Holding

Purity of elections outweighs ballot secrecy, and inspection of ballot papers to eliminate void votes is permissible even if ordered orally, provided the material facts are pleaded and justice requires it.

Summary

The appellant, A. Neelalohithadasan Nadar, was declared elected from the Kovalam Assembly seat, but the first respondent, George Mascrene, filed an election petition alleging double voting and void votes under Section 62(4) of the Representation of People Act, 1951. The Kerala High Court inspected ballot papers and electoral rolls, compared signatures under Section 73 of the Evidence Act, and deducted 48 votes from the appellant, declaring the respondent elected. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether such inspection violated the secrecy of ballot, whether oral directions without a formal application were permissible, and whether the principle of purity of elections overrides ballot secrecy. The Court held that purity of elections is paramount, allowing inspection to eliminate void votes, and that the High Court’s oral order was not fatal. Consequently, the appeal was dismissed and the High Court’s decision upheld.

Issues considered

The legality of inspecting ballot papers and electoral rolls in an election petition and its impact on the principle of secrecy of ballot.
Whether an oral direction permitting such inspection, without a formal written application, is permissible under the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961.
Whether the principle of purity of elections under Section 62(4) of the Representation of People Act, 1951, prevails over the secrecy of ballot.
Whether the court may compare signatures under Section 73 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, without expert testimony.
Whether the deduction of void votes and the consequent declaration of the respondent as elected is valid.

Legislation cited

Conduct of Election Rules, 1961s. Rule 93
Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 73
Representation of the People Act, 1951s. 17, s. 18, s. 62(4), s. 64(4), s. 66, s. 94

Subjects

election lawsecrecy of ballotpurity of electionsdouble votingvoid votesRepresentation of the People ActEvidence Actsignature comparisonelection petitionconduct of election rules

Judgment

A. NEELALOHITHADASAN NADAR A
v.
GEORGE MASCRENE AND OTHERS

APRIL 11, 1994

[A.M. AHMADI, M.M. PUNCHHI AND K. RAMASWAMY, JJ.] B

f Election Law-Representation of the People Ac~ 1951/Conduct of Elec-
tion Rules, 1961-Sections 62 (4), 94/Rule 93--Purity of elections-Secrecy of
ballot-Conflict of-Purity of elections to prevail-Inspection of Votes for the
purpose of eliminating impurity in elections-Valid. c
Indian Evidence Act, 1872--Section 73--Power of Court in comparing
signatures-<:an be exercised-Matters of expediency-Court to compare sig-
natures-Larger public interest.

The Appellant and Respondent No. 1 contested for Seat No. 138 of D
the Kovalam Assembly, Kerala. The Appellant was declared elected by the
Assistant Returning Officer. Even after a recount on the request of the
+
) Respondent No. 1, the Appellant was declared to have been elected having
secured 21 votes in excess of Respondent No. 1.

Respondent No. 1 moved an election Petition challenging the election E
of the Appellant on the ground that he had obtained more valid votes than
the appellant and that several voters have dishonestly voted more than
once since their names had been registered in more than one constituency.
Respondent No. 1 had also given a list of such names.

The Appellant contested the Election Petition and he also filed a F
'\
I recrimination petition alleging that wrong votes had been cast in favour
of Respondent No. 1

The High Court ordered inspection of the relevant ballot papers and
found that Respondent No. 1 had secured more valid votes than the
G
petitioner and declared him to be elected.

On Appeal, the Appellant contended that the High Court had vio-
..... lated the principle of "Secrecy of ballot" in allowing an inspection and that
too on an oral application; that there was no cause pleaded to permit the
"fishing or roving" enquiry into the ballot papers, that the pleadings in the H
437
-(

438 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] 3 S.C.R.

A election petition were insuffident to justify inspection and that the High
Court should not have taken the task of comparing signatures rather than
leaving it to the expert opinion;

Dismissing the Appeal, this Court

B HELD : 1. The existence of the principle of "secrecy of ballot" cannot
be denied. It nndoubtedly is an indispensable adjunct of free and fair
electio1ts. Bot this right of the voter is ·not absolute. It most yield to the
principle of "purity of election" in the larger public interest. Section 94 of
the Representation of People Act, 1951 cannot be pressed into service to
C suppress a wrong coming to light and to protect a fraud on the election
process. (443-E-G; 444-D] '

Raghbir Singh Gill v. Gurcharan Singh, (1980] 3 SCR 1302, distin-
guished.

