Holding

The cut‑off date and the classification under Regulations 3(3) and 31 are valid and do not violate Article 14.

Summary

The Reserve Bank of India introduced a new pension scheme in 1990, replacing the Contributory Provident Fund (CPF) scheme. Regulations 3(3) and 31 fixed a cut‑off date of 1 January 1986, allowing only employees who retired on or after that date (and before 1 November 1990) to opt into the pension scheme by refunding CPF contributions with interest; those who retired earlier were excluded. Retired officers who retired on or before 31 December 1985 challenged the cut‑off as arbitrary and violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. The Court examined whether the classification was unreasonable, distinguishing between liberalisation of an existing scheme and introduction of a wholly new scheme. It held that the cut‑off was justified because the pension scheme was modeled on the Central Government scheme introduced after the Fourth Pay Commission, and financial and administrative considerations made it impracticable to extend the benefit to earlier retirees. Consequently, the regulations were not struck down, and the petition was dismissed.

Issues considered

Whether the classification of retirees based on the cut‑off date of 1 January 1986 under RBI Pension Regulations 1990 violates Article 14 of the Constitution.
Whether a State authority can restrict a newly introduced pension scheme to a particular class of retirees.
Distinction between liberalisation of an existing pension scheme and introduction of a new scheme for the purpose of Article 14 analysis.

Legislation cited

Constitution of Indias. Article 12, s. Article 14, s. Article 19, s. Article 21, s. Article 300A
Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934s. 58(2)(j)

Subjects

Article 14EqualityClassificationPension schemeReserve Bank of IndiaCut‑off dateStatutory regulationsConstitutional lawSocial securityCPF

Judgment

l
I

A ALL INDIA RESERVE BANK RETIRED OFHCERS
ASSOCIATION AND ORS.
v.
r,.
UNION OF INDIA AND ANR.

,DECEMBER 10, 1991
B
[A.M. AHMADI AND M.M. PUNCHHI, JJ.]

Reserve Bank of India Penswn Regulations 1990: Regulations 3(3) and
31.
>
C Reserve Bank-Introduction of Pension Scheme in substitution o/C.P.F.
Scheme-Classificatwn of superannuated employees/or the purposes of Pen-
sion Scheme-4:Jrant of benefit of pension to employees retiring on and after
1st January, 1986-d>enial of benefit to those retiring on or before 31st De~
cember, 1985 held valid. .
D Difference between Liberalisation of an existing scheme and introduc-
tion of a new scheme explained-Heid in case of a new scheme the employer
can restrict the benefit to a class of retirees.
Constitution of India, 1950: Article 14.
' -:'>·
. Equality-Reserve Bank-Introduction of Pension Scheme-Fixation of
E cut-off date for the pwposes of conferring benefit of the scheme-Pension
Scheme patterned on the Pension Scheme applicable to Ceflltal- Government
Employees-Rationale for fvdng the cut-off date also same.}zNIF"the case of
~~--
scheme applicable to Central Government Employees-Heldfixation of cut-off
date is not arbitrary-Regulations 3(3) and 31 of the Reserve Bank of India
(
F Pension Regulations 1990 held not violative of Article 14. ·
In eXercise or the powers conferred by Section 58(2)(j) or the Reserve
Bank oflndia Act, the Central Board of the Reserve Bank oflndia framed
the Reserve Bar.k or India Pension Regulations, 1990. By the said Rego·
lations a pension scheme was introduced in substitution or the existing
G Contributory Provident Fund Scheme. Under the Regulations new en·
trants joining on and after 1st November, 1990 automatically became
governed by the pension scheme: for them the CPF scheme did not exist.
The in-service employee i.e. those employees who were actually in service
at the date of introduction or the scheme were given an option to opt out
of the pension scheme and continue to be governed by the CPF scheme.
H However, in respect or the superannuated employees a classification was

256
R.B..I~ RETIRED OFFICERS ASSR v.: U.O.I. · 257

made, under Regulations 3(3) and 31 or: the Regulations; between those ·A
who retired on or before 31st December 1985 and those who retired on and
after 1st January, 1986; to the latter the benefit of the pens.ion was
extended by option while to the former that benefit was denied aUogether
i.e. the Bank emplOyees who retired from servh:e .between 1st January,
· 1986 and 1st Nov.ember, 1990 could opt for the benefit. of the pension
scheme with effect from 1st November, 1990 provided they refunded the B
Bank's c~ntrfbution to the provident fund together With interest recei.ved .
. ·.
·thereon and t.ogether with ~urther interest calculated at· 6 per cent p~r
annum from the date of withdrawal till t.he date of repayment wbiie the
Bank employees who retii"ed from ·service before 1st. January 1986 \vere
not eligible tO opt for ~he ne~ly ~ntroduced pension.scheme.
c
The P~titi'one'rs, an Association o'f retired Bank employees and some
its
of members who retired from Bank's serviCe on or before 31st.Decem-
in
ber, 1985, filed. a writ petition' this Court challenging the lega!ity·ofthe .
R'egulationi; c·o'ntendfog that Regulations 3(3) and 31 were violative of
Article 14· of the Constitution ~ecause (a) both the groups namely those
who retired on or before 31st December, 1985 and those who retired D
between· 1st Jan)lary 1986 and 31st October, 1990 belong to the· same.
group of CPF Retirees yetthe Regulations seek to'divide them by pl~cing
an artificial cut-off date; (b) this artificial di'vision and classification of a
homogeneous class of retired employees is arbitrary and unreasonable
since it is not based on any logic, but is based entirely on the whim and
caprice of the Bank Authorities; (c) the cut-offdate fixed under the E
Regulations has no. relation to the object sought to be achieved by .the
introduction of the pension scheme in substitution of the extant CPF
scheme.

