Holding

A decision under Section 72A that is based on a misdirected or perverse exercise of subjective satisfaction, ignoring relevant considerations and relying on extraneous material, is reviewable and may be set aside.

Summary

Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. (M&M) sought a declaration under Section 72A of the Income‑Tax Act, 1961, to carry forward the accumulated loss and unabsorbed depreciation of International Tractor Company of India Ltd. (ITCI) after their amalgamation. The Specified Authority, after a screening committee, recommended that ITCI was financially viable and therefore the condition of "financial non‑viability" under s.72A(1)(a) was not met. The Central Government accepted this recommendation and refused the declaration. M&M challenged the decision by writ petition. The Supreme Court held that the Central Government’s subjective satisfaction must be exercised on relevant considerations; the authority had misdirected itself, adopted a wrong approach to "financial non‑viability" and relied on extraneous material. Consequently the decision was perverse and liable to be set aside. The Court affirmed the High Court’s quashing of the recommendation and directed the authorities to process M&M’s application within three months. The appeal was dismissed.

Issues considered

The extent to which a decision based on the Central Government's subjective satisfaction under Section 72A(1) is amenable to judicial review.
Whether the condition of "financial non‑viability" of the amalgamating company under Section 72A(1)(a) was satisfied in the case of ITCI.
Whether the Central Government’s refusal to issue the declaration was perverse, involving irrelevant considerations, and thus invalid.
Whether the High Court was justified in setting aside the recommendation of the Specified Authority and directing further proceedings.

Legislation cited

Companies Act, 1956s. 370, s. 371
Essential Commodities Act, 1955
Finance Act No. 2 of 1977
Income Tax Act, 1961s. 72A
Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969s. 2J(2)

Subjects

judicial reviewadministrative lawSection 72Aincome taxamalgamationfinancial non‑viabilitysubjective satisfactiontax loss carry forwardpublic interestcorporate restructuring

Judgment

•

COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX,
BOMBAY AND OTHERS A

MAHINDRA AND MAHINDRA LIMITED & ORS. ,.,,

Septemb~r 2, 1983

[V. D. TULZAPURKAR D. P. MADON; JJ.]

Judicial Review-Courts' power to interefere and review administrative or
executive decisions and actions-Conditions precedent.

c'
.. Loss-Accunwlated loss and unabs(Jrbed depreciation-Conditions requisite
for carrying fo~ward and setting off, by an amalgan:zating company o( s~ch lo~~7
Whether the recommendation of a specified authority ond the Centr~I Govern-
ment's deCision, thereon allowing the amalga1nated company lo carryforward and
set off losses is open to judicial review-lricome Tax Act, 1961 section 72A as
introduced by Finan~e Act l\'o. 2 of 1977 scope of.
D
"-
Section 72A of the Incon1e Tax Act, 1961 enables an An1alga1nated·
Con1pany to carry forward and set off accumulated Joss <ind \.inabsorhed,
depreciation allowance ih. certain cases of amalgamation on the fulfiJment·of
thrC:e conditions viz; (a) that the ama~gan1ating company was, immediately
befofe its amalgimation financially non-viable by reason of its liabilities,
losses and other relevant factors; (b) that the amalgamation was in the public
ihterest; and (c) such other conditions. as central government may by notifica-
tion in the official Gazette specify, to ensure that tl~e benefit"under the section
is ·restricted to amalgamation which would facilita~e the .rehabilitation of
revival of the business of amalgamating company. The Central Government's

•• satisfaction in·respect of the three conditions is to be based on the recOinnlen-
dation of the specified Authority, referred to in Section 72A." The Centra'i
Government then has to make a declaration to that effect and the effe<;t and.
consequence. of such a declaration is that notwithstanding anything contained
in any other provision ~f the Act, the accumulated loss and unabsorbed depre-
ciation of amalgantating company is deemed to be the loss or as the case may
be, allowance for depreciation of the amalgamated company for the previous
year·in"which the amalg<i.mation was effected: For claiming the benefit of the
section, the certificate issued by the· specified authority undCr sub~section 2(ii)
Of sectiOn 72A to th~ effect tha·t adequate steps have been taken by the amalg~
I nl~ted company for the r~h3.bilitation or revival of the ·business of the .imaiga-
matiiig·c.ompany" must be.submitteQ ·alongWith the· return of th"C income for the
said assessment year .
T. ~
H
Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. was incorpor.ated uilder the Indian
Con1panies Act 1913 and is thus duly registered under the Act cif 1956. lts:
share capitil.1 has been widely held, the prinCipal share holders beirig the pLibtic'·

I
•
SUPRBME COURT REPORTS U983i ~ s.c .i.
financial institutions to the extent of about 40% of its equity share capital; it
is engaged in the manufacture Of jeeps, motor vehicles etc. Olle M/s. Inter-
national Tractor Company of India Ltd. incorporated on April 15, 1963 under
the Indian Companies Act, 1956 as a public company for the manufacture of
e~sential commodities like agricultural .. tractors was commercially insolvent at
the close of the financial year ending October 31, 1977. Therefore, proposal
for amalgamating ITC! with M & M was considered and approved by the
Boards of Directors of both the companies by two resolutions dated 4.10.76
B since it was felt that it Would be advantageous to both if their operations could·
he rationalised for better and more efficient utilisatiOn of their existing
capacities and f~ciliti~s.

A scheme of Amalgamation effective from 1.11.1977 was prepared and
finalised and, after obtaining the approval of the Central Govetnmi.:nt to the
c scheme of amalgamation as required under section 2J(2) of the Monopolies
and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969, the Bombay High Court was moved
under sections 391 and 394 of the Companies Act, 1956 seeking its sanctioa
which was granted. >-·-

On April 27, 1978, M & M, moved an application under Section 72A of
the Income Tax, 1961 Act for the grant of relief of the requisite declaration
D from file Central Government which was rece.ived by the Central Govcrrnment
on Ma"y 3of1978. As the amalgamation had been· effected from November 1,
1977 M & M filed the said .application so as to .;!nable the authorities to investi~
eate .the requisite factual pre~conditions for the grant of the. relief and to arrive
at a decision in order to enable.it to file its retu.rn of income for the assessment -;"
year 1979-80 (the relevant previous year being 1.1 l.l977 to 31.10.1978 dnrin&
whihh the amalgamation .was effected) alongwith the requisite certificate of the
Specified Authority before the due date June 30, 1979. Later M & M also
furnished the latest audited financial position _of fTCI together with other
particulars as desired. By a notification No. S 0. 710(E) dated 11.10.1977 the
Central Government constituted and ·notified the Specified Authority consisting
QfrespondCnt·Nos. 6 to 10 under S. 72A of the Act and at the suggestion or"the
Specified Authority the Central Government also set up a ·separate Screening

' Committee of experts to investigate as to wh.ether the requisite statutory condi-
tions were prCsent or not. After considering the particulars furnished _in the
application made by M & M, further correspondence and evidence produced
in that. be_h<ilf and after hearing M & M the Specified Authority ·by its order
dated _fylay/June 2, 1980 recommended that the amalgamation of ITCI with
M & M did not satisfy the condition specified in cl. (a); in other words, it
~pined that aQlalgamating company was financially viable and not non-viable
G immediately before its amalgamation with ~f & M. The Central Government,
adopting the reasons recorded .~Y the specified Aµthority for its opinion,
accepted the recommendation made by it and passed an order on December 1,
1980 ·whereby it refused to issue the declaration unde"r Section 72A of the,_ Act
to M&M.
'
H
The aforesaid reco1nmendation of the Specified Authority and the
Central Government's decision based thereop were challenged by M & M by
filing a writ petition in the ri!lhi High Court; the c'.1allenge was principally
c.i.r. v. i.!Aii1NDRA Aiio MAHINDRA 775
met by raising a contention that the Central Government had refused the relief
to M & M on the basis of its subjective decision aboi.it th'e non-fulfilment of A
the condition specified in cl. (a) of S. 72A (1) and for relevant and cogent
reasons and hence the decision could not be revie"wed or interferred with by
the: Court and with a view to show that both the Specfiied Authority and the
Central Government had consjdered all the relevant factors and that M & M
had -been fairly treated in the matter great reliance was placed on the minutes
of the several meetings held by the Specified Authority which were produced
-i before the Court. On a consideration of the entire material placed before it 8
aS well as the rival submissions made by counsel for. the parties the High Court
c~me to the conclusion that the view taken ·by the Specified Authority and th;
Central Government in the impugned orders was just not possible to be formed
and that no reasonable authority much less the Specified Authority or an expert
body of the Central Government could have reasonably come to the conclusion
that ITCl was immediately before its amalgamation with M&M, financially
viable. The High Court quashed the impugned recorrimandation dated May,
c
June 2, 1980 of the Specified Authority as well as the Central Governments dcci·
sion dated December I, 1980 and directed (i) them to deal with M&M's applica-
tion and dispose it of within a pedod of six months from the date of its order in
light of its judgment; (ii) the specified Authority to consider and issu~ the requi·
site statutory certificate under Section 72A (2)(ii) of the Act within one month
of the declaration made by the Central Government; and (iii) the Income Tax D
Officer concerned to treat the statutory certificate when furnished by the M&M,
as if it was filed by M&M with its Return for the concerned year. Hence the
appeal by Special Leave

