Muthiah, 5 ELR 2L In the
present case the defect in verification was pointed out by raising
a plea in that regard in the written statement. The objection was
pressed and pursued by arguing the same before the Court. How- H
318 SUPREME COl 'Rl RFPOR'!'S [200011 S.C.R.

A ever, the petitiont:r persisted !n pursuing the petition without
proper ~erification which the petitioner should not have been
permitted to do. In our opinion, unless the defect in verification
was rectified, the petition could not havt been tried. For want of
affidavit in required form and also for lack of particulars, the
allegations of corrupt practice could not have been enquired into
B and tried at all. In fact, the pn:sent om: i; a fit case where the
petition should have been reject cd at the threshold for non-com-
pliance with the mandatory provisions of law a~ to pkadings. ·

In L.R. Shivaramagowda & Ors. v. T.l'vf. Chandrashekar (Dead) By
C Lrs. & Ors., [19991 l SCC 666 (3.1) this Court again considered the impor-
tance of pleadings establishing in an dection pt:tition alleging corrupt
practice falling within the scope of Section 123 of the Act and said :

"This Court has repeatedly stressed the importance of pleadings
in an elt:ction p.:tition iind pointed out the diffen:nce between
D
"material facts'' and "material particulars". While th..: failure to
plead material facts is fatal to the election petition and no amend-
ment of the pleading could be allowed to introduce such material
facts after the time-limit prescribed for filing the election petition,
the absence of matt:rial particuLrrs can be cured at a later stage
E by an appropriate amendment. ln Ba/wan Singh v. lak.1hmi Narain,
AIR (1960) SC 770 ·" [ 1%01 3 SCR 91 tht: Constitution Bench
held that an election petition was not liabk to be dismi;sed in
limine merely because full particulars of corrupt practice alleged
were not set out. On the facts of the case, the Court found that
the allegt:d corrupt practice of hiring a vehicle for the conveyance
F
of the voh:rs to the polling station was sufficiently set out in the
pleading. The Court pointed out that the corrupt practice being
hiring or procuring of the vehicle for the conveyance of the elec..
tors, if full particulars of conveying by a vehicle of elt:ctors to or
from any polling stations were givc:n, Section 83 was duly complied
G with, even if the particulars of the contract of hiring, as distin-
guished from the fact of hiring were not given.'

Then this Court referred to the various judgments of this Court drawing
distinction between the "makrial fact" and "material particulars" holding
H that if petition suffers from lack of material facts, it is liable to be sum-
V.:<ARAYANA.~WAMY '· C.P. THIRlJNAVL:KKARASC [D.P. WADHWA,J.J 319

marily rejected for want of cause of action and if the deficiency is only of A
material particular, the Court has a discretion to allow the petitioner to
supply the required particulars even after the expiry of limitation. With
regard to the affidavit to be filed along with the election petition in the
pn:scribcd Form No. 25, tht: Court observed that the ddect in such
affidavit could be cured unless it form;;;d the integral part of the petition
in which case, the defect concerning material facts will have tu be dealt
B
with subject to limitation undt:r Section 81 of the Act. In this case, the
Court obsern:d that "if the above well settled principles arc applied in this
case, there is nu doubt whatt:vcr that the election petition suffers from a
very serious ddect of failun: to set out material facts of the allcgcd corrupt
practice. The defect invalidates the election petition in that regard and the c
petitioner ought not to have been permitted to adduce any evidence with
reference to the same.'' The affidavit fidd along with the petition does not
disclose the source of information. Nor docs it set out which part of the
election petition was personally known to the petitioner and which part
came to be known by him on information. The Court said that the affidavit
D
was not in conformity with the prescribed Form No. 25 and, thus, there
was a failure to comply with Rule 94-A of the Conduct of Elections Rules
and that it is a very serious defect.