D 2. The High Court committed no error in permitting inspection in
ihe facts and circumstances. However, the Court should not be understood
to approve of the High Court giving oral directions in such serious matters
without insisting on a formal application setting out how a prima facie
foundation was laid for the grant of such relief. [pp. 446-G-H; 447-A]

E 3. As regards double voting/impersonated voting, on the pleading of
the parties as such; a case for inspection at the stage when it was done had
been made out. (447-H, 448-AJ

Ram Sewak Yadav v. Hussain Kidwai, (1964] 6 SCR 238 at 247-250;
Hariram v. Hira Singh and others, (1984] 1 SCR 932; R Narayanaswamy v.
F S. Semmalai, (1980] 2 SCC 537; Jagjit Singh v. Kartar Singh, AIR (1966) SC
773 and J.B. Singh v. K. Bishan, (1970] 1 SCR 852, referred to.

4. When larger public interest is served by expeditious disposal of
an Election Petition, then the course adopted in comparing signatures by
G the High Court is perfectly sound. (449-D]

Fakhruddin v. State of M.P., AIR(l967) SC 1326; State v. Pali Ram,
(1979] 1 SCR931 andMurari Lal v. State of MP., (1980] 2 SCR249, relied
on. ..1..-.

H 5. The High Court rightly allowed the Election Petition declaring the
AN. NADAR v. GEORGE MASCRENE (PUNCHHI, J.] 439

Election Petitioner-First respondent as the duly elected member of Kerala A
Legislative Assembly instead of the Appellant, setting aside the election of
the later. [456-C]

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 4947 of
1991.
B
From the Judgment and Order dated 11.12.91 of the Kerala High
t- Court in Election Petition No. 3 of 1991.

Prashant Bhushan for the Appellimt.

Kapil Sibal, M.A. Firoz, M.M. George, Dileep Pillai and Manmohan C
for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

PUNCHHI, J. Two principles of Election law stand, as always, in
competition; one being "purity of elections" and the other being "secrecy of D
ballot". On the basis of the former, the Kerala High Court has upset the
election of the appellant herein. Challenge to the order of the High Court
is on the anvil of the latter principle.

The appellant" and the first respondent were contesting candidates
•'for the Kovalam Assembly seat No. 138 in the State of Kerala. The E
appellant was Jania Dal supported candidate, and the first respondent was
the sponsored candidate of the Indian National Congress (!). Candidates
of other political parties though being in the fray get no significance in so
far as the present matter is concerned. Polling took place on 12.6.1991.
Counting took place on 16.6.1991. The Assi•tant Returning officer who
supervised the counting announced the number of votes polled by the F
appellant as 49516 and the first respondent as 49500. There was a demand
of re-count which was conceded to by the Assistant Returning Officer. The
final result thereafter showed that the appellant had received 49515 votes
and the first respondent 49494 votes. Since the appellant had obtained 21
votes in excess of the first respondent he was declared elected from the G
Constituency. The requisite declaration under section 66 of the Repre-
sentation of People Act, 1951 (Hereafter referred to as the 'Act') was made
on 17.6.1991.

An Election petition was moved by the first respondent. The claim
of the Election Petitioner was that he had obtained more valid votes than H
440 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994) 3 S.C.R.

A the appellant and therefore entitled to be declared elected instead of the
appellant for reasons stated in the Election Petition. In Paragraph 5-A of
the Election Petition, it was asserted that several voters, whose names had
wrongly and accidently been included in the electoral rolls of more than
one polling stations in the Constituency had dishonestly voted in the
election in both the polling stations taking undue advantage of the double
B inclusion of their names. It was suggested that this had obviously been done
by erasing the ink-mark on the title finger of the voters in order that at the
polling station where they voted the second time, neither the polling staff
nor the polling agents could become aware of the fraud. The Election
Petitioner further asserted that he had ascertained the names, roll numbers
C and other details of 19 voters and the polling stations in which they had
voted, necessary details of which were furnished in Annexure I and I-A to
the Election Petition. It was pleaded that all the 19 persons had voted twice
and according to Section 62(4) of the Act, both the votes polled were void.
Further, those 19 persons had voted for the appellant. He therefore sug-
gested that it was necessary to pic:k out the votes cast by those persons and
D eliminate them from consideration, rejectable as they were under section
62(4) of the Act. It was also asserted that if any one or more of these voters
claim and prove that their votes at one of the polling stations had been
validly cast, it would then be obvious that the vote in the other polling
station was cast by an impersonator and hence void and would be liable to
be rejected. The petition is supported by an affidavit in accordance with
E Rule 94-A of the Statutory Election Rules. Annexure I and I-A are part
and parcel of the petition.