On b~hatf of' the responden~ Bank ·it.w~ con!ended that :-
F
(1) Pension being a reward for past Service, revision of an existing
benefit stands on a different footing than an altogether;new retiral benefit
and. since the pern;ion scheme introduced by the Bank was a totally new
scheme introduced for the first time it was open to the Bank authorities to
dedde- the date froli1 which it should be brought into force and employees
who should be covered thereunde~; (i) the cut-off date was chos~n as 1st G
January l986 because (a) that was the date from which the pen°sion scheine
as revised by the Fourth,{;entral Pay' Commission was' made applicable to
Government employees; (b) under the Bank Rules the records concerning·
retired·einployees were maintained f<.>r a certain number of yea~s onJy and
. if the benefit of the pension sch~me '~as to be extended to all retired
employees regardless of their da.te of retirement, the Bank would find it H ·
258 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1991] SUPP. 3 S. C.R.

A difficult to work out the actual benefit under the scheme admissible to
each retirees.

Dismissing the petition, this Court,

HELD : 1. Whenever any rule or regulation having statutory flavour
'
is made by an authority which is a State within the meaning of Article 12
B of the Constitution, the choice of the cut-off date which has necessarily to
'\-

be introduced to effectuate such benefits is open to scrutiny by the court
and must be supported on the touch-stone of Article 14.. If the choice of the

c
date results in classification or division of members of a homogeneous
group it wo.uld be open to the court to insist that it be shown that the
classification is based on an intelligible differentia ·and on rational consid-
'•
eration which bears a nexus to the purpose and object thereof. The
differential treatment accorded to those who retired prior to the specified
date and those who retired subsequent thereto '!lust be justified on the
touch-stone of Article 14, for otherwise it would be offensive to the
philosophy of equality enshrined in the Constitution. [269-H, 270 A-B]
D
D.S. Nakara & Ors. v. Union ofIndia, [1983] 3 S.C.R.165; B.Prabhakar
Rao & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh, [1985] Suppl. 2 SCR 573, referred
to.
~

1.1 The justification for fixing the cut-off date as 1st January, 1986 >-
is that the newly introduced pension scheme is modelled on the lines of a
E similar scheme applicable to Central Government employes. The proposal
to have a scheme similar to the one applicable to Central Government
employees in lieu of the existing CPF scheme was mooted by the in-service
Bank employees some time in 1986 and on the Central Government
according sanction, it was brought into effect from 1st November, 1990.
That is why it was made applicable to those who retired in the meantime
F
on or after 1st January, 1986. The underlying reason is to operate the
scheme on the pattern of the scheme governing Central Gov~rnment
employees and to extend the benefit to those Bank employees who had
demanded the same. [272 D-E] >

The rationale for fixing the cut-off date as 1st January, 1986 was the
G
same as in the case of Central Government employees based on the recom-
:--
mendation of the Fourth Pay Commission. Therefore, there is no sub-
stance in the allegation that the cut-off date had been arbitrarily fixed by
the Bank Authorities or the Central Government while giving its approval
>-
or that it is devoid ·of rational consid.eration and is wholly whimsical. In
H fixing the cut-off date the respondents had not acted malafide with a view
R.B.I. RETIRED OFFICERS ASSN. v. U.0.1. 259

to deprive those who had retired on or before 31st December, 1985 of the A
benefit of the pension scheme but it was not practicable to extend the
benefit to such retires. [272 F-G]

2. Pension is not a charity or bounty nor is it gratuitous payment
' solely dependent on the whim or sweet will of the employer. It is earned
for rendering long service and is often described as deferred portion of B
compensation for past service. It is in fact in the nature of a social security
-o
plan to provide for the December of life of a superannuated employee.
Such social security plans are consistent with the socioeconomic require-
ments of the Constitution when the employer is a State within the meaning
of Article 12 of the Constitution. [265 E-F]

2.1 However, there is a distinction between continuance of an
c
existing scheme in its liberalised form and introduction of a wholly new
scheme; in the case of the former all the pensioners had a right to pension
on uniform basis and any division which classified them into two groups
by introducing a cut-off date would ordinarily violate the principle of
equality in treatment unless there is a strong rationale discernible for so D
doing and the same can be supported on the ground that it will subserve
the object sought to be achieved. [271 D-E]

But in the case of a new scheme, in respect whereof the retired
employees have no vested right, the employer can restrict the same to
certain class of retirees, having regard to the fact-situation in which it E
came to be introduced, the extent of additional financial burden that it will
throw, the capacity of the employer to bear the same, the feasibility of
extending the scheme to all retirees regardless of the dates of their
retirement, the availability of records of every retiree, etc. etc. [271 E-F]

2.2 Where an existing scheme is revised or liberalised all those who F
are governed by the said scheme must ordinarily receive the benefit of
such revision or liberalisation and if the State desires to deny it to a group
thereof, it must justify its action on the touchstone of Article 14 and must
show that a certain group is denied the benefit of revision or liberalisation
on sound reason and not entirely on the whim and caprice of the State. The
underlying principle is that when the State decides to revise and liberalise G
an existing pension scheme with a view to augmenting the social security
cover granted to pensioners it cannot ordinarily grant the benefit to a
section of the pensioners and deny the same to others by drawing an
artificial cut-off line whkh cannot be justified on rational grounds and· is
wholly unconnected with the object intended to be achieved. [271 A-CJ
H
260 SUPREME COURT RE}lORTS {1991} SUPP. 3 S. C.R.

