A.P.S.R.T.C.& ANR.versusK. HEMALATHA & ORS.

                     [2008] 8 S.C.R. 1201


                     A.P.S.R.T.C.& ANR.                          A
                              v.
                  K. HEMALATHA & ORS.
           (Civil Appeal Nos.3623-3626 of 2008)

                        MAY 16, 2008
                                                                  B
    [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT AND P. SATHASIVAM, JJ.]

     Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 - s. 173:
       Claim for compensation - 'Contributory Negligence' and
'Composite Negligence' - Parameters of - Discussed - Held: C
In an accident involving two or more vehicles, where a third
party (other than the drivers and/or owners of the vehicles
involved) claims damages for loss of injuries, compensation
is payable in respect of 'composite negligence' of the drivers
of those vehicles - But in respect of such accident, if claim is D
by one of the drivers himself for personal injuries, or by legal
heirs of one of the drivers for loss on account of his death, or
by owner of one of the vehicles in respect of damages to his
vehicle, then the issue that arises is not about the 'composite
negligence' of all the drivers, but about the 'contributory negli- E
gence' of the driver concerned - Where the injured is guilty of
some negligence, his claim for damages is not defeated
merely by reason of negligence on his part but damages re-
coverable by him in respect of the injuries stands reduced in
proportion to his 'contributory negligence' - Where the injured F
is himself partly liable, the principle of 'composite negligence'
 will not apply nor can there be an automatic inference that the
negligence was 50:50.
     A compensation claim was filed before the Accident
Claims Tribunal. It was the case of the claimants that the G
deceased and injured claimant were proceeding on mo-
torcycle when a bus came from back side and dashed
the same. The claim was resisted by the Appellant-Cor-
poration on the ground that the bus did not hit the motor-
                             1201                                 H
    1202       SUPREME COURT REPORTS             [2008] 8 S.C.R.


A cycle and that on seeing the speeding bus, the deceased
  himself got puzzled and skidded off the road; as such,
  the deceased and claimant suffered injuries. It was the
  case of the Corporation that the bus of the Corporation
  did not hit the motor cycle at all; as such, there was no
s negligence on the part of the driver of the bus of the Cor-
  poration, to claim compensation from it. The Tribunal held
  that there was contributory negligence and after making
  1/3rd deduction therefor, awarded compensation together
  with interest at the rate of 12% p.a. The High Court how-
C ever held that there was no contributory negligence and
  partly allowed the appeal filed by the claimants while dis-
  missing the appeal filed by the appellant-Corporation.
       In appeals to this Court, the Appellant submitted that
  the High Court had misread the evidence on record. It was
D contended that the Tribunal referred to the evidence on
  record to conclude that the deceased was also partially
  responsible for the accident and therefore there was con-
  tributory negligence, however, the proportion of 1:2 i.e.
  between the deceased and the Corporation, as fixed by
E the Tribunal, was not correct. It was also contended that
  the rate of interest as awarded was extremely high.
           Allowing the appeals, the Court
        HELD:1.1. To determine the question as to who con-
F tributed to the happening of the accident, it becomes rel-
  evant to ascertain who was driving his vehicle negligently
  and rashly and in case both were so doing who were more
  responsible for the accident and who of the two had the
  last opportunity to avoid the accident. In case the dam-
G ages are to be apportioned, it must also be found that the
  plaintiff's fault was one of the causes of the damage and
  once that condition is fulfilled the damages have to be          ..
  apportioned according to the apportioned share of the
  responsibility. If the negligence on the plaintiff's part has
H also contributed to damage this cannot be ignored in as-
           A.P.S.R.T.C.& ANR. v. K. HEMALATHA          1203
                          & ORS.

