Holding

The Supreme Court held that no relief could be granted to the mother; the High Court’s order directing the child’s return to the United States was proper and is upheld.

Summary

Arathi Sandi and Sandi Jagadrakshaka Rao, a married couple residing in the United States, fought a divorce and child‑custody dispute. The US Superior Court initially granted primary custody of their US‑citizen son to the mother, later modifying the order to make the father the custodial parent and issuing a writ of habeas corpus and abduction notices when the mother took the child to India in defiance of its orders. The husband filed a writ petition under Article 226 in the Andhra Pradesh High Court seeking the child's return to the US court; the High Court directed the mother to produce the child and to return him to the US. The Supreme Court held that the mother’s removal of the child violated the orders of a competent foreign court, that she could not benefit from her own wrongdoing, and that the High Court’s summary jurisdiction to order the child’s return was proper. Consequently, the Supreme Court upheld the High Court’s directions, modified them to ensure the father arranges suitable accommodation in the US and withdraws the US warrants, and dismissed the appeals. The decision reaffirmed the doctrine of comity of courts and the primacy of the child’s welfare as assessed by the jurisdiction with the most intimate connection.

Issues considered

The High Court erred by not considering the welfare of the child before directing its return to the US.
Whether a foreign court's custody order is conclusive and enforceable in India under the doctrine of comity.
Whether the Indian court can exercise jurisdiction to order the return of a child removed in violation of a foreign court's order.

Legislation cited

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. 13(c), s. 13(d)
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 482
Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961s. 4, s. 6
Guardian and Wards Act, 1890s. 12, s. 9

Subjects

child custodyinternational child abductioncomity of courtsHague Conventionhabeas corpusjurisdictionprivate international lawwelfare of child

Judgment

[2013) 13 S.C.R. 988

A ARATHI SANDI
---r--
v.
SANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO AND ORS.
(Criminal Appeal Nos.934-936 of 2013 Htc.)

S JULY 16, 2013

[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR AND
PINAKI CHANDRA GHOSE, JJ.]
~

c International Law - Private international law - Doctrine
of comity of courts - Dispute between husband and wife -
Divorce proceedings before U.S. court - Custody of their
minor child (U.S. citizen) granted to wife - Despite refusal
of relocation of the wife with the minor child to India, the
D wife came to India with minor child - U.S. Court thereafter "("
made the husband custodial parent - U.S. court issued writ
of Habeas Corpus for producing the child - Also issued
abduction notice, Red comer notice and bailable/warrant
against the wife - Writ petition u!Art.. 226 by the husband in
E India seeking custody of the child - High Court issued writ
of Habeas Corpus and also directed the wife to produce the
chilc! before the Court - Wife did not comply with order qf
the Court and filed appeal - This Court held: The wife
reached India in defiance of orders passed by U.S. Court
F of competent jurisdiction and also did not regard the order
"
of High Court - The wife cannot be allowed to take
advantage of her own wrong - Direction to wife to handover
the custody of the child to the U.S. Court arid participate in
the proceedings of the Court - Family Law - Custody of ~
G child.

The appellant-wife and respondent No.1-husband
got married and settled down in USA. A male child was
"
.._
H 988

,,'
ARATHI SANDI v. SANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 989

""('"T born out of the wedlock in USA and therefore was a A
US citizen. The husband initiated proceedings for
dissolution of their marriage before the US Court. Wife
had also lodged complaint of domestic violence.
Parenting Plan was approved and thereby primary
custody of their son (the minor child) was given to the S
wife with_ limited visitation rights to the husband. The
motion of wife for relocation to India was refused.
'1' ·Despite the refusal, the wife traveled to India with the
minor child. US Court further modified the Parenting C
Plan making the husband custodial parent and giving
visitation rights to the wife. U.S. Court also issued writ
of Habeas Corpus, directing the State to produce the
minor child before the Court. Abduction notices were
also issued against the wife which was followed by Red 0
Corner Notice. U.S. Court also issued bailable warrants
against the wife.

Thereafter, the husband filed writ petition under
Article 226 of the Constitution and also filed application
E
seeking custody of the minor child to produce him
before· the U.S. Consulate. High Court issued· the writ
~ of Habeas Corpus directing the wife to su'bmit to the
jurisdiction of U.S .. Court. The application of the
husband was also decided by High Court directing the F
wife to produce the minor child alongwith necessary
...' documents. The wife had filed review petition which she
later withdrew. She approached this Court by way of
·-'If Special Leave to appeal.
G
Dismissing the appeal, the Court
'
HELD: 1. From the facts of the case, it becomes
evident that the wife has reached India in defiance of
the orders passed by the Courts of competent H
990 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 13 s.e.R.

A jurisdiction in U.S. It is apparent that the appellant has·
..--.....
-,

scant regard for the orders passed by the High Court
in India also. [Para 18] [1008-C-D] ~

2. No relief can be granted_ to the appellant in the
B present proceedings given her conduct in removing the
child from U.S.A. in defiance of the orders of the Court
of competent jurisdiction. [Para 21] [1010-F]

3. The High Court has decided to exercise
,
c jurisdiction summarily and directed the alppellant to
return the child to the U.S.A. This course is absolutely
permissible. The appellant-wife has· not pursued any
legal proceeding for seeking custody of the minor child.
She has also not sought a declaration that the "orders
D passed by the American Courts 11re null and void and "-;(- :r
are without jurisdiction. Therefore, the High Court can
not be said to have acted erroneously. [Para 23] [1012-
. G-H; 1013-C-D]

E 4. The wife had participated in the proceedings in
America for ~o years prior to fleeing to India in the
defiance of the orders passed• by the Court of
competent jurisdiction restraining her from taking the +
child to India for a period of more than 5 days. The
F appellant, therefore, can not be allowed to take
advantage of her-own wrong. [Para 27] [1017-C-D]

5. The facts of the case clearly indicate that the wife
is singularly responsible for removal of the child from -,...
G the jurisdiction of U.S. Courts. Therefore, the directions
issued by the High Court in the impugned order are
upheld with the additions and modifications viz.: The
husband shall make necessary arrangements for the
stay of the wife and the child in suitable accommodation
H in a locality according to her status prior to the
ARATHI SANDI v. SANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 991

dissolution of marriage for a period of three months on A
their landing in USA. Prior to making any travel
arrangements for the wife and the child, the husband
shall move the court of competent jurisdiction in USA
for withdrawal of the bailable warrants issued against
the wife to enable her to attend the custody proceedings S
in the US Courts. Upon the bailable warrants having
been withdrawn, the husband shall personally escort the
wife and the child from India to the USA. [Para 30, 31)
[1018-F-H; 1019-A-D]
c
Smt. Surinder Kaur Sandhu vs. Harbax Singh Sandhu
and Anr. (1984) 3 SCC 698: 1984 (3) SCR 422; V. Ravi
Chandran (Dr.) (2) vs. Union of India and Ors. (2010) 1 SCC
174: 2009 (15) SCR 960; Mrs. Elizabeth Dinshaw vs. Arvand
M. Dinshaw and Anr. (1987) 1 SCC 42: 1987 (1) SCR 175 D
- relied on.

