Holding

The Supreme Court held that the evidence established the appellants as aggressors and proved the participation of only appellants Nos. 1‑3 in the murders, granting benefit of doubt to appellants Nos. 4‑6.

Summary

The case involved six accused who were charged with murder and rioting under sections 302, 149 and 148 of the Indian Penal Code for the deaths of two brothers. A long-standing animosity existed between the families, and on the day of the incident the accused entered the victims' house, dragged them onto a narrow road and beat them, resulting in the victims' deaths. The trial court and the High Court held the accused were the aggressors and convicted all six. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined ocular testimony, medical evidence and the circumstances of the fight, concluding that the evidence proved beyond reasonable doubt that the accused were the aggressors and that only appellants Nos. 1‑3 actively participated in the murders, while appellants Nos. 4‑6 could not be proved to have taken part and were entitled to the benefit of doubt. Consequently, the convictions of Nos. 4‑6 were set aside and they were acquitted, while the murder convictions of Nos. 1‑3 were upheld with life imprisonment on each count, to run concurrently.

Issues considered

Whether the prosecution proved beyond reasonable doubt that the party of the appellants were the aggressors and not acting in private defence.
Whether the participation of all six appellants in the occurrence was satisfactorily established.

Legislation cited

Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 148, s. 149, s. 302, s. 34

Subjects

murdercommon intentionprivate defencesection 302 IPCsection 149 IPCsection 148 IPCbenefit of doubtconvictionacquittal

Judgment

309

BHIMRAO ANNA INGAWALE AND OTHERS A
v'
STATE OF MAHARASHTRA
April 2, 1980

"' (R. S. PATIIAK AND A. D. KOSHA!. JJ.j

ft/tdian P<nal Code 1860 (XLV of 1860) Ss. 302, 149 & 148-AnimosUy
and enmity between the six accused and the two deceased [assault by the party
of tlte accused on the deceased and their brothers-Party of the accused
whether aggressors and have acted in exercise of the right of private defence-
conPlclicm-whdh<r valid.

Appoilants Nos. I to 6 were charged and convicted for two offences under
oection 302 read with section 149 and one under section 148 of the Indian
Penal Code for having caused the death of two persons,

Appellants Nos. 1 to 4 and 6 are inter~related, while appellant No. 5 is
their friend, and the two deceased are brothers. Appellants Nos. I to 4 and 6
lived jointly in a house which abutted on a road 14 feet wide. Opposite their
house lay the one belonging to the two deceased. The waste water emanating
from the house of the appellant No. 1 had been flowing towards the road and
seeping into the western wall of the house of the deceased. This resulted in ini-
mical relation between the two parties. Animosity also prevailed among the
partieo on account of the fact that the family of th~ deceased had earlier sold
to a !bird person some land which they wanted to repurchase but were thwarted
in their designs by the appellants who were instigating the vendee not to re-sell the
E:
load to the deceased.
The prosecution alleged that on the fateful day, in the morning there was
a dispute and altercation between the two deceased and the appellants. The
incident was noticed by PW 20 who intervened and separated them di•-armed
the two deceased and threw away the sticks which he snatched from them.
\ At about 2 P.M. on the same day all .the appellants entered the house of the
' r ~ deoeascd armed with axes and sticks dragged out the deceased on the road
and started beating them with their respective weapons, PW 10 and PW 11,
the wives of the deceased intervened and they also received injuries at the hands
of the appellants. In the meantime PW 13, PW 14 and their brother Jayakar
who came to the place of occurrence were beaten by the appellants who thtn-
after mllde gOOd their escape. The four injured brothers and the two ladies
were removed to the Civil Hospital. The two deceased succumbed to their G
injuries later.

Meanwhile appellant No. 1 reached the police station and he complained
to the sub-inspector (P.W. 24) that he and his family members had been
attacked by the party of the deceased, ,On learning that the opposite party had
arrived at the local Civil Hospital, the sub-inspector reached the hospital and
recorded the statement (Ex. 55) of P.W. 12. This formed the basis of the B
first information report registered at the police station. On returning to the
police stat10n the sub-inspector arrested appelkmt No. I.
310 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 3 S.C.R.

