Holding

An application under Section 245‑C is not maintainable unless it discloses income not previously disclosed, and the Settlement Commission lacked jurisdiction to entertain Express Newspaper Ltd.’s application.

Summary

Express Newspaper Ltd. claimed large losses in its returns for AY 1985-86, which the Assessing Officer rejected as fabricated and assessed a huge income. While the appeal against this assessment was pending, the company filed an application under Section 245‑C of the Income‑Tax Act seeking settlement for four assessment years, offering only a part of the claimed losses as taxable income. The Revenue objected, contending that the company had not disclosed any income that was previously undisclosed and that concealment or fraud was already established. The Settlement Commission, however, allowed the application to be proceeded with, ignoring material gathered after the filing and the established fraud. The Supreme Court held that the application was not maintainable because it failed to disclose any undisclosed income, and the Commission lacked jurisdiction to entertain it. The Court set aside the Settlement Commission’s order and allowed the Revenue’s appeals, directing that the assessments proceed.

Issues considered

The applicability of Section 245‑C(1) when the applicant does not disclose any income not previously disclosed before the Assessing Officer.
The scope of the Settlement Commission’s jurisdiction under Chapter XIX‑A, particularly whether pending proceedings can be transferred and whether the Commission can entertain an application when concealment or fraud is established or likely.
Whether material collected by the Income‑Tax authorities after the filing of a Section 245‑C application can be considered under Section 245‑D(1) for deciding to allow the application to proceed.
The proper interpretation of the term "case" under Section 245‑A(b).
The effect of the Finance Act, 1979 amendment (sub‑section 1‑A) on the Commissioner’s objection and the Commission’s discretion.

Legislation cited

Finance Act, 1979
Income Tax Act, 1961s. 143(2), s. 147, s. 245-A(b), s. 245-C(1), s. 245-D(1), s. 245-D(1-A), s. 245-D(4), s. 276C, s. 277, s. 278, s. 278B

Subjects

Income Tax SettlementSection 245-CConcealment of incomeFraudulent loss claimsSettlement Commission jurisdictionInterpretation of "case"Tax assessmentVoluntary disclosureStatutory construction

Judgment

A COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, MADRAS {
v.
EXPRESS NEWSPAPER LTD.

JANUARY 11, 1994
B (J.S. VERMA, YOGESHWAR DAYAL AND
B.P. JEEVAN REDDY, JJ.]

Income-tax Act, 1961: Sections 245-A(b) and 245- C(l}-Settlement -<
Commissiott-Settlement of Cases-Losses returned found to be false and
c . fabricated and hence not accepted-Assessment made of a huge amount-As-
sessee filing application for settlement and offering part of the losses towards
taxable income-Held: Application neither disclosed any undisclosed income
nor the manner of deriving the same-Hence not maintainable-Settlement
Commissiott-lurisdiction ott-Scope of proceedings before it-Not only in-
come disclosed but the entire case for the relevant assessment year.
D
Sections 245-D(1-A) & 245~C-Sett/ement of case~Application sub-
mitted at the stage when concealment of income established on the basis of
voluminous material collected, inquiries and investigation-Not to be
proceeded with-Expression "has been established in relation to the
E case''-Meaning and object of-Relevant materials to· decide whether to
proceeds with the case or not-Include even the materials collected after the
filing of application.

Chapter XIX-A-Settlement of cases--Provisions ·in the chapter to be --..(
construed consistent with the overall scheme and object of the Act.
F
Interpretation of Statutes : Hannonious construction-Construing of
provisions of a statute-To be consistent with the overall scheme and object
of the Statute.

G Words and phrases : "case''-l'has been established in relation to the
.case''-Meaning of-ln the context of the provisions in Chapter XIX-A of the
Income-tax Act, 1961: )-•
In the revised return for the assessment year 1985-86 the respon-
dent-assessee showed certain losses which were found to be false and
H . fabricated and so the Assessing Officer rejected the claim and asses~ed
64
C.l.T. v. EXPRESS NEWSPAPER 65

and income at a huge amount. The assessee's appeal was dismissed by the A
Commissioner of Income-tax(Appeals). While the said appeal was pend-
ing, the assessee approached the Settlement Commission for settlement of
the cases relating to the assessment year 1985-86 as also for the subsequent
three assessment years in respect of which assessments were pending. For
these years, the assessee offered for tax a part of the amount claimed by B
him as losses.