In H.D. Revanna v. G. Puttaswamy Gowda and Other, [ 1999) 2 SCC
217 (2J) appeal was filed by the candidate who had succeeded in the E
election and whose application for dismissal of the dection pditiun in
limine was rejected by the High Court. This Court noticed that it has been
laid down by this Court that non-compliance with the provisions of Section
83 may lead to dismissal of the petition if the matter falls within the scope
of Order 6 Rule 16 and Order 7 Ru!t: 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure. F
Two of the grounds on which dismissal of the election was sought were that
( 1) allegations of corrupt practice were vague and did not contain material
facts or particulars and (2) affidavit in support of the allegations of corrupt
practice was not in conformity with Rule 94A or Form 25 as prescribed.
On facts, this Court held that contents were not vague and that there had
been substantial compliance with the provisions of law. The Court noticed G
that the body of the petition itself mentioned the matters which were within
the knowledge of the petitioner himst:lf and the matters of which he got
information from others and believe them. The Court distinguished the
judgments of this Court in Dr. Shipra (Smt.) & Ors. v. Shanti Lal Kholwal
and Ors., (1996) 5 SCC 181; L.R. Shivaramagowda & Ors. v. T.M. H
320 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2!XXJj 1 S.C.R.
A Chandras~ekar (deadj by Lrs. & Ors., [1999] 1 SCC 666 and Dharamvir v.
Amar Singh & Ors., [199613 SCC 158.

It will be thus seen an election petition is ~ased on the rights, which
are purely the cn:ature of statute, and if the statute renders any particular
B requirement mandatory, the court cannot exercise dispensing powers to
waivi: non-compliance. For tht: purpose of considt:ring a pn:liminary ob-
jection as to the maintainability of tht election petition the avcrments in
the pt:tition should be assumed to be true and the court has to find out
whetht:r tht:sc avermmts disclose a cause of action or a triable issue as
such. Sections 81. 83(l)(c) and 86 read with Ruic 94-A of the Rules and
C Form 25 arc to be read conjointly as an integral schtme. When so read if
the court finds non-complianet it has to uphold the preliminary objection
and has no option except to dismiss the pdition. There is difference
between "material facts" and ;'material particulars". While the failure to
plead material facts is fatal to the election petition the absence of material
D particulars can be cun:d at a lc;ter stage by an appropriatt: amendment.
"Material facts" mean the entire bundlt: of facts, which would constitute a
complete cause of action and these must be concisely stated in the election
petition, i.e., clause (a) of sub-section (1) of S.::ction 83. Then under clause
(b) of sub-section (1) of Section 83 the election petition must contain full
particulars of any corrupt practice. These particulars arc obviously dif-
E fcrcnt from material f,,ct~ <•n which the pdition Is funnd,·d A pctitlun
levelling a charge of wrrupt practice t<; rcq un ;;d by law tu be supported
by an affidavit and the election petitioner is obliged to disclose his source
of information in respect of the commission of corrupt practice. He must
state which of the allegations arc true to his knowledge and which to his
F belief on information received and believed by him to be true. It is not the
form of the affidavit' but its substance that matters. To plead corrupt
practice as contemplated by law it has to be specifically alleged that the
corrupt practices were committed with the consent of the candidate and
that a particular electoral right of a person was affected. It cannot be left
to time, chance or conjecture for the court to draw inference by adopting
G an involved process of reasoning. Where the alleged corrupt practice is
open to two equal possible inferences the plt:adings of corrupt practice
must fail. Where several paragraphs of the ekction petition alleging cor-
rupt practices remain unaffirmed under the verillcation clause as well as
the affidavit, the unsworn allegation could have no legal existence and the
H Court could not take cognizance thereof. Charge of corrupt practice being
V. NARAYr'.NM;WAMY v. CP. THlRVNAVlKKARASC (D.P. WADHWA,J.) 321