A The case of the appe11ants was that feelings of enmity existed between the
two opposing families for two or three years prior to the date of the occur·
rence, that on that date there was exchange of abuses between appellants Nos.
1 to 3 on the one hand and the deceased on the ot':her when the latter were
about to assault the former but could not do so on account of the intervention
of PW 20, that soon afterwards the two deceased and their three brothers
assaulted appellants Nos. 1 to 4 with 's:ticks and axes at the latter's house when
some of the as.sailants were disarmed and beaten back, tbild that appellanlq
Nos. 4 to 6 \Vere not present at the scene of the occurrence· and h!d been
involvCd in the case merely because they were related to the other appellants
'
by ties of blood or friendship.
The Sessions Judge was of the opinion. that the incident in which the two
contending parties exchanged abuses and which came to a close .with the-
intervention of PW 20 provided the motive for the ossault in which the two
c dereaeed lost their Jives and that the eye-witnesses had given details of the
occurrence which were omitted from their statements made to the police but
that no significance could l:>e attached to this aspect of the matter. He further
held that the occurrence took place on the road lying in between the ·res-
pective houses of the parties, that the pl!rticipation of all the acCUBed in the
occurrence was natural El.nd probable, that the party of the accused were able
to inflict serious injuries on their opponent~ ·and themselves escaped with core1-
D paratively a mild beating and th&t therefore, there was no right of private
defence available to the appellants. On this finding the Sessions Judge con·
victed and sentenced the six appellants.
The appeal to the High Court was heard by a Division Bench, but on
eccount of difference of opinion among the Judges. the matt.er was referred
to a third Judge and the appeal was dismissed in accordance with the majority
opinion. All the three Judges re-appraised the evidence and while the· majo-
rity arrived at th:e same conclusion as the Sessions Judge, the third Judge come
to the finding that there was no reliabl~ evidence to support he prosecutlon
case that the accused were the aggre.s_,ors.
In the appeals to this Court on the questions: (a) Whether the prooecution
had proved beyond reasonable doubt that the party of the appellants were tbe
aggre&&0111 and whether it wii.s made out from the records that the latter mllY .
have acted in exercise of the right of private defence, and (b) whether the --~ '
participation of all the appellants in the occurrence was satisfactorily made
out;

HELD: (a) (i) The consideration of the ocular evidence coupled wiUI the
testimony of PW-20 and the circumstantial evidence especially the medical part
G of it, prove beyond reasonable doubt that the party of the appellants were the
aggressors. [323EJ
(ii) The occurrence admittedly took place on the road in between the res-
pective houses of the deceased and the appellants which is fully made out f:tiom
the deposition of PW 20 who is no doubt a wholly independent and reliable
Witness. He ~ attracted to the place of occurrence by a not"te which reach-
ed him in his field after he had gone there subsequent to his witnessing the
H three brothe"' of the deceased running towards their house. The circumstance
that their other two injured brothers were also found lyiii.g on the road lends
further strength to the conclusion that the occurrence took place on the road
lllIIMRAO ANNA V. MAHARASHTRA 311

itself and not at the house of the appellants. It may also be safely 1168umed, A
apart from the fact that all the prosecution witnesses say so, that PW's 12, 13
and Jayakar were not with the deceused at the inception of the fight and
were, on the other band, working in their fields. [320 D-G]
(iii) H the party of the deceased were the aggressors and had made a
concerted attack on the appe11ants who Were taken una~·res there is no reason
why the former should !:lave conie out second best in the combat. The fact B
that practically all the injuries received by the deceased were located in the
head region and were inflicted with great force lllllkes it highly probable that
it WM they who were taken unawares and had to bear the brunt of the attack
which they had perhaps no means to repulse. (321 Bl
(iv) The fact that the women-folk of the deceased were elso injured during
the oceumncc makes it probable that the ladies had to intervene because the
fight WM unequal and their respective husbands found it difficult to cope with C
i~ [321 GJ

( v) Another inference which may well be drawn from the consequences
of tbe combat is that PWs 12 and 13 and their brother Jayakar probably reach-
ed the place of occurrence while their brothers were being belaboured and that
it wu a-t this stage that the three new--comerB entered the arena and took up
cudgels on behalf of their hapless family members. [321 Dj 0
(vi) It is not unoften that improvements in an earlier version are made at
the trial in order to give a boost to the prosecution case, albeit foolishly. But
that doell not mean that falsity of testimony in one material particular would
ruin it from beginning to _end. On the other hand the circumstance will be
a good nuon merely for the court to be put on gnard and sift the evidence
with ectnordinary caution and to accept those pOrtions of -it which appear E
fully trmtwortby either intrinsically or by reason of corroboration from other
tru!lworthy sources. [321 Gl

(vii) The road has a width of only 14 feet and if two opposing parties
.consistiq in all of six to ten persons, engage themselves in violence against
each other, f.he exact place where the members of each would be Injured may
not melJ1 BDything especially if one of the parties is tnkcn unawares and is F
unarmed. f323 Bl

In the instant case, none of the injuries suffered by the appellants (except
for one) was located on a vital part and all of them without exception were
simple In nature, the injuries on the two dec.etlfSed persons being in contrast
practically all deadly. 1323 DJ

(b)(I) Appellants N06. 4 to 6 are entitled to the benefit of doubt in the G
111atter of their participation in the occurrence. [324 BJ

(b )(ii) Appellants Nos. I to 3 aro proved beyond reasonable doubt to
'have taken part in the fight. They ll<e not merely named in that behalf by
the eye-witness but admit thefr participation in the occurrence which is further
aasured by reason of the fact that all three of them were found injured im-
mediately thereafter. The same is not true of the other there who have denied H
tlaoir preoence at the time and place of_ the occurrence and about whose parti-
.ci-paUoa. in the fight no other assuring factors is forthcoming. [323 Gl