Dismissing the appeal, the Court
E
HELD : 1. By now, the parameters of the Court's power of judicial
review of administrative or executive action or decision and the grounds on
which the Collet can interfere with the same are well settled. If the action or
~ecision is p~rvcrs~ O';'- is such that no reasonable body of persons, properly
informed, could come to or has been arrived at by the authority misdirecting
itself by adopting a wrong approach or has been influenced by irrelevant
or extraneous matters, the Court would be justified 'in interfering with
F
the same. [786 F-H]

Bariu1n Chemicals Ltd. v. Company Law Board [1966] Supp. SCR 311;
Smt. Shafini Soni. etc, v. Union of India and Ors. etc. [1981] l SCR. 962
referred to.
G
2:1. The budget speech of the Finance Minister and the Notes on
clauses of the~Finance Bill (No. 2) of 1977 explaining the provision of the said
Bill, make it clear that sickness an1ong industrial und~rtakin&s was regarded
as a matter of grave national concern inasmuch :is closure of any sizable
manufacturing unit in any industry entailed social costs in terms of loss of H
production and unemployment as also waste of valuable cai)ital assets and
experience had shown that taking _over of such sick units by GOvernmedt was
not always a satisfactory or economical solution; and that a more effectivq
776 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1983) 3 s.c.k.
n1etho_d would be to' facilitate amalgamation of sick industrial units with sound
A Ones by providing- incentives' and removing impediments in the way of such
amalgamation which would not merely relieve the Government of uneconomical·
burden· of taking over and running sick units but save the Governinent. frOm
S0Cial costs in terms of loss of production arid unemployment. With suCh
objective in view, in order to facilitate the ·merger of sick industrial units with
sOund ones and as and by way of offering an incentive in that behalf S. 72A.
Was introduced in the Act whereunder by a deeming fiction the accumulated.
8 IoS's or'unabsorbed depreciation of the amalgamating company is treated to be
a loss or, as the cas~ may be, allowance for depreciation of-the amalgamated-
companY in the previous year in whiCh the amalgaffiation was effCcted;·but the
amalganiated ~ompany, although a successor in interest, would" be entitled to
carry forward and set-off the accumulated loss and unabsorbed depreciation
Of the amalgamating compJny only where the amalgamating company was riot,
immediately before such am1lgam1tion, financialiy viable and t.hc amalga·-
matiori~ was in public interes~. [789 H, 790 A-EJ
,__
•
2:2. The C<pression "financial non-viability•= has not been defined in
the Incoine Tax Act, 1961. However, the Finance J\1inister's speech, the notes
oO clauses of the Bi'll and the !\1emorandun1 explaining the provisio~s thereof
make· it clear that the financial non-viability of an undertaking has been equat-
D ed ·with the 'sickness' of such undertaking a.1d Obviou:;Jy in the context of its
revival ·by a sound undertaking the sickiless nn1st be· of a temporary charUcter
and not any basic or permanent ·sickness. An undertaking which is basi~ally
or potentially non viable will ordinarily be incapable of revival and would face
a closure; in other words, tl1e financial non-viability spoken of by the section
must refer to sickness brought about by ten1porary adverse financial circum-
E stances that disables the unit to stand and work on its own. This is. also made
clear by the provisions contained in cl. (a) of sub-sec. (1) which states that
the financial non-viability of the amalgamating~ company has to be judged by
reference to "its liabilities, losses and other relevant factors". [790 F-H]

· "· Moreover, since the expression is occurring in a taxing statute in the
F context of amalgamation of companies it wlrl have to· be llndersiood in its
poplllar sense, that is to say, thC .sense or meaning that is attributed· tO it by
men of business, trade or commerce and by persons or institutions interested
in or dealing with companies. [790 H, 791 A)

-2:3. The true concept of finaricial non-viability as uhderstoo.d ,by 1ncn
'G of' business and commence and by financial institutions may b~ discerned.
While announcing its schen1e of merging sick ullits with healthy ones .(Finance
A.Ct~ 1977) Government of India had classified."those· units where the losses,
past ·and present, have eroded 50% of capital and reserves as sick". According
t6"t.he Reserve Bank of India, commercial ·banks consider a. u'?-it to be sick ''if
ifhaS incurred cash loss for one year and in their judgment is likely to continue
H tO ·incur ca'ih losseS for the current year as well as the following year atid w_hi~~
has an imbalance in its financial structure, such as current ratio ·of Jess than
1:1 an wo·rseniflg debt-equity ratio (total outside liabilities tO net, worth)''.
While the coffimercial ba'.nks follow these ·criteria for .banking purpos·es, the
C.I.T. v. MAH!NbRA AND MAHINDRA 77'1
State Bank ofI~dia defineS a sick unit as one ''Which fails to ·generate internal
surplus on a regular basis and depends for its survival on the constant infusion A
of funds from outside. According to National Council of Applied Economic
R~Search, \.Vhere all the three parameters-profitability, liquidity and solvenciy'
Sliow positive figures the unit's financial viability will be sound; where ori.e, of
the three parameters shows a negative. figure the unit could be regarded·as
'tending towards sickness'; when two Of the three parameters show, negativ~
figures, it would be a case of 'incipient siCkn~ss' and when all the three para:M
1neters show negaiive figures the uriit is 'sick'. It is by reference to thes~ B
several tests or criteria adopted. by them that the questi.on has to be decided
whether a particular undertaking is financially non·viabie at ·a given point'
of time. [791 B-F, 792 A-BJ

