Holding

The transfer order of the Chief Justice was ultra vires because the petition had already been heard, and although the order is quasi‑judicial and amenable to correction under Article 136, it must be set aside.

Summary

Dr. Manju Varma filed a writ petition in the Lucknow Bench of the Allahabad High Court seeking promotion based on seniority. Respondent No.6 (Dr. Gauri Ganguli) applied to the Chief Justice for transfer of the petition to the Allahabad Bench under paragraph 14 of the United Provinces High Courts (Amalgamation) Order, 1948, which the Chief Justice approved. The State of Uttar Pradesh challenged the maintainability of the appeal under Article 136, arguing that the transfer order was administrative, not judicial. The Supreme Court held that the Chief Justice's order was quasi‑judicial and therefore amenable to correction under Article 136, but that the power to transfer could be exercised only when the case had not already been heard in the originating bench. Consequently, the Court set aside the transfer order as beyond the Chief Justice’s jurisdiction and allowed the appeal, remitting the matter back to the Lucknow Bench.

Issues considered

The preliminary objection whether an appeal under Article 136 is maintainable against the Chief Justice's transfer order.
Whether the order passed under paragraph 14 of the United Provinces High Courts (Amalgamation) Order, 1948 is a judicial/quasi‑judicial order within the ambit of Article 136.
Whether the Chief Justice has the power to transfer a writ petition that has already been heard by the Lucknow Bench.
The correct interpretation of paragraph 14 of the 1948 Amalgamation Order regarding jurisdictional transfer.

Legislation cited

Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996s. Section 11(6)
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. Section 24
Constitution of Indias. Article 136, s. Article 139A

Subjects

Article 136Special Leave PetitionQuasi‑judicial orderTransfer of jurisdictionHigh Court benchesSeniority listWrit petitionForum conveniensUnited Provinces High Courts (Amalgamation) Order

Judgment

<"._
A DR. MANJU VARMA
v.
ST:\TE OF U.P. AND ORS.

NOVEMBER 17, 2004
B
[RUMA PAL AND P. VENKATARAMA REDDI, JJ.]

Constitution of India, 1950 :

Article 13~pecial leave-Grant of-ChiefJustice ofAllahabad High
c Court transferred a writ petition from Lucknow Bench to Allahabad Bench
under Para 14 of the United Provinces High Courts (Amalgamation) Order,
1948-Appeal against-Maintainability of-He/d:-The order passed by the
Chief Justice is, if not judicial, at least quasi-judicial-The Chief Justice
acted as a judicial authority with all the attributes ofa court-Hence, appeal
under Art. 136 maintainable.
D
United Provinces High Courts (Amalgamation} Order, 1948 :
\

Paragraph 14-Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court transferred a
writ petition from Lucknow Bench to Allahabad Bench-Matter already
E heard by Lucknow Bench and judgment was reserved-Validity of-Order
transferring the case-Held : Cases in which the Lucknow Bench would
otherwise have the jurisdiction may be transferred to Allahabad Bench-
However, the power of transfer has to be exercised for having the matter
heard at Allahabad-Since the matter was already heard by the Lucknow
F Bench, the order of Chief Justice liable to be set aside.

The appellant filed a writ petition before the Allahabad High Court
relating to the seniority list of the Readers in Obstetrics and Gynecology
in the State medical Colleges. The appellant sought for promotion from
the date her juniors were given promotion. One of her juniors was added
Lio
G as respondent No. 6 in the writ petition. Respondent No. 6 had filed a
writ petition in 2000 before the Lucknow Bench of the High Court
relating to the same issue, which was rejected by the High Court on the
ground, that the Lucknow Bench had no jurisdiction to entertain the
writ petition. Respondent No. 6 had challenged this order by way of civil -..
~
H revision which was pending. Independent of this, a second writ petition ~

22
DR. MAN JU VARMA v. STATE 23

was filed by respondent No. 6 in the High Court of Allahabad in 2001 A
pertaining to the issuance of an appointment order to her as a Reader.
Respondent No. 6 had obtained an interim order in this writ petition.
f
A Bench of two Judges heard the appellant's writ petition
inconclusively as one of the Judges was transferred. During this period, B
the pleadings were complete. The matter then appeared in the list,
before two Judges. An application was filed for adjournment by
respondent No. 6, which was rejected on the ground that it was a device
to get an appointment order issued in her favour in her writ petition,
and the matter was directed to be proceeded with. It was then that
respondent No. 6 filed an application for transfer of the appellant's writ C
petition from Lucknow to Allahabad. The appellant's writ petition was
taken up for hearing and after conclusion of arguments judgment was
reserved. Six months later, the Chief Justice of the High Court allowed
the application of respondent No. 6 for transfer under paragraph 14 of
the United Provinces High Courts (Amalgamation) Order, 1948. Hence D
the appeal.