•
312 SUPREME COURT REPORTS {1980] 3 S.C.R

A (iii) According to PW 20, appellant No. 4 was present at the scene when
the abuses were exchanged but that fact is no guarantee of his participation in
the occurrence which took place t11bout a couple of hours later. No incon-
gruity results from the exclusion of appellants Nos. 4 to 6 from the fight be-
cai.J.se the other three appellants would have as effectively caused all the injuries
found on the two deceased and the two ladies all by themselves a. if they
were caused by them with the ..sistance of appellants Nos. 4 to 6. [323H-324Al
B }
(c) The offence under section 148 of the Code falls to the ground with the
acquittal of appellant Nos. 4 to 6, and so does that under section 149 thereof.
The two offences of murder were committed by appellants Nos. 1 to 3 in
furtherance of their common intention so that each one of them is liable to
conviction on two counts under section 302 read with section 34 of the Indian
Penal Code. [324C-D!
c CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 349 o[
1979.
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated
27/28-9-1977 of Bombay High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 593/76.
S. D; Dashme, V. N. Ganpu'e, Mrs. V. D. Khanna, C. K
D
Ratnaparkhi and Miss Geeta Sharma for the Appellants.
M. C. Bhandare and M- N. Shroff for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court· was delivered by
KosHAL, J. This apppeal by special leave is directed against
E a judgment dated 27th/28th of September, 1977, of the High Court
of Maharashtra npholding the conviction of the six appellants recor-
ded by the learned Session; Judge for two off,nces under section 302
read with section 149 and of one under section 148 of the Indian Penal
Code, the sentence awarded being imprisonment for life on each of the
first two counts and of rigorous imprisonment for one year on the third
F with a direction that the sentences shall run concurrently.

The first appeal in the High Court was originally heard by Vaidya
and Sawant, JJ., who differed with each other on the judgment to be
rendered, Vaidya, J., holding that the appeal merited dismissal and
Sawant, J., being of the opinion that it deserved acceptance in full.
G The case was therefore laid under section 392 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure before Apte, J., who concurred with Vaidya, J., so that
the appeal stood dismissed by the impugned order.
2. Certain facts are not in dispute and m.ay be stated at the outset·
The occurrence took plac, on the !Ith of Novomber, 1974, in village
H Kole to which all the ap"dlants except Kha<haba (appellant No. 5)
belong, Appellants Nos. I to 4 and 6 live join.tly in a house which
abuts on a road 14 feet wide. Opposite that house lies the one belong- ·
BH!MRAO ANNA v. MAHARASHTRA (Koshal, I.) 313
. ·: ';'!. • .. ·;,

ing to the two unfortuqate persons who lost their lives as a result of A
the occurrence which is said to have taken place in consequence of ini-
mical relations between the accused and the opposite party. The
waste water emanating from the house of appellant No. I had been
flowing towards the other side of the road and seeping into the western
wall of the house of the deceased. This was one of the factors lead-
ing to animosity between the parties, another being that the family B
of the deceased had earlier sold to a third person some land which
they wanted to re-purchase but were thwarted in their design by the
accused who were instigating the vendee not to re-sell the land to the
'
_-\--. deceased.
3. The deceased were related to five of the eye witnesses as would C
appear from the following pedigree-table ;
Anandrao

Abasaheb (eye Shripati D
witness (PW-19)

Nivas Balasa.heh Bhimrao Uttam Jayakar
(deceased) (deceased) (eye witness (eye witnes& (eye witness E
=Lakshmi =Droupadi PW-12) PW-13) not produced)
(eye witness (eye witnegs
PW-10) PW-II)
The relationship inter se between accused-appellants Nos. J to 4
and 6 is shown in the table below along with the weapons of offence
said to have been wielded by each of them and an absconding accused F
during the occurrence :
Bbimrao
(appellant No. I-axe)

G
Anna Banda ali~s Man1ti Ki.,;,,
(appellant No. 2- (appellant No. 3-stick) (appellant
stick) No.4-axe)

H
Dhondiram Sham'rao
(appellant No. 6-stick) (absconding accused-stick)
21~189 SCI/80
-·· ~ '
314 SUPREME COURT J.IPCJRTS [1980] 3 S;C.R.