Before the Settlement Commission, Revenue raised objections
against entertaining the said applicaton on the ground that it had in
possession documents and materials to show that the assessee had
fraudulently claimed losses under various hea~s for the assessment years C
1985-86, 1986-87 and 1987-88 and for the assessment year 1988-89; that
notice under section 143(2) of the Act was sent to the assessee and it did
not respond. However, after hearing both the parties, the Settlement
Commission allowed the application of the assessee. Aggrieved by this,
Revenue preferred the present appeals.
D
Allowing the appeals and setting aside the order of the Settlement
Commission, this Court

HELD : 1.1. "Case" for the purpose of Chapter XIX-A of the Income
tax Act, 1961 means a proceeding relating to one or more assessment years. E
It takes in a proceeding for assessment or re-assessment. Similarly, it may
be a proceeding pending at the stage of. assessment or in appeal or
revision. [73-E]

1.2. Once an application is allowed to be proceeded with by the
Commission, the proceedings pending before any authority under the Act F
relating to that assessment year has to be transferred to the Commission
and the entire case for that assessment year will be dealt with by the
Commission itself. The words "at any stage of a case relating to him" only
make it clear that the pendency of proceedings relating to that assessment
year, whether before the Assessing Officer or before the Appellate or
Revisional Authority, is no bar to the filing of an application under Section G
245-C so long as the application complies with the requirements of the said
Section. [74-E-F]

2.1. By the Finance Act, 1979 the second proviso to Section 245-D(l)
was deleted. The main limb of sub-section (1) and the first proviso, how- H
66 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) 1 S.C.R.

A ever, remained untouched. In place of the second proviso, sub-section (lA)-
was introduced. The effect of this Amendment was that the Commissioner's
objection ceased to be final and conclusive. The proviso to sub-section (lA)
empowered the Commission to examine whether the objection of the Com·
missioner was correct or not. After bearing the Commissioner, if the Com-
mission was satisfied that the objection of the Commissioner was not
B correct, it could proceed with the application. (77-B-C]

2.2. Sub-section (IA) has to he read in harmony with the main limb
of sub-section (1) of Section 245-D. The said sub-section says that the
Commission shall decide whether to allow the application to be proceeded
C with before it or to reject it (a) on the basis of the material contained in
the report of the Commissioiner and (b) having regard to the nature and
circumstances of the case or the complexity of the investigation involved
therein. These are words of general import. For ascertaining their meaning
and purport, one has to tum to the purposes underlying the enactment as
D a whole. It is neither possible nor advisable to seek to lay down exhaus-
tively the several situations in which the Commission would decide to allow
the application to be proceeded with or in which the application has to be
rejected. The decision has to be taken by the Commission having regard
to all the facts and circumstances before it, in the light of the object,
putj>ose and scheme of the enactment. It is precisely because such wide
E discretion is given to the Commission that the Act requires that it should
be manned by men of integrity and outstanding ability, having special
knowledge of direct taxes and business accounts. [77-D-H]

2.3. Chapter XIX-A is a part of the Incom~ Tax Act and must be
F construed consistent with the over-all scheme and object. The Chapter is
meant for those assessees who want to disclose income not disclosed till
then together with the manner in which the said income is derived. The idea
underlying the words in the main limb of sub-section (lA) of Section 245-D
of Chapter XIX-A viz. ''has been established or is likely to be established by
any Income-tax authority in relation to the case" is self- evident. The dis-
G closure under Section 245-C must be of an income not disclosed before the
Assessing Officer. It the assessing officer (or the Income Tax Authority)
has already discovered it and has either gathered the material to establish
the particulars of such income or fraud fully or is at a stage of investiga-
tion/inquiries where the material gathered by him is likely to establish the
H particulars of such income or fraud, the assessee cannot be allowed to
T
C.I.T. v. EXPRESS NEWSPAPER 67

defeat or forestall the entire exercise of the Income Tax authorities just by A
approaching the Commission. In such a case, it cannot be said that he is
acting voluntarily or in good faith. He should not be allowed to take ad-
vantage of the comparatively easy course of settlement. He must be allowed
to face the normal channels of assessment/appeal etc. Section 245-C is
meant for those assessees who seek to disclose income not disclosed before B
the officer including "the manner in which such income has been derived". If
the department already knows and has gathered particulars of such income
and the manner in which it has been derived, there is no 'disclosure' by the
assessee. The words in question are not words of limitation nor are they
meant to help unscrupulous assessees. [79-F-H, 79-B-E]
c
3.1. The respondent-assessee did not disclose in its application under
Section 245-C, any income which was not disclosed before the assessing
officer. This was a case where the respondent was claiming certain losses,
which it sought to set off against its other income. If the respondent's case
was true, it would not have been liable to pay any tax for the reason that D
entire income from property (and other income, if any) would have been
swamped by the said losses. Indeed, the loss had to be carried forward to
the next year. The case of the Revenue, however, was that all the alleged
transactions (from which loss is said to have resulted) were bogus and
fictitious ones, fabricated only for the purposes of evading the tax lawfully
due oli its income. In its application to the Commissioner, the respondent E
did not disclose any income not disclosed by it before the assessing officer
not did it disclose the manner in which such income was derived. The
assessee merely offered a part of the amount (claimed by it as losses)
towards taxable income. Thus, the application, not being in compliance
with the first and foremost requirement of Section 245-C(l), was not main- F
tainable thereunder. It ought to have been rejected in limine. "The Commis·
sion had no jurisdiction to entertain the said application. (80-G·H, 81-A·B]