Ruchi Majoo vs. Sanjeev Majoo (2011) 6 SCC 479:
2011 (7) SCR 674 - distinguished.
E
4 Shi/pa Aggarwal (Ms.) vs. Avira/ Mittal and Anr. (2010)
1 SCC 591: 2009 (16j SCR 287; Dhanwanti Joshi vs.
~ Madhav Unde (1998) .1 SCC 1·12: 1997 (5) Suppl. SCR
30; Sarita Sharma vs. Sushi/ Sharma (2000) 3 SCC 14:
2000 (1) SCR 915 - referred to. F

·Re H. (Infants) (1966) 1 W.L.R. 381 (Ch and CA) ;
(1966) 1 All ER 886 - referred to.

Law Commission of India Report No. 218 entitled "Need G
to accede to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of
lnternq_tional Child Abduction (1980) - referred to.

Case Law Reference:
1984 (3) SCR 422 ·relied on Para 8 H
992 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 13 S.C.R.

~
A 2009 (16) SCR 287 referred to Para 9
1997 (5) Suppl. SCR 30 referred to Para 9
2000 (1) SCR 915 referred to Para 9

B 2011 (7) SCR 674 distinguished Para 9
2009 (15) SCR 960 relied on Para 18
1987 (1) SCR 175 relied on Para 22 'l(
. (1966) 1 All ER 886 referred to Para 22
:c
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Criminal
Appeal No. 934-936 of 2013.

From the Judgment and Order dated 24.09.2010 of the
D High Court of Judicature, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad in Writ
Petition No. 25479 of 2009.

WITH

E Crl. A. No. 937 of 2013.
Pallav Shishodia, P.S. Patwalia, S. Madhusudhan Babu,
Dr. Kailash Chand, Sanjay Jain, Afshan Pracha, D. Mahesh
Babu, Suchitra Hrangkhwl, Amjid Maqbool, Amit K. Nain for +
the appearing parties.
F
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J. 1. Leave granted ..
~
G 2. These appeals arising out of Special Leave Petition
(Crl.) No. 10606-10608 of 2010 are directed against the
judgment and final order dated 24th September, 2010 passed
by the High Court of Judicature of Andhra Pradesh,
Hyderabad in Writ Petition No. 25479 of 2009 issuing a writ
H in the nature of Habeas Corpus directing the petitioner to
ARATHI BANDI v. BANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 993
' .. . [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]
I
'
-~ submit to the jurisdiction of U.S. Courts, The petitioner also A
assails the orders dated 3rd December, 2010 and 14th
December, 2010 passed by the ~ndhra Pradesh High Court
in W.P.M.P. No. 31378 of 2010 in W.P. No. 25479 of 2010,
directing the petitioner to produce the child along with
necessary documents to give effect to the main judgment and . B
order dated 24th September, 2010. The appellant has framed
three questions of law for the consideration of this Court in
the Speciai Leave Petition givir:ig rise to these appeals. They
are as under:-
c
"(A) Has not the Hon'ble High Court failed to exercise
jurisdiction vested in it under law in not considering the
welfare and well being of the minor child before issuing
the impugned directions ?
D
.-'r (B) Has not the Hon'ble High Court erred in holding that
when there is an order passed by foreign court, it is not
necessary to go into the facts of the case?

(C) Is not the judgment of US Court "not conclusive" as E
between the parties and hence unenforceable in India
for being in violation of Section 13(c) and (d) of the Code
of Civil Procedure, 1908?"

3. The relevant facts giving rise to the aforesaid questions F
of law as narrated by the parties are as under:-

(a) Respondent No. 1 (hereinafter referred to as the
_"husband") invoked the Habeas Corpus jurisdiction
of the Andhra Pradesh High Court under Article
"!( G
226 of the Constitution of India for production of
the minor child, i.e., Master Anand Saisuday Sandi
before the Court and permit him to take custody
of the· minor child in compliance of the orders
passed in Case No.06-3-08145~9-KNT by the H
994 SUPREME COURT REP.ORTS [2013] 13 S.C.R.

A ·Superior Court of Washington, County of King
(hereinafter referred to as "the U.S. Court"). Upon
consideration of the entire facts and
circumstances, the High Court issued the following
directions:-
B
"(i) The petitioner shall obtain necessary travel
tickets for.the 7th respondent and the child
for tl:leir visit to the place where U.S. Court
is situated;
c
(ii) On obtaining travel tickets, the petitioner
shall intimate the same to the 7th
respondent three weeks in advance of the
date of departure to enable her to make
D necessary arrangements;

{iii) The petitioner shall deposit a sum of $5000
(Five thousand American dollars) in the
name of the 7th respondent for enabling her
E to engage an advocate in US and to submit
to the jurisdiction of the US Court;

(iv) The petitioner shall make necessary
arrangements for the stay of the 7th
respondent and the child for a period of
F
fifteen (15) [sic} on their landing in USA.

(v) On petitioner providing travel tickets,
depositing the amount as ordered above,
and intirTJ.ating the date of departure, if
G
7th respondent fails to submit to the
jurisdiction of the US Court along with the
child, Master Anand Saisuday Sandi, in
obedience to the orders passed in writ of
H Habeas Corpus by the US Court, she shall
ARATHI SANDI v. BANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 995
[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

handover the custody of the child to the A
petitioner, who in tum shall produce the child
before the US Court and custody of the child
will abide by the decision of the US Court
since the child is a citizen of USA."
B
(b) . The petitioner (hereinafter referred to either as "the
petitioner", "the wife" or "the mother"), aggrieved
by the aforesaid directions, filed the special leave
-,. petitions giving rise to the present appeals.
c
Events/ Legal Proceedings in the U.S.A.:

(c) The marriage between the parties was solemnized
according to Hindu rights on 9th November, 2003
in Atlanta, USA. They were both divorcees. After 0
marriage, they had settled down in Seattle, USA.
Anand (hereinafter referred to either as "the child",
"the minor child," or "Anand") was born on 5th
June, 2005 in USA and, therefore, is a US citizen
by birth. On 30th October, 2006, respondent No.1 E
(hereinafter referred to as "respondent No.1", "the
husband" or "the father") filed a petition for
dissolution of marriage in Superior Court of
Washington, County of King at Seattle. In these
proceedings, an ex parte order was issued F
restraining the wife from leaving the State of
Washington. The husband was authorised .to hold
on. to the passport and Person of Indian Origin
Card (PIO Card) of Anand. Within days of the
husband petitioning for dissolution of marriage, the G
wife on 13th November, 2006 submitted a
complaint of domestic violence in which the
Superior Court of Washington, Kent directed the
husband to move out of the matrimonial home.
H
996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 13 S.C.R.