A Khashaba accused No. 5 is sai<;I to be a. friend_ of the family of the --t
oth-er accused and. belongs to anOther village. He was said to be ·
armed with a stick at the time of the occurrence. ~
4. The proseeutiOn case niay be stated-thus. On the fateful day
Nivas deceased left his house at about JO A.M. for Karad where he
B wanted to have himself medically checked up. He returned home
at about midday and told his wife that he had been driven back by
Anna appellant No. 2. By then Balasaheb deceased also came to
hls house from the sugar factory where he was working. It was at
this juncture that the two brothers heard abuses being hurled at them
by all the accused and after emerging from their house picked up two
c small sticks and went towards the accused. A scuflle was imminent
between the two contending parties when Bhimrao Kadam PW-20
who hails from another village lying about a mile away and who was
then returning home from his field intervened, separated them, dis-
armed the two deceased and threw away the sticks which he snatched
from them before continuing his journey.
D
At about 2 P.M. all the accused entered the house of the deceased,
of
armed as aforesaid, dragged them out it on to the road and started
beating them with their respective weapons. Lakshmi PW-10 and
Droupadi PW-11 intervened and received injuries at the hands of the
accused. In the mean-time Bhimrao PW-13, Uttam PW-14 and their
E brother Jayakar who had been working in their field and were infor-
med by a boy about the assault on the deceased, came running to the
place of occurrence but they too were beaten up by the accused who
then made good their escape.
Jayakar brought a motor vehicle from lslampur and took his four _
injured brothers as well as the two ladies to the Civil Hospital there. ---,-
F In the meantime Bhimrao appellant No. 1 reached police station
Islampur whete he complained to Police Sub-Inspector Pandurang
that he (appellant No. I) and his family members had been attacked 1
by the party of the deceased. On learning that the opposite party
had arrived at the local Civil Hospital, the Police Sub-Inspector reached l
G the Hospital at about 8 P.M. and recorded the statement (exhibit-55)
of Bhimrao PW-12 which forms the basis of the formal first information
report ·registered at the police station.
Under the advice of the Medical Officer, Islampur, the injured
left the same evening for the Civil Hospital at Sang!i on the way to
which Nivas and Balasabeb expired.
H
On return to the police station Pandurang PW-24 arrested Bhim-
rao appellant No. !.
BHIMRAO ANNA V, MAHARASHTRA (Koshal, /,) 315

Lakshmi PW-10 was exanlined on the date of the orourrence it-
self by Dr. Bhaskar PW-17 and was found. to haye in the web connec-
ting the right thumb and the index finger a muscle-deep incised wound
having the dimensions l"x !"· Droupadi PW-11 was examined by
another doctor on the same day but she was1not produced at the trial
for the reason that she had in the mean-time been transferred to Nag-
pur. She was examined again on the 18th of November, 1974, by
Dr. Shridhar PW-14 who found that on the mid-outer aspect of her
•
left thigh was located a blue-black discolouration having a probable
duration of eight days.j
Bhimrao PW-12 was examined by Dr. Kantilal Shah PW-16
on the 11th of November, 1974, at the Civil Hospital, Sangli, and was c
found to have suffered six injuries consisting of a scalp-deep incised
wound located on the central parietal area and having the dimensions
3" x !", two contused lacerated wounds located over the .ame area,
two contusions and an [abrasion. The same doctor examined Uttam
PW-13 on the same day when the latter was found to have on his
person five injuries consisting of two contused lacerated wounds loca-

-ted in the head and three contusions on other parts of the body.

Appellants Nos. I to 3 were examined by Dr. Sh,ridhar PW-14
- on the !Ith of November, 1974 atthe Civil Hospital, Islampur. Bhim -
rao appellant No. I had on his person three injuries consisting of a
contusion on the right forearm having the dimensions 8 cm. x 5 cm.,
a weal mark on the right shoulder iblade and an abrasion. Anna
· appellant No. 2 was found to have suffered eleven injuries consisting
•
of six lacerated wounds, two contusions, two weal marks ,and one
abrasion, only one of them, i.e., a lacerated woµnd, being located on
a vital part (the head). Maruti appellant No. 3 had an incised and a
lacerated wound on the head and another lacerated wound, two weal
mar:ts a11d a contusion on other parts of the body. ,

The injuries so far described and found on various members of
the opposing parties were presumably all simple in nature. '

Dr. Digambar Joshi PW-15 carried out the post 11Wrtem examina- G
tion ofthe two dead bodies on the 12th of November, 1974. Nivas
deceased was found to have suffered four external injuries two of which
were bone-deep contused lacerated wounds located iu the head region.
According to the doctor the scalp was all •boggy' and the injuries were
'fresh'. The internal damage to the head, the doctor noted, consisted
of an extensive haematoma on the scalp; multiple fractures of the left B
temporal and parietal bones, fracture of the right frontal blade, frac-
ture of the middle cranial fossa on the right side and extradural haema-
--- ; ~