3~. The Settlement Commission was also not right in holding that
while deciding whether to allow the application to be proceeded with under
Section 245-D(l), they will not look into the material collected after the G
date offiling of the application under Section 245-C. It bas not been found
by the Commission that the Income Tax authorities were aware of the filing
of the application; even if they were aware, the mere filing of the applica-
tion did not mean that they should stop their investjgation and enquiries
in their tracks. They were, in fact, entitled to rely upon the evidence and H
68 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994) 1 S.C.R.

A material collected by them till the date of submission of the report to the
Commission. The decision of the Commission is thus vitiated by misdirec-
tion in law. It took cognizance of It matter wbich it could not have. Also,
there has been a misapprehension as to trne legal position on the part of
the Commission. (81-E-G]

B CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 2841-44
of 1993.

From the Judgment and Order dated 31.5.1990 of the Income-tax
Settlement Commission, Madras in Settlement Application No. 21N/'JfJ/89-
C IT.

Dr. V. Gaurishankar, V.K. Verma, Ranbir Chandra, D.S. Mehra and
Ms. A. Subhashini for the Appellants.

Ms. Bina Gupta, Ms. Monika Mohil, Mrs. Madhvi Khera and Ms.
D Priya Gupta for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

B.P. JEEVAN REDDY, J. 1. These appeals are preferted by the
Revenue· against the order of the Settlement Commission in the case of the
E respondent-Express Newspapers Limited, Madras relating to the assess-
ment years 1985-86, 1986-87 and 1987-88. It raises certain iinportant ques-
tions with respect to the jurisdiction of the Settlement Commission under
Chapter XIX-A of the income Tax Act, 1961. We have heard Dr. Gowri
Shankar for the appellant and Ms. Bina Gupta for the respondent. We may
mention here that when ca]Jed upon to argue, after the conclusion of
F submissions by Dr. Gowri Shankar, Ms. Bina Gupta asked us to adjourn
the matter to enable her to engage a senior counsel We refused to do so
since it was the first case in the list that day and the request was made after
the commencement of the arguments. We then heard her fully.

G 2. RELEVANT FACTS OF THE CASE:
The respondent-assessee filed its return for the assessment year
1985-86 on July 22, 1985. A revised return was filed on February 'JfJ, 1988.
It disclosed a loss of Rs. 32,80,700. The Assessing Officer, however, as- ~
sessed the income at Rs. 1,27,95,570 by his order dated March 30, 1988.
H The Assessing Officer held that the transactions of sale and purchase of :
r
C.l.T. v. EXPRESS NEWSPAPER [JEEVAN REDDY, J.) 69

potatoes, iron scrap and shares, from which the assessee claimed to have A
suffered huge losses were not true but were bogus transactions fabricated
for the purpose of evading the legitimate tax due on its income. The
assessee preferred an appeal before the C:l.T. (Appeals), who dismissed
the same by his order dated March 31, 1989. During the pendency of the
said appeal, the assessee approached the Commission on December 16,
1988 with respect to four assessment years nameJy, 1985-86, 1986-87,
B
1987-88 and 1988-89. On that date, the assessments relating to the three
later years were pending before the Assessing Officer. The Application to
the Commission made by the assessee is in Form No. 34-B. In column 10,
the assessee stated that .the case involved substantial issues and amount,
that the transactions of the assessees were large and diverse and that the C
case calls for judicial approach and appreciation of the facts. It requested
the Commission to determine the tax payable for the aforesaid four assess-
ment years, to confer immunity. upon it from the levy of penalty and
prosecution, and waiver of interest chargeable under the provision of the
Act. Through this application, the respondent-assessee offered for tax "an D
additional total income of Rs. 1,32,27,%9 and over and above the income
offered for assessment in the returns for the assessment years 1985-86 to
1988-89 on which the tax payable works out to Rs. 14,35,720". The respon-
dent further complained that the department "has conducted a hostile and
unfair investigation, has concluded assessment and has raised large
demands based on disallowances and additions without providing an op- E
portunity whatsoever". The respondent requested to Commission to grant
"an adinterim order restraining the assessing officer from going ahead with
further proceedings in regard to the assessment years sought to be settled
hereby so that the application is not rendered otiose by any action of the
department during the interrogation". In short, the respondent did not
F
disclose any income not disclosed before the assessing officer but merely
offered a small part of the losses claimed by it for the said assessment years
to tax. According to the respondent, it was doing so to buy peace from the
department. A copy of the application filed by the assessee was sent to the
Commissioner. The Commissioner submitted his report on July 6, 1989. In
this report, the Commissioner stated the following facts and objections: G.