The respondent raised a preliminary objection that the appeal was
not maintainable under Article 136 of the Constitution as the impugned
order was not an "order" passed by a "court" or a "tribunal" but was
an order passed on the administrative side. E
Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1. Article 136 of the Constitution confers broad powers on
this Court to grant ~pecial leave to appeal from any order whether an F
appeal lies from such an order under law or not. Two conditions must
be satisfied for invoking Article 136(1) : [28-G-H; 29-E-G]

(1) The proposed appeal mast be against a judicial or quasi-judicial
I. and not a purely executive or administrative order; and
G
(2) The determination or order must have been made or passed by
any Court or Tribunal in the territory of India. (28-G-H; 29-EG)

I Engineering Mazdoor Sabha v. The Hind Cycles ltd., (1963) Supp.
1 SCR 625, relied on. H
24 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 6 S.C.R. ,_
.........
A Konkan Railway Corporation Ltd. v. Rani Construction Pvt. Ltd.,
[2002] 2 sec 388, referred to.

2. Generally speaking if there is a contest between two contending
parties and a statutory authority is required to adjudicate upon the
. B competing contentions then the act is a quasi-judicial one. [29-G-H; 30-A)

Indian National Congress (1) v. Institute of Social Welfare, (2002) 5
sec 685, relied on.
3.1. It is clear from paragraph 14 of the United Provinces High
C Courts (Amalgamation) Order, 1948 that the Benches of Lucknow and
Allahabad although part of one High Court, exercise distinct and exclusive
jurisdiction over demarcated territories. (32-C-D)

3.2. It is open to a litigant to invoke the jurisdiction of any one of
D the Benches, if part of the cause of action had arisen within the territorial
jurisdiction of both. [32-D)

Sir Nasiruddin v. State Transport Appellate Tribunal; (1975) 2 SCC
671, relied on.

E 4. It may be that the orders passed under Section 24 of the Code
of Civil Procedure, 1908 and Clause 13 of the Letters Patent, 1865 of
the Calcutta High Court are not appealable as a matter of right, but
nonetheless they remain judicial orders and susceptible of correction
under Article 136. The mere fact that the power has been vested in the
F Chief Justice under paragraph 14 of the Amalgamation Order and not
in the Court would not detract from the nature of the power exercised.
The power of transfer from one territorial jurisdiction is distinct from
the power of the Chief Justice to frame a roster to determine the
distribution of judicial work in the High Court. In the latter case it is
an intra-jurisdictional as opposed to an inter-jurisdictional act. It is also
G distinct from the power of the Chief Justice or his designate to appoint
an arbitrator under Section 11(6) of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act,
1996, wherein no lis exists nor is decided. (33-B-D)

Konkan Rail.way Corporation ltd. v. Rani Construction Pvt. Ltd.,
H [20021 2 sec 388, relied on.
DR. MAN JU VARMA v. STATE 25

State of Rajas than v. Prakash Chand, f 1988) 1 sec 1 and Rajasthan A.
High Court Advocate's Association v. Union of India, (2001) 2 SCC 294,
referred to.

5. There was nothing executive in the procedure followed in this
case. The respondent applied to the Chief Justice under Paragraph 14 B
of the Amalgamation Order for a transfer of the appellant's writ petition
from Lucknow to Allahabad. The Chief Justice heard the parties and
by a detailed and reasoned order directed such transfer. There can in
the circumstance be not doubt that the order of the Chief Justice was,
if not judicial, at least quasi-judicial. [33-F-G)
c
Engineering Mazdoor Sabha v. The Hind Cycles ltd., [1963) Supp.
1 SCR 625, Indian National Congress (!) v. Institute of Social Welfare,
(2002) 5 SCC 685 and Jaswant Sugar Mills ltd. v. Lakshmi Chand, [1963)
Supp. 1 SCR 242, relied on.