A But when an employer introduce-s an entirely new scheme .whieh has
n.o connection with the existing scheme, different considerations enter the
decision making process. One such consideration may be•tbe financial
implications of the scheme and the. capacity of tbe employer to bear the
burden. Keeping in view its cap·adty to absorb the t1nancial burden that
the. scheme.·would :throw, the· employer would' have to decide upon the
B extent.of applkability of'the sch~me• [271 C·Dl ··
· ·D~S.N(l/{ara & Ors, v; V.nion)?flndia, {1983} 3 SC~ 165, relied on.

.·. •· ·hulian·Ex~Stfvtc~s:League.& Ors·. ·v. Union;.oflridia. JT (l99I) f-SC
'i43' cited . . : ·, . ' ' ' . ' ·'. ' ' ' ' .'
' . '. . ... ~ ..·
.2.3/l~li~.scheriteJiitroduced•bytlle.Regufatlons is a.totally new one
which was not .in:bisten.ce' pr.ior :to· .its i.n~roduction with effe~t. from 1st
November; i990. The :employees· of: the.Reser\;e Barik who bad ·retired .
.·prfor to' that tlatewere governed by the CPFschenie'.arid had received the
benefit of employer's contrlolltion under that scheme,and .on superaunua..
D . tiOn the ~mount· to theh» account was disbursed t<»them i.e. the retiral
·benefit$ a_dmissibi~ itiem·under th.e ~xtant Rules of the .Bank had been to·
paid fo them. Thertfore they had no right to cl~im·covenfge under .the ne\l'.
pension scheme since they had already retired and· had collected their
retiral .benefits .from the employer. [27o D, G]

·. '· 3~· ln. the .case· of an employee governed by the CPF sch.em.e his ·
E r..elations·with the employer come to an end on his retirement and r.eceipt
of th_e-.CPF ~n'iount·bqt in the case of an emp~oyee·governed under the
fie.iision sciie.me his relations with the einpl'oyer merely undergo a change·
but do not snap altogether-. In the case of pensioners it is necessary ·fo
revise.the pension periodically as the continuous fall-in the· rupee \lalue-and
the rise in prices of essential commodities necessitates an adjustment of the·
F
pensiona:ioowit but th~fris not .the ease of emplo}ees gover.ned under the
CJW s.cheme since they recei.ve the lump-sum·-payment wtiith they are at
liberty· to. invtst in a manner that \vould yield optimum return which
woiibftake ~al:EH>f the iriOationaty trends. [271 F-H,_272-A]
. ' . .

_G l• Kris1ienaKrmwr- & Ors. -v. Union oflnflia & Ors.,1[1990] 4 SCC 207,
reiterated. ;. .

ORIOI~AL JURISDICTiQN.. : Writ Petition{Civil) No. IQ"of 1Q9l.
'· (Under Articlt? 32 ()f the ·constitution of I,n~ia)..

H P.P. Rao, A.K. Ganguli, S. Mandal and Indranil Ghosh for the Petiti.on-
ers.

·: . . · .
. "··

. . ~;,....,;-.;....-- ...... :...
R.B.I. RETIRED OFFICERS ASSN. v. U.O.I. [AHMADI, J.] 261

Kapil Silbal, H.S.Parihar and K.S. Parihar fqr .the Respondents. A
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

AHMADI J. In exercise of powe;s conferred by clause U) of Sub-
section (2) of Section 58 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (Act U ·of
1934) (hereinafter called 'the Act'), the Central Board of the Reserve Bank of
India with the prior approval of the Central Government framed Regµlations ·B
known as the Reserve Bank o'f India Pension Regulations, 1930 (hereinafter
called 'the Regulations'). By the .said Re,,gulations brought into force with
effect from 1st November, 1990 .a pension scheme was introducedjn s.ubsiitu~
tion of the existing Contributory Provident Fund Scheme (h~r.efoafter alluded·
to as the 'CPF Scheme'). The newly introduced pension sch¢.rii.~ wai:made
applicable to all employees enter·ing Bank service on or-aft~r ist.Novell)bet,
c
1990; for them the CPF scheme did not exist. The in~sei'vi~e eili.plo'yees i:e.
those employees who were actually in service at the date o(intiodii9ti-0n ofihe
scheme were given a11 option to opt out of the pension sch¢me arid conliol!e to
be g-0verned by the CPF scheme. The third category is of those who retired
from Bank's service between 1st January, 1986 and 1st November 1990. D
Regulation 3(3) which deals with the applicability of the scheme.to the said
category of retired employees reads as under'.

"3(3)- Employees who were in· service as on 1st January 1986
(excluding those on leave preparatory to retirement) and had
·retired before l~t November, 1990, provided they exercise option E
to be governed by these Regulations and refund within such period
as may be specified, the Bank?s contribution to provident fund
. including interest received by them from the Bank together with
simple interest at six percent per annum 'f.rbm the date of with-
. drnwal till the date· of repayn}ent Pension shall be payable to them
in accorctance wilh Regulation 31:" F.
Regulation 31 reads as under :

"31-Employees who have retired from the Ban.k's s~rvice 9n or
after 1st January, 1986 and before 1st November, 1990 shall· be
eligible for pension from 1st November, 1990 or after expiry of. (;
leave preparatory to retitement subject to Regulation 22.. The
payment of pension shall be subject to their refundirig Bank;s
contribution to provident fund including interest received py ttiem
from the bank, together with .simple interest. at the: rate .of six .
percent per annum from the date of withdrawaLtiH the date. of
repayment. Such employees will be permitted to commute their H

(
262 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1991) SUPP. 3 S. C. R.

pension also with effect from 1st November, 1990, after due
medical examination."