quasi-criminal in nature the court must always insist on strict compliance A
with the provisions of law. In such a case it is equally essential that the
particular of the charge of allegations are clearly and precisely stated in
the petition. It is the violation of the provisions of Section 81 of the Act
which can attract the application of the doctrine of substantial compliance.
The defect of the type provided in Section 83 of the Act on the other hand
can be dealt with under the doctrine of curability, on the principles
B
contained in the Code of Civil Procedure. Non-compliance with the
provisions of St:ction 83 may lead to dismissal of the petition if the matter
falls within the scope of Order 6, Ruk 16 and Order 7, Ruic 11 of the Code
of Civil Procedure. Where nt:ither the vaification in the p.:tition nor tht:
affidavit gives any indication of the soum:s of information of the pditioner c
as to tht: facts stated in the petition which are not to his knowledge and
the petitioner persist~ that the verification is correct and affidavit in the
form prescribed docs not suffer from any defect the allegations of corrupt
practices cannot be inquired and tried at all. In such a case petition has to
be rejected on the threshold for non-c.:impliance with the mandatory D
provisions of law as to pleadings. It is no part of duty of the court suo moto
even to direct furnishing of better particulars when objection is raised by
other side. Where the petition does not disclose any cause of action it has
to be rejected. Court, however, cannot dissect the pleadings into several
parts and consider whether each one of them discloses a cause of action.
Petition has to bt: considered as a whole. Thcno cannot be a partial E
rejection of tht: petition.

We may also note Rule 2 of the Rules of the Madras High Court,
1967, which is as under :

F
"2. Every Election Petition shall be in the form of Original Petition,
in the English Language and shall be verified in the manner
provided for under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.''

Clause (d) of Section 79 of the Act defines "electoral right" to mean the
right of a person to stand or not to stand as, or to withdraw or not to G
withdraw from being, a candidate, or to vote or refrain from voting at an
election. Under Section 123 "corrupt practice" in so far it is relevant in the
present case means "Bribery", that is to say - The receipt of, or agreement
to receive, any gratification, whether as a motive or a reward by (any person
whomsoever for himself or any other person) - (a) for voting or refrain H
322 SUPREME COURT kEPORTS [2CC'J) 1 S.C.R.
A from voting, or (b) inducing or attempting to induce any elector to vote or
refrain from voting, or any candidate to withdraw or not to withdraw his
candidature. The tam gratification has bL en explaim:d and it includes all
forms of t:nkrtainment.

Exercise of undue inflUt:nce is ah.o d..:emcd to be a corrupt practice.
B L:nd..:r sub-section (2) of s,ction 123 "undue influence" mo:ans any direct
or indin:ct intt:rfertnce or atkmpt to intt:rh:n: on tht part of the candidatt:
or his agent, or of any other person with the consent of the candidak or
his election agent, with the free ex..:rcise of any electoral right.

C Material facts and material particu!ars certainly connott: two dif.·
ferent things. Material facts an: those facts which constitute th1: cause of
action. In a pt:tition on the allegation of corrupt practices cause of action
cannot be equated with the cause of action as is normally understood
because of the consequences that follow in a petition based on the allega-
D tions of corrupt practices. An election petition seeking a challenge to the
elt:ction of a candidate on the alh:gation nf corrupt practict:s is a serious
matter. If proved T\Ot only that the candi~ate suffers ignominy, ne also
suffers disqualification from standing for dection for a period that may
extend to six years. Rden::nce in this connection may be made to Section
8A8 of the Act. 1t was for this purpose that proviso to sub-section ( l) of
E Section 83 w"' imakd hr .\ct 40 uf J91 1 (w.c.f_ S..:pkmbn 20, 1961)
requiring filing uf Lhe aHld«\it in ihe pr ,,_cribcd Imm when: thc;r;; an;