The allegations in the Election Petition on this score were obviously
denied by the appellant. Rather a recrimination petition was filed by the
appellant to suggest similar void voting pertaining to other votes, which
F
votes were alleged to have gone to the Election Petitioner. Issue number ;,..
1 struck by the High Court on that score was thus as under : '
'Were there impersonation of voters in the Election and
whether single voter did cast votes in more than one polling
G station? 11

The High Court on examining the evidence led by the parties on the issue
found that ballot papers enumerated in paragraph 67 of it judgment
deserved being picked out from the respective ballot boxes to be rejected
H as void. The ministerial work for the purpose was assigned to the Joint
AN. NADAR ,._ GEORGE MASCRENE [PUNCHHI, J.] 441

Registrar of the High Court. It was ordered that the above votes be A
deducted from the total votes polled by the respective candidates. Time
allotted for the purpose was five days. Inspection was to be done in the
presence of counsel representing the Election Petitioner and the elected
candidate. Issue number l was to be found in the above terms.

As directed by the High Court the Joint Registrar picked out 52 B
ballot papers which were declared as void. Out of those 48 were cast in
f favour of the elected candidate and 4 in favour of the Election Petitioner.
Since the Returning Officer had announced the elected candidate to have
secured 49515 votes, 48 void votes therefrom had to be deducted and as a
consequence the appellant was found to have secured a total of 49467 C
votes. Correspondingly in case of the Election Petitioner, the total votes
polled as announced, being 49494, substracting 4 void votes therefrom
brought the figure down to 49490. So the result recorded was that the first
. respondent, had secured 49490 votes. On such result the Election
Petitioner entitled himself to be declared elected instead of the appellant. D

Now the understanding of the High Court has been that in accord-
; ance with section 17 of the Act, no person is entitled to be registered in
the electoral roll for more than one Constituency. Section 18 further
mandates that no person shall be entitled to be registered in the electoral
roll in any Constituency more than once. Subject to the exercise of correc- E
lion in the electoral rolls by the procedure prescribed, once the final
electoral roll is published and the elections held on the basis thereof, it is
not open to any one to challenge the election from any Constituency on
the ground of defect in electoral rolls. If an elector has been registered in
the electoral rolls or of the Constituency for more than once, this may F
enable him to exercise his votes in more than one polling stations. He is
)
capable of presenting himself in the two respective polling stations without
his identity being questioned. Possibility however, though remote, cannot
be ruled out that he 1nay be challenged when exercising his vote at the
second polling station if some one threat, be he the election agent or any
other person, could successfully point out that he had voted in another G
polling station. Normally, such an incidence would be rare because of the
gigantic task involved in an election. That such a situation of double
registration is possible and capable of mis-use was pertinently conceived
of by the legislature. Therefore Section 62 of the Act was made specifically
to provide that every person who is for the time being entered in the H
442 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 11994]3 S.C.R.

A electoral roll of any Constituency shall be entitled to vote in that Con-
stituency. Sub-section (3) of that Section provided that no person shall vote
at a general election in more than one constituency of the same class and
if he votes in more than one such constituency, his vote in all such
constituencies shall be void. Further sub-section (4) of Section 62 also
provided that no person shall at any election vote in the same Constituency
B more than once, notwithstanding that his name stood registered in the
electoral roll of that Constituency for more than once. And if he does vote
more than once, all his votes in the Constituency shall be void. It is on the
strenght of Section 62(4) of the Act that the High Court allowed the
Election Petition on the principle of "purity of elections" by undertaking
c the exercise to cull out void votes irrespective of the choice of voting. The
evident thrust has been to put such purity in a dominating position even if
the secrecy of ballot got some bruises incidently. The approach of the High
Court on that score was under a major attack by Mr. Parshant Bhushan,
learned counsel for the appellant.