6.1. In ordering the transfer of the case under the 1948 D
Amalgamation Order, the Chief Justice was determining the plea of the
respondent and the objection of the appellant to the transfer of the
appellant's writ petition. He could not allow the plea without hearing
.the affected party and without determining on objective criteria and
upon investigation whether the.case was (a) transferable and (b) should E
be transferred. His decision would affect the right of the appellant to
choose her 'forum conveniens'. He was therefore, acting as an
adjudicating body empowered by the Constitution to discharge judicial
functions. [34-E-F)

Durga Shankar Mehta v. Thakur Raghuraj Singh, [1954) SCR 272 and F
India National Congress (I) v. Institute of Social Welfare, [2002) 5 SCC
685, relied on.

6.2. The Chief Justice while exercising jurisdiction under Paragraph
F. 14 of the 1948 Order, acts as a judicial authority with all the attributes G
of a Court and his order is, therefore, amenable to correction under
Article 136. The preliminary objection of the respondent is, therefore,
rejected. (34-F-G)

t 7. The first proviso of Paragraph 14, which confers one power of
transfer on the Chief Justice, allows the Chief Justice to provide that in H
26 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 6 S.C.R..

A respect of such cases, namely, those, which arise in areas in Oudh,shall be
heard at Allahabad. The proviso assumes first, that the case or class of
cases to be transferred by the Chief Justice from Lucknow to Allahabad
are those, which the Lucknow Bench would otherwise have the jurisdiction
to entertain and second that the power of transfer must be exercised for
the purpose of having the matter heard at Allahabad. If the matter has
B
already been heard, then the Chief Justice would not have power to transfer
the case from Lucknow to Allahabad. (35-H; 36-A-C)

8. One of the reasons for allowing the transfer was that the writ
petition filed before the Lucknow Bench by respondent No. 6 relating
C to the same issue had been rejected by the High Court on the ground
that the Lucknow Bench had not jurisdiction to entertain the petition
and that accordingly a writ petition had been filed by the respondent
No. 6 at Allahabad. There was, according to the impugned order, no
reason to take a different stand in the writ petition filed by the appellant,
when the consequential effect of both the writ petitions was the same.
D The factual assumption underlying this reason is incorrect. [36-C-D)

9. The legal basis of this reason for transfer of the appellant's writ
petition is also erroneous. It needs to be emphasized that the power
under paragraph 14 envisages transfer of a case or class of cases where
E the Lucknow Bench otherwise has jurisdiction to decide the matter.
Whether the Lucknow Bench had/had no jurisdiction was not only an
issue to be decided judicially in the appellant's writ petition but also an
issue which would, it answered in the negative, cut at the root of the
Chief Justice's power under paragraph 14 of the Amalgamation Order
since Paragraph 14 confers the power in the Chief Justice to transfer
F cases only in respect of any case or class of cases otherwise within the
jurisdiction of the Lucknow Bench to Allahabad. [36-F-H; 37-A)

10. The second reason for transfer was that the appellant and
respondent No. 6 as well the U.P. Public Service Commission were at
Allahabad. But the State Government which issued the impugned order
G and against which the appellant prayed for the mandamus is in Lucknow.
In the circumstances, the mere fact that respondent No. 6 and the appellant
were both in Allahabad should not have weighed with the Chief Justice i.n
depriving the appellant of her right as dominus litis. [37-B-C)

H 11. The third and final reason, which persuaded the Chief Justice
DR. MANJU VARMA v. STATE [RUMA PAL, J.] 27
.. r
to order the transfer, is equally insupportable. The reason was that the A
hearing of the appellant's petition was not concluded. This reason in
contrary to the express language of the order of the Division Bench at
Lucknow dated 25th July 2001. Merely because an application was
made by respondent No. 6 for recalling the order before the Lucknow
Bench, did not mean that the order dated 25th July 2001 ceased to
B
operate. [37-C-D]

12. Therefore, the order of the Chief Justice directing transfer of
the appellant's writ petition is set aside and the matter is left to the
Lucknow Bench which heard the matter to proceed with it in such
manner as it may think fit. [37-D-E) c
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 8290 of
2002.

From the Judgment and Order dated 23.1.2002 of the Allahabad High
Court in C.M.A. No. 15589/2001 in W.P. No. 1678/(S/B) of 1998. D

Rakesh Dwivedi, Arvind Verma, Rajan Narain, Ms. Pallavi Barua,
Abhishek Chaudhary, Kavin Gulati and Ms. Virula Sinha for the Appellant.