8. 8A Disqualijicuziun on gruund uf co1rup1 pru.tic<J: - (I) The case of eve!)' pen;un found
guilty of a corrupt practice b} an order under ·ection 99 shall be •ubmitted "" >oon as
may be after such order takes effect. hy such authority as the Central Government may
F specif)• in this beh::lf, to the President for determin•tion of the question as to whether
such person sh•dl 1e disqualitJed i:iOd. if so, \>r .what period :
Provided that the r ~riud iur which any pen.on may be di,quali!ied under this sub-section
shall in no c<ise e:xLeed ;:,ix years front the date on which the order made ;n relation to
hint under section 19 takes efr.ect.
(2) Any per>on who stands disqualified under section BA of this Act as it stood
immediate!) before the commencement of the Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 1975
G (40 of 1975). may, if the period of such disquali!1cation has not expired, submit a petition
to the President for the removal of such disqualification for the unexpired portion of
the said period.
(3) Before giving h1~ ded~ion on any que!o;tio11 mention in suh·· section (1) or on .iny
petition suhmitted under suh-.;ection (2), the President shall obtain the opinllln of the
Election C.omn1is~;inn on such question or petition and shall act according to such
H opinion.
V. '<ARA YA'.'IASWAMY v. C' P. TH!Rl:NA VLKKARASL ID P. WADHWA JI 323

allegations of corrupt practice in the election petition. Filing of the affidavit A
as required is not a mere formality. By naming a document as an affidavit
it does not become as affidavit. To be an atlidavit it has to conform not
only to form prescribt:d in substance but has also to contain particulars as
required by the Rules.

B
It is contended by Mr. Bhandart: that all the material facts have been
stated in the election petition and that for lack of material particulars, the
petition could not have been thrown out at the threshold. He said oppor-
tunity should have been giwn to the appellant to supply the material
particulars. It is really of strange proposition to advance. Till the date of
the impugned judgment, appellant had persisted that the petition did not c
lack material particulars and that the verification was in accordance with
the code and the affidavit in support of the corrupt practice in the form
prescribed. Admittedly, the petition lacked material particulars, verifica-
tion to the petition was not in accordance with the Code and the affidavit
did not conform to the form prescribed. At the first opportunity, the D
respondent raised objection that the petition lacked both material facts and
the material particulars and that th.: verification to the petition and the
affidavit were not in accordance; with law. This was repeated in the miscel-
laneous application (Original Application No. 298/98). In the counter
affidavit and in the reply to the miscellaneous application, the appellant
persisted in his stand and termed the objections raised by the respondent E
as irrelevant. It is not that the appellant did not have opportunity to correct
his mistake whid1 he could have easily done in the rejoinder filed by him
to the counter affidavit of the respondent or even his reply to the misce!-
laneous application (O.A. No 298i98). He had every opportunity even at
that stage to supply the material particulars which admittedly were lac~ F
ing and also to amt:nd the verification and to file the affidavit in the form
prescribed but for the n:asons best known to him, he failed to do so. The
existence of material facts, material particulars, correct verification and the
affidavit are relevant and important when the petition is based on the
allegation of corrupt practice and in the absence of those, the Court has
jurisdiction to dismiss the petition. High Court has undoubtedly the power G
to permit amendment of the petition for supply of better material par-
ticulars and also to requin: amendment of the verification and filing of the
required affidavit but there is no duty cast on the High Court to direct suo
moto the furnishing of better particulars and requiring amendment of
petition for the purpose of verification and filing of proper affidavit. In a H
l

324 SUPREMf COURT REPORTS [2000) 1 S.C.R.
A matter of this kind the primary responsibility for furnishing full particulars
of the alleged corrupt practices and to file a petition in full compliance
with the provisions of law is on the petitioner. (See in this connection
Constitution Bench decision in Bhikaji Keshao Joshi & Anr. v. Brijlal
Na11dlal Biyani & Ors., AIR (1955) SC 610 = (1955] 2 SCR 428 (444).
B Grievance of the apptllant is that he wanted to meet the MLAs other
than MLAs of the Congress party to which he belonged but those MLAs
were kept first in Hotel Ashoka at Pondicherry and then taken to five star
hotels at Mahabalipuram. Appellant alltged that MLAs were "kept" in
Hotel Ashoka but he has not given particulars as to what he meant by the
C word ''kept". "Kept" is certainly not "confined". What entertainment was
provided to those MLAs in Hotel Ashoka, Pondicherry or in five star hotels
in Mahabalipuram has also not been specified. It is not his case that he
was prevented in any way from meeting any of those MLAs. It wa~ a
material fact to allege which he failed to do so. This is apart from the fact
D that the material particulars as to when the MLAs were taken to Hotel
Ashoka and to other places, the names of the MLAs and names of the
hotels in Mahabalipuram, who took them there, who paid their bills and
who brought them back are lacking. Appellant does not show as to why he
could not meet all those MLAs on October 2, 1997. Apart from one
Independent MLA other MLAs belonged to various other political parties
E like DMK, TMC, CPI, PMK and Janata Dal. Rather it can be assumed
that the MLAs voted according to their political affiliations. It has come
on record that out of total number of 29 MLAs who constituted Legislative
Assembly of Pondicherry, two belonged to AIDMK, another political party.
AIDMK had taken decision not to vote for any candidate and that is how
F the two MLAs of this party did not participate in the election and total
votes polled were 27. There was only one independent MLA and his
casting of vote either way would not have at all affected the result of the
election considering the number of votes poUed by each of the candidates.
It is not the case of the appellant that he was barred from meeting any of
the MLAs in order to solicit their votes. There is no allegation if there is
G any complaint by any MLA that he was kept out of circulation by respon-
dent or with his COl!lient by any other person for the purpose of not being
accessible to the appdlant.