A Anand was to remain in the custody of wife with
limited visitation rights were granted to the
husband. The wife was, however, directed to pay
US $ 1500 for the husband's expenses until the
regular hearing. On 4th December, 2006, further
B orders were issued stipulating that the wife/mother
would occupy the family home with the child.
Furthermore, the father was to bear half of the
mortgage on family home, child's day care '(
expenses and insurance costs for the child and
c the mother. The unsupervised visitation rights of
the father were increased from 9 hours to 12 hours
per week. Father's attorney was required to hold
Anand's U.S.A. passport. On 1st March, 2007, Ms.
D Jennifer Keilin was appointed by the Superior :
Court of Washington, Kent as Guardian ad /item _,,;-
to make recommendations regarding the marriage
and child custody. On 22nd June, 2007, Parenting
Evaluation Report was submitted to the U.S. Court.
E The wife/mother was found suitable for custody in
view of the problems of the husband/father at the
work place, alcohol dependency and smoking
addiction. It was also noted that the child Anand
-,(-
has very serious food allergies. On 9th July, 2007,
F the wife filed a motion before the Superior Court
of Washington, Seattle for an emergency hearing
on her petition requesting travel to India for two
weeks. This was denied by the aforesaid court
on 10th July, 2007. On the same day, the wife
G moved the Superior Court of Washington, Kent "+
seeking an emergency hearing. This too was
denied by the Court. However, regular hearing was
set for 24th July, 2007. On 25th July, 2007, at the
regular hearing, the Superior Court of Washington,
H
ARATHI SANDI v. SANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 991
[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR,, J.]

- ---..,.-
Kent passed an order permitting the wife to travel
to India with the child. However, at the request of
A

the husband, the said order was stayed, until his
motion of reconsideration could be adjudicated.
On 17th August, 2007, the wife filed motion for
continuance of trial, permanent relocation to India S
with the child and requesting the court to order
the father to undergo domestic violence
assessment. On 4th September, 2007, Superior

"' Court of Washington, Kent passed orders granting
request of the wife for continuance of trial,
appointing' Ms. Keilin to conduct another
c

evaluation to m·ake recommendations· regarding
relocation. However, the request of the wife to
order the husband to go through a further domestic D
violence assessment was denied. On the same
' -',-
day, i.e. 4th September, 2007, the appeal of the
father against the order dated 25th July, 2007,
permitting the wife to travel to India with the child,
was allowed. E
(d) The trial in the main petition for dissolution of
marriage on the ground of irretrievable breakdown
·~
of marriage commenced on 18th March, 2008 in

- the Superior Cburt qf Washington, Kent. On 19th
March, 2008, parenting plan was approved with
primary custody of Anand given to the mother and
limited visitation rights granted to the father. During
F

summer vacations of two weeks·, each parent was
¥ granted five consecutive days of residential time, G
at a time. Out of State or International travel was
permitted to both the parties during the residential
time. The attorney of the husband was ordered
by the Superior Court of Washington to prepare
final orders. H
998 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 13 S.C.R.

A 4. On 20th March, 2008, the motion of the wife for
relocation to India was denied. On 7th July, 2008, the wife
filed a motion petition before the. Superior Court of
Washington, Kent requesting a clarification on -final-parenting
plan to permit 13 consecutive days of vacation with the child
B for travelling to India. On 16th July, 2008, Superior Court of
Washington denied her motion. In violation of the aforesaid
orders, the wife travelled to India with Anand on 17th July,
2008. On 22nd August, 2008, final orders were passed in
the petition filed by the husband for dissolut.ion of marriage.
C The order includes findings of fact and law entered by the·
Superior Court of Washington. The Court specifically recorded
the reasons that led to the denial of the motion filed by' thti_,
wife for relocation on 20th March, 2008. On 23rd August,
D 2008, divorce decree entered by the Superior Court of
Washington as part of final orders.

5. On the same day, i.e., 23rd August, 2008, the wife
sent an e-mail to the husband informing him that she will return
on 16th September, 2008 alongwith the child. This ' E-mail also
E contained the confirmed itinerary: Since the wife did· not return
with the child, the husband moved an application in
September, 2008 seeking modification of the final parenting
plan on the grounds of violation of ectrlier parenting plan (19th
F March, 2008) and interference with his visitation rights: On
9th December, 2008, Superior Court of Washington, Kent
modified the parenting plan. The husband was made custodial
parent and the wife was granted visitation rights. On .12th
December, 2008, Superior Court of Washington, Seattle also
G issued a Writ of Habeas Corpus, directing the State and its ~- '
officers to locate and take Anand into immediate custody and
deliver him to the Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of
Washington, County of King. On 11th January, 2009,
abduction notices were issued against the wife. This was
H followed by a Red Corner Notice. In the meantime, the
ARATHI BANDI v. BANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 999
[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

-y services of the husband were terminated by his employer in A
February, 2009, due to the economic downturn. Similarly, the
wife was also affected by the downturn and was not able to
take up a new job in t~e USA. Since the wife did not return
with .the child on 13th March, 2009, Superior Court of
Washington, Kent issued bailable warrants against her for B
Gusto.dial Interference in the First Degree. In May, 2009, the
husband sold the matrimonial house in USA.

~ Events and legal Rroceedings in India -
c
6. On 20th November, 2009, the husband filed a Habeas
Corpus petition in the Andhra Pradesh High Couft. Since
there was no representation from the wife, the writ petition
was admitted. Upon completion of the proceedings, which
. according to the husband, were deliberately delayed by the D
~· wife, the High Court delivered the impugned judgment on 24th ·
September, 2010. A few days thereafter, the husband filed
W.P.M.P. No.31378 of 2010 on 29th September, 2010,
seeking inter alia custody of Anand for producing him before
the US Consulate in Hyderabad; a direction to the Registrar E
(Judici?I) of the Andhra Pradesh High Court to return his own
Indian Passport; and a direction to the wife for providing her
... ,,,,.., "current name", "xerox copies of her current passport", "visa
papers'" and "PIO Card" of Anand to the husband. On 3rd
F
December, 2010, the High Court directed the wife to be
pres_ent along with Anand before it on the next date of hearing,
i.e., 10th December, 2010. She was also directed to produce
her passport and visa papers and the PIO Card of Anand,
so a,s to. enable the husband to comply with the directions of
~ G
the High Court issued in Writ Petition No. 25479 of 2009
dated 24th. September, 2010. It seems that on 10th
December, 2010, another Advoca~e. who replaced the earlier
counsel, appeared for the wife and sought some more time
to comply with the order-dated 3rd December, 2010. On 14th H
,
..
1000 SUPREME COURT REPORTS · [2013] 13 S.C.R