3. The respondent-assessee owns substantial house properties in
Bombay, Madras and New Delhi. The gross rental income derived there-
from is about rupees two crores. Apart from the above, the assessee
"reportedly had a merchandise division stated to be run from Calcutta". H
70 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994) 1 S.C.R.

A The activities of this division were reported to be in the purchase and sale
)-
of potatoes, metal scrap and shares. The assessments for the various years {

are pending with the Assessing Officer. Some of the past completed
assessments have been reopened under Section 147 of the Act. The details
of the income/loss disclosed by the assessee for the four assessment years
are stated in the Annexure to the report. "Enquiries regarding the claims
B made by the Company for losses on transactions in these years had com-
menced before the date of filing of the application by the company 'Yith
the Settlement Commission and these enquries had reached a final stage
e"en before the petition was filed by the assessee".

C 4. The Commissioner then set out the comprehensive and elaborate
enquiries made by the department into the claims made by the assessee-
company relating to its alleged dealings in potatoes, scrap and shares from
which it claimed to have suffered substantial losses. He referred to the
statements of parties, through whom the said transactions were said to have
D been put through, denying any such transactions. He ·pointed out with
reference to the Books of the assessee and other relevant persons that the
several alleged payments were not real and that the several transactions _,
disclosed by the assessee were mere make-believe and that all those entries
were fabricated. Some of the parties who made statements adverse to the
assessee's interest, were also cross-examined by the assessee. We do not
E think it necessary to refer to or set out the particulars of the investigation
and enquries made or the material gathered, referred to in the Report. It
sets out the material separately with respect to alleged dealings in potatoes,
scrap and shares. It would suffice to set out the concluding paragraphs of
the said Report. They read: --(
F
"The discussion above would therefore conclusive'Iy estab-
lish the fact that the Department has in its possession
documents and materials to lead to the view that the
assessee had fraudulently claimed losses on various ac-
counts for the assessment years 1985-86, 1986-87 and
G 1987-88. The Department has acted on these, had con-
ducted its own enquiries and had disallowed the claims
and treated them as part of the assessee's income. For the
assessment year 1985-86, complaint under Section 276C,
277, 278 and 278B of the Incom~-tax Act has been filed
H before the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Eg-
C.l.T. v. EXPRESSNEWSPAPER[JEEVAN REDDY,J.] 71

more. Therefore, for the assessment years 1985-86, 1986- A
87 and 1987-88 the petition filed by the company before
the Settlement Commission is not a correct statement of
fact. As far as the assessment year 1988-89 is concerned,
the assessee company filed its return of income on
11.7.1988 accompanied by a copy of the profit and loss
account and Balance Sheet as at 31.3.1988. Notices issued
B
under Section 143(2) of the Act in October, 1988 and
March, 1989 did not elicit any response from the company.

For reasons stated above, it is claimed that the Depart-
ment had in its possession adequate information prior to c
16.12.1988 to warrant a conclusion that the assessee had
concealed details of its true income and furnished inac-
curate particulars thereof. In such circumstances, under
Section 245D of the Act, objection is taken by the Depart-
ment to the Company's petition being entertained by the
Commission, - more particularly for assessment years
D
1985-86, 1986-87 and 1987-88".

5. The Commission heard the parties and allowed the application of
the assessee to be proceeded with under Chapter XIX-A The two member
of the Commission. Sri C.S. Jain and Sri D.C. Shukla wrote two separate E
concurring orders. The main opinion is by Sri Jain. His reasoning, as
condensed by us, runs thus:

At this stage the burden lies upon the Commissioner to
point out the material and the result· of enquiries and F
investigation to show that concealment has been estab-
lished or that enquiries have reached the stage where it
can be said that concealment of income is likely to be
established. The material referred to in the report of the
Commission, as on the date of filing of the application,
does not establish with certainty that the concealment has G
been established or is likely to be established. Many of the
enquiries referred to in the report were made after the
filing of the application under Section 245-C; they cannot
be taken into consideration for the purpose of taking a
decision under Section 245-D. The enquiries made do not H
72 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) 1 S.C.R.

A establish a complete chain of concealment or fraud on the
part of the assessee. (He concluded)-"We, therefore, hold
that it's a case where it cannot be said beyond dispute that
' ,_.
concealment of income has been established or is likely
to be established. Secj:ion 2450(1) of the Income-tax Act
describes situations in which the application can be al-
B lo\11ed to be proceeded with, where the objection of the
Commissoner is not upheld. The Settlement Commission
has to consider the material contained in the report of the
Commissioner, the nature and circumstances of the case
or complexity of investigation involved therein. In the
c instant case, we have considered the materials contained
I
in the Commissioner's report. .The nature and circumstan-
ces of the case are such that the case be allowed to be
proceeded with. The main question involved in the case
is whether the losses claimed in merchancli<;e division for
various years are genuine. Without widespread enquiries
D
and investigations, this task cannot be fulfilled. It may
involve lots of enquiries, proceedings and possibly
prolonged litigation. The facts in relation to the merchan-
dise division have been discussed in detail in earlier para-
graphs of this order. The facts and circumstances of the
E case also involve the complexity of the investigation. ·we,
therefore, allow the application to be proceeded with, for
assessmen,t years 1985-86 to 1988-89".