D Significantly, as hinted earlier, the appellant had ftled a Recrimina-
tory Petition making inter alia similar allegations of double voting of other
instances. This was the reason why the High Court proceeded on the
footing, as is reflective from paragraph 9 of the judgment under appeal,
that both contesting parties had come forward with the common allegation
E that in various sectors of the constituency, some voters had exercised votes
more than once and those votes had to be traced and rejected as void votes.
It had then to be seen whether the total had gone to materially affect the
result of the election. The result of the election as afore-narrated had
provided sufficient ground to declare it void. The High Court then made
a common observation 11 so it is to be examined whether the electors
F
mentioned by the petitioner and the first respondent have exercised votes
more than once in the last General Elections to the Kerala Legislative
Assembly." It would, in these circumstance, be legitimate to assume that
both the contestants had bowed to the principle embodied in section 64( 4)
of the Act for the sake of "purity of elections" principle and were willing
G partners to have the void element identified and extricated from the voted
lot.

It is therefore unnecessary to burden this judgment with the details
of oral evidence of each and every witness on the point examined by the
H respective parties. Discussion thereon in detail is available in paragraphs
A.N. NADAR v. GEORGE MASCRENE [PUNCHHI, J.) 443

10 to 67 of the judgment under appeal. Three broad features however are A
evident as emerging from the appreciation of evidence by the High Court:

(i) In case of double registration of votes the exercise by one and the
same person of both votes at two different polling stations, led the High
Court to reject both votes;
B
(ii) In cases of double registration qf votes, in which one vote was
validly cast by one and the same person in some polling station and the
I
other by some impersonator, the High Court declared void the vote cast
by the impersonator; and

(iii) The Court exercised its powers under Section 73 of the Evidence
c
Act in comparing the admitted and proved hand-writing of the voter with
the disputed ones to come to the conclusion whether a particular voter had
voted twice or just once. The signatures on the counterfoils of the ballot
papers obtained at one polling station were compared with the signatures
on the counterfoils of ballot papers obtained at the other; the Court D
holding whether they did or did not tally.

Pursuant to such approach the High Court located the void votes in
order to throw them away tracing them to the contents of the related voting
which according to Mr. Parshant Bhushan, was breach of the "secrecy of
Ballot" principle. He pressed for the primacy of the principal into service E
by citing some precedents.

The existence of the principle of "secrecy of ballot" cannot be denied.
It undoubtedly is an indispensable adjunct of free and fair elections. The
Act statutorily assures a voter that he would not be compelled by any p
authority to disclose as to for whom he has voted, so that he may vote
without fear or favour and free from any apprehension of its disclosure
against his will from his own lips. See in this connection Raghbir Singh Gill
v. Gurcharan Charan, [1980] 3 SCR 1302. But this right of the voter is not
absolute. It must yield to the principle of "purity of election" in larger public
interest. The exercise of extrication of void votes under section 62(4) of the G
Act would not in any manner impinge on the secrecy of ballot especially
when void votes are those which have to be treated as no votes at all.
"Secrecy of ballot" principle pre-supposes a validly cast vote, the sanctity
and sacrosancy of which must in all events be preserved. When it is talked
of ensuring free· and fair elections it is meant elections held on the fun- H
444 SUPREME COURT REPORTS !1994] 3 S.C.R.

A damental foundation of purity and the "secrecy of ballot" as ao allied vital
principle. It was observed by this Court in Raghbir Singh's case (Supra) at
page 1320 as follows :

"Secrecy of ballot though undoubtedly a vital principle for ensuring
free and fair elections, it was enshrined in law to subserve the
B larger public interest, namely, purity of election for ensuring free
and fair election. The principle of secrecy of ballot cannot stand
aloof or in isolation and in confrontation to the foundation of free
and fair elections, viz., purity of election. They can co-exist but as
stated earlier, where one is used to destroy the other, the first one
c must yield to principle of purity of election in larger public
interest. In fact secrecy of ballot, a privilege of the voter, is not
inviolable and may be waived by him as a responsible citizen of
this country to ensure free and fair election and to unravel foul
play."

D
In view of the above it is the settled position that out of the two
competing principles, the purity of election principle must have its way.
Section 94 of the Act cannot be pressed into service to supress a wrong
coming to light and to protect a fraud on the election process.