It, therefore, appears on a conjoint reading of Regulation 3(3) .and
Regulation 31 that Bank employees who retired from service between 1st
January, 1986 and 1st November, 1990 could opt for the benefit of the pension
scheme with effect from 1st November, 1990 provided they refunded the
B Bank's contribution to the provident fund together with interest received
thereon and together with further interest calculated at 6 percent per annum
from the date of withdrawal till the date of repayment Bank employees who
retired from service before 1st January, 1986 were not eligible to opt for the
newly introduced pension scheme.

C Petitioner No.1 is an Association of retired Bank employees and petition-
ers Nos. 2 to 7 are its members who retired from the Bank's service on or before
31st December, 1985. They are not entitled to opt for the pension-plan under
the aforesaid Regulations. They contend that the cut-off date fixed under
Regulations 3(3) and 31 extracted earlier is wholly artificial and has no relation
to the object sought to be achieved by the introduction of the pension-plan in
D substitution of the extant CPF scheme. They contend that Article 14 of the
Constitution forbids class legislation and the Bank Authorities have by drawing
an artificial classification between those who retired on or before 31st Decem-
ber, 1985 and those who retired 24 hours later i.e. on or after 1st January, 1986
have violated the letter and spirit of the said article of the Constitution.
Although Article 14 permits reasonable classification, that classification must
E satisfy the twin test of the same being founded on an intelligible criteria which
distinguishes persons or things which are grouped together from those left out
and the said differentia must be shown to have a rational nexus to the object
sought to be achieved by the relevant Rules or Regulations. The petitioners,
therefore, contend that while the pension scheme introduced under the Regu-
lations is a welcome step consistent with the constitutional philosophy discern-
F ible from the Preamble and Articles 38,39, 41 and 43 of Part IV of the
Constitution, the artificial division of a homogeneous class of retired employ-
ees between those who retired prior to 1st January, 1986 and those who retired
on or after that date is wholly arbitrary and unreasonable and is liable to be
struck down as violative of Article 14 of the Constitution as explained by this
Court in D.S.Nakara & Ors. v. Union of India, [1983] 3 SCR 165. The
G petitioners contend that it is settled law that pension is neither a bounty nor a
gratuitous payment dependent wholly on the sweet will or grace of the
employer but is a right to which an employee is entitled on superannuation
under the relevant Rules and is a welfare measure intended to render so-
cioeconomic justice, a concept enshrined in the Preamble and Part IV of the
constitution. To deny benefit of the pension scheme merely because a group of
H employees superannuated on or before 31st December, 1985 is clearly abhor-

.~
R.B.I. RETIRED OFFICERS ASSN. v. U.0.1. [AHMADI, J.] 263

rent to the constitutional philosophy enshrined in Articles 14, 19, 21 and 300 A
A of the Constitution. The petitioners, therefore contend that the obnoxious
part of Regulations 3(3) and 31 which limit the benefit of the pension-plan to
only those employees who retired from service on or after 1st January, 1986
should be struck down and instead the same should be liberalised and extended
to all retired Bank employees regardless of the date of their retirement provided
they opt for the scheme and are ready and willing to abide by the condition of B
refunding the Bank's contribution to the CPF scheme together with interest, if
any, received by them and with further simple interest at 6 per cent per annum
from the date of withdrawal of the said amount till repayment. In other words
the petitioners contend that the pension scheme should be made available to all
employees who retired from Bank's service before 1st November, 1990
provided they opt for the pension scheme. They contend that if the benefit of C
the pension scheme is extended to those who retired before 1st November,
1990 about 2,000 such employees will benefit therefrom and not all of them
will opt for the same and hence the financial implication of the extention of the
scheme to such employees will be marginal.

On behalf of the respondents, respondent No.2 has entered a counter on
behalf of the management and he contends that the cut-off date was chosen as D
1st January, 1986 for diverse reasons, one of them being that the newly
introduced pension scheme was patterned on the pension scheme applicable to
Central Government Employees as revised by the Fourth Central Pay Commis-
sion with effect from 1st January, 1986. This date was decided upon after
considerable thought having regard to the fact that the proposal for a pension
scheme in lieu of the CPF scheme was revived sometime in 1986 after it was E
initially turned down. Besides, it was considered appropriate that retired
employees who had drawn their package of superannuation benefits many
years earlier and had the benefit of use of those funds over prolonged periods
need not now be given the option to move over to a totally different retiral plan
bearing no relationship whatsoever with the then existing wage-structure. The
respondents, therefore, contend that the cut-off date was chosen as 1st January, F
1986 principally because that was the date from which the pension scheme as
revised by the Fourth Central Pay Commission was made applicable to
Government employees. It was further contended that it was felt undesirable to
relate back the scheme to a date prior to 1st January, 1986 as that would cause
considerable difficulties regarding calculation etc., of the pension payable to
old employees for want of availability of relevant records. The respondents, G
therefore, contend that the submission that the pension scheme introduced by
the Regulations is violative of Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution is
wholly misplaced as this is a totally new scheme introduced for the first time
and it is open to the Bank Authorities to decide the date from which it should
be brought in force and the employees who should be covered thereunder. The
respondents, therefore, contend that the writ petition is without merits and li
264 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1991] SUPP. 3 S. C.R.