A December, 2010, the wife came to the High Court, albeit
without Anand and ser:ved the copy of her Review Petition
against the judgment dated 24th September, 2010 to the
petitioner/husband. On 18th December, 201 O, the present
appeal was preferred before this Court, by the wife.
B Meanwhile on 22nd December, 20.10, neither the wife nor
Anand came to the High Court and a death in the family at
Vijayawada was reported by her as the reason f<;>r the
absence. Again on 28th December, 201 O_, the wife and
C Anand absented themselves from the High Court: The High
Court, however, issued directions on the same date to the
Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad City to produce Anand
before the Court on 17th January 2011. On 18th Janua'ry,
2011, the police could not locate either wife or Anand. Upon
D this, t~e High Court granted a week's time to the police to
produce Anand. On 25th January, 2011, since the police
could not locate Anand, the High Court issued a non-bailable
warrant against wife and directed the matter to be listed on
8th February, 2011. Meanwhile, this Court on 31st January,
E 2011, issued notice in the Civil Appeal filed by the wife and
order dated 25th January, 2011 was stayed. The Review
Petition pending before the High Court appears to. have been
withdrawn by the petitioner after the notice was issued by
this court in the present Civil Appeal.
F
7. We have heard the· learned counsel for the parties at
length.
8. Mr. Pallav Shishodia, learned senior counsel
appearing for the wife has submitted that both the mother
G and the child have been in India since July, 2008. The mother
has. been looking after Anand single handedly without any help
from the father. She has got a well paid job with IBM at
Bangalore. Anand now lives in a joint family and is happy.
H
.ARATHI _BAND1. v, SANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 1001
· [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]
";7
He fi!njoys the company of his cousins. He is now 8 years of A
,age and has developec:t roots in India. He has emphasised
·that tbe High Court has not considered the welfare of the child
in passing the impugned judgment. He has submitted, .by
making exhaustive reference to the Parenting Evaluation
Report, that it would be for 'the welfare of the child to remain B
with the mother in India. Learned senior counsel submitted
that this Court would have to consider the benefits that would
~ accrue to Anand if he is permitted to remain with her in India
as opposed to the undesirability of compelling her to handover
his custody to the father. Learned senior counsel submits that
c
the ·Parenting. Evaluation Report clearly notices that the father
was subjected 'to Urinalysis Testing for alcohol. The mother
had objected to her husband's use of alcohol. The husband
frequently drank alcohol during the evening. At the same time,
-~ D
· he tried to hide his alcohol dependency from his parents who
were staying with him. The wife had also narrated before Ms.
Jennifer Keilin who gave the Parenting Evaluation Report that
the husband drank while watching television, consumiog half
a bottle of rum every evening. His drinking had increased while· E
she was visiting India in April and May, 2004. She had also
claimed that the husband sometimes had difficulty in waking
.. .,, up in the morning and after drinking he suffered occasional
hangovers. Mr. Shishodia also pointed out that the husband
is also addicted to cigarette smoking. He also has a history F
of employment problems. This apart, the husband had al.so
admitted before the evaluator about his past drug use,
Referring to the Parenting Evaluation Report, Mr. Shishodia
', .· pointed out the numerous other difficulties which were being
'Y
faced by both the parties whilst they were married. On the G
·basis of the aforesaid, he submitted that the High Court e.rred
.·in law by not taking into consideration the relevant factors
whilst passing the impugned judgment. At this stage, he relied
· on the judgment of this Court in Smt. Surinder Kaur Sandhu
ti'
1002 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 13 S.C.R.

A Vs. Harbax Singh Sandhu & Anr. 1• He submitted that the
Hig.h Court has totally ignored the relevant facts for detennining
what would be in the best interest of the child. He also pointed
out to the conclusion in the. Parenting Evaluation Heport which
is as under:
B I
"In my opinion, Anand should reside primarily with Ms.
Bandi. He should have regular, limited visitation with Mr.
Rao, increasing at regular intervals. These intervals should
be based on Mr. Rao completing and maintaining certain
c criteria .as well as on Anand's development needs. M~.
Rao should engage in specific services, including alcohol
treatment and a parenting class, and both parents should
participate in co-parent counseling."
9. Learned senior counsel further submitted that the High
D Court has totally· misconstrued the principle of Comity of .
Courts, as applicable in private international law matters. The
High Court has erred in holding that it was not necessary to
hold an elaborate enquiry in the facts and circumstances of
E this case. He submitted that the High Court has misconstrued
the principles of law laid down by this Court in V; Ravi
Chandran (Dr.) (2) Vs. Union of India & Ors. 2 • He submitted
that the observations made by this. Court in the case of Shi/pa
•
Aggarwal (Ms.) Vs. Aviral Mittal .& Anr. 3 would not be
F appli~able in the facts and circumstances of this case. In fact,
tt:ie matter is squarely covered by the judgment of this Court.
in Dhanwanti Joshi Vs. Madhav Unde. 4 Learned senior
counsel also relied on the judgment in ·Sarita Sharma Vs.
S,ushil Sharma 5 and . Ruchi Majoo Vs. Sanjeev Majoo6•
·'3 1; (1984) 3 sec 698.
2. c2010) 1 sec 174.
·3, c2010) 1 sec 591
!4; (1998) t sec 112.
5. c2000) 3 sec 14.
;H s. c2011) a sec 479.
"ARAJHI SANDI v. SANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 1003
"(SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]
. ._,,...
Learned counsel pointed out that the High Court has totally A
ignored ~ome very important issues as to why it would not
be in the interest of Anand to be sent back to USA to live
with the father. He also pointed out that the husband has lost
-(" his job in the USA and has been living in India for the past
three years: He has also sold the family house in USA. S
--.t
Therefore, Anand would have no family atmosphere if he is
-y taken back to the USA. He pointed out that initially the
custody of Anand had been given to the mother on the basis
of the recommendations made in the parenting plan. However,
subsequently, orders have been passed granting custody to
c
the respondent-husband. It is these orders which are sought
to be enforced in the USA Courts which had led to the filing
of the. Habeas Corpus petition in the Andhra Pradesh High
• .Court. He submitted that the mother had been compelled to D
~r

leave the USA due to the irrational behaviour of the husband.
• Learned senior counsel also pointed out even at the time of
the marriage, the plan was actually to settle in India.
Subsequently, how~ver, the husband declined to return to India.
He also pointed out that the removal of Anand from USA was E
neither thoughtless nor malicious. The wife h·ad to return to
.... India due to the serious ailment and old age of her parents .
~y
She is now looking after them in India. Therefore, it cannot
·- be concluded that the wife is trying to alienate the child from
the husband. F
fO. Mr. Patwalia, learned senior counsel, for the
respondent-husband submitted that the wife has come to India
,~ in violation of the parenting plan. It is submitted that she
participated in the proceedings in USA, where some orders G
were passed in her favour while the others were against her.
_,
11. He submits that all efforts of the wife are simply to
alienate the child from the father. He emphasises that the
petitioner and respondent No.1 were married in USA. At the H
1004 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 13 S.C.R.