3:1. A careful and close scrutiny of para 3 of the Central Government's
order comprising three aspects which constitute the substratum of the reasoD.lng c
behind the .conclusion will show that both had misdirected themselves in law by
adopting a wrong approach and· proceeding on a wrong assumption about the
possibility of financial assista'nce from M & .M· which did not exist either in
fact or in law:--(i] Section 72A does not requiie the undertaking to be basically
non-viable, but merely financially non-viable which must of necessity be ofa
temporary character; (ii) further the ·close link' between the two compar,ies D
referred to by both, divorced from financial assistance· would be an irrelevant·
factor; (iii) the provisions of Sections 370 and 371 o. the co1npanies Act, 1956
have been completed ignored. Indisputably at the relevant timt:_haVing regard
to the provisions of S. 370 of the Companies Act, 1956 the maximum lin1it up
to which M & M could Jend and· advance was· Rs.· 120 lakhs and in view of
the advances already made to various parties to the· tune of Rs. 70 lilkhs-it
could have advanced only Rs. 50 lakhs to lTCl as against its requitement of E
over 'ten times that an1ount namely, Rs. 5 crores alld odd; moreover any finan-
- cial help in excess of Rs. 50 lakhs would have visited M & M and its directors
or officers with penal consequences under S. 371 of the Companies Act.; \iv) the
fact that during the· year 1977-78 following the ·amalgamation M & M t~ok
adequate steps for the revival of lTCl's undertaking by making repayments to
- its-creditors tO the tUne of Rs. 4 crores and by making investn1ent ol Rs. 0.7
crore on n1aintenance, re,-,lacement of machinery etc. therby enabling the
F
undertaking to eatn a·cash profit of R·s. 3.9 crores could not be regarded as a
factor showing the financial viability of ITCI prior to 1.11.1977 its was wrongly
done by the Specified Authority and the· Central Government. All this shows
that the impugned conclusion was ·the result of- an entirely wrong· approach
being adopted as regards the true concept· of fiiiancial non-viability: on·- the
other hand, at the J?.aterial time namely, immediately before· its amalgamation G
With M &'M which took place on 1.lf.1977 ITCI, having regard to its financial
i position, was= commetcially insolvant and th_at all the three parameters of
.Pro~tability, iiquidity·and solvency, by refe-renceto which its sickness (financial
~?°:·viability) is required to be judged. showCd negative figures: Adm_ittedly~
du,ting' the two years 1974·75 and'1976~77 it had nlade huge IoSses to the tune
ofRs'.·253 lakhs and Rs. 433 lakhs respectively and the noniinal pfofits'~f H
~'.70 lakhs (of for"thai matter even Rs. 208 lakhs) earned by ii in 1975·76 ~_id
bot convert it into ·a prOfitable · concern· as on· 31st of Oc.tober~ 1977 .; ·(v) As
regards ·solv~ncy,. admittedly~·· cheqiiCs arid bill issued by ITCI had:bouflced;·
.- - -
178 '
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1983j 3s.c.J\.
;
suppliers had stopped supply of raw materials, financial institutions had
stopped further monetary help and legal actions including winding up pro-
ceedings had been threatened. Further, the excess of liabilities (including loans)
over jhe assets (share capital plus rree reserves) was to the tune of Rs. 63 lakhs
and odd as on 31st October, 1977 and as such the entire share capital plus
free reserves had been eroded (and not merely 50% ·as per the test of Govern-
ment of India) and the 'current ratio' was extremely strained at 40:60 (being
less than l:l as.required by the test adopted by commercial banks). In other
words according to the tests or criteria adopted by men of business or com-
merce and financial institutions ITCI, immediately before its amalgamation
•·
with~ & M, was clearly and blatantly financially non-viable. In spite .of such
situation that obtained and which was brought ·to the notice of the Specified
Authority and the Central Government an almost perverse ·conclusion was
arrived at; at any rate it was a conclusion which no reasonable body of persons,
properly informed, could come to; (vi) The so. called statement at "para 14 of
ITCI's com Jany petition No. 789/77 co.uld not be given any significance at alJ;
(vii) Admittedly the poor performance and loss-es incurred by ITCI were due
to factor& such as mechanics of price control and the sluggishness in the market
,_ -
over whic;h it had no control: (viii) The share eXchange ratio fixed under the
Amalgamation scheme does not passes the negative effect, but it would only
be a neutral factor. After all Several aspects and considerations weigh with
D the share-holders of the companies concerned in the amalgamation while
approving the proposed shate exchange ratio and since in the instant case
all thC concerned share holders of M & M including the public .financial insti-
tutions had, with full knowledge of all the facts including the con1mercially
insolve~t position of IfCI, agreed to the ratio and which was not disturbed by
the l:ligh Court in spite of objection bein& raised by the Regional Director,
Company Law Board, it cannot be said tflat the exchange ratio so fixed ·
E possesses probative value of negative character; and (ix) According to well
settled principles and· practice of Commercial Accounting, the concept of
"N~t Worth" of ITCI as per the bookS of account was negative on the date of
amalgamation and therefore when· the Specified Authority and the Central
GOvCrnment took into consideration the market value of the assets of the ITC!
as On the date of amalgamatio~ for con1ing to the conclusion that the
corDPany was a viable unit, they were clearly inftuenced by "irrelevant and.
F extrlineous material vitiatina the impJgned c.onclusion.
[792 G-H, 793 A-H, 794 A-R 79; A-H, 796 A-E]

3:2. That the amalgamation was in pllblic ·interest iS cl~ar. There is a
specific avennents made to it in the writ petition itself. ~But that_ apart, the
admitted.facts are .(a} ITCI was engaged in the manufacture of''.agricultu.ral
tractors which have been declared as an essential commodity undef: the Essen·
t"ial Commodities Act, 1955, (b) the production had declined to 2000 tractors
as against its licensed and installed capacity of 10,000 tractors during the
pCriod 1.10. 76 to.31.10.1977, (C)·because of its. adverse financial position it was
fi-cing the prospect of immediate closure entailing social costs in terms of loss
O't production of an essential commodity and loss of employment to over 2000
a Workers employed by it, (d) the closure of ITCI would have rendered idle a
1•ge investment in productive capacity which would not have been in the
nafi~nal interest, and (e) the amalgamation forestalled the necessity for-the
State Government to take over that unit and conduct it as a relie(~~ndertaking,
C.J.T. v. MAHINDRA AND MftHINDRA (Tulzapurkar. J.) . 779

thereby avoiding a heavy burden fallina on the publiC cxc.hequer. •''
In Fact
M & M had taken adequate steps for the revival of ITCI and had carried on /..
the same business without anY modification or reorganisation during the
relevant previous year. [796 H, 797 A-G]

C1v1L APPELLATE JURJSDJCTJON : Civil Appeal No. 3685 of
1982.
_,
B
Appeal by Special Leave from the judgment and Order dated
the 7th May, 1982 of the Delhi High Court in Civil Writ Petition No.
99 of 1981.

S. T. Desai, Miss A. Subhashini and M. N. Tandon, for tht
Appellant. c
·- i
F. S. Nariman, F. H. J. Talya Khan, R. K. Kulkarni, Ravinder
Narain, J.B. Dadachanji, 0. C. Mathur, D. N. Mishra and Miss
Rainuwa/ia, for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

TuLZAPURKAR, .J. This· appeal by special leave raises the
question whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case
the recon1mendation of a statutory body (specified Authority under
sec. 72 A of the Income-tax Act, 1961) and the Central Govern-
ment's decision based on it-a matter of subjective satisfaction-
were open to judicial review and whether the High Court was justified
in interferiug with the .same ? ·

The facts givini: rise to the aforesoid question may be stated : 'F
Mahindra and Mahindra Limited (for short 'M & M') was incorpo-
rated under the Indian Companies Act 1913 and is thus duly
registered under the Companies Act, 1956 ; its· share capital has been
widely held, the principal shareholders being the public financial
institutions to the extent of about 40 per cent of its equity share
capital; it is engaged in the manufacture inter ·a/ia of jeeps and other G
motor vehicles on a large scale.

M/s. Inter-national Tractor Company of India Limited (for
short 'ITCI') was incorporated on April 15, 1963 under the Com·
panies Act, 19 56 as a public company and was carrying on the H
business of 'manufacture and sale of agricultural tractors and
impliments which are an essential commodity under the Essential
1.80 . SUPREME C-OURT REPORTS [1983] 3 s.c.R.