G .L. Sanghi, Arun Kumar Vashishtha, Ro hit Singh, Bairam Singh, Ms. E
Rachana Srivastava (NP), Sunil Gupta, Additional Ad_vocate General for
State of U.P., Ajit Kumar Pandey and Pramod Dayal for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

RUMA PAL, J. : The subject matter of challenge in this appeal is an F
order passed by the Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court transferring
writ petition No. 1678(S/B) of 1998 (Dr. Manju Verma v. State ofU.P. and
Others) from the Lucknow Bench of the High Court to Allahabad for
hearing.
I

The respondent has raised a preliminary objection that the appeal was G
not maintainable under Article 136 of the Constitution. According to the
respondent, the impugned order was not an "order" passed by a "Court" or
a "Tribunal" within the meaning of Article 136, but was an order passed
I
under paragraph 14 of the United Provinces High Courts (Amalgamation)
Order 1948 on the administrative side. It is also submitted that the appropriate H
A
28 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

remedy of the appellant was under Article 226 of the Constitution. The
......... ,.
Respondent has relied upon the decisions of this Court in Konkan Railway
Corporation Ltd and Anr. v. Rani Construction Pvt. Ltd [2002] 2 SCC 388,
Rajasthan High Court Advocate 's Association v. Union of India, [200 I] 2
SCC 294 and State of Rajasthan v. Prakash Chand, [1998] I SCC I, to
contend that the nature of the power conferred and exercised by the Chief
B
Justice under paragraph 14 of the 1948 order was purely administrative.

The appellant has submitted that since the territorial jurisdictions of
the High Court Benches at Lucknow and Allahabad are rigidly divided, the
power exercised by the Chief Justice under paragraph 14 of the 1948 Order
c was similar to the powers conferred under Section 24 of the Code of Civil
Procedure and Article 139-A of the Constitution. It is submitted that the
transfer of the case from one territorial jurisdiction to another territorial
jurisdiction has always been considered to be judicial in nature and the
functionary exercising such power, a Court or a Tribunal. It is submitted that
D a litigant as the dominus litis cannot be deprived of the right to choose a
forum without being heard. According to the appellant, there was a !is
between the appellant and the respondent as to whether the writ petition
should be transferred or not. The Chief Justice in deciding such a !is
exercised quasi judicial power and would be a Tribunal for the limited · ·
purposes for deciding the transfer of a case. It is contended that the power
E which was being construed in the Konkan Railway case (supra) was the
power of the Chief Justice under Section 11(6) of the Arbitration and
Conciliation Act 1996 which only involved the nomination of an Arbitrator
to decide a case. Here there was already a case pending before a competent
Court. Another distinction with Section 11(6) of the Arbitration Act is that
F the appointment could be questioned before the Arbitrator, whereas under
Clause 14 of the 1948 Order, the corrxtness of the Chief Justice's order
could not be argued before the Court to which the case was directed to be
transferred.

G
Article 136 of the Constitution confers broad powers on this Court to
grant special leave to appeal from any order whether an appeal lies from
.
such an order under law or not. "The article itself is worded in the widest
terms possible. It vests in the Supreme Court a plenary jurisdiction in the
matter of entertaining and hearing appeals, by granting of special leave .
against any kind of judgment or order made by a Court or Tribunal in any \

H cause or matter and the powers could be exercised in spite of the specific
DR. MANJU VARMA v. STATE [RUMA PAL, J.] 29
--.,,,..,
' provisions for appeal contained in the Constitution or other laws. The A
Constitution for the best of reasons did not choose to fetter or circumscribe
the powers exercisable under this article in any way" 1• According to The
Engineering Mazdoor Sabha & Anr. v. The Hind Cycles ltd. 2

"It is clear that Art. 136(1) confers very wide powers on this Court B
and as such, its provisions have to be liberally construed. The
constitution-makers thought it necessary to clothe this Court with
very wide powers to deal with all orders and adjudications made
by Courts and Tribunals in the territory of India in order to ensure
fair administration of justice in this country. It is significant that
whereas Arts. 133(1) and 134 (l) provide for appeals to this Court C
against judgments, decrees and final orders passed by the High
Courts, no such limitation is prescribed by Art. 136(1 ). All Courts
and all Tribunals in the territory of India except those in Cl. (2) are
subject to the appellate jurisdiction of this Court under Art.136( 1).
It is also clear that whereas the appellate jurisdiction of this Court D
under Arts.133(1) and 134(1) can be invoked only against final
orders, no such limitation is imposed by Art. 136(1). In other
words, the appellate jurisdiction of this Court under this latter
provision can be exercised even against an interlocutory order or
decision. Causes or matters covered by Art. 136(1) are all causes
and matters that are brought for adjudication before Courts or E
Tribunals. The sweep of this provision is thus very wide".