sessing the damages. He can be found guilty of contribu- A
tory negligence if he ought to have foreseen that if he did
not act as a reasonable, reasoned man, he might be hit
himself and he must take into account the possibility of
others being careless. [Para 7] [1207-F,G & H; 1208-A]
     1.2. The Tribunal had noticed that the deceased was 8
driving vehicle at a high speed with a view to attend the
marriage function. Manner of the accident as deposed
by the claimant's witnesses indicate that the deceased
was partially responsible for the accident. The High Court
was wrong in holding that the deceased had not contrib- C
uted to the accident and there was no contributory negli-
gence. Taking into account the evidence of the witnesses
it can be certainly said that there was contributory negli-
gence. The proportion can be fixed at 1:4. Considering
the date of the accident, i.e. 19.3.1998, the rate of interest D
shou!d be 8%. [Para 8] [1208-8,C & D]
      1.3. In an accident involving two or more vehicles,
where a third party (other than the drivers and/or owners
of the vehicles involved) claims damages for loss of inju-
ries, it is said that compensation is payable in respect of E
the composite negligence of the drivers of those vehicles.
But in respect of such an accident, if the claim is by one
of the drivers himself for personal injuries, or by the legal
heirs of one of the drivers for loss on account of his death,
or by the owner of one of the vehicles in respect of dam- F
ages to his vehicle, then the issue that arises is not about
the composite negligence of all the drivers, but about the
contributory negligence of the driver concerned. [Para 9]
[1208-D, E & F]
                                                              G
      1.4. 'Composite negligence' refers to the negligence
on the part of two or more persons. Where a person is in-
jured as a result of negligence on the part of two or more
wrong doers, it is said that the person was injured on ac-
count of the composite negligence of those wrong-doers. H
    1204     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                [2008) 8 S.C.R.


A In such a case, each wrong doer, is jointly and severally
   liable to the injured for payment of the entire damages and
   the injured person has the choice of proceeding against
  all or any of them. In such a case, the injured need not
  establish the extent of responsibility of each wrong-doer
B separately, nor is it necessary for court to determine the
  extent of liability of each wrong-doer separately. On the
  other hand where a person suffers injury, partly due to the
  negligence on the part of another person or persons, and
  partly as a result of his own negligence, then the negligence
c on the part of the injured which contributed to the acci-
  dent is referred to as his contributory negligence. Where
  the injured is guilty of some negligence, his claim for dam-
  ages is not defeated merely by reason of the negligence
  on his part but the damages recoverable by him in respect
  of the injuries stands reduced in proportion to his contribu-
0
  tory negligence. [Para 10] [1208-9, H; 1209-A,8,C]
         1.5. When two vehicles are involved in an accident,
    and one of the drivers claims compensation from the other
    driver alleging negligence and the other driver denies
E   negligence or claims that the injured claimant himself was ·
    negligent, then it becomes necessary to consider whether
    the injured claimant was negligent and if so, whether he
    was solely or partly responsible for the accident and the
    extent of his responsibility, that is his contributory negli-
F   gence. Therefore where the injured is himself partly liable,
    the principle of 'composite negligence' will not apply nor
    can there be an automatic inference that the negligence
    was 50:50 as has been assumed in this case. The Tribu-
    nal ought to have examined the extent of contributory neg-
G   ligence of the appellant and thereby avoided confusion
    between composite negligence and contributory negli-
    gence. The High Court has failed to correct the said error.
    The proportion in which the payment to the claimants
    have to be made shall be the same cis was fixed by the
H   Tribunal. [Paras 11, 13] [1209-D,E,F & G]
             A.P.S.R.T.C.&ANR. v. K. HEMALATHA           1205
               & ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J]

       TO. Anthony v. Karvarnan & Ors. 2008(3) SCC 748 -        A
relied on.
    CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICATION : Civil Appeal Nos.
3623-3626 of 2008
     From the final Judgment and Order dated 28.10.2004 of      B
the High Court of Judicature, Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in
C.M.A. Nos. 2913, 2925 of 2000, 283 and 551 of 2001
    R. Santhan Krishnan, Praveen K. Pandey and D. Mahesh
Babu for the Appellants.
                                                                c
    K. Maruthi Rao, K. Radha and Anjani Aiyagari for the Re-
spondents.
     The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
     Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. 1. Leave granted.
                                                                D
       2. Challenge in these appeals is to the judgment of a
learned Single Judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court dis-
posing of several appeals filed under Section 173 of the Motor
Vehicles Act, 1988 (in short the 'Act'). Appeals were filed by the
claimants as well as the present appellant-Corporation and its E
functionaries. By the impugned judgment the High Court partly
allowed the appeal filed by the claimant while dismissing the
appeal filed by the appellant-Corporation. One K. Lingam lost
his life purportedly in a vehicle accident. His widow and the
minor children claimed compensation. Similarly his widow Smt. F
K. Hemlatha also claimed compensation for about Rs.8,00,000/
- while the injured claimant in respect of the same accident
claimed compensation of Rs.1,00,000/-. It was the case of the·
claimants that on 19.3.1998 the deceased and injured claimant
in O.P. No.878of1998 were proceeding on motor bike bearing G
No. AP.1 OJ 5350 towards Yadagirigutta and when they reached
the RTC bus depot at Yadagirigutta, bus bearing No. AP 9Z
3972 belong to APSRTC, came from back side and dashed
the motorcycle. In the said accident, the deceased and claim-
ant suffered grievous injuries. At first instance, both were ad- H
    1206      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [2008] 8 S.C.R.


