Supreme Court of India

DR. RASH LAL YADAVversusSTATE OF BIHAR AND ORS.

Citation: 1994 INSC 225
Decided: 23 June 1994
Disposal: Dismissed
Bench: A M AHMADI

Holding

Section 10(7) of the Bihar Non‑Government Secondary Schools (Taking over of Management and Control) Act, 1981 validly excludes the rule of natural justice and does not violate Article 14; removal without a show‑cause notice is permissible if the Government is satisfied on material grounds.

Summary

Dr. Rash Lal Yadav, appointed Chairman of the Bihar School Service Board for a three‑year term, was removed by the State Government under Section 10(7) of the Bihar Non‑Government Secondary Schools (Taking over of Management and Control) Act, 1981 on grounds of alleged mismanagement and detrimental conduct. He challenged the removal, arguing that the provision conferred an absolute power of removal violating Article 14, that the doctrine of pleasure could not apply to a statutory office, and that natural‑justice principles requiring a show‑cause notice were implicit in the statute. The High Court upheld the removal, holding that the legislature had deliberately omitted the show‑cause requirement. The Supreme Court affirmed this view, stating that the omission was a clear legislative intent, that the power could be exercised without a hearing provided the Government was satisfied on material grounds, and that the provision did not offend Article 14. Consequently, the appeal was dismissed.

Issues considered

The constitutionality of Section 10(7) of the Bihar Non‑Government Secondary Schools Act, 1981 under Article 14 of the Constitution.
Whether the doctrine of pleasure applies to the statutory office of Chairman of the Bihar School Service Board.
Whether the rule of natural justice, specifically the right to a show‑cause notice, must be read into Section 10(7) despite its omission.
Whether removal can be effected without a hearing when the statute expressly excludes natural‑justice requirements.

Legislation cited

Bihar Non‑Government Secondary Schools (Taking over of Management and Control) Act, 1981s. 10(6), s. 10(7)

Subjects

natural justicedoctrine of pleasureArticle 14statutory removaltenureadministrative lawprocedural fairnessBihar School Service Board

Judgment

DR. RASH LAL YADAV A
v.
STATE OF BIHAR AND ORS.

JUNE 23, 1994

(A.M. AHMADI AND"M.M. PUNCHHI, JJ.]
B

Bihar Non-Government Secondary Schools (Taking over of Manage-
ment and Control) Act, 1981 : Sectio'!s 10(6) and 7.

Bihar School Service Board-Chairman-Appointment for a tenure of C
three years-Functioning of Chairman-Detrimental to the interest of
Board-RemovaHleld : State Government's power of removal is not un-
guided and absolute-Opportunity to show cause before removal held ex-
cluded-Removal can be done within the tenure perioJ-Doctrine of
pleasure-Applicability of
D
Consh"tution of India, 1950 : Article 14. Statute-{]nguided and ab-
solute powe.-Section 10(7) of the Bihar Non-Government Secondary School
(Taking over of Management and Control) Act, 1981-Held not violative of
Article 14.
E
Service Law-Tenure post-Removal before expiry of tenure-f'e1.nis-
sibility of

Administrative la~atural justice-Where the Statute expressly or by
implication excludes natural justice-Statute cannot be invalidated for this
omission on the ground of aroitrariness. F
The appellant was appointed as chairman of the Bibar School Ser-
vice Board for a term of there years. Snbseqnent to bis appointment
Government received complaints against him regarding mismanagement,
conducting farce interviews, improper behaviour with other Board Mem·
hers, and inviting applications for appointment of teachers in defiance of G
the Government's direction. On the basis of the complaints received the
Government concluded that the manner in which the appellant was
functioning was not condncive to the proper working of the Board l\Or was
it in public interest. Accordingly, the Government by its order dated April
4, 1991, passed in exercise of its power under sob- section (7) of Section H
231
232 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A 10 of the Bihar Non-Government Secondary Schools (Taking over of
Management and Control) Act, 1981, removed him from service.

The appellant questioned the validity of the order before the High
Court which examined the material on which the State Government's
decision for removal was founded and came to the conclusion that (I) there
B was justification for the exercise of the power and therefore, the State
Government was justified in ordering his removal; and (ii) the material
placed before it did not prove the allegation of malice or lack of bona fide.

The High Court rejected the contentions of the appellant that (1)
C Section 10(7) was ultra vires Article 14 because it conferred unguided and
absolute power of removal on the Government; (ii) the doctrine of pleasure
applies only to Government servants and cannot be extended to statutory
offices; (iii) since the appellant was appointed on a tennre post he was
entitled to continue on the post till the expiry of the period; (iv) the order
was passed in violation of natural justice because no opportunity to show
D cause was given to him; and (v) even in the absence of a specific provision
the requirement of natural justice must be read into the said provision.