316 SUPREME COURT REPo:RTS [1980] 3 S.C.R.

A. toma on the right fronto-parietal region, the left temporal region and
the left fronto-parietal region.
In the opinion of the doctor the deceased must have become un-
conscious immediately after the receipt of the injuries which were
inflicted with force and were sufficient in the ordinary course of nature
B to cause death.
Balasaheb deceased was found by the same doctor to have suf-
fered four external injuries two of which were located in the head re·
gion, one being a contused lacerated wound and the other an incised
wound. · The right temporal region, according to the doctor, WlJS
C 'boggy' and the injuries were 'fresh'. The internal damage to the
head, the doctor noted, consisted of an extensive haematoma under
the scalp, numerous fractures of the right and left frontal bones, right
and left parietal bones and the right temporal bone, congestion of.the
cortical vc;ssels and bleeding in the brain substance. The right fronto-
parietal region was found by the doctor to be soft and lacerated. The
D · brain-matter, according to him, was coming out. He was categorical
in stating that the death mnst have been instantaneous and that the
injuries were individually sufficient to cause death in the ordinary
course of nature.
5. 24 witnesses were examined at the trial in support of the pro-
secution case. They included five eye-witnesses, namely, Lakshmi
B
PW-10, Droupadi PW-11, Bhimrao PW-12, Uttam·PW-13 and Aba-
saheb PW-19, all of whom gave substantially the same version of the
occurrence as has been set out above. Bhimrao Kadam PW-20 deposed
that ·at about noon on the fateful day he was returning home from
his fields which lie only at a distance of about -250 feet from the houses
F of the parties, when he found appellants Nos. 2, 3 and 4 exchanging
abuses with the two deceased who were armed with sticks. Accord-
ing to the witness he disarmed the deceased and threw away the sticks ·-~
on to the roof of their house. The witness claimed to have gone away
after advising both the parties to settle their disputes amicably. He
then testified to having met Bhimrao PW-12, Uttam PW-13 and.their
G . brother Jayakar when he returned to his field the same day. He f!
further stated that they were running but were not armed. The rest i.
of his testimony-in-chief may be .summarised thus :
"I again heard shouts from the houses of the parties.
I again came back to the road in between their houses and
saw that Nivas, Balasaheb, Uttam and Bhimrao had injuries
H
and they were lying on the road. All these injured were
. unconscious and their clothes were stained with blood.

~:-'•'.'
BHIMRAO ANNA v. MAHARASHTRA (Koshal, J.) . 317

Lakshmi and Droupadi were by their side. The accused
were not present at that time. This was at about 2 ·30 P.M.
or 3 P.M.".
J When asked in cross-examination as to what was the exact place
where he met the brothers of Nivas, he replied :
t "I immediately started to my field and I met them •
at a distance of about 50 or 100 feet. I again heard the
noise after a very short time after reaching the field."

The witness was questioned about what he saw on reaching tb,e'place
-Of occurrence for the second time and what transpired later. He
stated : 6
"Uttam and Bhimrao were lying on'the road near the
door of the house of the accused. Nivas was lying .in the
middle of the· road opposite to the door of the accused.
There were blood stains on the road at the place. Jayakar
was present at the scene of offence and I told him to inform D
the police at Islampur. Afterwards l went to the house of
the accused. I found that there were injuries on accused
No. 2 Anna and accused No. 3 Banda. Accused No. 2
Anna was lying unconscious. Banda told me that Nivas
and all his brothers came to their house and assaulted
them." E
The last question put to him in cross-examination was whether
it was true that Bhimrao PW-12, Uttam PW-13 and their brother
Jayakar were armed with sticks and axes. He replied;that they had
something (in their hands) but that he could"not say if they had sticks
and axes. F
6. The defence case may. be summed up as follows. Feelings of
animosity existed between the two opposing families for two or three
yoers prior to the date of the occurrence as alleged ~y the prosecution.
·On that date there was an exchange of abuses between appellants Nos.
1 to 3 on the one hand and the deceased on the other when the latter G
were about to assault the former but could not do so on account of the
intervention of Bhimrao Kadam PW-20. Soon afterwards the two
deceased and their three brothers assaultedappellants Nos. I to 3 with
sticks and axes at the latter's house when some of the assailants were
disarmed and beaten back. Appellants Nos. 4 to 6 were not present
at the scene of occurrence and had been involved in the case merely e
beoause they were related to the other appellants by ties of blood or
friendship.

\ .
,.. ...
••

318 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 3 S.C.R.

'A 7. The learned Sessions Judge was of the opinion'that the incident
In which the two contending parties exchanged abuses and which came
to a close when Bhimrao Kadam PW-20 intervened provided the .....
motive for the assault in which the two deceased lost their lives. Wlu1c
examining the ocular testimony he arrived at the findings detailed
.'t-·
• below;

(a) That part of the prosecution story acc6rding to which the two
"'\
'•i
__ ,

deceased were dragged out of their house by the seven accused was
never put forward during the investigation and was concocted to serve
as an improvement over the version given earlier.

(b) The eye-witnesses had given details of the occurrence which
were omitted from their statements made to the police but no aigni-
ficance could be attached to this aspect of the matter. ·

. (c) Lakshmi PW-10, Droupadi PW-11, Bhimrao PW-12 and
Uttam PW-13 were certainly present at the occurrence as is made out
· D from the fact that they were found to have injuries on their pereon
immediately thereafter. Assurance to the presence of Abasaheb.
PW-19 at the time and place of occurrence is also available in the fact
that his house adjoins that of the deceased.