A deserves to be dismissed with costs.
Before we proceed to deal with the main contention based on the decision
of this Court in Nakara' s case it would be advantageous to notice the fact that
employees of the Reserve Bank oflndia were, prior to the introduction of the
pension scheme;enjoyingsuperanrmation benefits comprising (i) CPF, and (ii)
gratuity, Representatives of the employees and officers' staff had been clam-
B ouring for the introduction of a pension scheme as a third retiral benefit since
quite some time. To consider the qemand the Bank had constituted a Study
Group in October, 1979 under the Chairmanship of Shri W. S. Tambe, retired
Executive Director of the Bank with representatives of the recognised Unions/
Associations representing different classes of Bank employees as members.
The Study .Group submitted its .report in 1981. It would appear therefrom that
C the members held divergent view points. However, in paragraph 3.24 of the
report they recommended equalisation of superannuation benefits in the
Reserve Bank of India-with those available to Central Government employees
by introducing pension at 25% of la'St pay drawn._ On the question of t_he date
from which the said reco:mi:nendation should be made effective the members
were divided in their opinion. One view ·expressed was that since the latest
D wage settlements for overwhelming majority of-employees were made opera-
tive from 1st September; ·1978 and since the appc}intinent of the Study Group
was made pursuant thereto, its recommendation should be made effective from
1st September, l978. The other view was that since the Study Group was
constituted in October, 1979 and the said period fell within _the Bank's
accounting year from July, 1979 to June, 1980, it wo\}ld not be reasonable to
·E -give effect to the recommendation from a date prior to 1st July,· 1979: The
Study Group was, therefore, no unanimous in respect of the date from wbich
its recommendation should be made effective. It appears from lhe letter of the
Joint Secretary of the Staff Officer's Association dated 20ih March, 1981 that
the d.raft of the report was approved by him. The subsequeiit letter of March 1,
1982 discloses that the recommendations made by the Study Group were n()t
F approved by the Government of India in the Ministry of Finance. In paragraplt
7ofthatletter.after objecting to the manner in whic.h the recommendations of
the study Group had been brushed aside it was stated as under:
"All the same we are inclined to consider the alternative in
constr.uctive manner-if we are infonned ofthe basis and the manner
G of the applicability of the .Government Pension Scheme."
It would thus appear from theabove that after the proposal for the
introduction ofa third retiral benefit as recommendt:d by the Study Group was
negatived, the alternative proposal for intr()ductions of pension scheme on the
lines of the Government Pension Scheme was mooted. Subsequently, by :the
H Circular of June 15, 1982 the Association infonned its members· about the
R.B.I. RETIRED OFFICERS ASSN. v. U.O.I. [AHMADI. J.) 265

rejection by the Central Government of the recommendation made by the A
Study Group. This is how the demand for the introduetion of a third retiral
benefit ended. The~ter in the beginning of 1986 a large section of employees
of the Bank belonging to various classes represented that the Bank should at
least work out a pension scheme as an alternative to and in lieu of the exisling
CPF Scheme. Taking into account the general feeling of a large section of the
Bank employees a fresh rev~ew was under1aken and in 1987 informal discus- B
sions k>ok place with the officers of the Central GovemmenL The Central
Government ultimately towards the end of 1989 agreed to the Bank introdueing
a pension scheme patterned on Government Pension Scheme as revised by the
Fourth Central Pay Commission with effect from 1st January , 1986 in lieu of
the CPF scheme. Accordingly, .the Bank Authorities took a decision to
introduce a pension seheine in substitution of the extant CPF scheme and C
ultimately framed the Regulations referred to above. Thus, lst January, 1986
was selected as a <:ut-off date having regard to the fact that the Government
Pension Scheme as revised by the Fourth Central Pay Commission was brought
into force with effect from. that date. This, in brief, is the background in which
Regulations 3(3) and 31 came to be formulated.
The concept of pension is now well known and has been clarified by this D
Court time and again. It is not a charity or bounty nor is it gratui~ous payment
solely dependent on the whim or sweet will of the employer. It is earned for
rendering long service and is often described as deferred portion of compen-
sation for past service. It is in fact in the nature of a social security plan to
provide for the December of life of a superannuated employee. Such social
security plans are consistent with the socioeconomic requirements of the E
Constit]Jtion when the employer is a State within the meaning of Article 12 of
the Constitution. All the Bank employees who had retired prior to 1st Novem-
ber, 1990 were governed by the CPF scheme. However, by the introduction of
the pension _Scheme under the Regulations those employees who retired on or
,.
aftetlstJanuary,1986 have been given an option to switch over to the pension
scheme provided they refund the employer's contribution to the CPF scheme F
together with interest thereon and further agree to pay interest at six per cent
per annum from the. date of receipt of the fund amount on superannuation till
the repayment thereof. The grievance of the petitbners is that all employees
who were governed by the CPF scheme on the date of their superannuation
constituted a homogeneous class and the pension scheme introduced under the
Regulations seeks to divide them between those who retired on or before 31st G
December, 1985 and those who retired on and after 1st January, 1986; to the

- latter the benefit of the pension scheme is extended by option while to the
former that benefit is denied altogether. This artificial division between
members belonging to .the same group, contend the petitioners, is a flagrant
violation of Article 14 of the Constitution as held in Nakara' s case.
H
266 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1991] SUPP. 3 S. C.R.