Commodities Act; 1955. Though it commenced production within
A three years of its incorporation, ITCI incurred a loss of Rs. 253 lacs
in the year 1974-75 ; ~ith the financial. assistance received from
M & M, ITCI was able to improve. its ~perating picture and its
working results· for the year 1975-76 showed a profit of Rs. 70 lacs
(Rs .. 208 lacs a~~ording to the Central Government but that was
without providing for depreciation to the extent of Rs. 138 lacs)
B
but again in the pnancial year 1976,77 (ending October 31, 1977) for
various reason_s its working was.not satisfactory and it _made a huge
loss to the tune of Rs. 433 lacs. Cheques issued by ITCI bounced,
suppliers had stopped the supplies orr"aw materials to it and financial
institutions were not willing to h.elp jt any more.. During the period
of 13 months, (1.10.1976 to 31.10.1977) its producti~n had declined
to 2004 tractor units as against the licensed and . installed capacity of
JO, 000 tractor units and on a turn-over of Rs. 9. 94 crores it had
i"ncurred an operational loss.of Rs: 4.33 crores and it had received
se~eral notices threatening legal actions including winding up pro-
ceedings. At at 31st of October 1977 the accumulated losses were
to the tune of Rs. 555 lacs and the _excess of liabilities (including
loans) over the assets (share capital Rs. 306.99 lacs plus free reserves
Rs. 184 95 lacs,,...Rs. 491.94 lacs) was 'to the tune of Rs. 63 lacs and
. ~dd. In short as at the close of the financial year ending 31st of
O~tober, 1977 !TCI was commercially insolvent.
E
In October 1976 a proposal for amalgamating ITCI wiih M&M
was· c'?nsidered by the Boards of Directors of the two companies
since it was felt that it would be advantageous to both if their
operations could be rationalised for better and more efficient utilisa-
tion of their existing capacitjes and facilities and by two resolutions
F dated 4.10.1976 passed by the Bo11rds of Directors of both the
cJmpa~ies the proposal was approved and a scheme of Amalgamation
"eff~ctlve from Lll.1977 was prepared and finalised. As both the
companies were 'undertakings' to which Part. A of Chapter HI of
Moriopoli~s and R_estrictivc Trade Practices Act, 1969 (for ~ho rt
MRTP Act) was applicable, M&M made an application on October
30, 1976 under sec. 23 (2) of the Act seeking approval of the Central \
Government to the Scheme of Amalgamation. At the hearing given
by the Cen_tral Government u,nder the M_RTPAct it was brought to
the notice of the Central Government- and this is so mentioned in
H the
I ' .
Approval Order-that ITCI. was not doing well for want of
sufficient working Capital, that production by ITC! had declined and
if that state of affairs continued for an.other. tivo to three years it

•
c.t.T. v. MAHINDRA AND MAHINDRA (Tulzopurkor, J.) 781

would lead to the closure of its entire undertaking and consequent
unemployment of about 2, 400 employees. By its order dated August A
10, 1977 p~ssed under sec. 23 !2) read with sec. 54 of MRTP Act
and communicated to M&M and ITCI, the Central Government
accorded its approval to the amalgamation as per the scheme subject
to the condition that the exchange ratio of the shares proposed in
the scheme was approved by ·£th majority of the equity share-holders 8
of both the companie.s. It was however, specificially stated that tliis
order was not to be construed as conveying .any approval of the
Central Govermnent that may be required under any other law. ·

ThereaftedTCI and M&M preferred Company Petitions (NC!. C
789of1977 by ITCI and No. 2 of 1978 by M&M) in the Bombay
High Court under secs. 39] and 394 of the Companies Act, 1956
seeking the Court's sanction to the scheme of Amalgamation; and
during the pendency of the Petitions pursuant to the interim direc~
tions given by the learned Company judge meetings of the share,
holders of both ·the companies were held at which the scheme of D
amalgamation was approved by them and ultimately ~y its Order
dated March 9, 1978 the Bombay High Court sanctioned the Scheme
of Amalgamation effective from 1.1 1.19?7. It needs to be stated that
at the hearing befNe the Company Judge, the Regional Director,
Company Law BoarJ (representing the Central Government to whom E
notice is statutarily required to be issued and was issued) appearing
through Counsel raised a specific contention that the exchange ratio
of the shares fixed under the scheme (two shares of M&M in exch.ange
for three shares of ITC!) was not fair to the share-holders of M&M
~onsidering the ITCI's very bad financial position ; the Company
Judge took this contention into account but after considering the F
fact that all concerned parties, namely, the share-holders ineluding .
the public financial institutions had considered the ratio so fixed as
fair and equitablcdeGided not to disturb the said ratio. Subsequently,
on receipt of the requisite report under the second proviso to sec. 394
(I) of the Companies Act, 1956 from the Official Liquidator based on · G
the findings of an independent firm of chartered accountants (M/s.
• Batliboi & Purohit) to the effect that the affairs o( ITCI had not
bee~ conducted in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the lllein-
bers or to public 'nteres_t, the learned Company judge'passed an order
under sec. 394 (l) (v) for the dissolution of ITCI without winding H
up. Upon amalgamation the,undertaking of ITCI became a division
of M&M known as International Tractor Division which is being
continued without modification or re-organization as a separate
7g2 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1983) 3 S.C.R.
-
division and it is carrying on the same business· a~ ITCI carried 011
A prior to amalgamation, namely manufacture and sal~ of agricultural
tractors and allied impliments.

Section .72A of the Income tax Act, 1961 (herein-after referred
to as the Act) was inserted therein by Finance Aci No. 2 of 1977 with
effect from J.4.1978. This section enables an amalgamated company
B to. carry forward and set off accumulated lqss and unabsorbed
depreciation allowance in certain cases of amalgamation on fulfilment
of the conditions mentioned in clauses (a), (b) and (c) of sub-sec. (I}
and the Central Government's ·satisfaction in respect thereof, which
satisfaction is to be based on the recommendation of the specified
c Authority referred to in the section. The conditions required to be
fulfilled are : (a) that the amalgamating_ company was, immediately '.
before its amalgamation, financially non-viable by reason of its
liabilities, losses and other relevant factors, (b) that the amalgamation
was in the public interest and (c) such other conditions as Central
Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify, to
D ensure that the benefit under this section is restricted to amalgamation
which would facilitate the rehabilitation or revival of the business of
amalgamating company. In other words, sub-sec. (I) of sec. 72A
provides that if the Central Government, on tlie re.commendation of
the specified Authority, ·is satisfied that the aforesaid conditions are
fulfilled in a given case of the amalgamation then the Central
E Government has to make a declaration to that effect and the conse-
quence of such declaration is that notwithstanding anything
contained in any other provision of the Act, the accumulated loss
and the unabsorbed depreciation of the amalgamating company is
deemed to be the loss or as the case may be, allowance for deprecia-
F tion of the.amalgamated company for the previous· year in which the
amalgamation was effected. An .additional statutory function of the
Specified Authority under sub-sec. (2) (ii) of sec. 72A is to issue a
certificate.to the effect that adequate steps have been taken by the
amalgamated company for the rehabilitation or revival of the business
of the amalgamating company, which certificate is required to be
G furnished along with its return of the income for the said assessment
year by" the amalgamating company for claiming the benefit of the
section. ·

H On April 27, 1978, M&M made an application in the approved
form under sec. 72A of the Act for the grant of relief of the requisite
declaration fro11J. the Central Government which was received ·by the -
.
C.I.T. v. MAHINDRA AND MAHINDRA (Tulzopurkar, J.) . -783

Central Government on May 3 of 1978. As the amalgamation had
been effected from November .I, 1977 M&M filed the said application A
so as to enable the authorities to investigate the requisite factual
T pre-conditions for the grant of the relief and to arrive at a decision
in order to enable it to file its return of income for the assessment
year 1979·8~ (the relevant previous year being 1.11.1977 to 31.10.1978
during which the amalgamation was effected) along with the requisite
certificate of the Specified Authotity before the due date June 30,
1979. Later M&M also furnished the latest audited financial position
Of lTCI together with other particulars as desired. By a notification
No. S. 0. 710 (E) dated 11.10.77 the Central Government constituted
and notified the Specified Authority consisting of respondent Nos. 6
to IO under s. 72A of the Act and at the suggestion of the Specified c
Authority the Central Government also set up a separate screening _
Committee of experts to investigate· as to whether the ·requisite
statutory conditions were present or not. It may be stated .that
admittedly -no other condition bad been specified by the Central
Government under cl. (c) of sub-sec. (I} of s. 72A and the grant of
D
the relief of declaration depended only on the fulfilment of the two
conditions mentioned in els. (a) and (b) of sub·s. (!).·After consider·
ing the particulars furnished in the application made by _M_ & M,
further correspondence and evidence produced in that behalf and
after hearing M & M the Speified Authority by its order dated May/
-June 2, 1980 recommended that the amalgamation ofITCI with M&M E
did not satisfy the condition specified in cl. (a) ; in other words, it
opined that ·amalgamating company was financially viable and not
non-viable immediately before its amalgamation with M &.M. The
Central Government, adopting the reasons recorded by the specified
- Authority for its opinion, accepted the recommendation made by it
and passed an order on December 1, 1980 whereby it refosed to
F
i~sue the declaration under s. 72A of the Act to M .& M ..