6. The other member, Sri Shulda also proceeded on the footing that
the material gathered by the department after the date of filing of ·the
F
statement is not relevant and cannot be looked ·into for the purpose of
taking a decision under Section 245-D(l). He too held that on the date of
the filing of the application "conclusive material is lacking on the basis of
which the objection of the Commissioner can be sustained".

G
7. RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF LAW AND THEIR MEANING:

Chapter XIX-A providing for settlement of cases was-introduced in
the Income Tax Act, 1961 pursuant to the recommendations of the Direct
Tax Inquiry Committee headed by Justice Wanchoo. It is necessary to
H notice a few provisions relevant herein. Section 245-A defines certain
C.I.T. v. EXPRESSNEWSPAPER[JEEVANREDDY,J.) 73

expressions occurring in the chapter. Clause (b) defines the expression A
"case" in the following words:

"(b) "case" means any proceeding under this Act for the
assessment or reassessment of any person in respect of
any year or years, or by way of appeal or revision in
connection with such assessment or reassessment, which B
may be pending before an income-true authority on the
date on which an application under sub-section {1) of
section 245C is made:

Provided that where any appeal or application for revision c
has been preferred after the expiry of the period specified
for the filing of such appeal or application for revision
under this Act and which has not been admitted, such
appeal or revision shall not be deemed to be a proceeding
pending within the meaning of this clause:"
D
8. "Case" for the purpose of this Chapter thns means a proceedi,ng
relating to one or more assessment years. It takes in a proceeding for
assessment or re-assessment. Similarly, it may be a proceeding pending at
the stage of assessment or in appeal or revision.
E
9. Section 245-B provides for constitution of the Income Tax Settle-
ment Commission. Sub-section (3) provides specifieally that the Chairman,
Vice-Chairman and other membei:s of the Settlement Commission shall be
)·-
appointed by the Central Government "from amongst persons of integrity
and outstanding ability, having special knowledge of, and, experience ~ p
problems relating to direct taxes and business accounts".

10. Section 245-C provides for filing of an application by an asscssee
for settlement of his case. Sub-section (1) says that an assessee may "at any
stage of a case relating to him" make an application in the prescribed form
and manner, "containing a full and true disclosure of his income which has G
not been disclosed before the Assessing Officer, the manner in which such
income has been derived, the additional amount of income-tax payable on
such income and such other particulars as may be prescnbed" to settle his
case. There are certain other requirements which he must fulfil bdore
making such an application but which it is not necessary to notice here. ff
74 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) 1 S.C.R.

A 11. For a proper delineation of the jurisdiction of the Commission,
it is necessary to bear in mind the language of sub- section (1) of Section
245-C. It proviCles that at any stage of a case relating to him, an assessee
may make an application to the Commission disclosing fully and truly
income which has not been disclosed before the Assessing Officer. He must
also disclose how the said income has. been derived by him besides certain
B other particulars. This means that an assessee cannot aproach the Com-
mission for for settlement of his case with respect to income already
disclosed before the Assessing Officer. An application under Section 245-C
is maintainable only if it discloses income which has not been disclosed
before the Assessing Officer. The disclosure contemplated by Section
c 245-C is thus in the nature of voluntary disclosure of concealed income.
Unless the income so disclosed exceeds Rs. 50,000, the application under
Section 245-C is not maintainable. It is equally evident that once an
application made under Section 245-C is admitted for consideration (after
giving notice to and considering the report of the Commissioner of Income
D Tax as provided by Section 245-D) the Commission shall have to withdraw
the case relating to that assessment year (or years, as the case may be)
from the assessing/appellate/revising authority and deal with the case, as a
whole, by itself. In other words, the proceedings before the Commission
are not confined to the income disclosed before it alone. Once his applica-
tion is allowed to be proceeded with by the Commission, the proceedings
E pending before any authority under the Act relating to that assessment year
·has to be transferred to Commission and the entire case for that assessment
year will be dealt with by. the Commission itself. The words "at any stage
of a case relating to him" only make it clear that the pendency of proceed~
ings relating to that assessment year, whether before the Assessing Officer
F or before the Appellate or Revisional Authority, is no bar to the filing of
, an application under Section 245-C so long as the application complies with
the requirements of Section 245-C.