E That both the Election Petition and Recrimination Petition were
dealt with on the principle of "purity of election" is not in dispute. The
approach of the High Court on the subject on the commonality of the
attack also cannot be questioned. But what was questioned by Mr. Par-
shant Bhushan, as reiterated in his written submissions of 14 September,
F 1993, WdS that the High Court was not correct in allowing examination of
marked copies of electoral rolls and counterfoils without any evidence or
material in support of the plea for inspection and that the High court
allowed the inspection casually without inviting a written application or
even by a written order. It was submitted that except for pleadings in the
election petition regarding void voting, there was no cause pleaded to
G permit the election papers to be thrown open for inspection and this
exercise was termed by learned. counsel as 'fishing or roving'. Rule 93 of
the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, provides for documents which shall
not be opened and their contents inspected by, or produced before, any
person or authority except under the orders of a competent court. On the
H basis thereof it was maintained that by a string of judgments of this Court
AN. NADAR v. GEORGE MASCRENE [PUNCHHI, J.] 445

it has been ruled that inspection could only be allowed when two conditions A
are satisfied :

1. The material facts on the basis of which inspection of documents
is sought, must be clearly and specifically pleaded; and

2. The Court must be satisfied on evidence, even if in the form of B
affidavit, that it is necessary to allow inspection in the interest of
justice.
t
Support for these principles was sought from Ram Sewak Yadav v. Hussain
Kidwai, [1964] 6 SCR 238 at pages 247-250, Hariram v. Hira Singh & Ors., C
[1984] 1 SCR 932 at page 937, R. Narayanaswamy v. S. Semmalai, [1980] 2
SCC 537, Jagjit Singh v. Kartar Singh, AIR (1966) SC 773 at 783 para 31,
J.B. Singh v. K Bishan, [1970] 1 SCR 852 at pages 856-885 and other
decisions of the like.

But by and large these are cases where there was a claim for recount. D
In contrast the instant case is of double voting which has specifically been
pleaded in the Election Petition filed on 29-7-91 supported by affidavit and
the names of the voters have been supplied in the lists annexed thereto.
The appellant had filed Recrimination Petition pleading that there were
several other cases of double voting and reception of invalid votes in favour
of the Election Petitioner. This Written Statement-cum-Recrimination E
Petition was filed on 10-9-91. Issues were framed on 20th September, 1991.
The Election Petitioner on 26-9-91 was allowed to amend the· Election
Petition so as to include 10 more cases of double voting. The corresponding
amendment application filed by the appellant for taking into account
details of double voting having taken place in another neighbouring con- F
stituency was rejected by the High Court for it was based on a new charge.
The second amendment application of the Election Petitioner was allowed
on 7-10-91 so as to include 23 more cases of alleged double voting. It is at
that stage that is on 7-10-91 that the Court permitted inspection of the
counterfoils since several double voters had been summoned for the fol-
lowing day to appear on 8-10-91 and subsequent days, on the oral G
prayer/application of both the Election Petitioner and the appellant. The
Court apparently took into account that since witnesses were to be ex-
amined on the question of their double voting and were expected to take
a positive stand, it would become necessary to corroborate or confront
them with the counterfoils of the ballot papers issued to them which H
446 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) 3 S.C.R.