- The aforesaid recommendation of the Specified Authority and
the Central Government's decision based thereon were challenged
by M & M by filing a writ petition in the Delhi High Court, the G
challenge was principally met by raising a· contention ·that the
Central Government. had refused the relief to M ·& M on the basis
of its subjective decision about the non-fulfilment of the condition
specified in cl. (a) of s. 72A (I) and for relevant and cogent reasons
and hence the decision could not be reviewed or interfered with by
_H
the Court and with a view to show that both the Specified -Authority
' and the Centr<1l Government ha<I considered a,11 the ·relevant fac~qrs
SUPREME COURT REPORTS !J983] 3 s.c.R.

alid that M & M had been fairly treated in the matter great reliance
A · was placed on the minutes of the several meetings held by the
Specified Authority which were produced before the Court. On a
.-consideration of the- entire material placed before it as well as. the
rival submissions made by counsel for the parties the High Court
came to the conclusion that the view taken by the Specified Authority
and the Central Government in the impugned orders was just not
II possible to be formed and that no reasonable authority much less ' f-.

the Specified Authority or an expert body of the Central Government
could have reasonably come to the conclusion that ITCI was,
immediately before its amalgamation with M & M, financially viable
and, therefore, the orders were liable to be struck down. The High
c Court further found from the proceedings of the Specified Authority
that it had accepted· the position that the amalgamation was in the
puplic interest and that the Central Government bad also declined
-the relief to M & M only on the ground that the condition in cl. (a)
had not been fulfilled. In the circumstances the High Court quashed
the impugned recommendation dated May/June 2, 1980 of the
Specified Authority as well as the Central Government's decision
dated, December 1, 1980 and directed them both to deal with
M & M's application and to dispose it of within a period of six
months from the date of its order in accordance with the provisions
of s. 72A (I) of the Act in light of its judgment. The High Court
E further directed the Specified Authority to consider and issue the
requisite statutory certificate under ;s, 72A (2) (ii) of the Act within
one month of the declaration made by the Central Government
under s. 72A (I) of the Act; the High Court gave the further direction
that the statutory certificate when it will be furnished by M & M to
the concerned Income Tax Officer shall be deemed to have been filed
by M & M with its Retnrn of Income for the concerned assessment
year. The appellants have challenged the High Court's view and its
directions in this appeal. . · . ·

Counsel for the appellants mainly raised tw·o contentions before
us in support of the appeal. In the first place relying upon the words
G "•·· ... amt the Central Government, on the recommendation of the
Specified Authority, is satisfied that the following conditions are
fulfilled" occurring in sec. 72A (1) of the Act, counsel contended
that the issuance of the declaration under the section by the Central
H Government depended upon its subjective satisfaction about the
'fulfilment or otherwise of the conditions mentioned therein and if
-such subjective satisfaction of the Central Government was based
oµ relevant and cogent materials on record its decision was not open
C.I.T. v. MAHINDRA AND MAHIDDRA (Tulzapurkar, J.) 785.

to judicial review and could not be interfered with by any Court ..
Elaborating the contention counsel pointed out that in this ·case th~,
Central Government's decision was based on the recommendation of
a statutory body namely, the Specified Authority. which in its turn
had on relevant and cogent materials opined that the condition
specified in cl. (a) of sub-sec. (I) was not satisfied in the case of the
instant amalgamation. It was further pointed out that both the B
Specified Authority a·s well as the Central had inter a/ia relied upon
two conspicuous factors that emerged from the materials on record,
(a) the exchange ratio of shares fixed under· the Scheme of
Amalgamation (two shares of M & M in exchange for ·three shares
of ITC!) and (b) the admission on the part of ITCI about its sound
financial position contained in para 14 of its Company Petition No.
c
789 of 1977, for coming to the conclusion that the amalgamating
company (ITCI) was financially viable immediately before its amal-
gamation with M & M and since the opinion of the statutory body
as well as the decision of the Central Government were based on
the aforesaid relevant and cogent materials the High Court was in D
error in interfering· with the same. Secondly, Counsel cont~uded
that neither the Specified Authority iu its order of recommendation
dated May/June 2, 1980 nor the Central Government in. its order
dated December 1, 1980 had indicated that the second condition
mentioned in cl. (b) of sub-sec.(!) (about the amalgamation being
in public interest) had been fulfilled nor was it clear on the record Ill
that the relief sought by M & M was denied only on the ground of
non-fulfilment of the condition specified· in cl. (a) of ~uh-sec. (1) and
therefore the High Court was wrong in presuming that the condition
in cl. (b) had been fulfilled in the instant case and as such if .at all
the matter was to be remanded for reconsideration this . ·asp~ct F
.ought to have been left open for being considered by the Central
Government. In these circumstances counsel urged that the several
directions given by the High Court were improper and its entire
decision was liable to be set aside.

· On the other ha11,d counsel for the contestill'g · respondent G
(M & M Ltd.) tried to support the judgment of the High Court on
more than one ground; according to him even assuming, without
admitting, that the impugned decision of the Central Government
was based on the aforesaid two factors said to be relevant and cogent
(which is disputed), the said decision, being a result of subjective H
satisfaction, would be liable to be quashed or set aside if it could be
shown that the same was arrived at by taking into consideration
extraneous or irrelevant materials, for, it wou)d not be .known how

,
786 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1983] 3 S.C.R.
far and to what extent such vitiating materials had influenced the
mind of the Central Government and in the instant case some of
the other factors admittedly taken into consideration for arriving
at the decision were extraneous and irrelevant. Counsel urged that
apart from the aspect that the conclusidn arrived at by the Specified
Authority and the Central Government ab.out the nonfulfilment of
the condition specified in cl. (a) of sub-sec. (!) was such that no
reasonable body of persons, properly informed, would come to, the
same was also vitiated by (a) the adoption of a wrong approach to
the true concept of "financial non viability", and (h) having taken
into account irrelevant and ·extraneous matters. Counsel further
urged that the proceedings before the Specified Authority clearly
. showed that it was fully satisfied that the conditon mentioned in cl.
(b) of sub-sec. (I) (about the amalgamation being in public interest)
was fulfilled and if the Ccntrar Government had disagreed with that
· opinion of the Specified Authority its refusal of relief would have
. been based on the non fulfilment of both the conditions instead of
one and therefore the inference was irresistable that both the Speci·
D fied Authority as well as the Central Governmenfhad refused relief to
M & M only on the ground that the condition specified in cl. (a) had
not been fulfilled and if that conclusion was vitiated on any of the
aforesaid grounds the High Court was right in striking down the
impugned orders and remanding the ll)atter to Central Government
for doing the needful in the light of its judgment; and the High Court
was also)igh(in issuingrtbe directions which it did.

By now, the parameters of the Court's power of judicial review
'of administrative or executive action or decision and the grounds on
which the Court can interfere with the same are well settled and it
would be redundant to recapitulate the whole catena of decisions of
this Court commencing from Barium Chemicals.Ltd. v. Company Law
Board(') case on the point. Indisputably, it is a settled position that
if the action or decision is perverse or is such that no reasonable
body of pers"11.S, properly informed, could come to or has been
ti arrived at by the authority misdirecting itself by adopting a wrong
approach or has been influenced by irrelevant pr extraneous matters
·the Court would be justified in interfering with the same. This Court
in one of its later decisions in Smt. Shalini Soni etc. v. Union of
India and Ors. etc.(•) has observed thus : "It is an unwritten rule of
H
(1) [1966] Suppl. S.C,R. 311.
(2)' [1981] 1 S.C.R. 9~2.
C~J.T. v. .MAHINDRA AND MAHINDRA (Tulzapurkar, J.) 7&7

the law, constitutional and administrative, that whenever a decision-
making function is entrusted to the subjective satisfaction of a A
statutory functionary, there is an implicit obligation to apply his
mind to pertinent and proximate matters only, eschewing the irrele•
vant and the remote." Suffice it to say that the following passage
appearing at pages 285·86 in Prof. de Smith's treatise 'Judicial
Review of Administrative Action' (4th Edn.) succinctly summarises
the several principles formulated by the Courts in that behalf thus : B

"The authority in which a. discretion iS vested can
be compelled to exercise that discretion, but not to
exercise it in any particular manner. In gener3.J, a
discretion must be exercised only by the authority to c
which it is committed. That authority n;iust genuinely·
address itself to the matter before it: it must not act under
the dictation of another body or disable itself from
exercising a discretion in each individual case. In the
purported exercise of its discretion it must not do what
it has been forbidden to do, nor must it do what it has
-D
not been authorised to do. It must act in good faith, must
have regard to all relevant considerations and must not be
swayed by irrelevant considerations, must not seek to
promote purposes alien to the letter or to the spirit of the
legislation that gives it power to act, and must not act E
·arbitrarily or capriciously. Nor where a judgment must be
made that certain facts exist can a discretion be validly
exercised on the basis of an erroneous assumption about
those facts. These several principles can conveniently
be grouped in two main categories; failure to exercise a
discretion, and excess or abuse of discretionary power.
The two classes are not, however, mutually exclusive.
Thus, discretion may be improperly fettered because
irrelevant considerations have been taken into account;
and where an authority hands over its discreti.on to
another body it acts ultra vires. Nor, is it possible to G
differentiate with precision the grounds of invalidity
contained within ·each category." .