A In order to appreciate the contention urged by Mr. Rao on behalf of the
petitioners it is necessary to understand the thrust of the ratio laid down in
Nakara' s case. That case arose out of a Memorandum dated May 25, 1979
issued by the Government of India liberalising the formula for computation of
pension in respect of the employees governed by the Central Civil Services
(Pension) Rules, 1972. This liberalised scheme was made applicable to
B employees retiring on or after March 31, 1979. By a subsequent Memorandum
dated September 23, 1979 the benefit was extended to members of the Armed
Forces retiring on or after April 1, 1979. The petitioners who had retired in the
year 1972 from the Central Civil Services and Armed Forces challenged the
validity of the aforesaid ~moranda insofar as the liberalisation was limited to
those retiring on or after the specified date thereby denying the benefit of
C liberalisation to all those who had retired prior to the specified date. The
challenge was based principally on Article 14 of the Constitution on the ground
that the specified dates fixed under the Memoranda for the two classes of
employees were wholly arbitrary, unreasonable and unfair and the classifica-
tion was not based· on an intelligible differentia nor did it bear any rational
nexus to the object sought to be achieved. It was, therefore, contended that the
D offending part of the Memoranda fixing an artificial cut-off date ought to be
severed retaining the beneficial portion so that all retired employees regardless
of the date of their retirement would be entitled to the benefit of the liberalised
scheme. This Court after stating the scope, content and thrust of Article 14 of
the Constitution came to the conclusion that both the impugned Memoranda
did not spell out the raison d'etre for restricting the application of the
E liberalised pension formula. It found no rational principle for granting the
liberalised benefits only to those who retired subsequent to the specified dates,
and denying the same to those who retired prior thereto. This Court felt that if
the liberalisation was considered necessary for augmenting social security in
old age to Government servants then those who rehired earlier cannot be worst
of than those who superannuated on or after the specified dates. This classifi-
F
cation of pensioners into two, namely, those who retired prior to the specified
dates and those who retifed subsequent thereto, was not found to be based on
any rational principle and was, therefore, held to be discriminatory and
arbitrary and violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. After taking that view
this Court severed the offensive part of the Memoranda and made the liberal-
G ised formula applicable to all existing pensioners regardless of the date of their
retirement as also to future pensioners. Counsel for the petitioners, therefore,
emphasised that the ratio of Nakara' s case applies on all fours to the petitioners
and hence the artificial classification of those who retired on or before 31st
December, 1985 and those who retired thereafter strikes at the very concept of
equality enshrined in Article 14 of the Constitution inasmuch as the said
-
H classification is wholly unreasonable, unfair and arbitrary since it is not based

0
R.B.I. RETIRED OFFICERS ASSN. v. U.O.I. [AHMADI, J.] 267

on any logic but is based entirely on the whim and caprice of the Bank A
Authorities.

On the other hand counsel for the respondents submitted that the
employees of the Bank who retired before 1~t November, 1990 were governed
by CPF scheme. The pension scheme was introduced for the first time with
effect from 1st November, 1990. By virtue of Regulations 3(3) and 31, the B
benefit of the pension scheme was extended to those Bank employees who had
retired on and after 1st January, 1986 as the proposal for the introduction of
such a pension scheme patterned on the s~heme governing the Central Govern-
ment employees was mooted and taken up for consideration in 1986 and also
because the pension scheme admissible to Government employees had under-
gone a change pursuant to the recommendations of the Fourth Central Pay c
Commission with effect from that date i.e. lst January, 1986. Counsel further
submitted that the cut-off date was selected as 1st January, 1986 having regard
to the fact that under the Rules of the Bank, records concerning retired
employees are maintained for a certain number of years only and if the benefit
of the pension scheme was to be extended to all retired employees regardless
of their date of retirement, the Bank would find it difficult to work out the D
actual benefit under the scheme admissible to each retiree. It was for this reason
that the Bank took a conscious decision to extend the benefit of the pension
scheme to those who retired on or after 1st January, 1986. He further contended
that since the pension scheme was being introduced for the first time it was
open to the Bank Authorities to select the date. for its application and the
petitioners have no right to contend that they are entitled to the benefit of the E
scheme. Counsel further submitted that if the Court comes to the conclusion
that the cut-off date of 1st January, 1986 is arbitrarily fixed and has no nexus
to the object sought to be achieved, only that part cif the regulation would be
violative of Article 14 of the Constitution btit that would not entitle the
petitioners who retired on or before 31st December, 1985 to claim the benefit
of the newly introduced pension scheme. In this behalf he too relied on the F
observations in Nakara' s case found at page 196 which read as under:

" ... the pension scheme will have to be recomputed in the light of
the formula enacted in the liberalised pension scheme and effective
from the date the revised scheme comes into force. And beware
that it is not a new scheme, it is only a revision of the existing G
scheme. It is not a new retiral benefit, it is an upward revision of
an existing benefit. If it was a wholly new concept a new retiral
benefit one could have appreciated an argument that those who
had already retired could not expect it."

(Emphasis supplied) H
268 SUPREME COURT REPORTS· {1991) SUPP. 3 S. C. R.

A Counsel therefore urged that pension being a reward for past service,
revision of an existing benefit stands on a different footing than an altogether
new retiral benefit In his submission, therefore, the decision in Nakara' s case
cannot apply to the fact-situation of:the present case since what the petitioners
are claiming is entitlement not to an existing scheme but an altogether ·new
scheme. He further submitted that in a subsequent decision in Krishena Kumar
B & Or.s. v. Union of India & Ors., [1990] 4 SCC 207-a Constitution Bench of
this Court had .an occasion to consider the ratio of Nakara' s case and it came
to .the concl~sion lhat a pension scheme and a Provident Fund Scheme being
structurally· different, those belonging to the latter scheme cannot claim to
come .over to the former scheme as of right on the plea that the cut-off date
· fixed under the·schen'le·violated Article 14 of the Constitution. That was a case
C of c~in _retired ~ailway employees who were claiming to come over to the
pension scheme on the plea that the subsequent notifications issued from time
to time .extending the cut-off date introduced a division of the homogeneous
group of provident fund retirees between those who can come over to the
pension scheme and those who are denied that benefit. The 12th Notification
dated May 8, 1987 fixed the cut-off date as January 1, 1986. Under that
D notification all CPF beneficiaries who were in service on January 1, 1986 were
taken to have come over to the pension scheme unless·they specifically opted
out with a view to retaining the benefits under the CPF scheme. This cut-off
date was fixed as the pay-scales were revised in September, 1986 and March,
1987 effective from January 1, 1986 following the recommendations of the·
E Fourth Central Pay Commission. On account of this upward revision in pay-
scales another pension option was given to Railway employees who were in
· service on January l, 1986. Thus, those who had retired prior to. that specified
date were not entitled to the benefit of the pension scheme. The question which
this Court was required to consider was whether this specified date offended
Article 14 of the Constitution. This Court in paragraph 34 of the judgment
F repelled the contention based on Article 14 read with the ratio in Nakara' s case
as fallacious in view of the fact that while in the case of pension retirees who
a
were alive the Government had continuing obligation while in the case of
provident fund retirees each one;s right had finally crystalised on the date of
retirement and there was no continuing obligation thereafter to be treated at par
with pension retirees. Counsel foi' the respondents, therefore, contended that in
G view of this subsequent Constitution Benc_h judgment explaining Nakara' s
case and the application of Article 14 in such situations, the claim of the
petitioners lo be entitled as of right to switch over to the pension scheme is
thoroughly unsustainable. Reliance was also placed on the decision of this
Court inindian Ex-Ser;ices League & Ors., v. Union ofIndia, JT (1991) 1 SC
243 which was a ca5e of retired Ex-servicemen who were claiming relief of
H "one .rank one pension" placing reliance on the ratio in Nakara' s case. This
R.B.LRETIRED OFFICERS ASSN. v. u~o.1. [AHMADI. J.] 269