Thus two conditions must be satisfied for invoking Article
136 (I) :-

(1) The proposed appeal must be against a judicial or quasi judicial and F
not a purely executive or administrative order and;

(2) The determination or order must have been made or passed by any
Court or Tribunal in the territory of India.

The decision in Engineering Mazdoor Sabha notices that the desiO'nation
0
G
of an act as quasi judicial or as purely executive depends on the facts and
circumstances of each case. But generally speaking if there is a contest

I. Durga Shankar Mehta v. Thakur Raghuraj Singh & Ors., [1954] SCR 272.
2. [1963] Supp I SCR 625 equal to AIR (1963) I 875.
H
30 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A between two contending parties and a statutory authority is required to
adjudicate upon the competing contentions then the act is a quasi judicial
one [See Indian National Congress (I) v. Institute of Social Welfare & Ors.,
[20021 s sec 685].

B In Jaswant Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Lakshmi Chand, [1963] Supp. 1 SCR
242 : AIR (l 963) SC 677 three characteristics of a judicial order have been
indicated :

"I) It is in substance a determination upon investigation of a
question by the application of objective standards to facts found in
c the light of pre-existing legal rules;

2) it declares rights or imposes upon parties obligations affecting
their civil rights; and

D· 3) that the investigation is subject to certain procedural attributes
contemplating an opportunity of presenting its case to a party,
ascertainment of facts by means of evidence if a dispute be on
questions of fact, and if the dispute be on question of law on the
presentation of legal argument, and a decision resulting in the
disposal of the matter on findings based upon those questions of
E law and fact". (p. 682)

We can now consider whether the impugned order can be described
as quasi-judicial.

p Prior to 1948, the High Court at Allahabad and the Chief Court in Oudh
exercised jurisdiction over the different territories. Historically, the territories
within the jurisdiction of the Oudh Chief Court were the 12 districts of
Lucknow, Fatehpur, Sultanpur, Rai Bareilly, Pratapgarh, Bara Banki, Gonda,
Bahraich, Solapur, Kheri, Hardoi and Unnao. By the United Provinces High
Courts (Amalgamation) 1948 Order from 26th July, 1948, the High Court
G in Allahabad and the Chief Court in Oudh were amalgamated to constitute
one High Court by the name of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad.
Under paragraph 7 of the Order the new High Court was vested with all such
original appellate and other jurisdiction, as under the law in force immediately
before 26th July, 1948 was exercisable in respect of any part of that Province
H by either of the "existing High Courts". The phrase "e:\listing High Courts"
DR. MAN JU VARMA v. STATE [RUMA PAL, J.] 31
t"r
has been defined in paragraph 2(1) of the Amalgamation Order to mean A,
the High Courts referred to in Section 219 of the Government of India Act,
1935 as the High Court in Allahabad and the Chief Court in Oudh. Clause
14 of the 1948 Order which is required to be interpreted by us reads:-

"The new High Court, and the judges and division courts thereof,
shall sit at Allahabad or at such other places in the United Provinces
B
as the Chief Justice may, with the approval of the Governor of the
United Provinces appoint:

Provided that unless the Governor of the United Provinces with the
concurrence of the Chief Justice, otherwise directs, such judges of c
the new High Court not less than two in number, as the Chief
Justice, may, from time to time nominate, shall sit at Lucknow in
order to exercise in respect of cases arising in such areas in Oudh,
as the Chief Justice may direct, the jurisdiction and power for the
time being vested in the new High Court:
J_: D
Provided further that the Chief Justice may in his discretion order
that any case or class of cases arising in the said areas shall be heard
'I r
at Allahabad."