As stated earlier the issuance of the requisite declaration in
favour of M & M by the Central Government under sec. 72A H
depended in the instant case on the fulfilment of only two conditions
mentioned in sub-sec. (I) namely, (a) that ITCI was not, immediately
SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1983} 3 s.c.f\.

-before its amalgamation with M & M, financially viable and (b) that
A the amalgamation was in the public interest. Both the Specified
Authority as well as the Central Government, on the materials
before them, came to conclusion that ITCI was,· immediately before
its amalgamation with M & M, financially viable and as such the
first condition mentioned in cl. (a) of sub-sec. (I) had not been
fulfilled. In its order of negative recommendation dated May/June
B
2, 1980 tbe Specified Aurhority has set out six reasons that led it
· to form the aforesaid conclusion and it : is undisputed that substan-
tiaJly the same six reasons have been given by the Central Govern• ·
ment, though couched in better language arid compressed in four
paragraphs of its order dated December 1, 1980 while upholding the
·c reconimendation of the Specified Authority and declining the relief
to M & M. These -reasons for the impugned conclusion as appearing
in the four paragraphs (paras 3 to 6). of the Central Government's
order are:
•

D 3. It has been claimed by Messrs. M & M that
having regard to the losses incurred by ITCI, the company
was financiaJly non-viable immediately before the
amalgamation. The amalgamation with M & M took
place with effect from 1.11.1977. ITCI suffered losses
for two years i.e. 1974-75 and 1976-77 while it earned a
·E profit of 208 lakhs in 1975-76. It cannot be denied that the
large losses incurred in one year viz. 1976-77 had created
certain financial difficulties for ITCI. This however, does
not mean that the undertaking of ITCI was non-viable.
The problem was one of temporary liquidity; all that
was needed was a doze of liquidity to nurse it back to
F
health. This is borne out by the events subsequent to
.amalgamation. After the repayment of liabilities, ITCI
.actually earned a cash profit of 3.9 crores in the year
after amalgamation. There is also no reason to think
that without amalgamation, the liquidity problem would
G have remained unsolved. Jn this connection, the close
link between the two companies and the possibility of
continued financial suppoi-t even without amalgamation
cannot be ignored. (same as Reasons (i), (v) and (vi)
of the Specified Authori'ty).
H
4. The statement made by ITCI in the petition filed
before the Bombay fiigh Court as late as December, 1977
C::.t.T. v. MAHINDRA AND MAHINDRA (Tulzapurkar, J.) 7~9

that though the Company had sustained losses, . it was in
a sound financial position and its assets were more than A
sufficient to meet the liabilities, cannot just be ignored.
(same as Reason (iv) of the Specified Authority).

5. It is also pertinent to mention that the reports
presented by ITCI to its shareholders for the year 1975 B
and 1976 attributed the poor performance of the com•
pany to the mechanics of price control which did not
take into account the cost increase 'and also sluggishness
in the demand for tractors, principally because of the
stringent credit restrictions imposed by the Government C
from time to time. ·Thus, admittedly the poor perfor•
mance of ITCI for the years of losses are due to short
term difficulties existing in the relevant years. Once the
short term difficulties were got over, the company was
expected to take profits.· (same as Reason (ii) of the
Specified Authority). D
6. Note has been taken that the share exchange ratio
fixed under the scheme of amalgamaion was two shares
of M & M for every three shares of ITCI in the case of
equity shares and one share of M & M for one share of E
ITCI in the case of preference shares. This share exchange
ratio does not indicate any sickness or nonviability on the
part of ITCI. Moreover, although as per accounts the
net worth of ITCI on the date of amalgamation was nega·
tive, if the market value of the assets is taken into
account, the assets exceeded the liabilities by 790 lakhs. F
This shows that the company was a viable unit. (same
as Reason {iii) of the Specified Authority).

Before undertaking a scrutiny of these reasons for ultimately
deciding whether the impugned conclusion of the Specified Authority G
and the Central Government is Ii.able to be interfered with or not it
will be useful to indicate briefly the object with which this new
provision.of s. 72A was introduced in the Act as it will throw light
.on what was the mischief or situation that. was .intended to be reme·
died by its introduction as also .the. true concept of ,financial non·
viability. From the budget speech of the -Finance Minister, the Notes
B
on Clauses of the Finance Bill (No. '2) of 1977 and the Memorandum
explaining to provisions of the said ,Bill i.t will appear clear that
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19113) 3 s.c.!l.

s\ckness among industrial undertaking was regarded as a matter of
A grave. national concern inasmuch as closure of any sizable manu-
facturing unit in any industry entailed social costs in terms of. loss
of production and unemployment as also waste of valuable capital
assets, and experience had shown that taking over of such sick units
by Government was not always a satisfactory or economical solution;
it was felt that a more effective method would be to facilitate
B
amalgamation of sick industrial units with sound ones by 'providing
incentives and removing impediments in the way of such amalgama·
tion which would not merely relieve the Government of uneconomi-
cal burden of taking over and running sick units but save the
Government from social costs in terms of loss of production and
c unemployment. With such objective in view, in order to facilitate
the merger of sick industrial units with sound ones and as and
by way of offering an incentive in that behalf s. 72A was introduced
in the Act whereunder by a deeming fiction the accumulated loss or
unabsorbed depreciation of the amalgamating company is treated to
be a loss or, as the case may be, allowance for· depreciation of the
D amalgamated company in the previous year in which the amalga-
mation was effected; but the amalgamated company, although a
successor in interest, would be entitled to carry forward and set-off
the accumulated loss and unab.sorbed depreciation of the amalga-
mating company only where the amalgamating company was not,
E ·immediately before such amalgamation, financially viable and
the amalgamation· was in public interest. The expression "financial
non-viability~' had not been defined in the Act but the Finance .
Minister's speech, the notes on Clauses of.the Bill and the Memoran·
dum explaining the provisions thereof make it clear that thefi nancial
F non-viability of an undertaking has been equated with the 'sickness'
of such undertating and obviously in the context of its revival by a
sound undertaking the sickness must be of a temporar~ character and
not any basic or permanent sickness. An undertaking which is
basically or potentially non-viable will ordinarily be incapable of
revival and would. face a closure; in other words, the financial non·
G _ viability spoken of by the section must refer to sickness brought about
by temp.orary adverse financial circumstances that disables the unit to
stand and work on its own. This is also made clear by the provision
contained in cl. (a) of sub-s. (1) which states that the financial non·
viability of the amalgamating company has to be judged by reference
to "its liabilities, losses and other relevant factors''.
H
Moreover, since the expression is occurring in a taxiog statute
in the context of amalgamatio.n of companies it will have to be
c.1.t. v. MAl!INDRA AND MAHlNDRA (Tu/zapurkar, J.) 791