A mitted in Government Hospital, Bhongir and thereafter they were
  shifted to Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad. Considering the
  serious condition of the deceased he was shifted to CDR Hos-
  pital, Hyderabad, where he succumbed to injuries on 24.3.1998.
  On a complaint lodged to the police, a case in Crime No.16 of
B 1998 was registered on the file of the Police Station,
  Yadagirigutta. It was the further case of the claimants that the
  deceased was a Class-I contractor and was an income tax as-            ,
  sessee and was doing high magnitude civil contracts. Plead-
  ing that due to sudden and untimely death of the deceased,
C they lost dependency, they claimed compensation which in-
  cluded non-pecuniary damages on account of loss of estate,
  and loss of consortium. So far O.P. No. 878 of 1998 is con-
  cerned, the same was filed by the wife of the deceased who
  was also injured in the same accident, claiming compensation
  on account of medical expenditure, pain and suffering and dis-
0
  ability. The said claim was resisted by the appellant Andhra
  Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (in short the 'Cor-
  poration') by filing counter affidavit before the Tribunal. It was
  the case and it was their specific case that the bus did not hit
  the motor bike. Further, it was their case that on seeing the
E speeding bus the deceased himself got puzzled and skidded
  off the road; as such, the deceased and claimant suffered inju-
  ries. Precisely, it was the case of the Corporation that the bus
  of the Corporation did not hit the motor bike at all; as such, there
  was no negligence on the part of the driver of the bus of the          ,.
F Corporation, to claim compensation from it.
        3. The Tribunal in the two claim petition framed issues.
  After taking note of the evidence on record, it was held that the
  deceased was aged of 41 years, his earning was about
G Rs.5,000/- per month and after deducting 1/3'd for personal ex-
                                                                              .r
  penses the contribution to the family was around Rs.3,400/- p.m.
  The annual contribution was Rs.40,800/. After applying multi-
  plier of 11, compensation of Rs.4,48,800/- was awarded. Ad-
  ditionally, a sum of Rs.70,000/- for medical expenses, trans-
  portation charges, funeral expenses and the like was awarded.
H
                            A.P.S.R.T.C.& ANR. v. K. HEMALATHA              1207
                              & ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J]
         ...
               In other words in respect of claim for the death of the deceased A
_,             Rs.5, 18,800/- was fixed as the amount of compensation. But
'              since the Tribunal held that there was contributory negligence,
               1/3'd deduction was made. Interest at the rate of 12% was
               awarded, from the date of claim. In the petition in respect of
               injuries a sum of Rs.25,000/- was awarded but after making B
               deduction of 113rc1 the amount was fixed as Rs.16,666/- together
      "        with interest at the rate of 12% per annum.

                     4. Both the claimants and the Corporation filed appeal.
               As noted above the appeal filed by the claimant was partially
               allowed while the appeal filed by the Corporation was dismissed.      c
               Primarily the High Court came to hold that there was no ques-
               tion of any contributory negligence.

                     5. In support of the appeal, learned counsel for the appel-
               !ant submitted that the High Court has misread the evidence on
                                                                                     D
               record. The Tribunal has referred to the evidence on record to
               conclude that the deceaseci was also partially responsible for
               the accident and therefore it clearly held that there was con-
               tributory negligence. However, the proportion of 1:2 i.e. between
               the deceased and the Corporation, as fixed by the Tribunal, was
               not correct. It is also pointed out that the rate of interest as      E
               awarded is extremely high.