In coming to its conclusion the High Court took note of changes
brought about in the Act which was preceded by the Ordinance viz., (i) in
E sub-section 6 of section 10 of the Act while duration of the appointment of
Chairman for 3 years as provided in Ordinance was retained, the words
'or during the pleasure of the State Government' were added i.e. for the
. first time Pleasure Doctrine was incorporated in the Act; (ii) in snb·section
(7) of section 10 of the Act two changes were introduced: (a) the Chairman
could be removed by giving one month's notice or one month's salary in
F lieu of notice and (b) the proviso incorporating the rule of natural justice,
namely of giving reasonable opportunity of showing cause, was deleted.

In appeal to this Court it was contended on behalf of the appellant
that the requirement of giving an opportunity to show cause, though not
G specifically provided for, must be read into the Act otherwise the Act may
be rendered ultra vires as conferring absolute and unfettered power on the
State Government.

On behalf of the State it was contended that (i) the requirement of
giving the delinquent Chairman an opportunity to show cause before
H exercise of power of removal should not be read into Section 10(7) because
R.L.YADAV(DR.) v.STATEOFBIHAR 233

the Legislature has consciously done away with the requirement for the A
reason that having regard to the sensitive functions assigned to the Board
immediate action may become necessary in case the functioning of the
Chairman was detrimental to the interest of the Board and (ii) the power
conferred on State under Section 10(7) is not without guidelines because
the power can be exercised only if the condition precedent for the exercise B
of that power exists, namely, conduct of Chairman which is detrimental to
the interest of the Board.

Dismissing the appeal, this Court

HELD : 1. The decision of the High Court is based on the assessment C
of facts and ordinarily this Court is loathe to re- evaluate the same unless it
is shown that the High Court's appreciation offacts has resulted in miscar-
riage of justice. No such case is made out by the appellant. (251-B-C]

2. Unless the law expressly or by necessary implication excludes the
applications of the rule of nature justice, Courts will read the said require- D
ment in enactments that are silent and insist on its application even in
cases of administrative action having civil consequences. (249-D)

3. By omitting the proviso to sub-section (7) of Section 10 of the
Ordinance and incorporating the provision regarding giving of one E
month's notice or notice pay, the Legislature gave a clear indication that
If the Chairman/Member was incapable of working or refused to work or
worked in a manner detrimental to the interest of the Board, the State
Government shall have the power to remove him without the need to
comply with the requirement of giving an opportunity to show cause. The
legislative history leaves nothing to doubt that the legislature did not F
expect the State Government to seek the incumbent's explanation before
exercising the power of removal under the said provision. The High
Court's view is right in this behalf. (245-D-E; 249-E-F]

4. If the statute, expressly or by necessary implication omits the G
application of the rule of natural justice, the Statute will not be invalidated
for this omission on the ground of arbitrariness. (246-G)

A.K Kraipak v. Union of India, A.I.R. (1970) SC 150 = (1970) S.C.R.
457 and State of Orissa v. Dr. (Miss) Binapani Dei, (1967) 2 S.C.R. 625,
referred to. H
234 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] SUPP.1 S.C.R.

A 5. The concept of natural justice Is not a static one but is an ever
expanding concept. In the initial stages it was thought that it bad only two
elements, namely, (l) no one shall be a judge in bis own cause and (ii) no
one shall be condemned unheard. With the passage of time a third element
was introduced, namely, of procedural reasonableness because the main
objective of the requirement or rule of natural justice is to promote justice
B and prevent its miscarriage. Therefore, when the legislature confers power
in the State Government to be exercised In certain circumstances or
eventualiti~s it would be right to presume that the legislature intends that
the said power be exercised in the manner envisaged by the statute. If the
statute confers drastic powers it goes without saying that much powers
C must be exercised in a proper and fair manner. Drastic substantive laws
can be suffered only if they are fairly and reasonably applied. In order to
ensure fair and reasonable application of such laws court have, over a
period of time, devised rules of fair procedure to avoid arbitrary exercise
of such powers. [245-F-G-H; 246·A·Bl
D 6. True it Is, the rule of natural justice operate as checks. on the
freedom of adminltrative action and often prove time-consuming but that
is the price one has to pay to ensure fairness In administrative action. And
this fairness can be ensured by adherence to the expanded notion of rule
of natural justice. Therefore, where a statute confers wide power on an
E administrative authority coupled with discretion, the possibility of its
arbitrary use can be controlled or checked by Insisting on their being
·exercised in a manner which can be said to be procedurally fair. [246-B-C)