·understood in its popular sense, that is to say, the sense or meaning
that is attributed to it by men of business, trade or commerce and A
by persons or institutions interested in or dealing with companies.
·In this behalf counsel for the contesting respondent invited our
attention to the several criteria adopted by various bodies like the
Government of India, financial institutions. and commercial banks on
what could be regarded as a sick unit. For instance, while announc-
ing its scheme of merging sick units with henlthy ones (Finance Act,
B
1977) Government of India had classified "those units where the
losses, past and present, have eroded 50% of capital and reserves as
sick". According to the Reserve Bank of India, commercial banks
consider a unit to be sick "if it has incurred cash loss for one year
and in their judgment is likely to continue to incur cash losses c
for the current years as well as the following year and which has an
imbalance in its financial structure, such as current ratio of less
than I: I and worsening debt-equity ratio (total outside liabilities to
net worth)". Counsel pointed out that while the commercial banks
follow these criteria for banking purposes, the State Bank of India
defines a sick unit as one "whiCh fails to generate internal surplus on D
a regular basis and depends for its survival on the constant infusion
·of funds from outside". Counsel further pointed out that the
National Council of Applied· Economic Research (for short
'NCAER'), an approved research association,, having senior Govern- .
. ment officials on its governing body and which has a large number of . E
reasearch prQjects to its credit, had undertaken a study of 'industrial
sickness' in 1979 . and in its Report, ,after noting the aforesaid
criteria adopted by various b!Jdies for deciding whether a unit could
be regarded as sick it has expressed its own conclusion on the concept
' of financial viab:lity thus :
F.
"Financial viability : Sickness is defined in terms of
financial viability ·since this is the only known indicator of
. he health of a unit. Financial viability consists of three.
interdependent elements, of equal emphasi$ and weight,
viz. profitability, liquidity and solvency which are repre- G
sented by cash profit or loss, net working 'capital and ~et
worth resp~ctively. Viewed in another way, solvency and
liquidity are the two vital organs of financial viability and
profitability its life blood."
H
NCAER.has further observed that where all the three parameters-
profitability, liquidity and solvency show positive figures the unit's
SUPREME COURT· REPORTS !1983) 3 s.c.R.

financial viability will be sound ; where one of the three parameters \.,....
A shows a negative figure the unit. could be regarded as 'tending towards
sickness'_;. when two of the three parameters show negative figures, it .
would be a case of 'i.ncipient sickness' and when all the three para-
meters show negative figures the unit is 'sick'. · This being the true
concept of financial non·viabBity as understood by men of busines~
and commerce and by financial institutions it is by· reference to these
B several tests. or criteria adopted by them that the question has to bt
decided whether a particular undertaking is financially' non-viable at
a given point of time.

It may be stated that by a Press-Note issued by the Govern-
ment (Ministry of Industry) on .23rd February, 1981 certain guide-
lines for approval of' amalgamation· under s. 72A in regard to the
fulfilment of the condition specified in cl. (a) of sub-s. (1) were laid
down but for the purpose of deciding the issue raised in this appeal
those guide-lines would not be of any avail for the simple.reason
that· those did not exist when the Specified Authority as well as the
D Central Government arrived at its impugned conclusion. Suffice it
to say that the factors which these guide-Jines Jay down as being
required to be taken into account for deciding the question of non-
v.iability of the amalgamating company are more or less similar to
and in accord with aforesaid tests or criteria adopted by men of
business, trade or commerce ·and financial institutions and Counsel
for the contesting respondent claimed that those guide-lines had been
more than fulfilled 'in the instant ·amalgamation. However, for the
purpose of this appeal vie would .rather ignore the said guide•
lines contained in the Press . Note dated 23rd ··February, 1981
and decide the question whether the impugned conclusion of the
-F Specified Authority as well as the Central Government is liable to be
interfered: with Of not by having -regard to the true concept of finan·
cial non-viability as discussed .above and applying the several tests or
criteria mentioned .in that behalf earlier.

Turning now to the reasons that prompted the Specified
Authority and ·the Central Government to come to the impugned
conclusion, a careful and close scrutiny of paragraph 3 of the Central >
Government's order, comprising 'three aspects which constitute the
substratum of the reasoning behind· the ·conclusion, will show that
H both 'had misdirected themselves in law by adopting a wrong
. appro·ach and proceeding on.a w.roQg assumption about the_possibi!ity
of financial assistance from M & M which did not exist either in fact
. 6.t.t. v. MAH!NbRA AND MAHINDRA (Tulzapurkar, J.) 193

or in law. that the undertaking of ITCI had incurred huge losses
in the relevant years w.as admitted but that has been explained away A
by both by observing that 'it merely created a temporary problem of
liquidity and did not mean that the undertaking was basically non-
viable' (vide reason (v) of the Specified Authority)-clearly a wrong
approach, for the section does not require the undertaking to be
basically non-viable but merely financially non-viable which, .. as B
stated earlier, must of necessity be of a temporary character. Further,
the 'close link' between· the two companies referred to by both,
divorced from financial assistance, would be an irrelevant factor and
on the prospect or possibility offinancial assistance from M & M a
wrong assumption in fact and law had been made by the Specified
Authority and the Central Governmeni. Indisputably at the relevant
c
. ; time having regard to the provisions of s. 370 of the Companies Act,
1956 the maximum limit up to which M & M could lend and advance
was Rs. 120 lakhs and in view of the advances already made to
·various parties to the tune of Rs. 70 lakhs it could have advanced
only Rs. 50 lakhs to ITCI as against its requirement of over ten times D
that amount namely, Rs. 5 crores and odd ; moreover any financial
help in excess of Rs. 50 Jakhs would have visited M & M am! its
directors or officers with penal consequences onder s. 371 of the
Companies Act. These legal provisions were completely ignored and
both the Specified Authority and the Central Government observed
E
that the problem of temporary liquidity faced by ITC! could be
solved by receiving a doze of liquidity from M & M. In fact, in the
circumstances further financial assistance worth the name could be
rendered by M & M to ITCI only after amalgamation. It is thus
clear that both of the Specified Authority as well as the Central
' · Government had come to the impugned conclusion by wrongly F
equating financial non·viability with basic non-viability and in com-
plete disregard of the provisions of ss. 370 and 371 of the Companies
Act. Further the fact'that during the year 1977-78 following the
amalgamation M & M took adequate steps for the revival of ITCI's
undertaking by making repayments to its creditors to the tune of Rs ..
4 crores and by making investment of Rs. 0.7 crore on maintenance,
G
replacement of machinery etc. thereby enabl(ng the undertaking to
earn a cash profit of Rs. 3.9 crores could not be regarded as a factor
showing the financial viability of ITCi prior to 1.11.1977 as was
wrongly done by the Specified Authority and the Central Government. H
All this shows.that the impugned conclusion was the result of an
entirely wrong approach being adopted. as regards the true concept
of financial non-viability. On the other hand, while stating the ·facts
SUPREME COURT REPORTS (19S3] 3 s.c.R.
in the earlier part of our judgment we have pointed out that at the·
A material time namely, immediately before its amalgamation with
M & M which took place on l.ll.1977 ITCI, having regard to its
financial position, was commercially insolvent and that all the three
parameters of profitability, liquidity and solvency, by reference to
which its sickness (financial non-viability) is required to be judged,
showed negative figures. A<!mittedly, during the two years 1974-75
B 1976-77 ;t had made huge losses to the tune of Rs. 253 lakhs and ·.1_