;
This paragraph has already been the subject of interpretation in Sri E
Nasiruddin v. State Transport Appellate Tribunal, [1975] 2 SCC 671. This
Court held that the power of the Chief Justice to direct what areas in Oudh
are within the exclusive jurisdiction of Judges of the Lucknow Bench meant
~
that areas once determined would continue to hold good. It was further held
"""' that under the first proviso to paragraph 14 of the 1948 Order, Lucknow was
the seat in respect of causes of action arising in the Oudh areas. It was held F
that the second part of the first proviso to paragraph 14 showed that once
a direction was given including certain areas in Oudh there was no power
or discretion which could be again exercised to change the areas from time
to time. It was held that if a cause of action arose wholly or in part at a place
within specified Oudh areas, the Lucknow Bench would have the jurisdiction
G
and ifthe cause of action arose wholly within the specified Oudh areas then
the Lucknow Bench would have exclusive jurisdiction in such a matter. This
Court went on to say:-

~
"If the cause of action arises in part within the specified areas in
Oudh it would be open to the litigant who is the dominus litis to H
32 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A have his forum conveniens. The litigant has the right to go to a court
where part of his cause of action arises. In such cases, it is incorrect
to say that the litigant chooses any particular court. The choice is
by reason of the jurisdiction of the court being attracted by part of
cause of action arising within the jurisdiction of the court. Similarly,
if the cause of action can be said to have arisen in part within
B
specified areas in Oudh and part outside the specified Oudh areas,
the litigant will have the choice to institute proceedings either at
Allahabad or Lucknow. The court will find out in each case whether
the jurisdiction of the court is rightly attracted by the alleged cause
of action."
c
With this interpretation of clause 14, it is clear that the Benches of
Lucknow and Allahabad although part of one High Court, exercise distinct
and exclusive jurisdiction over demarcated territories. The decision in
Nasirudin also makes it clear that it was open to a litigant to invoke the
D jurisdiction of any one of the Benches, if part of the cause of action had
arisen within the territorial jurisdiction of both.

It would be instructive in this context to compare the power of transfer
of litigation from one-jurisdiction to another under Section 24 of the Code
of Civil Procedure. Section 24 allows the High Courts or the district Courts
E either on the application of any of the parties after notice and hearing or
of its own motion without such notice to inter alia transfer any suit/appeal
or other proceedings, pending in any court subordinate to it for trial or
disposal to any other court subordinate to it and competent to try and dispose
of the same. Similar power has been granted under the Letters Patent to
Chartered High Courts to withdraw proceedings from any Court within its
F jurisdiction to itself. Thus clause 13 of the Letters Patent 1865 in relation
to the Calcutta High Court provides:-

"And we do further ordain, that the said High Court of Judicature
at Fort William in Bengal shall have power to remove, and to try
and determine, as a Court of extraordinary original Jurisdiction,
G any suit being falling within the jurisdiction of any Court, whether
within or without the Bengal Division of the Presidency of Fort
William, subject to its superintendence, when the said High Court
shall think proper to do so, either on the agreement of the parties ·
to that effect, or for purposes of justice, the reasons for so doing
H being recorded on the proceedings of the said High Court."
DR. MANJU VARMA v. STATE [RUMA PAL, J.] 33

Again, this Court has been empowered under Article 139A of the A
Constitution to transfer proceedings from one High Court to another, either
on its own motion or on an application made either by the Attorney General

• of India or by a party to any such case.

It may be that the orders passed under the first two provisions are not
appealable as a matter of right, but nonetheless they remain judicial orders B
and susceptible of correction under Art. 136. The mere fact that the power
has been vested in the Chief Justice under paragraph 14 of the Amalgamation
Order and not in the Court would not detract from the nature of the power
exercised. The power of transfer from one territorial jurisdiction is distinct
from the power of the Chief Justice to frame a roster to determine the c
distribution of judicial work in the High Court. In the latter case it is an intra
jurisdictional as opposed to an inter jurisdictional act. [See: State ofRajas than
v. Prakash Chand (Supra); Rajasthan High Court Advocates Association v
. Union of India (supra)]. It is also distinct from the power of the Chief
Justice or his designate to appoint an arbitrator under S. 11 (6) of the
Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996. Under that section " .... the only D
function of the Chief Justice or his designate under Section 11 is to fill the
gap left by a party to the arbitration agreement or by the two arbitrators
' .)
~
appointed by the parties and nominate an arbitrator" 3• While exercising this
discretion there is no need to serve notice on any party and a rule providing
for notice upon the party to the arbitration agreement to show cause why E
the nomination of an arbitrator as requested should not be made, is bad. The
only purpose for which a notice may be given would be to inform a party
of such appointment or for assistance of the Chief Justice or his designate
to nominate an arbitrator4 • No Iis exists nor is decided.