A purported to have been signed or not by them, in order to save time lest
examination of the witnesses be time consuming. The Court allowed in-
spection of the roll and counterfoils in order to facilitate evidence of the
witnesses on the date of their appearance, which was the following day.
The suggestion no doubt was oral but the Court seemed to agree with the
suggestion and inspection was permitted to both parties in the presence of
B the Registrar. The commonality of the approach of the parties on the
question of double voting must have clearly goaded the Court to adopt such
measure to facilitate quick trial. It is the case of the Election Petitioner
that the counsel for both the parties inspected the counterfoils on 7-10-91
in the Registrar's room as also on subsequent days, even though there was
c no written application made and there was no formal written order of the
Court. Yet the inspection was open to both the parties without any objec-
tion having ever been raised by the appellant. In the facts and circumstan-
ces, we fail to see how the principle of secrecy of ballot can be imported
to question the power of the Court to orally allow inspection in its en-
D deavour to eliminate the impurity in elections, the opportunity provided
having been availed of without demur by both parties. In this situation, it
is difficult for us to digest the argument that here the High Court
proceeded to allow inspection without being satisfied on evidence, even in .
E
the form of affidavit, that it was necessary to allow inspection in the interest
of justice. Since the names of the voters who were alleged to have double
voted, had specifically been pleaded in the Election Petition (as amended
'
from time to time) and the Recrimination Petition, it was necessary to
co-relate their names with the electoral rolls and the counterfoils of the
ballot papers so that in case of double voting or impersonated voting, the
impure element in the election process conld be identified and retrieved
F from the election package. The primary purpose thus was to purify the
electoral process and not to hunt or hound the voter's choice, when
exercised validly and freely. It is for that purpose that the Court, in the
interest of justice, to facilitate a quick trial permitted the parties to inspect
beforehand the records but after the framing of the requisite issues arising
from the pleadings of the parties and not earlier. This approach could not
G be termed as permitting a 'roving or fishing' enquiry as it is some times
described in cases of a claim for recount.We are thus of the view that the r
High Court committed no error in permitting such inspection in the facts
and circumstances. We must, however, hasten to clarify that we should not
be understood to approve of the High Court giving oral directions in such
H

t
>--·
AN. NADAR v. GEORGE MASCRENE [PUNCHHI, J.] 447

serious matters without insisting on a formal application setting out how a A
prima facie foundation was laid for the grant of such relief.

Another argument put forth by Mr. Prashant Bhushan was that the
pleadings in the election petition were insufficient to justify inspection in
as much as except for mentioning that there has been double voting by 19
B
persons nothing else was stated about the basis on which the election
petitioner came to the conclusion that these names, which apparently had
I appeared twice in the electoral roll, belonged to one and the same person
and that those persons had in fact voted twice. It was also commented that
no material facts, in the form of affidavits by single persons or polling
agents alleging that they had seen and heard about those persons having c
voted twice was filed in support of the petition. It is maintained that in the
absence of evidence of these particulars being pleaded as to the source of
knowledge of double voting it was dangerous to allow enquiring into such
an allegation on the bare allegation of doubfo registration of votes and
possible double voting. We have pondered over this matter but regretfully D
do not accept the argument of the learned counsel. If a name has been
registered twice enabling a person to take the advantage of voting in two
different polling stations, Section 62 mandates that if he polls both these
1 votes then both votes are void. A void vote cast is a vote void ab initio. In
'
j
the nature of things the void taint in the election would have to be traced
to the election papers for without that bare oral evidence would be of no E
use, and at best would be word against word, making application of Section
62(4) well neigh impossible. If the election petitioner on some information,
material or otherwise is able to entertain the belief that a particular voter,
double registered, is known to have voted twice, he can certaiuly plead to
that fact on his own entertained belief and need not ordinarily resort to be F
giving details of the sources of his information or knowledge or the enter-
-r- tainment of his belief b~cause registration of double vote is by itself the
I
starting point; the exercise of both votes being the sec9nd. The election
petitioner had specifically mentioned and in clear cut terms that 19 persons
had double voted. The question was not resoluble merely on oral evidence,
whether they had or had not, except to put those persons into the witness G
box, hear their version and confront them with the election papers. The
sphere of enquiry at that stage is to the voting and not for discovering the
name of the person to whom the vote was cast. That inevitably has to be
.... found out after double voting or impersonated voting has been found out
leading to the new step to trace them and nullify them. On the pleading of H
448 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] 3 S.C.R.

A the parties as sucq, on both sides, a case for inspection at the stage when
it was done had been made out. We thus find no error committed in the
approach of the High Court.