A time of marriage, they were both divorcees. They had settled
in Seattle, USA. Anand was born in USA and is, therefore, a
US· citizen by birth. Due to irreconcilable differences, 'the
husband was constrained to·iiiitiate proceedings in t~e USA
Court for dissolution of marriage. During the pendency of the
B proceedings in the USA Court, the wife had,shown a
consistent propensity to disobey the orders of the Court. At
the same time,~she filed a number of motions in the pending
proceedings with regard to domestic violence; independent
C occupation of the matrimonial home, at the same time
demanding that the husband bears half of the mortgage of
the family home and other expenses for her as well as the
child. Although both the parents were allowed five days
residential time with the child during the two weeks summer
D vacation, the effort of the wife was always to remove him from •
the country of his birth. Her motion fqr permanent location to
India was ultimately denied on 16th July 2008. In defiance of
the said order, she travelled to India with Anand on 17th July,
2008. The learned senior counsel submits that the facts which
E have been narrated above would clearly indicate that the
petitioner has little or r.io regard for the orders of the Court.

12. Mr. Patwalia further submitted that the conduct of the
petitioner in the courts in this country follows the same pattern.
F In fact, the counsel for the petitioner has admitted before the
High Court the fact of US Court passing order for the custody
of the child and that it has not permitted the petitioner to
remove the child out of Washington. It was further admitted
that in spite of the aforesaid direction, the child was removed
G from the jurisdiction of the Courts in which he was born. The
fact of issuance of the Writ of Habeas Corpus by the United
States Superior Court for production of the child was also
admitted. Before the High Court, a submission was made on
behalf of the petitioner-wife for grant of some time to submit
H to the jurisdiction of the US Court and to enable her ta obtain
•

ARATHI BANDI v. BANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 1005
[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]
., 7"
necessary orders from the aforesaid court. Relying on the A
aforesaid submissions of the petitioner, the High Court had
issued the directions reproduced earlier in this judgment. After
obtaining such orders, the wife disappeared again from the
scene. Consequently, the respondent-husband had to file a
miscellaneous application seeking directions to the petitioner B
to handover the custody of the child for producing before the
...,....,. US Consulate in Hyderabad. On 3rd December, 2ofo, the
High Court directed the petitioner to be present before the
Court on 10th December, 2010 along with the child, so that
the husband could comply with the directions issued by the
c
Cour:t on 24th September, 2010. On 14th December, 2010,
the wife appeared in Court but did not produce the child, as
directed. It was submitted before the Court that she had filed
~-, a review petition which ought to be taken up for hearing and D
sought one week's time for production of the child. Upon this
assurance, the Court again directed that the child be produced
on· 22nd December, 2010. According to Mr. Patwalia; she
was all along misleading the Andhrci. Pradesh High Court,
whilst preparing to file the SLP against the impugned E
judgment. The SLP was actually filed on 18th December,
2010, challenging three orders viz. orders dated 24th
. ~
September, 2010 passed in W.P.No.25479 of 2009 and
subsequent orders dated 3rd December, .2010 and 14th
December, 2010 passed in W.P.M.P. No.3'1378 of 2010 in F
the aforesaid writ petition.

13. Mr. Patwalia points out that, in fact, the conduct of
~
..,,. the petitioner is noticed in the order dated 28th December,
:,;. 2010. The High Court noticed that in spite of the directions
r G
having been given, the petitioner has n9t produced the child
in the Court. She had also not produced necessary papers
relating to the child. On 14th December, 2010, she had
undertaken to produce the child on 22nd December, 201 O.
On 22nd December, 2010, the counsel for the petitioner had H
1006 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 13 S.C.R.
~

~
A submitted that her maternal uncle had died and, therefore,
she had left for Vijayawada. But on 28th December, 2010, it
was brought to the notice of the court that her maternal uncle
had already died on 16th December, 2010. It was then
represented before the High Court that the petitioner was
B staying at Vijayawada because the child was unwell and
admitted in hospital. The High Court noticed that the petitioner
appears to have made a false statement. on the last date of I
~~
hearing. Therefore, the directions were issued to· the

c Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad to produce the child
before the Court on 17th January, 2011 at 4.00 p.m. On 18th
January, 2011, the Court was informed by the Assistant
Government Pleader that in spite of best efforts by the police,
the child could not be traced and she sought further time to
D locate and produce the child in Court. ~ince the petitioner '('~
was failing to assist the authorities in locating the child, non-
bailable warrants were issued for her. The matter was posted
for further proceedings on 8th F~bruary, 2011. In the meantime,
this Court on 31st January, 2011 issued notice in the SLP
E and stayed the operation of the impugned orders.
14. Learned senior counsel further submitted that the
petitioner is able to defy the orders issued by the Court of .,,-~

Competent Jurisdiction in USA as India is not a sigilalory to
F the Hague Convention of 1980 on "Civil Aspects of
International Child Abduction". The aforesaid Convention fully
recognizes the concept of doctrine of Comity of Courts .in
private international law. He sul;>mits that taking note ·of the
undesirable effect of not being the signatory to the aforesaid ....., Iii
G convention, the then Chairman of the Law Commission of "1;-
;.
India recommended that lnpia should keep pace and change
according to the changing needs of the s·ociety. The
Commission recommended that the Government may
consider that India should become a signatory'to the Hague
H Convention of 1980 which will, in turn, bring the prospect of
ARATHI SANDI v. SANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 1007
[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

' achieving the return to India of children who have their hqmes A
in India. [See Law Commission of India Report No.218 entitled
"Need to accede to the Hague Convention on the Civil
Aspects of International Child Abduction (1980)"]. Mr. Patwalia
•
also submits that the impugned order/judgment of the Andhra
Pradesh High Court is in consonance with the law as declared S
by this Court in numerous judgments. In support of his
submission, the learned senior counsel relies on the same
... ,,._ 'yr
judgments which were cited by Mr. Shishodia.