There was nothing executive in the procedure foilowed in this case. F
The respondent had applied to the Chief Justice under paragraph 14 for a
transfer of the appellant's writ petition from Lucknow to Allahabad. The
Chief Justice heard the parties and by a detailed and reasoned order directed
such transfer. There can in the circumstances be no doubt that the order of
the Chief Justice was, if not judicial, at least quasi judicial.
G
The next question is whether the Chief Justice could be said to have
acted as a "Court" or as a "Tribunal".

3. Konkan Railway Corpn. Ltd. v. Rani Construction Pvt. Ltd. (2002) 2 SCC 388, 405.
4. Ibid. H
34 SUPREME,COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A In Durga Shankar Mehta v. Thakur Raghuraj Singh & Ors., [1954]
SCR 272 this Court declared:-

" ... the expression "Tribunal" as used in article 136 does not mean
the same thing as "Court" but includes, within its ambit, all
adjudicating bodies, provided they are constituted by the State and
B are invested with judicial as distinguished from purely administrative
or executive functions. The only Courts or Tribunals, which are
expressly exempted from the purview of article 136, are those
which are established by or under any law relating to the Armed
Forces as laid down in clause (2) of the article.
c
In Indian National Congress(/) v. Jnsti.tute ofSocial Welfare and Ors.,
[2002) 5 SCC 685 this Court posits:-

"Where there is a lis or two contesting parties making rival claims
and the statutory authority under the statutory provision is required
D to decide such a dispute, in the absence of any other attributes of
a quasi-judicial authority, such a statutory authority is quasi-judicial
authority." ( ;
'l

In ordering the transfer of the case under the 1948 Amalgamation
E Order, the Chief Justice was determining the plea of the respondent and the
objection of the appellant to the transfer of the appellant's writ petition. He
could not allow the plea without hearing the affected party and without
determining on objective criteria and upon investigation whether the case
was (a) transferable and (b) should be transferred. His decision would affect
the right of the appellant to choose her 'forum conveniens'. He was therefore
F acting as an adjudicating body empowered by the Constitution to discharge
judicial functions. We would accordingly hold that the Chief Justice while
exercising jurisdiction under paragraph 14 of the 1948 Order, acts as a
judicial authority with all the attributes of a Court and his order is therefore
amenable to correction under Article 136. The preliminary objection of the
G respondent is therefore rejected.

Coming to the merits - the appellant's writ petition had been filed on
12th November 1998 (W.P. No. 1678 of 1998) and related to the seniority
list of the Readers in Obstetrics and Gynecology in the State Medical
Colleges. The appellant sought for promotion from the date her juniors, Dr.
H Sandhya Aggarwal and Dr. Gauri Ganguli, were given promotion. Dr. Gauri
DR. MANJU VARMA v. STATE [RUMA PAL, J.] 35
J'·~

Ganguli was added as the respondent No. 6 to the appellant's writ petition A
in 1999. Hearing of the writ petition was concluded and judgment was
reserved by a Bench of two Judges in December 1999. Subsequently, the
matter was released because of the personal embarrassment faced by one
of the Judges who had heard the matter. It was again heard by another Bench
inconclusively because one of the Judges was transferred. During this
B
period, pleadings were complete. The matter then appeared in the list of two
(
learned Judges on I 0th July 2001. An application was filed for adjournment
by the respondent No. 6. The application was rejected by a reasoned order.
The order records that while the appellant's petition had been taken up for
hearing several months back and arguments had commenced, the matter had
been adjourned on several occasions to accommodate the respondent No. c
6 and her counsel. It was noted that the respondent No. 6 had filed a writ
petition on 4th July 2001 in connection with her appointment to the post
of Reader in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and obtained an
interim order without impleading the present appellant as a party. It was also
noted that the hearing of the appellant's writ petition had been fixed with
the consent of the parties. After further discussion, the Court was of the view
D
thaj the application for adjournment was a device to get the case adjourned
, so that the respondent No. 6 could get an appointment order issued in her
favour in her writ petition. Having rejected the respondent's No. 6 application
for adjournment, the matter was directed to be proceeded with. It was then
that the respondent No. 6 filed the application for transfer of the appellant's E
writ application from Lucknow to Allahabad. When the appellant's writ
application was taken up for hearing on 25th July 2001 an order was passed
by the Division Bench to the following effect:

"Supplementary counter affidavit on behalf of respondent No.
6 filed today be placed on record. F

Heard learned counsel for the petitioner and learned counsel
for the opposite parties.