(d) The incident in which abuses were exchanged provided the
E motive for the party of the accused to assault their opponents rather
than the other way round, because the deceased had really had an
upper hand in that incident. It would also be natural, in this view of
the matter, for appellants Nos. 1 to 3 to summon help and open a con-
certed attack. 1he participation of all the accused therefore in the
occurrence was natural and probable.
F
(e) The occurrence took place orl the road lying in between the~-- '
respective houses ~f the parties. · I
(f) 'the circumstances that two persons from the side of the eye-
witnesses lost their lives and that four other eye-witnesses belongiiig
to the same family received injuries are sufficient to suggest that it W86
G
the party of the appellants who were the aggressors even though appel-
lants Nos. 1 to 3 were also injured during the occurrence; and the fut
that all the eye-witnesses were unreliable in relation to the dragging
part of the prosecution story is immaterial, their testimony being other-
wise credible. In this connection it has to be borne in mind that the
B party of the accused were able to inflict seriOus injuries on their opp&-
nents and themselves escai>ed with comparatively a minor beating.
There was thus no right of private defence available to the accused.

,...,, .
l
BHIMRAO ANNA v. MAHARASHT.RA (Koshal, /,) 319

A.
(g) Bhimrao PW-12 and Uttam PW-13 reached the place of
occurrence after the fight between the party of the accused on the ono
hand and the two deceased on the other was already over and that in
respect of the injuries caused to Lakshmi PW-10, Droupadi PW-11,
Bhimrao PW-12 and Uttam PW-13 the party of the appellants had a
1 right of private defence. ·
• !
It was in these premises that the learned Sessions Judge convicted
and sentenced the six appellants as aforesaid and acquitted them of the
minor charges which had been framed against them in relation to the
injuries caused by them to the four eye-witnesses just above named.
8. In the High Court all the three judges who considered the appeal
fully reappraised the evidence and while Vaidya and Apte, JJ., arrived
c
at more or less the same conclusions as the learned Sessions Judge,
· Sa want, J., recorded diametrically opposed findings although he found
Bhimrao Kadam PW,20 to be a wholly independent and therefore a
reliable witness. Those findings were :
(i) There is no reliable evidence whatsoever to support D
the prosecution case that the accused were the aggressors.
On the other hand, the following five circumstances point to J
the contrary : ·
(a) The concoction of that part of the' prosecution
story according to which the deceased were
E
dragged out of their house by the appellants.
(b) During the incident in which abuses were ex·
changed, appellants Nos .. 2 and 3 were merely
sitting on the door steps of their house while the
two deceased had gone there armed with sticks in
an attempt to assault their adversaries.
(c) "Immediately after" that incident came to ia
close on the intervention of Bhimrao Kadam
PW-20, the deceased were reinforced by their
three brothers and the occurrence commenced
"immediately thereafter".
G
(d) Bodies of the persons injured on the side of the
deceased were found lying nearer the house of the .
accused than that of their opponents.
(e) Appellants Nos. l' to 3 also received injuries
which were sufficiently serious and numerous.
B
(ii) Merely because two of the opponents of the
appellants died and the number of persons injured on

_·:-,·
320 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19~0] 3 i;.C.R.

'A their side was greater than on that of the appellants, it .
will not follow that the latter were the aggressors.

9. The case has been argued before us at great lenatJi by learned
counsel for the parties and the two main questions requiring deter-
mination are :
• (A) Has the prosecution proved beyond reasonable doubt
that the party of the appellants were the aggressors
and that it is not made out on the record that the
latter may well have acted in ~xercise of the right of
private defence?
·c (B) If the answer to question (A) is in the affirmative,
whether the participation of all the appellants in the ""t
occurrence is satisfactorily made out ?
•·
10. On question (A) we have no hesitation in agreeing with the " .~
D
conclusion arrived at by the learned Sessions Judge and Vaidya and
Apte, JJ., and we shall record our reasons briefly. The occurrence .¥"
i
admittedly took place on the road in between the respective houses h

of the deceased and the appellants which is fully made out from the
deposition of Bhimrao Kadam PW-20 who is no doubt a wholly in-
1
dependent and reliable witness. When he was attracted to the place
of occurrence by a noise which reached him in his field after he had ~
~
gone there subsequent to his witnessing the three brothers of the
deceased running towards their house, he found thatBhimraopW-12,
Uttam PW-13 and their other two injured brothers were all lying j;

