ASHWANI KUMAR MISHRAversusP. MUNIAM BABU AND ORS.

                                                                                     .~.




A                         ASHW ANI KUMAR MISHRA
                                          v.
                         P. MUNIAM BABU AND ORS.

                                  APRIL 8, 1999

B                 [S. SAGHIR AHMAD AND R.P. SETHI, JJ.]


          Motcr Vehicles Act, 1988 :

          Sections 140, 141, 142, 146, 149, 166, 168, 171, 173-Compensation
C   against accident claim-Criteria to be followed by courts-Some guesswork,
    some hypothetical consideration and some amount of sympathy coupled with
    the nature and seriousness of injury are all relevant-But all these issues are
    to be viewed with objective standard~-Accident caused to the appellant in
    which he became permanently incapacitated to work-Required permanent
D   attendant to look after him for the rest of his life-Held, appellant was right
    in claiming a monthly income of Rs. 2, 000 while working with his father's
    firm-Absence of documentary evidence to show employment or income
     inconsequential-Compensation amount awarded by the High Court raised
    from Rs. 2,25,000 to Rs. 5,00,00(1.

E         Accident claim-Compensation for person working without being
    formally employed-Appellant met with an accident at the age of 23-
     Became permanently incapacitated-At the time of accident working for the
    firm of his father-Appellant thus claiming to have been -earning Rs. 2000
    per month-Held, accident victim can claim regular monthly income for the
    purposes of calculating the amount of compensation by the court-Some
F                                              .
    guesswork has to be applied in assessing the loss-Appellant's claim allowed.
                                                                             .

         Damages-Assessment of-1'1 a motor vehicle accident-Held, Court
    cannot base its opinion merely on speculation or fancy though conjectures
    to some extent are inevitable.
G
          The appellant at the tender age of 23 years met with an accident and
    suffered serious injuries to his spinal cord an became permanently disabled
    as a result of the accident. It was not in dispute that at the time of the
    accident the appellant was assisting his father who was the owner of a
    construction firm. Though the appellant was not formally employed by the
H   firm, the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal held that he was travelling as an
                                         518
                    A.K. MISHRA v. P. MUNIAM BABU                          519
agent of the firm at the time of accident. The appellant also claimed Rs. 2,000    A
as his monthly income from the firm. The Tribunal awarded a sum of Rs.
1,64, 037 as compensation with interest at the rate of 10% per annum. The
insurance company and the appellant both filed appeals before the High
Court which raised the compensation to Rs. 2,25,000 along with an interest
at the rate of 12% per annum. Hence this appeal.
                                                                                   B
      It was contended by the appellant that he was getting an income of Rs.
2,000 at the time of his accident and prayed for applying a multiplier of 55
for granting him compensation in lieu of loss offocome which he would have
earned in the absence of accident in which he has been totally incapacitated.
It was contended by the insurance company that there was no proof of his           C
income and that he was not proved to have been an employee of his father.

      Allowing the appeal, this Court

      HELD : 1.1. Amount of compensation involves some guess work, some
hypothetical consideration, some amount of sympathy linked with the nature         D
of disability caused but all such elements are required to be viewed with
objective standards. While assessing damage, the court cannot base its
opinion merely on speculation or fancy though conjectures to some extent
are inevitable. (502-A-B)

      R.D. Hattangadi v. Pest Control (India) Pvt. Ltd & Ors., (1995] 1 SCC        E
551, relied on.

      1.2. In the instant case, the appellant has been awarded Rs. 94,037 as
expenses incurred on medical care, Rs, 20,000 for special diet and r.xpenses
for attendant during treatment. For his becoming permanently disabled and
paraplegic on account of the injury and damages caused to his spinal cord,         F
the appellant, who admittedly has been held permanently incapacitated has
been granted only Rs. l,00,000. The appellant was right in claiming his
income at Rs. 2,000 per month while working with his father and even if the
multiplier of 16 is applied he is entitled to a claim of Rs. 3,84,000 on account
of loss of expectation of life besides disappointment, frustration and mental      G
stress particularly when he has to keep a permanent attendant to look after
him during the rest of his life. Adding this amount to the amount of Rs.
1,14,000 to which the appellant has rightly been held entitled on account of
expenses incurred on medical care and for the pain and suffering during the
period of treatment, the appellant is entitled to total sum of Rs. 4,98,000-
which is rounded up to Rs. 5,00,000 inclusive of costs of litigation. The          H
    520                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [1999] 2 S.C.R.

A aforesaid amount is labile to be paid by the respondent-insurance company
    as was held by the High Court.

          CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2158of1999.

         From the Judgment and Order dated 31.3.98 of the Madhya Pradesh
B   High Court in M.A. No. 633 of 1994.

         Girdha!" G. Upadhyay, Ms. Vinita G. Upadhyay and R.D. Upadhyay for
    the Appellant,

          Ms. Sangeeta Kumar for the Respondents.
c         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

          SETHI, J. Leave granted.

          Notice was issued to the respondent to show cause why the
    compensation amount in favour of the appellant be not further enhanced.
D   Respondent No. 3-New India Insurance Company has filt<d the counter affidavit
    submitting therein that there is not documentary evid~nce to show that the
    appellant was at all employed anywhere at the time of the accident and in the
    absence of proof regarding his income, the amount of compensation cannot
    be enhanced. It is submitted that as the appellant had claimed Rs. 2,90,919.15
E   and was awarded Rs. 2,25,000 with interest, there is no justification for him
    to claim enhancement of the compensation amount.