Court negatived their Claim also .. A
From what we have stated above it becomes clear that the demand of
Bank.employees for introduction of a pension scheme as a third retiral benefit
as recommended by the Study Group in its repott submitted in 1981. was
rejected by the Central Government some time in 1982.. Thereafter a fresh
demand was made for the introduction of a pension scheme in substitution of B
the CPF scheme on. the pattern of the pension scheme admissible to Central
Government employees. This proposal met with the approval of the Central
Government and accordingly the Bank introduced the Regulations incorporat-

-
ing the same. Under the Regulations new entrants joining on and after 1st
November, 1990 automatically become g~)Vemed by the pension scheme; for
them the CPF scheme has no e~istence .. Those employees who·were in the
employment of the Bank prior to 1st November; 19-9ffwere given an option to
c
switch over to the pension scherrie subject.to the conditions stated earliei:. An
option was also given to !:hose employees wbo had retired between lstJanuary,
1986 and coming into forte of the Regulations to come over to the pension
scheme, provided they were willing to refund the employer~s contribution
under'their CPF scheme with faterest thereon and wii.h fu.rther interest at 6 D
percent per annum froin the "date of receipt of the provident fund amount till
the date of repayment. It will thus be seeii.'that the pension. scheme introduced ·
under the Regulations is patterned on the pension· scheine govemfog· the
Central Government emple>yees which was brought int.O effect from 1st
Jai\uary, 1986 on the reeom.mendations of the Foilrth Central Pay Commission
found in Chapter X of the report •. vide paragraph 10, 19 of thnt chapter. There E
is, however, no doubt thatby fixing.the cut-off.date Bank employees who
superannuated on or before 31st December,, 1985 ·are i:}eniyd. the benefit of the
pension scheme, The conten~ion-0f the petitinqers that boili the groups; namely,
those who retired on or before 31st Decembe.r, 1985 and those who retired
betw~n 1st January, 198.6 and 3.lst October, i990 belong to the same group
ofCPF retirees and yet the Regulations seek to divide them by placing ari F
artificial cut-off date under Regulations. 3(3} and 31 of the Regulations. It is.
therefore,,contended that this artificial· division of a homogeneous group not
based on any logic or rational and having no ne;icus to the object to be achieved
clearly offends the equality clause contained in Article"I4. There is·no·doubt
that whenever any rule or regulation having statutory flavour is inade by· an G
authority which. is a State within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution,
the choice 'of the cut-off date whiCh has necessarily to be introduced to
and
effe.ctuate such benefit$js open to scruµny by .the couri must be sµpp.orted
on the touch-Stone of Article 14. If the choice of the . date results in
classification or division of members· of a homogeneous.group it would be open
to ~e Coun to insist that it be shown thar the classification is based on an H
{,
270 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1991] SUPP. 3 S. C.R.

A intelligible differentia and on rational consideration which bears a nexus to the
purpose and object thereof. The differential treatment accorded to those who
retired prior to the specified date and those who retired subsequent thereto must
be justified on the touchstone of Article 14, for otherwise it would be offensive
to the philosophy of equality enshrined in the Constitution. This is quite clear
from the ratio of Nakara' s judgment as the decision of this Court in B.
B Prabhakar Rao & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh [1985) Supp. 2 SCR 573.
We have, therefore, to consider the limited question whether the classification·
introduced by clauses 3(3) and 31 of the Regulations is inconsistent with
Article 14 of the Constitution as alleged by the petitioners.

The scheme introduced by the Regulations is a totally new one. It was not
C in existence prior to its introduction with effect from 1st November, 1990. The
employees of the Reserve Bank who had retired prior. to that date were
admittedly governed by the CPF scheme. They had received the benefit of
employer's contribution under that scheme and on superannuation the amount
to their account was disbursed to them and they had put it to use also. There
can, therefore, be no doubt that the retiral benefits admissible to them under the
D extant Rules of the Bank had been paid to them. That was the social _security
plan available to them at the date of their retirement. The Bank employees
were, however, clamouring for a pension scheme, firstly on a restricted basis
as a third retiral benefit and later in lieu of the CPF scheme. The Central
Government had not approved of a pension scheme, as a third retiral benefit.
After that proposal was spumed it appears that the employees of the Bank
E demanded a pension scheme on the pattern of the scheme available to Central
Government employees in lieu of the CPF Scheme. This.was approved by the
Central .Government and consequently it was introduced with effect from lst
November, 1990 under tl)e Regulations. There can; therefore, be no doubt that

-
if the CPF retirees were not admitted to this new scheme they could not make
any grievance in that behalf. They had no right to claim coverage under the new
F pension scheme since they had already retired and had collected their retiral
benefits from the employer. But the moot question is whether it was open to
the employer to grant the benefit of the pension scheme to one group of CPF
retirees who had retired from Bank service on or after 1st January, 1986 and
deny the same to all those who had retired on or before 31st December, 1985.
G Is this division of CPF retirees discriminatory and violative of Article 14 of the
Constitution?