12. Section 245~0 prescribes the procedure to be followed by the
Commission on receipt of an application under Section 245-C. Sub-section
G (1) is relevant for our purpose. As originally enacted, the sub:..section read
as follows:

"(1) On receipt <?fan application under section 245-C, the
Settlement Comlnission shall call for a report from the
H Commissioner and on the basis of the materials contained
C.l.T. v. EXPRESS NEWSPAPER [JEEVAN REDDY, J.] 75

in such report and having regard to the nature and cir- A
cumstances of the case or the complexity of the investiga-
tion involved therein, the Settlement Commission may, by
order, allow the application to be proceeded with or reject
the application:

Provided that an application shall not be rejected B
under this sub-section unless an opportunity has been
given to the applicant of being heard :

Provided further that an application shall not be
proceeded with under this sub-section if the Commis-
sioner objects to the application being proceeded with on
c
the ground that concealment of particulars of income on
the part of the applicant or perpetration of fraud by him
for evading any tax or other sum chargeable or imposable
under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (XI of 1922) or
under this Act has been established or is likely to be D
established by any income-tax authority in relation to the
case".

13. By Finance Act, 1979 the second proviso was omitted and· sub-
section 1-A was inserted, with effect from April 1, 1979. Sub-section 1-A E
read as follows:

"(lA) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section
(1), an application shall not be proceeded with under that
sub- section, if the Commissioner objects to the applica-
tion being proceeded with on the ground that conceaµnent F
of particulars of income on the part of the applicant or
perpetration of fraud by him for evading any tax or other
sum chargeable or imposable under the Indian Income-tax
Act, 1922 (11 of 1922), or under this Act, has been
established or is likely to be established by any income-tax
authority, in relation to the case:
G

Provided that where the Settlement Commission is not
satisfied with the correctness of the objection raised by
the Commissioner, the Settlement Commission may, after
giving the Commissioner an opportunity of being heard, H
76 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994) 1 S.C.R.

A by order, allow the application to be proceeded with under
sub-section (1) and send a copy of its order to the Com-
missioner".

14. It is this sub-section read with sub-section (1) which is relevant
for the purposes of this case. We may, however, mention that sub-section
B (lA) has since been deleted and a proviso introduced in sub-section (1) as
the second proviso, which reads as follows:

"[Provided further that the Commissioner shall furnish
the report within a period of one hundred and twenty days
c of the receipt of communication from the Settlement
Commission in case of all applications made under section
245-C on or after the date on which the Finance (No. 2)
Act, 1991, receives the assent of the President and if the
Commissioner fails to furnish the report within the said
period, the Settlement Commission may make the order
D without such report.)".

15. It is not necessary to notice the effect of the above legislative
change brought about in 1991.

E 16. As originally enacted the main limb of sub-section (1) provided
that on receipt of an application under Section 245-C, the Commission
shall call for a report from the Commissioner with respect to the applica-
tion. The decision whether to "allow the application to be proceeded with
or reject the application" had to be taken (a) on the basis of the material
contained in the Commissioner's report and (b) having regard to the nature
F and circumstances of the case or the complexity of the investigation in-
volved therein. The first proviso said that no such application shall be
rejected unless an opportunity of hearing is afforded to the application.
The second proviso to sub-section (1), however, provided that Commission
shall not proceed with the application filed under Section 245-C, if the
G Commissioner objected to the application being proceeded with on the
ground that "concealment of particulars of income on the part of the
applicant or perp,ertration of fraud by him for evading any tax or other sum )--
chargeable or imposable under the Indian-tax Act, 1922 (XI of 1922) or
under this Act has been established or is likely to be established by any
H income-tax authority in relation to the case". If the Commissioner objecte~
C.I.T. v. EXPRESSNEWSPAPER[JEEVANREDDY,J.] 77

on the ground aforesaid, the Commissioner could not proceed with the A
application under Section 245-C. (It is not necessary to decide for the
purpose of this case whether the mere objection of the Commissioner
sufficed and whether the Commission had no power to examine the cor-
rectness of the said objection.) By the Finance Act, 1979 the second proviso
was deleted. The main limb of sub-section (1) and the first proviso, B
however, remained untouched. In place of the second proviso, sub-section
(lA) was introduced. 'the effect of this Amendment was that the
Commissioner's objection ceased to be final and conclusive. The proviso
the sub- section (lA) empowered the Commissioner to examine whether
the objection of the Commissioner was correct or not. After hearing the C
Commissioner, if the Commission was satisfied that the objection of the
Commissioner was not correct, it could proceed with the application.