7. Where the statute is silent and a contrary intention cannot be
p implied, the requirement of the applicability of the rule of natural justice
is read into it to ensure fairness and to protect the action from the charge
of arbitrariness. Courts. presume this requirement in all its width as
impled unless the enactment supplies indications to the contrary as in the
present case. [246-C·D)

G Union. of Indif. v. J.N. Sinha & Ors., [19711 1 s.c.R. 791; Swadeshi
Cotton Mills & O' . v. Union of India & Ors., [1981) 1 S.C.C. 664 and
Mohinder Singh Gill v. Election Commissioner of India, [1978) 1 S.C.C. 405,
referred to.

H 8. It is obvious from the plaln1language of sub-section (7) of Section
R.L. YADAV(DR.) v. STATEOFBIHAR 235

10 that the matter is left to the subjective satisfaction of the State Govern- A
ment which subjective satisfaction must be reached on relevant material
on record and not the whim and swe.etwill of the Government. The power
cannot be exercised unless relevant material is placed bofore the State
Government on the basis of which the State Government as a reasonable
person is able to conclude that one or more of the conditions mentioned B
in the sub-section exists and therefore, it is necessary to exercise power of
removal to safeguard the Board from harm. The power is clearly coupled
with the twin dnty, firstly to ensure that circumstances do exist for the
exercise of the power of removal of the Chairman or Member, as the case
may be and secondly to safeguard the institution from harm that may be
caused by the continuance of such Chairman or Member on the Board. In C
the ultimate analysis the power has to be exercised in public interest and
for public good because the State Government is duty bound to protect the
image and credibility of the Board so that people's faith in the Board is
not shaken. Of course, if the exercise of such power is challenged in Court,
the State Government will have to satisfy the Court that it exercised the D
power bona fide and on material relevant to establish to existence of the
factual situation necessary for exercise of the said power. That can at best
be the extent of judicial scrutiny. (250-E·F·G·H; 251-A)

9. By the changes introduced in sub-sections (6) and (7) of Section
10 of the Act the Legislature made it clear that the appointment of the E
Chairman/Member could be terminated at any time during the pleasure
of the State Government by one month's notice or on payment of one
month's salary in lieu of notice, notwithstanding the tenure contemplated
thereunder. [245-C]
F
10. On a plain reading of sub-section (6) it becomes immediately
clearly that the initial tenure will not exceed three years hut this shall be
during the pleasure of the State Government which means that the State
Government shall have the right to curtail the tenure to less than three
years also. Therefore, neither the Chairman nor the members have any
right to continue for three years. A contrary interpretation would clearly G
violate the letter and spirit of the law. True it is that the said sub-section
could have been better worded but the language does convey the legislative
purpose quite clearly. [259-H; 250-A, B·C) ·

R.P. Raja v. State of Bihar, (1967) PKJR 275, referred to. H
236 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 4771 of
1992.

From the Judgment of and Order dated 24.3.92 of the High Court
of Patna in C.W.J.C. No. 2634 of 1991.

B B.B. Sinha, S.K. Bhattacharjee and S.C. Patel for the Appellant. '
D.P. Gupta, Solicitor General, B.B. Singh and Kumar Rajesh Singh
for Res. Nos. 1 and 2. '

c
Gopal Subramaniam and L.R. Singh for Res. Nos. 4 & 6. )'
A. Sharan for Res. No. 5. \
Ranjit Kumar for Res. Nos. 7 & 8.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
D
AHMADI, J. Three writ petitioners were filed by (i)° Dr. Radha
Krishna Poddar (ii) Shri Ambika Prasad and (iii) Dr. Rash Lal Yadav \