unconscious on the road where Lakshmi PW-10, Droupadi PW-11 ;;-

and Jayakar were also present. It is to be noted that the heads of
Nivas and Balasaheb had been smashed to pulp so that in all prn- '
.bability neit~er of the~. co.uld h~ve moved a step befor~ falling do~ j /
after the receipt of the mJuries which were detected on their dead bodies
by Dr. Digambar Joshi PW-15. We have to take it for granted there-
fore that they were hit where they fell. The circumstance that their
other two injured brothers were also found lying on the road lends
G further strength to our conclusion that the occur.rence took place on ,.
. .· .'·.
the road itself and not at the house of the appellants. It may also be
safely assumed, apart from the fact that all the witnesses say so, that
Bhimrao PW-12,Uttam PW-13 and Jayakar were not with the deceased
at the inception of the fight and were, on the other hand, working in
their fields. This follows from the testimony of Bhimrao Kadam
II PW-20 which bears repetition on the point. He stated that while he
was returning from his house to the fields at 2 ·30 or 3P.M. he found.
the three brothers of the deceased 'running' which obviously mean

..
,-"'> •.
BHIMRAQ ANNA v: MAHARASHTRA (Koshal, 1.) 321

running towards their house. It is the case of Bhimrao PW-12 and A
' Uttam PW-13 that they were informed in their field by a boy named
Mehar that their brothers were being attacked by the party of the
appellants and that it was on that account that they ran towards their
house. This assertion fully fits in with the narration of events by Bhim·
rao Kadam PW-20. Another very decisive circumstance is the nature
of the injuries receiv.ed by the two contending parties. If the party of B
the deceased were the aggressors and had made a concerted attack on the
appellants who were taken unawares there is no reason why the former
should have come out second best in the combat. The fact that prac-
ticaUy all the injuries received by the deceased were located in the
head region and were inflicted with great force makes it highly probable
that it was they who were taken unawares and had to bear the brunt of c
the attack which they had perhaps no means to repulse. The fact that
tlieir womenfolk were also injurea during the occurrence makes it pro-
bable that the ladies had to intervene because the fight was unequal and
their respective husbands found in difficult to cope with it. Another
inference which may well be drawn from the consequences of the
D
combat is that Bhimrao PW-12, Uttam PW-13 and their brother Jayakar
probably reached theplace of occurrence while their brothers were
·being belaboured and that it was at th.at stage that the three new-
comers entered the arena and took up cudgels on behalf of their hapless
family members. That is the only reasonable way, it appears to us,
in which all the injuries suffered by the combatants on the two sides E
can be explain!l(l.
11. It is true, as pointed out by Sawant, J., as well as the learned
Sessions Judge, that the eye witnesses have improv~d their case at the
trial over the story which they put forward at the investigating stage and
therefore prove their unreliability in material particulars; but then they ·
are rorroborated in certain other material aspects of their testimony by
unimpeachable evidence in the form of the injuries suffered by the two
sides, the place where they were inflicted and the consequences which
flowed from them, and, in those aspects we cannot but believe them.
It is not unoften that improvements in an earlier version are made at
the trial in order to give a boost to the prosecution case, albeit fooli- G
shly. But that does not mean that falsity of testimony in one material
particular would ruin it from beginning to end. On the other hand the
circumstances will be a good reason merely for the court to be put on
guard and sift the evidence with extraordinary caution and to accept
those portions of it which appear fully trustworthy either intrinsically
or by reason of corroboration from other trustworthy sources. And R
that is how we have accepted the eye-witness account in part as stated
above.
322 SUPREME COURT REPo:RTS U980] 3 S~C.R.

A 12. We may here frankly state that the reasons given by Sawant,
J., in holding that the party of the deceased were the aggressors do not
commend themselves to us. The fact' that improvements were made
hy the eye-witnesses on the earlier story and the dragging incident was
in.troduced at the trial stage has already been noticed by us but, without
more, it cannot be taken to mean that it was the party of deceased who
set the ball rolling. The incident in which abuses were exchanged
between the two contending parties again does not lead to the inference
that it was the party of the deceased who were guilty of aggression.
That incident no doubt provided the motive for the occurrence but such
motive was attributable to both parties and perhaps more so to .that of
the appellants who must have felt humiliated by the show of force in-
c dulged in by the deceased. It further appears to us that Sawant, J.,
misread the testimony of Bhimra0 Kadam PW-20 when he remarkyd
that the fight took place "immediately after" the exchange-of-abuses-
incident which had come to a close· at the intervention of Bhimrao
Kadam PW-20. It is no doubt true that that witness did state in ans-
wer to a question in cross-examination :
D
"I immeqiately started towards my field and I met them
at a distance of about 50 or 100 feet. I again heard the
noise after a very short time after reaching the_field."