           The facts giving rise to the filling of the present appeal are that the
    appellant who was 23 years of age had met with an accident and received
    severe injuries causing damages to his spinal cord. He remained under
F   treatment for about 90 days and became permanently disabled. He had
    preferred a claim for Rs. 63,00,919.15 from the owner, driver and the insurer
    of the vehicle for injuries suffered by him in the motor accident. The Motor
    Accident Claim Tribunal (hereinafter referred to as 'the Tribunal') after
    appreciating the evidence led in the case held that the appellant was travelling
G   as an agent of the construction firm when he met with the accident and
    awarded him a compensation of Rs. 1,64,037 with interest at the rate of 10 per
    cent per annum. Both the appellant and the insurance company preferred
    appeals before the High Court which were disposed by the impugned judgment
    holding the appellant entitled to Rs. 2.25.000 as compensation payable w:th
     interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum instead of 10 per cent as awarded
H   by the Tribunal.
                 A.K. MISHRA v. P. MUNIAM BABU. [SETHI, J.]                      521
          It is not disputed that the appellant had met with a road accident in A
    which he was seriously injured, underwent operations of his spinal cord/
    kidney number of times and has become invalid for all practical purposes for
    the rest of his life. The appellant had claimed that his income was Rs. 2,000
    per month at the time of accident when he was 23 years of age. He had prayed
    for applying the multiplier of 55 for granting him compensation in lieu of loss B
    of income which he would have earned in the absence of accident in which
    he has admittedly been totally incapacitated. The learned counsel appearing
    for the insurance company submitted that there was no proof of his income
    and that he was not proved to have been employee of his father in the work
    where the vehicle was begin utilised at the time of the accident. It is however,
    not disputed that at the time of the accident, the appellant was assisting his C
    father in the construction work of Sunita Construction at Deposit No. 40 in
    Township of Kailash Nagar for renewing of fencing in front of residential and
    non-residential quarters providing C.C. coping with glasses for compound
    walls of Kailash Nagar when he met with the accident. He has claimed his
    income to be Rs. 2,000 per month. The appellant, a young man cannot be
    disputed to be contributing and augmenting the income of his father. Some D
    guess work has to be applied while assessing the loss. This Court in R.D.
    Hattangadi v. Mis Pest Control (India) rvt. Ltd & Ors., [1995] l SCC 551
    had held :-

           "Broadly speaking while fixing an amount of compensation payable to E
           a victim of an accident, the damages have to be assessed separately
           as pecuniary damages and special damages. Pecuniary damages are
           those which the victim has actually incurred and which is capable of
           being calculated in terms of money; whereas non-pecuniary damages
           are those which are incapable of being assessed by arithmetical
           calculations. In order to appreciate two concepts pecuniary damages F
           may include expenses incurred by the claimant : (i) medical attendance;
           (ii) loss of earning of profit up to the date of trial ; (iii) other material
           loss. So far non-pecuniary damages are concerned, they may include:
           (i) damages for mental and physical shock, pain suffering, already
           suffered or likely to be suffered in future; (ii) damages to compensate G
           for the loss of amenities of the life which may include a variety of
           matters, i.e. on account of injury the claimant may not be able to walk,




'
           run or sit; (iii) damages for the loss of expectation of life, i.e., on
           account of injury the normal longevity of the person concerned is
           shortened; (iv) inconvenience, hardship, discomfort, disappointment,
           frustration and mental stress in life."                                       H
    522                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [1999] 2 S.C.R.

A   It was further held that whenever a tribunal or court is required to fix the
    amount of compensation in cases of accident, it involves some quash work,
    some hypothetical consideration, some amount of sympathy linked with the
    nature of the disability caused. However all such elements are required to be
    viewed with objective standards. While assessing dam:ige, the court cannot
B   base its opinion merely on speculation or fancy though conjectures to some
    extent or inevitable.

           In the instant case, the appellant has been awarded Rs. 94,037 as
    expenses incurred on medical care, Rs. 20,000 for special diet and expenses
    for attendant during treatment. For his becoming permanently disabled and
C   paraplegic on account of the injury and damages caused to his spinal cord,
    the appellant, who admittedly has been held permanently incapacitated has
    been granted only Rs. 1,00,000. We are of the opinion that the appellant was
    right in claiming his income at Rs. 2,000 per month while working with his
    father at the time of the accident and even if we apply the multiplier of 16,
    he is entitled to the claim of Rs. 3,84,00~ on account of loss of expectation
D   to life besides disappointment, frustration and mental stress particularly when
    he has to keep a permanent attendant to look after him in his rest of life.
    Adding this amount to the amount of Rs. 1,14,000 to which the appellant has
    rightly been held entitled on account of expenses incurred on medical care
    and for the pain sufferings during the period of treatment, the appellant is
E   entitled to a total sum of Rs. 4,98,000 which we round up to Rs. 5,00,000
    inclusive of costs of litigation. The aforesaid amount is liable to be paid by
    the respondent-insurance company as was held by the High Court.

           In the result, this appeal is allowed by modifying the order impugned
    holding the appellant entitled to a compensation of Rs. 5,00,000 with interest
F   at the rate of 12 percent per annum as awarded by the High Court. No further
    costs.

    R.K.S.                                                       Appeal allowed .