\
challenging their removal from the Chairmanship of the Bihar School
Service Board constituted under the provisions of the Bihar Non-Govern-
ment Secondary Schools (Taking Over of Management and Control) Act,
E 1981, hereinafter called 'the Act'. These three petitions which were heard
by a Division Bench of the Patna High Court came to be dismissed by a
common judgment rendered on March 24, 1992. The petitioners of the first
two petitions have not preferred any appeal against the said judgment but
the petitioner of the third petition Dr. Rash Lal Yadav has preferred the
present appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution. It is, therefore, not
F necessary for us to refer to the facts of the petitioners of the first two writ
petitions. We will, therefore, confine ourselves to the factual position
relevant to the appeal filed by Dr. Rash Lal Yadav, hereinafter called 'the
appellant'. The appellant was the Head of the Department in Maithili in
Kunwar Singh College, Lakhisarai, before his selection and appointment
G as Chairman of the Bihar School Service Board, hereinafter called 'the
Board', for a term of three years from the date he assumed charge of his
office, vide Notification dated November 18, 1990. Prior to his appointment
this Office was occupied by the other two petitioners Dr. Radha Krisljna
Poddar and Shri Ambika Prasad Pandey. Both of them had been removed
from the Chairmanship of the Board on account of several charges of
H mismanagement which were the subject matter of vigilance inquiries. How-
"

R.L. YADAV(DR.) v. STATEOFBIHAR [AHMADl,J.). 237

ever, after the appellant took over as the Chairman of the Board, he too A
took certain actions the propriety whereof came to be questioned. Not-
withstanding the difficult financial condition of the Board, he, it was
alleged, decided to shift the Board's office to another premises on a
monthly rent of Rs. 16,000 as against Rs. 8,000 paid for the premises where
the Board's office was earlier situate. It was also alleged that he withdrew
Rs. 1 lakh and paid the same by way of advance for furnishing the new B
office. Complaints were also received by the Government from a large
number of candidates that the interviews conducted by the appellant were
•I
a farce, inasmuch as almost 150 candidates were interviewed on each day
rendering the entire process and empty formality. It was alleged that some
of the experts who participated in the interviews complained to the C
Government that they were not permitted by the Chairman to question the
candidates. Only formal question were put to the candidates and they were
hurriedly despatched. They made several complaints regarding the abrasive
manner in which the Chairman behaved with the other Board members as
well as the candidates. They complained that apart from the fact that his
behaviour was not proper he was more interested in finding out the caste D
or community to which the candidate belonged rather than assessing the
merit for appointment. Smt. Saroj Bala Sinha one of the members even
complained that the appellant did not have any discussion with the mem-
bers of the Board regarding the procedure to be followed at the interviews
no did he consult the members in the matter of selection of candidates.
Even the signatures of the members of the Board were not obtained on the E
final list prepared by the Board." Another member of the Board Dr. P.
Lakha by his letter dated March 23, 1991 reported to the Government that
__ ,' 'the appellant wanted him to sign certain papers relating to the decisions
taken by the Board prior to his joining. This, according to him, caused him
avoidable embarrassment. Since 30 marks out of 100 were reserved for F
personal interview, the marks assigned at the interview were of consider-
able significance as they could make or mar the future of a candidate. The
Government having received these complaints and having known the man-
ner in which the interviews were conducted .and the behaviour of th~
appellant vis-a-vis other m~mbers of the Board, concluded that the manner
in which the appellant functioned was not conducive to the proper working G
of the Board nor was it in public interest. It was also alleged that the
appellant had invited applications for appointment of teachers of various
schools in which 'plus 2' course was being taught. The appellant was
informed by letter dated February 18, 1991 that in such schools posts of
lecturers had been created only in four subjects, namely, Physics,.
H

'
238 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A Chemistry, Maithili and Ancient History. Despite this clear instruction the
appellant called the candidates for interview for selection in the subject of
Geography. This was clearly in defiance of the Government's direction
contained in the letter of February 18, 1991. Appellant also enhanced
application fee and interview fee to Rs. 25 and Rs. 100 respectively and
invited applications for subjects for which no clearance was obtained from
B the Government, thus collecting a sum of approximately Rs. 40 lakhs, four
times the sum he would have collected under the old rates which would
have been sufficient to meet the expenses of the Board. Even though earlier
a grant of Rs. 6 hlhs was withheld because the then Chairmen were facing
prosecutions a grant of Rs. 5 lakhs was released on the appellant taking
C over as Chairman to defray the expenses relating to the salary and allowan-
ces of the staff and other expenditures. In view of the above, the Govern-
ment felt that there was no option but to remove the appellant forthwith
before he caused any further embarrassment to the Government and
harassment to the other members of the Board. The appellant was, there-
fore, removed as Chairman of the Board by Notification No. 75 dated April
D 4, 1991 issued under sub-section (7) of section 10 of the Act. Simultaneous-
ly, a new Chairman was appointed in his place vide Notification No. 76 and
he claims to have taken charge on the same days i.e., April 4, 1991.