15. Mr. Patwalia also pointed out that not only the c
petitioner had made false statements before the Court but
she had denied the husband any contact with the child. From
6th April, 2010, the husband was entitled to see the child for
2% hours. From 3rd October, 2010, the period was increased
• )<
to 4 hours. Mr. Patwalia further submitted that the petitioner D
tlas also filed a .complaint in the Court of XIII Additional Chief
Metropolitan Magistrate, Hyderabad against her husband,
both his parents and his· brother, alleging commission of
offences under Sections 498-A, 506 of IPC; and Sections 4
E
& 6 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. The respondent and
his "parents had filed Criminal Petition no. 6711 of 2009 under
...°'>( section 482 of Cr.P.C., before the High Court of Andhra
Pradesh ~eeking quashing of the criminal complaint. In the
said proceedings, the High Court, vide order dated 23rd F
December 2011; partly allowed the said crimi.nal petition and
direct13d that the respondent husband and other co-accused
should not be prosecuted for offences said to have taken
place in USA withoyt necessary permission from the Central
~
Gevernment. However, the proceedings emanating from the G
said complaint were
. . not quashed because the High Court
was of the opinion that there is sufficient prima facie material
in the complaint in the context of offences alleged to have
been committed in India. The said order is under challenge
H
1008 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 13 's.C.R.

A before us, in Criminal Appeal arising from S.L.P. (Criminal)
No. 3385 of 2012.

16. In this context, Mr. Patwalia submits that the aforesaid
I
complaint is merely a counter blast to the divorce and child
B custody proceedings initiated by the husband against the wife.

17. We have anxiously considered the submissions made
by the learned senior counsel for the parties and minutely
perused the material on record.
c 18. From the facts narrated above, it becomes evident
that the wife has reached India in defiance of the orders
passed by the Courts of competent jurisdiction in U.S. It is
apparent that the appellant has scant regard for the orders
0 passed by the Andhra Pradesh High Court also. Keeping in >( -
'
!
view the aforesaid facts and circumstances, the Andhra
Pradesh High Court issued the directions which have been
reproduced in the earlier part of the judgment. Although the
learned counsel for the parties have relied on a number of
E judgments of this Court in support of their respective
submissions, in our opinion, the matter is squarely covered
by the ratio of law in the case of V. R{lvichandran (supra).

19. In the aforesaid judgment, this Court considered a
F similar factual situation. The petitioner, who was of Indian
origin, was a citizen of the United States of America. He
married respondent No. 6 on 14th December, 2000 at
Tirupathi in India. On 1st'July, 2002, child Aditya was born
while they were in USA. Subsequently; ·a aispute arose
G between the parties regarding custody of. Aditya, ·and the
parties had obtained ~onsent order' dated 18th June; 2007
from the court of competent jurisdiction in Ul?A under which
both the parents were to have alternat~ custody of the child
on weekly basis. However, respondent No. 6, in violation of
H the said court's orders, removed the child to India on 28th
ARATHI BAND! v. BAND! JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 1009
[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

June, 2007 for staying with her parents in Chennai. The A
petitioner in turn moved the USA Court on 8th August, 2007
for modification of custody order and for taking action against
respondent No. 6 for violation of court order. On that very
day, the petitioner was granted temporary sole legal and
physical custody of the minor child and respondent No. 6 was B
directed to immediately turn over the minor child and his
passport to the petitioner. The order could not however be
implemented in USA because of illegal removal of child by
respondent No. 6 to India. The petitioner thereafter filed C
habeas corpus petition under Article 32 of the Constitution in
the Supreme Court for production of the minor child and for
handing over his custody to the petitioner along with the
child's passport. Despite orders. of the Supreme Court, the
State Police could not produce the child for two years, but D
CBI, on the directions of the Supreme Court, was able to
trace and produce the child within two months. The Court
considered what would be an appropriate order in the facts
and circumstances, keeping in mind the interests of the child
and the orders of the courts of the United States of America. E
The Supreme Court while passing orders in this case also
took into' consideration several concessions which the
petitioner husband made so that the wife could return to USA
and present her claim, if any, o.ver the child in the Courts in
USA. F

20. This Court partly allowed the writ petition with certain
observations which are very relevant in the decision in the
present case. We may notice the observations made in
~ different paragraphs of the judgment. In Paragraph 25, the G
Court noticed the observation made by a Three Judge Bench
of this Court in the case of Smt. Surinder Kaur Sandhu
(supra), particular notice was taken of the observations made
in Paragraph 10 of the judgment, which are as under:-
H
1010 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 13 S.C.R.

A "10. In B's Settlement, In re, B. v. B. the Chancery Division T' ...
was concerned with an application for custody by the
father of an infant who had been made a ward of court.
The father was a Belgian national and the mother a British
national who took Belgian nationality on marriage to him.
B The infant was born in Belgium. The mother was granted
a divorce by a judgment of the court in Belgium, but the
judgment was reversed and the father became entitled
to custody by the common law of Belgium. The mother,
who had gone to live in England, visited Belgium and
.., "'
c was by arrangement given the custody of the infant for
some days. She took him to England and did not return
him. The infant had been living with the mother in England
for nearly two years. The father began divorce
proceedings in Belgium, and the court appointed him
D
guardian. Pending the proceedings, the court gave him
~-
the custody and ordered the mother to return the infant
within twenty-four hours of service of the order on her.
She did not return the infant. The correctional court in
E Brussels fined her for disobedience and sentenced her
to imprisonment should the fine be not paid. The
correctional court also confirmed the custody order."

21. In our opinion, these observations leave no manner ...,,/ ...
of doubt that no relief could be granted to the appellant in the
F
present proceedings given her conduct in removing Anand .
from U.S.A. in defiance of the orders of the Court of competent
jurisdiction. The Court has specifically approved the modern
theory of Conflict of Laws, which prefers the jurisdiction of
G the State which has the most intimate contact with the issues ~
arising in the case. The Court also holds that Jurisdiction is
not .attracted "by the operation or creation of fortuitous
circumstances". The Court adds a caution that to allow the
assumption of jurisdiction by another State in such
H circumstances will only result in encouraging forum-shopping.
1

ARATHI BANDI v. BAND! JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 1011
[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

The aforesaid observations are fully applicable in the facts A
. and circumstances of this case.