In the matter of co-relation and employment of Section 73 of the
Evidence Act, the High Court took support from a decision of this Court
B in Fakhnuidin v. The State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR (1967) SC 1326. The
High Court justified its step of comparison in paragraph 13 of the judgment
nnder appeal as follows :
\
"Learned counsel representing the first respondent raised a con-
c tention that this Court should not take the part of an expert in
handwriting to compare the signatures of witnesses to find out
whether they were signatures of the same person. According to
counsel, the disputed signatures should be sent to experts for their
opinion. In the alternative it is contended that petitioner should
D examine persons familiar with the signature of the witnesses to
establish the identity of signatures. Handwriting may be proved on
admission of the writer or by the evidence of some witness in whose
presence it was written. This is direct evidence. In the absence of
such direct evidence, opinion of handwriting expert or of some
who is familiar with the writing of the person is relevant. Thus
E besides direct evidence which of course is the best method of
proof, the law makes two other modes also as relevant, i.e. a writing
may be proved to be the handwriting of a particular individual by
the evidence of a person familiar with the handwriting of that
individual or by the testimony of an expert competent to compare I-

F the handwritings on a scientific basis. A third method is also
provided by the Evidence Act in Section 73. It is comparison by
the court with the writing made in the presence of the court or
,.
I,
admitted or proved to be the writing of the person. The Court can
apply its own observation to the admitted or proved writings and
to compare them with the disputed one. This comparison depends
G on an analysis of the characteristics in the admitted or proved
writings and of the same characteristics in large measure in the
disputed writing. Even if there is the opinion of the expert on the
handwriting, it is subjected to the scrutiny by court. The expert's
opinion is not the final word. The court must see for itself whether .>..
H it can safely be held that the two writings are of the same person.

,.
AN. NADAR v. GEORGE MASCRENE [PUNCHHI. J.] 449

To this extent, court may play the role of an expert. The court can A
accept the disputed signature to be that of the witness when it is
satisfied on its observation that it is safe to accept the same. In
this view, I do not think it necessary to have the admitted signature
of the witness to be compared with the signature in the disputed
counterfoils of the ballot paper by any expert. This court can B
scrutinise the characteristics of the signatures. If it finds that the
disputed signature has the same characteristics in large measure
t with the admitted signature, it can safely come to the conclusion
that both are of the same person."

The High Court finally recorded its satisfaction or otherwise in the case of C
signatures resulting in double voting and impersonation, and signatures and
thumb impression not tallying at all. No meaningful argument on facts in
regard thereto was addressed before us except to the approach of employ-
ing section 73 of the Evidence Act. It was urged that the High Court should
not have become an expert. We, however, are of the view that when larger D
public interest is served by expeditious disposal of an Election Petition,
then the course adopted by the High Court, as suggested from the afore-
t extraction, is in conformity therewith. Although courts should be slow in
/
resorting to this method, we do not find it faulted, more so when the Courts
resort to exercise of such power is approved in to other cases of this Court
in State Delhi Administration v. Pali Ram, [1979) 1 SCR 931 and Murari Lal E
v. State of Madhya Pradesh, [1980] 2 SCR 249. As a sequator the finding
recorded by the High Court on Issue No. 1 is perfectly sound.

The affirmed finding on Issue No.1 alone is enough to dismiss the
appeal. The related Issues Nos. 6 and 7 also go in favour of the Election F
Petitioner. These issues were to the effect that "ls the Election of the first
J respondent (appellant herein) liable to be declared void for all or any of
the reasons mentioned in the Petition". Further "Is the Petitioner entitled
to a declaration that he is duly elected from No. 138, Kovalam Legislati~e
Assembly". Since the final result approved by the High Court on this
particular point is that 48 void votes had to be deducted, as found on Issue G
No.1, holding that the appellant secured 49467 votes only, and the Election
Petitioner 49490. There is thus a margin of 23 votes materially affecting the
result of the election. This finding alone is enough to reject the appeal,.
though the High Court has not based its decision alone on the basis
thereon. Ii
450 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] 3 S.C.R.

A On Issues No.2 and 3 which were to the effect as to whether there
was any illegality in the issue and counting of postal ballot papers and
further was any valid vote rejected as invalid and invalid vote accepted as
valid, the ultimate finding of the High Court was that 20 votes had invalidly
been rejected and out of those 10 had been cast in favour of the Election
Petitioner and 10 in favour of the appellant. So that made them even. The
B result thus came to be finally resting on Issue No. 1 whereunder 23 were
found to have been polled in favour of the Election Petitioner more than
the appellant. With this result the High Court rightly allowed the Election \
Petition declaring the Election Petitioner- first respondent as the duly
elected member -0f Kerala Legislative Assembly instead of the appellant,
C setting aside the election of the later.

As a result of the above discussion, this appeal fails and is hereby
dismissed. No costs.

V.M. Appeal dismissed.

I