17. Sub-section (lA) has to be read in harmony with the main limb
of sub-section (1). The said sub-section says that the Commission shall D
decide whether to allow the application to be proceeded with before it or
to reject it (a) on the basis of the material contained in the report of the
Commissioner and (b) having regard to the nature and circumstances of
the case or the complexity of the investigation involved therein. What do
these words mean? They are words of general import. What did the
Parliament mean thereby? For ascertaining their meaning and purport, one E
has to turn to the purposes underlying the enactment as a whole. It is
neither possible nor advisable to seek to lay down exhaustively the several
situations in which the Commission would decide to allow the application
to be proceeded with or in which the application has to be rejected. A case
may be a complex one; it may involve prolonged or cumbersome investiga- F
tion. Another situation may be where having regard to the nature of the
case and other circumstances, the Commission may feel in the interest of
the Revenue and in the interest of justice that it is better to give a quietus
to the case once for all instead of allowing it to be fought through the usual
channels. The decision has to be taken by the Commission having regard G
to all the facts and circumstances before it, in the light of the object,
' ;
purpose and scheme of the enactment. It is precisely because such wide
discretion is given to the Commission that the Act requires that it should
be manned by men of integrity and outstanding ability, having special
knowledge of direct taxes and business accounts. H
78 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] 1 S.C.R.

A 18. The next set of words that present some difficulty are the words
"has been established or is likely to be established by any income tax
authority in relation to the case" occurring in sub-section (lA) (as well as
in the second proviso to sub-section (1) as originally enacted). For a proper
appreciation of the meaning of these words, it is necessary to remind
B ourselves that an aplication under Section 245-C can be made only in
respect of an income not disclosed by the assessee before the assessing
officer. If so, what did the Parliament mean when it said that Commission
shall not allow the application to be proceeded with if the Commissioner
objects on the ground that "concealment of particulars of income on the
C part of the application or perpetration of fraud by him for evading any tax
or other sum chargeable or imposable under the Indian Income Tax, 1922
or under this Act, has been established or likely to be established by any
Income Tax authority, in relation to the case"? To appreciate the meaning
of the said words, it is necessary to keep in mind the following facts: even
D though the assessee has not disclosed a particular income before the
assessing officer, the latter is free to and is empowered to unearth it by
making or causing such investigation and enquiries as he thinks ap-
propriate. He may gather and receive information for that purpose. We
may take two illustrative cases: One, where the assessing officer has dis-
covered some income, which was not disclosed by the assessee, and has
E added it to the assessee's income. The latter challenges the same and the
proceedings are pending either before the assessing officer or before an
appellate or revisional authority. Second, a case where the Income Tax
authorities are gathering information/material, which is likely to establish
that the assessee has concealed the particulars of a particular income. If,
F in the first case, the assessee applies to the Commission under Section
245-C, the Commissioner can object on the ground that concealment of
particulars of income has been established. Similarly, if the assessee in the
second case applies to the commission, the commissioner can equally
object on the ground that the investigation/enquiries made by them al-
G ready- or the information received or gathered by them already-is likely to
establish the concealment of particulars of income and, therefore, the
Commission should not allow the application to be proceeded with. On the
same lines, there may be cases where the Income Tax authorities have
either established .or are likely to establish that the assessee has per-
H pertrated a fraud for evading the tax or other sum chargeable or imposable
C.l.T. v. EXPRESS NEWSPAPER [JEEVAN REDDY,J.] 79

under the 1922 Act or the present Act. It is the correctness of these A
objections that the Commission is supposed to look into by the proviso to
sub-section (IA). It's further course of action depends upon its satisfaction
one way or the other.

19. The idea underlying the said words (in the main limb of sub-
B
section (lA)) is self-evident. The disclosure under Section 245-C must be
of an income not disclosed before the assessing officer. If the assessing
officer (or the Income Tax authority) has already discovered it and has
either gathered the material to establish the particulars of such income or
fraud fully or is at a stage of investigation/enquiries where the material
gathered by him is likely to establish the particulars of such income or
c
fraud, the assessee cannot be allowed to defeat or forestall, as the case may
be, the entire exercise of the Income Tax authorities just by approaching
the Commission. In such a case, it cannot be said that he is acting
voluntarily or in good faith. He should not be allowed to take advantage
of the comparatively easy course of settlement. He must be allowed to face D
the normal channels of assessment/appeal etc, Section 245-C is meant for
those assessees who seek to disclose income not disclose before the officer
including "the manner in which such income has been derived". If the
department already knows and has gathered particulars of such income and
the manner in which it has been derived, there is no 'disclosure' by the E
assessee. Let it be remembered that the words in question (in Sect~on
245-D(lA) are not words of limitation nor are they meant to help un-
scrupulous assessees. Chapter XIX is a part of the Income Tax Act and
must be construed consistent with the over-all scheme and object. The
Chapter is menat for those assessees who want to disclose income not F
>- disclosed till then together with the manner in which the said income is
derived. It is not meant for those who come after the event, i.e., after the
discovery of the particulars of income and its source-or discovery of
particulars of fraud perpetrated by the assessee, as the case may be-nor
even to those who come to the Commission to forestall the investigation/en- G
quiries which have reached a stage where the department is in possession
of material which though not sufficient to establish such concealment or
fraud, is such that it is likely to establish it-may be some more material is
required to establish it fully. The Commission has to keep all this this in
mind while deciding whether to allow the application to be proceeded H
80 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] 1 S.C.R.