22. Again in Mrs. Elizabeth Dinshaw Vs. Arvand M.
Dinshaw & Anr. 7 , this Court reiterated the principle that it was
the duty of Courts in all countries to see that a parent doing B
wrong by removing children out of the c-ountry does not gain
any advantage by his or her wrongdoing. In Re H. (lnfants) 6,
the Court of Appeal in England had also observed that the
sudden and unauthorized removal of children from one country
to another is far too frequent nowadays. Therefore, it is the C
duty of all courts in all countries to do all they can to ensure
that the wrongdoer does not gain an advantage by his
wrongdoing. These observations were also approved
specifically by the Court in the case of Mrs. Elizabeth
Dinshaw (supra). In the case of V. Ravichandran (supra), in D
Paragraph 29 and 30, this Court has concluded as follows:-

"29. While dealing with a case of custody of a child
removed by a parent from one country to another in
contravention of the orders of the court where the parties E
had set up their ·matrimonial home, the court in the country
to which the child has been removed must first consider
the question whether the court could conduct an elaboraie
enquiry on the question of custody or by dealing with the
matter summarily order a parent to return custody of the F
child to the country from which the child was removed
and all aspects relating to· the child's welfare be
investigated in a court in his own country. Should the court
take a view that an elaborate enquky is necessary, G
obviously the court is bound to consider the welfare and
happiness of the child as the paramount consideration

1. (1987) 1 sec 42.
8. (1966) 1 W.L.R. 381 (Ch & CA) ; (1966) 1 All ER 886. H
1012 SUPREME CQURT REPORTS [2013] 13 S.C.R.

A and go into all relevant aspects of welfare of the child
including ;Stability and security, loving and understanding
T ,__
care and guidance and full development of the child's
character, personality and talents. While doing so, the
order of a foreign court as to his custody niay be given
B due weight; the weight and persuasive effect of a foreign
judgment must depend on the circumstances of each
case.

· 30. However, in a case where the court decides to
c exercise its jurisdiction summarily to return the child to
his own country, keeping in view the jurisdiction of the
court in the native country which has the closest·concem
and the most intimate contact with the issues arising in
the case, the court may leave the aspects relating to the
D welfare of the child to be investigated by the court in his
own native country as that could be in the best interests
of the child. The indication· given in McKee v. McKee
that there may be cases in which it is proper for a court
in one jurisdiction to make an order directing that a child
E
. be returned to a foreign jurisdiction without investigating
the merits of the dispute relating to the care of the child
on the ground that such an order is in the best interests
of the child has been explained in L (Minors), In re and
F the said view has been approved by this Court in
Dhanwanti Joshi. Similar view taken by the Court of
Appeal in H. (Infants), In re has been approved by this
Court in Elizabeth Dinshaw:"

G 23. In our opinion, the Andhra Pradesh High Court has
decided to exercise jurisdiction summarily and directed the
appellant to return the cbild to the U.S.A. This course is
absolutely permissible as is apparent from the observations
made by this Court in Paragraph 30 of the aforesaid
H judgment. This Court also rejected the objection raised by
ARATHI BAND! v. BAND! JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 1013
[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

respondent No. 6 in the Counter Affidavit that the American A
court, which passed the order/decree has no jurisdiction and
being inconsistent in Indian Laws can not be executed in India.
It was observed that despite the fact that the respondent had
been staying in India for more than 2 years, she has not
pursued any legal proceeding for the sole custody of the B
minor child or for the declaration that the orders passed by
the Americen courts concerning the custody of minor child

·- ....
'r
are null and void and without jurisdiction. Similar are the facts
in the present case. The wife has not pursued any legal
proceeding for seeking custody of Anand. She has also not
sought a declaration that the orders passed by the American
c

Courts are null and void and are without jurisdiction. Therefore,
in our opinion, the High Court of Andhra Pradesh can not be
said to have acted erroneously. In V. Ravichandran's case D
(supra), this court again observed in Paragraph 35· as
,,. J,. >-
follows:-
.}

"35. The facts and circumstances noticed above leave
no manner of doubt that merely because the child has
E
been brought to India by Respondent 6, the custody issue
concerning minor child Adithya does not deserve to be
gone into by the courts in India and it would be in accord
, ... '>(
with principles of comity as well as on facts to return the
child back to the United States of America from where F
( he has been removed and enabl~ the parties to establish
the case before the courts in the' pative State of the child
i.e. the United States of America for modification of the
existing custody orders. There is nothing on record which
may even remotely. suggest that it would be harmful for G
'r
the child to be returned to his native country."

24. These observations are squarely applicable in the
facts and circumstances of the present case. Mr. Shishodia
has, however, placed Strong reliance on the judgment of this
H.
1014 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 13 S.C.R.

A Court in Ruchi Majoo (supra). The aforesaid judgment would
not be of any assistance to the appellant in the facts and
circumstances of the present case. In that case, the
respondent and wife had been living in America, the child
was born in America and was, therefore, an American Citizen.
B The wife on account of husband's addiction to pornographic
films, internet sex and adulterous behavior during the couple's
stay in America took a decision to take the child to Delhi and
the husband consented to it. The parties had agreed that the
wife will stay with the minor child in India and make the best 1' -
C arrangements for his schooling. Subsequently, however, the
husband objected to the wife staying in India. On the other
hand, the wife had no intentions of returning to the country in
the foreseeable future especially after she has had a very
D traumatic period on account of matrimonial discord with the
respondent husband. The wife had taken out proceedings
under Section 9 of the Guardian and Wards Act, 1890
seeking custody· of the minor child. Shortly after the l
presentation of the main petition, an application under
E Section 12 of the Guardian and Wards Act read with Section
151 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 was filed by the
wife/mother of the child praying for an ex-parte interim order
restraining the respondent from removing the minor from her
custody and for an order granting interim custody of the minor
F to the Appellant. On the other hand, the husband had filed a
case against the appellant alleging that she had abducted
the minor child. On his application, a Red Corner Notice was
issued against the wife. In the meantime, the Additional
District Court at Delhi had granted interim custody to the
G appellant by order dated 4th April, 2009. This order was
challenged by the husband under Article 227 of the
Constitution of India before the High Court of Delhi. The Delhi
High Court accepted the petition, set aside the order of the
District Court and dismissed the custody---case filed by the
H
·-·
ARATHI SANDI v. SANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 1015
[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

'Y mother primarily on the ground that the Court at Delhi had no A
jurisdiction to entertain the claim as the minor was not
ordinarily residing at Delhi. The High Court also held that all
issues relating to the custody of child ought to be adjudicated
by the Courts in America not only because that Court had
already passed an order to that effect in favour of the father, B
but also because all the three parties namely, the parents of

-
- 'r
the minor and the minor himself were American citizens. The
High Court then buttressed its decision on the principle of
comity of courts and certain observations made by this Court
in the earlier decisions relied upon by the husband. It was in
c
these· circumstances that the appeal filed by the wife/mother
against the: order G>f the High Court was allowed. This Court
specifically took note of the following circumstances:-

"34. The appellant's case is that although the couple and D
#. > theit son ·had initially planned to return to USA, that
decisi_on taken with the mutual consent of the parties was
changed to allow the appellant to stay back in India and
to explore .career options here. Master Kush was also
E
according to that decision of his parents, to stay back
and be admitted to a school in Delhi. The decision on
both counts, was free from any duress whatsoever, and
.. ':>< had the effect. of shifting the "ordinary residence" of the
apJ;lellant and her son Kush from the place they were F
living in America. to Delhi. Not only this the respondent
father of the minor, had upon his return to America sent
e-mails, reiterating the decision and offering his full
support to the appellant. This is, according to the
'7·· appellant, clear ·from the text of the e-mails exchanged G
between the parties an~ which are self-explanatory as to
the context in which they are sent."