                   6. Learned counsel for the respondent on the other hand
     1
               supported the judgment of the High Court.

                      7. To determine the question as to who contributed to the      F
               happening of the accident, it becomes relevant to ascertain who
               was driving his vehicle negligently and rashly and in case both
               were so doing who were more responsible for the accident and
               who of the two had the last opportunity to avoid the accident. In
                                                                                     G
     ..,       case the damages are to be apportioned, it must also be found
               that the plaintiff's fault was one of the causes of the damage
               and once that condition is fulfilled the damages have to be ap-
               portioned according to the apportioned share of the responsi-
               bility. If the negligence on the plaintiff's part has also contrib-
               uted to damage this cannot be ignored in assessing the dam-           H
    1208      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [2008) 8 S.C.R.               "
                                                                                    f'



                                                                         ).
A ages. He can be found guilty of contributory negligence if he
  ought to have foreseen that if he did not act as a reasonable,
                                                                                    )!'
  reasoned man, he might be hit himself and he must take into
  account the possibility of others being careless.
         8. The Tribunal has noticed that the deceased was driving
B  vehicle at a high speed with a view to attend the marriage func-                 '°
   tion. Manner of the accident as deposed by the claimant's wit-         i-
   nesses indicate that the deceased was partially responsible                  1'!
   for the accident. The High court was wrong in holding that the                   l;j

 · deceased had not contributed to the accident and there was no                "'
                                                                                j

c contributory negligence. Taking into account the evidence of the
   witnesses it can be certainly said that there was contributory
   negligence. The proportion can be fixed at 1:4. From the com-
   pensation as awarded a sum of Rs.1,00,000/- with round fig-
   ures needs to be deducted. Therefore, the compensation is fixed
D at Rs.4, 18,800/-. Considering the date of the accident, the rate
   of interest should be 8%.
         9. In an accident involving two or more vehicles, where a
  third party (other than the drivers and/or owners of the vehicles
  involved) claims damages for loss or injuries, it is said that com-
E pensation is payable in respect of the composite negligence of
  the drivers of those vehicles. But in respect of such an accident,
  if the claim is by one of the drivers himself for personal injuries,
  or by the legal heirs of one of the drivers for loss on account of
                                                                          't
  his death, or by the owner of one of the vehicles in resp1:lct of
F damages to his vehicle, then the issue that arises is not about
  the composite negligence of all the drivers, but aboutthe con-
  tributory negligence of the driver concerned.


G the
        10. 'Composite negligence' refers to the negligence on
      part  of two or more persons: Where a person is injured as a
                                                                               ..
                                                                               ~"

  result of negligence on the part of two or more wrong doers, it is      t-
  said that the person was injured on account of the composite
  negligence. of those wrong-doers. In such a case, each wrong
  doer, is jointly and severally liable to the injured for payment of
H the entire damages and the injured person has the choice of
                       A.P.S.R.T.C.&ANR. v. K. HEMALATHA             1209
                         & ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J]

           proceeding against all or any of them. :n such a case, the in- A
           jured need not establish the extent of responsibility of each
           wrong-doer separately, nor is it necessary for the court to deter-
           mine the extent of liability of each wrong-doer separately. On
           the other hand where a person suffers injury, partly due to the
           negligence on the part of another person or persons, and partly B
           as a result of his own negligence, then the negligence on the
       ~
           part of the injured which contributed to the accident is referred
           to as his contributory negligence. Where the injured is guilty of
           some negligence, his claim for damages is not defeated merely
           by reason of the negligence on his part but the damages recov-    c
           erable by him in respect of the injuries stands reduced in pro-
           portion to his contributory negligence.

                  11. Therefore, when two vehicles are involved in an acci-
           dent, and one of the drivers claims compensation from the other
           driver alleging negligence, and the other driver denies· negli- D
           gence or claims that the injured claimant himself was negligent,
           then it becomes necessary to consider whether the injured
           claimant was negligent and if so, whether he was solely or partly
           responsible for the accident and the extent of his responsibility,
           that is his contributory negligence: Therefore where the injured E
           is himself partly liable, the principle of 'composite negligence'
           will not apply nor can there be an automatic inference that the
rl
           negligence was 50:50 as has been assumed in this case. The
     ...   Tribunal ought to have examined the extent of contributory neg-
           ligence of the appellant and thereby avoided confusion between F
           composite negligence and contributory negligence. The High
           Court has failed to correct the said error.

                12. The above position was highlighted in TO. Anthony v.
           Karvarnan & Ors. [2008(3) SCC 748].                               G

                 13. Appeals are allowed to the aforesaid extent. The pro-
           portion in which the payment to the claimants have to be made
           shall be the same as was fixed by the Tribunal.
           B.B.B.                                      Appeals allowed.      H