Appellant in his petition said that whtn C. Jayakumar, Miniskr and
H K. Kandasamy, Deputy Speaker and K. Rajasekheran, Parliamentary
V. NARA YANASWA.\tY •. C.P. THIRl'?;AVL'KKARASl ;o.P WADHWA,J.J 325

Secretary to the Chief Minister, were the agents of the respondent. He A
then alleged that C. Jayakumar took Kandasamy and Rajasekheran to Goa
with a view to influence them to get their votes in favour to the respon-
dent,is it not paradoxical where om; agent influences the other agent to
vote in a particular way? It certainly could not be a corrupt practice.
Appellant then alleged that N. Kesav, MLA bdonging to DMK and also a
Government whip kt:pt independent MLA Rajaraman first in Hotel
8
Ashoka, Pondicherry and then took them to Kova!am, Chinglcput District,
then to Tirupathi in a Government vehicle and then brought back to
Pondicherry on October 2, 1997. It is not the case of the appellant thut N.
Kesav did so with the consent of the respondtont or any of his agent or
otherwise. This is a material fact which the appellant failed to allege. Lastly, c
notification regarding appointments of Chairmen to various committees
came out much later after the resultb were declared. It is correct that none
of the nominees belonged to the Congress party.

It will be thus seen that election petition not only lacked the material D
facts, it lacked material particulars, defective wrification and the affidavit
filed was not in the form prescribed. Moreover, ingredit:nts of corrupt
practices, as defined in Section 123( l)(B) and 123(2) of the Act are also
lacking. It is also not the case of the appellant that any MLA whom the
appellant could not meet, received any gratification, as defined, whether as
E
a motive or a reward for voting or refraining from voting, or there was any
inducement or attempt to induce any such MLA to vote or refrain from
voting. Also it is not the case of the appellant that any undue influence was
exercised with the free exercise of any electoral right of any ~ILA which
right, as noted above, has been defined in clause (d) of Section 79 of the
Act. There is no allegation if any particular MLA was induced to vote or F
not to vote in a particular way because he was entertained or otherwise.
The aUegation is that appellant himsdf could not meet the MLAs ' and he
believed if h;;: had been given a chance to meet them he would have
influenced their vote in his favour and against their party of affiliations.
There is no allegation that the MLAs were prevented or influenced from G
freely exercising their electoral right. As stated earlier appellant did not
show as to why he could not meet the MLAs on October 2, 1997 when they
were available in Pondicherry. Material fact must be that the appellant was
prevented from meeting the MLAs which he did not allege and as to how
he was so prevented would constitute material particulars. H
326 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2lXXJ] 1 S.C.R.
A The election petition rt!ad as a whole did not disclose any cause of
action or triable issue. Considering the facts of the case and th.: principles
of law applicable, the election petition was rightly dismissed by the High
Court in limine.

The appeal is accordingly dismissed with costs.
B
v.s.s. Appeal dismissed.