Rs. 433 lakhs respectively and the nominal profits of Rs. 70 Iakbs (or
for that matter even Rs. 208 .lakbs) earned by it in 1975-76 did not
convert it into a profitable concern as on 31st of October, 1977.
As regards the liquidity even the Specified Authority and the Central
c Government have observed that the large losses incurred in the year
1976-77 had made ITC! face the problem of temporary liquidity. As
regards solvency, admittedly, cheques and bills issued by ITCI had '.
bounced, suppliers had stopped supply of raw materials;financial .
institutions had stoppod further monetary help and legal actions
including winding up proceedings had been threatened. Further, as
D
stated earlier, the excess of liabilities (including loans) over the assets
(share capital plus free reserves) was to the tune· of Rs. 63 lakhs and
odd as on 31st October, 1977 and as such the entire share capital
plus free reserves had been eroded (and not merely' 50% as per the
test of Government of India); and the 'current ratio' was extremely
E strained at 40 : 60 (being less than I : I as required by the test
adopted by commercial banks) .. In other words. according to the
tests or criteria adopted by men of busineses or commerce and finan·
cial institutions ITIC, immediately before iis amalgamation with
M & M, was clearly and blatantly financially non-viable. In spite
of such . situation that obtained and which was brought to· the
F notice of the Specified Authority and the .Central Government it is
surprising how the impugned. conclusion was reached by them and
the same appears to us to be almost perverse·; at any rate it was a
conclusion which no reasonable body of persons, properly informed,
could come to.
G
Tu paragraph 4 of the .Central Government's order reliance
has been placed on the so called admission on the part of ITCI about
its sound financial position contained in para 14 of its Company
Petition No. 78911977. The relevant statement runs thus: "Although
H the petitioner company has sustained a loss it is in a so~nd. fi~~~ci~~
position and its assets are more than sufficient to me:t its hab1htie~
Torn out of context it might support the suggested mference but 1f.
.c.1.T. v. MAHINDRA AND MAHINDRA (Tulzapurkar, J.) 795

paragraph 14 is read as a whole it will appear clear that the said ·
.
statemen1 was based on the latest audited accounts for the year ending' A
30th September, 1976 referred to in the same paragraph and as such •
it referred to the company's position as on 30th September, 1976 and
not as on 31st October, 1977 (i.e. immediately prior to the amalga-
mation). Admittedly the balance'.sheet as at 31st October, 1977 was
ready only in May, 1978 and was furnishe\I to the Specified Authority
in July, 1978. Obviously, therefore, the so-called admission. was
B
referable to the position as on 30th September, .1976 and it cannot be
of
forgotten that at the close that year the working results of ITCI had
shown a profit of Rs. 70 lakhs, though in the following year it again
made a huge loss. Further, all these facts were clearly stated in para
6 of M & M's petition seeking Court's sanction for amalgamation c
and averments in both the · petitions, (which were heard together by
the High Court) will have to be read together. So read the so·called
admission on the part of the ITCI could ·not be given any significance
as has been done by the Specified Authority and the Central
Government.
D
Paragraph 5 of the. Central Government's order merely refers
to the poor performance of the ITCI during the relevant years and
points out that the same was due to factors such as the mechanics of
price control and the sluggishness in the demand for tractors over
which. the ITCI had no control but these factors were no pointers to E
the financial position of the ITCI one way or the other. If anything
they showed that for the poor performence and losses incurred by.
ITCI which were admittedly due to short term difficulties, no blame
could attach to the management.
\
F
Lastly paragraph 6 of the Central Government's order men-
tions to· factors that were taken into account for coming to the
impugned conclusion (a) share exchange ratio . fixed under the
amalgamation scheme and (bl net worth of ITCI on the date of
amalgamation. The former, according to .the Specified Authority
and the Central Government negatively showed that ITCI was not G
sick or non-viable and as regards the latter it_ is stated that "although
as per accounts the net worth of ITCI on the date of amalgamation
was negative, if the market worth of the assets is taken into account
. . -
the assets exceeded the liabilities. by 790 lakhs and this shows that the
'
company was a viable unit". In our view the ·former does not
H
- possess the negative effect as suggested but would be a neutrai factor.
After all several aspects and considerations
.. '
weigh - with
. - - . -· the share•
.-
796 • SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1983] 3 S.C.R.
holders of the companies concerned in the amalgamation while~
A approving the proposed share exchange ratio and since in the instant . "
case all the coricerncd share-holders of M & M including . the public
financial institutions had, with full knowledge of all the facts includ-
ing the commercially insolvent position of ITCI, agreed to the ratio
and which was not disturbed by the High Court in spite of objection
being raised by the Region.al Direcior, , Company Law Board, it can-
B not be said that the exchange ratio so fixed possesses probative value
of negative character as suggested. As regards the latter, according
to well-settled principles and practice of commercial accountaccy
(vide Cost and Management Accounting by J. Batty) the concept
of 'Net Worth' always denotes the excess of the book value
c of all assets over liabilities and market value of the assets is
never taken into consideration l in fact ihe market value of
assets which gives the 'current worth' becomes a relevant factor when '
in liquidation the question has to be considered whether the company
possesses assets which would be sufficient to meet all its creditors or
not. Admittedly the 'Net worth'. of ITCI as per the books of account
D was negative on the date of amalgamation and therefore when the
Specified Authoirity and tlie Central Government took into considera-
tion the market value· of the assets of the ITCI as on the date of
amalgemation for coming to the conclusiou that the company was a
viable unit, they were clearly influenced by irrelevant and extraneous
E material vitiating the impugned conclusion.

• Having regard to the above discussion the High Court, in our
view, was right in holding that the impugned conclusion of ihe
Specified Autbority and the Central ·Government on the aspect of
F non-fulfilment of the condition specified in cl. (a) of sub-s. (I) of
s. 72A being vitiated was ·Jiable to be set aside and that consequently
the Recommendation of the Specified Authority and the order of the
Central Government based there<:>n deserved to be quashed.

The second contention -0f counsel for the appellants need not
G
detain us very long, for, having regard to the materials that are
available on record it will be difficult to accept it. In the first place
in the writ petition respondent No. I, after referring to several facts
which tended to show that the amalgamation was in the public
H intereilt, had specificalty averred that the amalgamation was in the
public interest as required by cl. (b) of sub-s. (I) of s, 72A (vide para
18B) and these averments were not specifically denied in the counter-
aflidavit where it was merely stated that reference was invited to the
C.I.T. v. MAHINDRA AND MAHINDRA (Tu/zapurkar, J.) 797

proceedings and order of the Specified Authority. But that apart,
the admitted facts .are (a) ITCI was engaged in the manufacture bf A
agricultural tractors which have been declared as an essential commo-
dity under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, (b) the production
had declined to 2000 tractors as against its licensed and installed
capacity of 10,000 tractors during the period 1.10.76 to 31.10.1977,
(c) because of its adverse financial position ii was facing the prospect
8
of immediate closure entailing social costs in terms of!oss of produc-
tion of an essential commodity and loss of employment to over 2000
workers employed by it, (d) the closure of ITCI would have rendered
idle a large investment in productive capacity which would not have
been in the national interest, and (e) the amalgamation forestalled
the necessity for the State Government to take over that. unit and c
conduct it as a relief undertaking, thereby avoiding a heavy burden
· falling on the public exchequer. Further, the proceedings of the
Specified Authority, particularly the minutes of the Third Meeting .
held on July 19, 1978 clearly show that it was in the light of the
aforesaid factors that the Specified Authority expressed a clear
D
opinion that it would be diflkult to take the view that the
test of public interest was not met and the said opinion was
substantially reiterated in its Thirteenth Meeting held on July 1.1,
1979. Therefore, the Specified Authority made a negative recommen-
dation in its order dated May/June 2, 1980 that the condition specified
in cl. (a) of sub-s. (!) of s. 72A had not been fuliilled. It is also clear E
that it was on the basis of such recommendation that the Central
Government passed its order where the relief was refused to M & M
on the ground that the condition specified in cl. (a) of sub-s. (1) had·
not been fulfilled and no other ground was given. In this view of
) the matter it is difficult to accept the contention that the High Court
was wrong in pre.suming that the condition in cl. (b) had been ful- F
filled in the instant case. In our view, from the aforesaid material
on record an irresistible inference arises that relief under s. 72A was
refused by the Central Government to M & M only on the ground
that candition specified in cl. (a) of sub-s. (!)had not been fulfilled.
G
It is also clear from the record that M & M had taken adequate
steps for the revival of ITCI and had carried on the same business
without any modification or reorganisation during the :felevant
previous year.
H
In the result we confirm the High Court's decision as also the
' several directions issued by it in the operative part of its order subject
798 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [J983) 3s.c.R.

to one modification that the Specified Authority and the Central
A Government should dispose of M & M's appli~ation within three
months from the date hereof (instead of six months as directed by
the High Court) in light of our Judgment. Assessment proceedings
for the years 1979-80 and 1980-81 will proceed only after the declara-
tion is issued by the Central Government and the Certificate is issued
by the Specified Authority. We dismiss the appeal with costs in
B favour of the contesting regpondent, namely, M & M.

S. R. Appeal dismissed,

' .

•