Nakara' s judgment has itself drawn a distinction between an existing
scheme and a new scheme. Where an existing scheme is revised or liberalised
all those who are governed by the said scheme must ordinarily receive the
H benefit of such revision or liberalisation and if the State desires to deny it to a
group thereof, it must justify its action on the touchstone of Article 14 and must
R.B.I. RETIRED OFFICERS ASSN. v. U.0.1. [AHMADI, J.] 271

show that a certain group is denied the benefit of revision/liberalisation on A
sound reason and not entirely on the whim and caprice of the State. The
underlying principle is that when the State decides to revise and liberalise an
existing pension scheme with a view to augmenting the social security cover
granted to pensioners, it cannot ordinarily grant the benefit to a section of the
pensioners and deny the same to others by drawing an artificial cut-off line
which cannot be justified on rational grounds and is wholly unconnected with· B
the object intended to be achieved. But when an employer introduces an
entirely new scheme which has no connection with the existing scheme~
different considerations enter the decision making process. One such consid-
(
.
-. ~ eration may be the financial implications of the scheme and the extent of
capacity of the employer to bear the burden. Keeping in view its capacity to
absorb the financial burden that the scheme would throw, t.'ie employer would C
have to decide upon the extent of applicability of the scheme. That is why in
Nakara' s case this Court drew a distinction between continuance of an existing
scheme in its liberalised form and introduction of a wholly new scheme; in the
.case of the former all the pensioners had a right to pension on uniform basis
and any division which classified them into two groups by introducing a cut-
off date would ordinarily violate the principle of equality in treatment unless D
there is strong rationale discernible for so doing and the same can be supported
on the ground that it will subserve the object sought to be achieved. But in the
case of a new scheme, in respect whereof the retired employees have no vested
right, the employer can restrict the same to certain class of retirees, having
regard to the fact-situation in which it came to be introduced, the extent of E
additional financial burden that it will throw, the capacity of the employer to
bear the same, the feasibility of extending the scheme to all retirees regardless
of the dates of their retirement, the a".ailability of records of every retiree, etc.
etc. It must be realised that in the case of an employee governed by the CPF
scheme his relations with the employer come to an end on his retirement and
receipt of the CPF amount but in the case ofan employee governed under the · F
pension scheme his relations with the employer merely undergo a change but
do not snap altogether. That i~ the reason why this Court inNakara' scase drew
a distinction between liberalisation of an existing benefit and introduction of
a totally new scheme. In the case of pensioners it is neceSsal'y to revise the
pension periodically as the continuous fall in the rupee value and the rise in
prices of essential commodities necessitates an adjustment of the pension G
amount but that is not the case of employees governed under the CPF scheme,
since they had received the lump sum payment which they were at liberty to
invest in a manner that would yield optimum return which would take care of
' the inflationary tren<Js. This distinction between those belonging to the pension
scheme and those belonging to the CPF scheme has been rightly emphasised
by this Court in Krishena' s case (supra). H

-
'
272 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1991) SUPP. 3 S. C. R.

A Besides it has been pointed out by the Bank_ Authorities that under their
manual, service details pertaining to an employee who .has retired are main-
tained for five years and thereafter they ate d~stroyed and, therefore, the cut-
off date was fixed as 1st January' 1986. This is clearly brought out in paragr:iph
3 of Deepak Bankal's affidavit. Secondly, this Court had, during the penctency
of the writ petition, asked both sides to prepare statements showing. the
B financial implications if the cut-off date is removed and the scheme is applied
to all retirees, Both sides experience difficulty for want of service records and
whatever calculations were made from scan.ty service records available with
them, were disputed. This justifies the reason for not extending the benefit to·
those who had retired be~ore five years or rnore.

. Lastly, the justification for fixing the cut-off date as I st fam:iar)r, 1986 is
c that the newly introduced pension scheme is modelled on the lines of a:sirnilar
scheme a:pp.licable to Central Government employees. The proposal to hzve a
scheme similar to the one applicable to Central Governri1ent employees in lieu
of the existing CPF scheine was mooted by the in-service Bank employees.
some time in 1986 and on the Central Government aceording·sanctioi1, it was
brought· int.O effect from 1st November, 1990.. That is why it was made
D applicable to those who retired in the meantime on or after 1st January, 1986.
The underlying reason is to operate the scheme on the pattern of the scheme
governing Central .Government employees and to extend the benefit tb those
Bank employees who had demanded the same.

For the above reasons we do not find any substance in the allegation that
E the cut~off date had been arbitrarily fixed 'Qy the B~k .Auth_orities or the
Central Government whi~e giving its approval or that it is devoid of rational
consideration and is wholly whimsical. In fixing the cut-off dace the respon-
dents had not acted malafide with a view to deprive those who had -retired oii
or before 31st December, l.985 of the benefit of the pension scheme but for
reasons siated ab6ve it was not practicable to extend the benefit to such retirees.
F The rationale for fixing the cut-off date as 1st January~ 1986 was the same as
in the case of Central government employees based on the recommendation of
the Fourth Central Pay Commission. · · ·

We, therefore, do not see a11y merit in this peti~on and dismiss the smne
with no order as to costs. ·
G
T.N.A. Petition dismissed.