The ~words "I 'immediately started ctowards my field" have no
-- -
connection whatsoever with the incident in which abuses were exchan-
ged. Jn this connection we may refer to that portion of the evidence
of the witness in which he categorically stated that that incident had
taken place about midday when he was returning home from his Aield,
that he left after the incident and that he met Uttam, Bhimrao
and Jayakar "while I was again going back-to my field." The infe-
' F
rence is clear that after the incident in which abuses were exchanged,
the witness had gone home to his village which lies at a distance of about
a mile from the place of occurrence and that he was again returning t 0
his field when he met the three brothers of the deceased which was,
according to the witness, 'at about 2 ·30 or 3 P.M.'.
G
This misinterpretation ot the evidence of Bhimrao Kadam PW-20
by Sawant, J., appears to us to have influenced the learned Judge in
not a little measure in coming to the conclusion which he ultimately
arrived at. But then he was also not right, in our opinion, in in-
ferring aggression on the part of the party of the deceased from the cir-
n !' cuinstance that "the bodies of the inj'!red were found nearer the house
- ef the accused than the house of the deceased". It is true that Bhim-
rao Kadam PW-20 did assert : - -
l!HIMRAO ANNA v. MAHARASHTRA (Kos?uil, !.) 323

"Uttam and Bhimrao were lying on the road near the A
house of the accused. Nivas was lying in the middle of
the road opposite to the door of the accused."
But from this no inference such as has been drawn by the lear-
ned Judge is reasonably possible. Admittedly the road has a width of
only 14 feet and if two opposing parties, consisting in all of six to ten
persons, engage themselves in violence against each other, the exact
place where the members of each would be injured may not mean
•
anything, especially if one of the parties is taken unawares and is un-
armed. In any case the fact that the road was a narrow one makes
- _,..___ the circumstance relied upon by the learned Judge wholly innocuous.
The only other circumstance which he pressed into service in support c-
of his conclusion that the accused appeared to have acted in exercise
of the right of private defence was that they too "received iajuries which
were sufficiently serious and numerous" which does not appear to be
an accurate statement of facts. The injuries referred to by him were
no doubt as numerous as those suffered by the other party; but then
they cannot be classified as 'sufficiently serious'. Except for one. D
none of them was located on a vital part and all of them without ex-
ception were simple in nature, the injuries on the two deceased persons
being in contrast practically all deadly.
13. Thus, the consideration of the ocular evidence coupled with
the testimony of Bhimrao Kadam PW-20 and the circumstantial evi- E
deuce, especially the medical part of it, lead us to an alliwer in the
affirmative to question (A) posed above.
14. On the question of the participation of the appellants in the
occurrence we have again to proceed with extraordinary caution in
\
r _view of the fact that Jhe eye-witnesses are not only highly interested in
exaggerating the number of the opposite party during the attack but
have also ~n shown to have scant regard for truth when their selfish
•
interests so demand. In this view of the matter we consider it safe to
hold that appellants Nos. 1 to 3 are proved beyond reasonable doubt to
have taken part in the fight.· They are not merely named in that
• behalf by the eye-witnesses but admit their participation in the occur- G
.- rence which is ftlrther assured by reason of the fact that all three of them
were found injured immediately thereafter. The same is not true of
the other three who have deni~d their presence at the time and place
of the occurrence and about whose participation in the fight no other
assuring factor is forthcoming. It is true that according to Bhimrao
Kadam PW-20, appellant No. 4 was present at the scene when the abu- B
ses were exchanged but that fact is no guarantee of his participation
r
in the occurrence which took place about a couple of hours later•

.",.,_ __ _
324 SUPREME COURT REPO'RTS [1980] 3 S.C.R.

And no incongruity results from the exclusion of appellants Nos. 4 to 6 J
from the fight because the other three appellants would have as effec- ~
tively cau~ed all the injuries found on the two deceased and the two
ladies all by themselves as if they were cauSed by them with the assis- ~
tance of appellants Nos. 4 to 6. In this view of the matter we are of
the opinion that appellants Nos. 4 to 6 are entitled to the benefit of
B doubt in the matter of their participation in the occurrence. We
therefore accept the appeal in so far as they are concerned, set aside the
conviction recorded against and the sentences imposed upon them by
the courts below and acquit them of the charge in its entirety.
15. The appellants were convicted by the learned Sessions Judge '
-+
,c of an offence under section 148 of the Indian Penal Code and of two
offences of murder under section 302 read with section 149 of the Code.
The first ol):'ence, namely, that under section 148 of the Code, falls to
the ground with the acquittal of appellants Nos. 4 to 6, and so does
that under section 149 thereof. It is however quite clear from the find-
jhgs arrived at by us, especiaUy those relating \o the nature of the in-
D juries suffered by the two deceased and the consequences resulting
from them that the two offences of murder were committed by appel-
lants Nos. 1 to 3 in furtherance of their common intention so that each
/one of them is liable to conviction on two counts under section 302
read with section 34 of the Indian Penal Code. We hold accordingly '~
and sentence each of those three appellants to imprisonment for life
B on each count with a direction that the two sentences of life imprison-
ment shall run concurrently. Accordingly, the appeal fails in so far
as they are concerned except in relation to the modification in the con-
viction and 'sentences as directed above. ·

N.V.K;