~ Arguments concluded. Judgment is reserved."
G
Six months later on 23rd January 2002 the Chief Justice of the High
.Court allowed the respondent No. 6' s application for transfer. Before
considering the reasons given by the Chief Justice for allowing the transfer
it is necessary to delineate the ambit of his power under paragraph 14 of
the Order. The first proviso of paragraph 14 which confers the power of H
36 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2004] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A transfer on the Chief Justice allows the Chief Justice to provide that in
respect of such cases, namely, those which arise in areas in Oudh, shall be
heard at Allahabad. The proviso assumes first, that the case or class of cases
to be transferred by the Chief Justice from Lucknow to Allahabad are those
which the Lucknow Bench would otherwise have the jurisdiction to entertain;
B and second that the power of transfer must be exercised for the purpose of
having the matter heard at Allahabad. If the matter has already been heard,
then the Chief Justice would not have power to transfer the case from
Lucknow to Allahabad.

One of the reasons for allowing the transfer was that the writ petition
C filed before the Lucknow Bench by respondent No. 6 being Writ Petition
No. 1945 of 2000 relating to the same issue had been rejected by the High
Court on the ground that the Lucknow Bench had no jurisdiction to entertain
the petition and that accordingly a writ petition had been filed by the
respondent No. 6 at Allahabad. There was, according to the impugned order,
D no reason to take a different stand in the writ petition filed by the appellant
when the consequential effect of both the writ petitions was the same.

The factual assumption underlying this reason is incorrect. It is true
that the respondent No. 6 had filed a writ petition in 2000 before the
Lucknow Bench (W.P. No. '1945 (S/B) of 2000). It is also true that an order
E had been passed by the Lucknow Bench holding that it had no jurisdiction
to entertain the writ petition and that the writ petition should have been filed
at Allahabad. What has been overlooked is that the respondent No. 6 has
challenged this order by way of civil revision and the civil revision petition
is still pending. Independent of this, a second writ petition (W.P. No. 23879
of 200 I) was filed by respondent No. 6 in the High Court in Allahabad in
F 2001. This writ petition pertains to the issuance of an appointment order to
the respondent No. 6 as a Reader as noted by us earlier.

The legal basis of this reason for transfer of the appellant's writ petition
is also erroneous. It needs to be emphasized that the power under paragraph
G 14 envisages transfer of a case or class of cases where the Lucknow Bench
otherwise has jurisdiction to decide the matter. Whether the Lucknow Bench
had/had no jurisdiction was not only an issue to be decided judicially in the
appellant's writ petition but also an issue which would, if answered in the
negative, cut at the root of the Chief Justice's power under paragraph 14
of the Order since paragraph 14 confers the power in the Chief Justice to
H transfer cases only in respect of any case or class of cases otherwise within
DR. MANJU VARMA v. STATE [RUMA PAL, J.] 37

the jurisdiction of the Lucknow Bench to Allahabad. A

The second reason for transfer was that the appellant and the respondent
No. 6, as well the U.P. Public Service Commission were at Allahabad. But
the State Government which issued the impugned order and against which
the mandamus was prayed for by the appellant is in Lucknow. In the B
circumstances, the mere fact that the respondent No. 6 and the appellant
were both in Allahabad should not have weighed with the Chief Justice in
l
depriving the appellant of her right as dominus litis.

The third and final reason which persuaded the Chief Justice to order
the transfer is equally insupportable. The reason was that the hearing of the c
appellant's petition was not concluded. This reason is contrary to the express
language of the order of the Division Bench dated 25th July 200 I. Merely
because an application was made by the respondent No. 6 for recalling the
order before the Lucknow Bench, did not mean that the order dated 25th
July 2001 ceased to operate.
D
We therefore set aside the order of the Learned Chief Justice directing
transfer of the appellant's writ petition and leave the matter to the Lucknow
Bench which heard the matter to proceed with it in such manner as it may
think fit.
E
The appeal is accordingly allowed without any order as to costs.

v.s.s. Appeal allowed.