A before it or to reject it.

20. This discussion also shows that the Commission cannot say that
any material collected by the Commissioner after the date of filing of the
application under Section 245-G is not relevant for the purposes of Section
245-0(1). The filing of an application by the assessee is an unilateral act.
B The department may not be aware of the same. The proper line- ordinarily
speaking-is to be drawn with reference to the date of submission of the
;
report by the Commissioner. This does not, however, prevent the· Commis-
sion from looking into material collected by Income Tax Authorities even
subsequent to the submitting of the report by the Commissioner, if it thinks
c such a course is called for in the interests of justice.

21. Sub-section (4) of Section 245-D provides for passing of final
orders by the Commission. It is not necessary to refer to the other
provisions in the Chapter except to mention that the Commission is em-
D powered to direct the waiver of. penalty as well as interest and to direct
that the tax payable shall be paid in prescribed instalments. It is further
empowered to direct that the assessee whose case has been decided by it ·
shall not be proceeded with or prosecuted under the Income Tax Act or
under the Indian Penal Code or under any ot_her Central Act for the time
E being in force with respect to the case covered by the settlement. The order
of the Commission are final, subject of course to constitutional remedies.

22. MERITS OF THE CASE:
If we look at the facts of the case in the light of the legal position
F -{,
adumbrated hereinabove, it would be clear that the ·application filed by the
respondent before the Commission was not maintainable and could not
have been allowed to be proceeded with. Firstly, the respondent did not
disclose, in its application under Section 245-C, any income which was not
disclosed before the assessing offieer. This was a case where the respon-
G dent was claiming certain losses, which he sought to set off against its other
income. If the respondent's case was true, it would not have been liable to
pay any tax for the reason that entire income from property (and other
income, if any) would have been swamped by the said losses. Indeed, the )-
loss had to be carried forward to the next year. The case of the Revenµe,
H however, was that all the alleged transactions (from which loss is said to
C.l.T. v. EXPRESS NEWSPAPER [JEEVAN REDDY, J.) 81

have resulted) were bogus and fictitious ones, fabricated only for the A
purpo&es of evading the tax lawfully due on its income. In his application
to the Commissioner, the respondent did not disclose any income not
disclosed by him before the assessing officer nor did he disclose in his
application the manner in which such income was derived. The assessee
merely offered a part of the amount (claimed by rum as losses) towards B
.. taxable income. Thus, his application, not being in compliance with the first
and foremost requirement of Section 245-C(l), was not maintainable there-
under. It ought to have been rejected in limine. The Commission had no
jurisdiction to entertain the said application. Secondly, this is a case where
the Income Tax authorities had made extensive investigation and enquiries C
wherein they had collected voluminous material, which, according to them,
established the particulars of concealment of income· on the part of the
respondent-assessee. It was so held by the assessing officer-with whom
the first appellate authority agreed, no doubt, subsequent to the filing of
the application under Section 245-C but before the passing of the im-
pugned order. D

23. The Commission was also not right in holding that while deciding
whether to allow the application to be proceeded with before it under
Section 245-D(l), they will not look into the material collected after the
date of filing of the application under Section 245-C. It has not been found E
by the Commission that the Income Tax authorities were aware of the filing
of the application on December 16, 1988. Even if they were aware, the mere
filing of the application did not mean that they should fold their hands and
stop their investigation and enquiries in their tracks. They were, in fact,
entitled to rely upon the evidence and material collected by them till the
date of submission of the report to the Commission. The decision ·of the
F
Commission is thus vitiated by misdirection in law. It took cognizance of a
matter which it could not have. The impugned order is equally vitiated by
a misapprehension as to true legal position on the part of the Commission.

24. The appeals are allowed accordingly. The order of the Settlement G
Commission under appeal is set aside. The assessments relating to all the
four assessment years shall now proceed according to law. Having regard
to the facts of the case, we direct that it shall be open to the respondent
to file an appeal before the Tribunal against the order dated March 31,
1989 within one month from today. If so filed, it shall be treated as filed H
82 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) 1 S.C.R.

A within time anq shall be dealt with as such. We make it clear that this order r--
order is confined to the jurisdiction of the Commission and the validity of
its order taking seisin of the case. We have not expressed nor did we intend
to· express any opinion on the merits of the same. It is for the appropriate
authorities to go into the same in accordance with law.
B The respondent shall pay the costs of the appellant in this appeal
which we assess at Rs. 10,000.

G.N. Appeals allowed.

. --{