25. This Court accepted the submission of the appellant
that on the consent of the parties, the ordinary residence of H
1016 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 13 S.C.R.

A the minor had shifted to India. In coming to the aforesaid
conclusions, the Court examined the e-mails exchanged
between the parties, which totally demolished the respondent's
defence that his consent for shifting the residence of the minor
was obtained by coercion. In Paragraph 45 of the judgment,
B it is observed as follows:-

"45. It is difficult to appreciate how the respondent could
in the light of the above communications stil! argue that
the decision to allow the appellant and Master Kush to
c stay back in India was taken under any coercion or
duress. It is also difficult to appreciate how the respondent
could change his mind so soon after the above e-mails
· and rush to a court in US for custody of the minor
accusing the appellant of illegal abduction, a charge which
0 is belied by his letter dated 19-7-2008 and the e-mails
extracted above. The fact remains that Kush was
'
ordinarily residing with. the appellant, his. mother and has
· been admitted to a school, where he has been studying
for the past nearly three years. The unilateral reversal of
E
a decision by one of the two parents could not change
the fact situation as to the minor being· an ordinary
resident of Delhi, when the decision was taken jointlY by
both the parents."
F 26. The Court on facts rejected the contention of the
husband in that case that the minor child has been removed'
from the jurisdiction of the American Courts in contravention
of the orders passed by them. In Paragraph 64, the Court
G observed as follows:-

"64. Secondly, the respondent's case that the minor was
removed from the jurisdiction of the American courts in
~ontravention of the orders passed by them; is not
factually correct. Unlike V. Ravi Chandran case, where
H
ARATHI BANDI v. BANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 1017
[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

the. minor was removed in violation of an order passed A
by the American . court there were no proceedings
between the parties in any court in America before they
came to lndia·with the minor. Such proceedings were
instituted by the respondent only after he had agreed to
leave the appellant and the minor behind in India, for the B
forrner to explore career options and the latter to get

-
_.., r
admitte9 to a school. The charge of abduction contrary
to a valid order granting custody is, therefore, untenable."

27. These obser\tations clearly are of no assistance to c
/ the appellant herein. She had participated in the proceedings
in America for two years prior to fleeing to India in the defiance
of the orders passed by the Court of competent jurisdiction
~
restraining her from taking the child to India for a period of
" > ·more than 5 days. The appellant, therefore, can not be D
allowed to take advantage of her own wrong. Therefore, the
pres·ent case would be squarely covered by the ratio of law
.i~ the case of V. Ravichandran (supra).

28. The Courts have taken cognizance of growing E
practice of children being removed from one country to another
just to put pressure/influence the legal proceedings that are
\,.. );
usually pending in these cases in relation to irretrievable
breakdown of marriage. In the case of Re H. (Infants) (supra),
Willmer, L.J., as long as 1961, observed as follows : F

''." .. :~The sudden and unauthorized removal of children
from ~ne country to another is far too frequent nowadays,
... y and, as it seems to me, it is'-the duty of all courts in all
countries to do all they can to ensure that the wrongdoer G.
does not gain an advantage by his wrongdoing."

29. Further,
. in V.. Ravicha.ndran's case (supra), even
though the Court had directed that the child will be taken back
to Am~ica, this Court took assurances from the husband that H
1018 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 13 S.C.R.

A he would bear all the travelling expenses and make suitable
arrangements for re~pondent No.6 in the U.S.A. He had also
given an undertaking that he would take out necessary
application for the removal of ttie Red Corner Notice so that
the wife was not arrested on arrival in America.
B
30. After the arguments in this matter had been
concluded, we interviewed at length the tTusband and wife.
The wife was prepared to go back to the USA and live with
her husband. However, the husband was not prepared to
.., -
C cohabit with the wife. Sadly, therefore, there was no chance
of reconciliation between the parties. We are conscious of
the fact that the child has now been residing in India ·since
17th July, 2008. He is now 8 years of age. In spite· of the
manner in which the child has been brought to India, it is quite
D evident that he has been studying at one of the best English
medium schools. When we interviewed the child, it appeared
that he had been thoroughly b.rain washed against the father.
We, therefore, permitted the father to be alone with the child
for about three hours in the chamber of Nijjar, J. and after the
E meeting the child seemed to be not wholly averse to meeting
the father again: All said and done, in such circumstances,
the Court is left with making a very unpleasant decision .. Either
way, certain collateral damage being caused to the. child can
F not be avoided. The facts narrated abov~ would clearly
indicate that the mother is singularly responsible for removal
of the child from the jurisdiction of l).S. Courts. In view of the
above, we are constrained to ·pass the following order:·-

31. The directions issued by the High Court in. the_
G impugned order are upheld with the following additions and
modifications:-

Direction No.(iv) of the High Court shall be substituted
by the following :
H
ARATHI BANQI v. SANDI JAGADRAKSHAKA RAO 1019
[SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

"(iv) The· petmoner shall make necessary arrangements A
for. the stay of t~e respondent No. 7 and the child in
suitable accommodation in a locality according to her
status prior to the dissolution of marriage for a period of
three months on their landing in USA."
B
Direction No.(vi) - Prior to making any travel
arrangements. for the 7th respondent and Anand, .the
petitioner shall move the Court of Competent Jurisdiction
in ·usA for withdrawal of the bailable warrants issued
against the respondent No. 7 to enable her to attend the C
custody proceedings in the US Courts.

Direction No.(viii) - Upon the bailable warrants having
been withdrawn, the petitioner shall personally escort
'- .> respondent No.7 and Anand from .India to the USA. D

32. With these observations, the judgment of the High
Court is upheld and the Criminal Appeals No.934-936 of 2013
@ SLP(CrL) Nos. 10606-10608 of 2010 are hereby
dismissed. E

33. Before parting With this order, we may also notice
.. ~ here that the respondent (husband) filed a Criminal Appeal
No.937 of 2013 @ SLP(Crl.) No.3335 of 2012, challenging
the order dated 23rd December, 2011 of the High Court of F
Andhra Pradesh. As.noticed earlier, the aforesaid order was
passed in the criminal petition filed by the respondent
husband, seeking quashing of the criminal complaint filed by
, .,.. the appellant/wife against the respondent himself and his
parents under Sections 498-A, 506 of IPC and Sections 4 & G
6 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. Since no arguments
were advanced in the aforesaid matter, let this ClPPeal be
listed for arguments separately.

Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal di!!t\:1i$Sed. 1-i