The appellant denied these allegations in his writ petition and tried
E to justify the decision to shift the office of the Board to the new premises
on a higher rent. He also denied the allegation made against him in regard
to the conduct of interviews, his behaviour vis-a-vis the other members of
the Board and the enhancing of the application and interview fees. He
questioned the validity of the order by which he came to be removed on
diverse grounds including the ground that the same was in blatant violation
F of the principle of natural justice. His counsel at the hearing of the petition
raised four submisi;ions in.the main, namely, (i) Sub-section (7) of section
10 of the Act if interpreted to confer an absolute power of removal upon
the State Government, the same would be wholly arbitrary and un-
reasonable and in total violation of the principle of natural justice, (ii) the
G doctrine of pleasure applied only to the cases of Government ser-
vants/public servants employed under the State and not to persons who
were statutory authorities, such as the Chairman of the Board, (iii) even if
it is assumed that the doctrine of pleasure applied there being no guidelines
prescribed for the exercise of such power, the power could only be exer-
H cised consistently with the rule of natural justice, and (iv) in any case the
R.L. YADAV(DR.) v. STATEOFBIHAR [AHMADI,J.] 239

order was tainted with malice both in law and fact. So far as the ground A
of malice is concerned, the appellant alleged that the Cabinet Minister in
Charge of Secondary education was responsible for his removal _as the
appellant did not succumb to his pressures to select for appointment his
favourites. Annoyed by the appellant's unbending and upright attitude and
fmding no other alternative to have his way, the said Minister exercised B
ma/a fide the power conferred by sub-section (7) of selection 10 of the Act
to remove him and appoint his man as the Chairman of the Board. In
support of his say he has produced certain chits and letters written by the
said Minister and his Cabinet colleagues recommending certain persons
including the son-in-law of the former for selection to various posts. Lastly C
it was contended by the appellant that since he was appointed on a tenure
post he was entitled as of right to continue on the post till the expiry of
the period for which he was appointed and could not be removed in an
arbitrary and summary manner. He also denied the allegation made by Smt.
Saroj Bala, Dr. Lakha and other members of the Board about his abrasive
or rude behaviour. In short the appellant denied all the allegations made D
againsi"him in the State's counter which were not specifically admitted.

On the first question regarding the application of the pleasure
doctrine, the High Court, departing from the view expressed in the case of
RP. Raja v. The State of Bihar, (1967) PLJR 275, held that it was difficult E
to subscribe to the view that the application of the doctrine is limited only
to members of public service and cannot be extended to other officers such
as the Chairman of the Board. In the view of the High Court there was
nothing in the doctrine to inhibit the State Legislature to treat it as a pure
service concept limited in its application to public service under the State.
It was, therefore, open to the Legislature to extend it to the office in F
question. On the question of application of the principles of natural justice
the High Court noticed that while that requirement was specifically found
in section 10(7) of the Ordinance that preceded the Act, it was deliberately
dropped while enacting the Act thereby manifesting the Legislative intend-
ment not to apply the same. The High _Court, therefore, rejected the G
submission that the said requirement must be read into the said provisions
to save it from the vice of being ultra vires Article 14 of the Constitution.
According to the High Court before power is exercised urider section-10(7)
of the Act the State Government must satisfy itself on the basis of material
on record that the continuance of the person as Chairman of the Board
H
240 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A would prove detrimental to the Board's interest. If the State's action is
challenged it would be necessary for the State to satisfy the court by
production of the material, that it had acted bonafide and not arbitrarily.
Before exercise of power under section 10(7) the Government must satisfy
itself that there existed relevant material on record establishing the factual
B requirements necessary to reach the conclusion that his further con- .
tinuance in office would be detrimental to the interest of the Board. Once
that is shown no further enquiry is permissible and the order can only be
questioned on the ground of malice. Next, on a proper reading of the
provisions of the Act, the High Court ruled that the Act did not confer
unguided and absolute power of removal but the power was coupled with
C a duty to act only if the material on record went to show that his con-
tinuance in office would be detrimental to the Board's interest. Therefore,
the contention that section 10(7) was ultra vires Article 14 cannot be
countenanced. Nor can to be questioned on the ground that it violates the
principles of natural justice. The High Court points out that the Board
D performs a public function and if the Chairman of the Board is found
acting in a manner prejudicial or detrimental to the interest of the Board,
a duty is cast on the government to protect public interest by removing
such a Chairman. Albeit before such action is taken the Government must
satisfy itself from the material placed before it that it must exercise the
extraordinary power vested in it by the Act to protect public interest. The
E High Court also found as a fact that such material did exist to justify the
Government's action. The High Court also found as a fact that the material
placed before it did not prove the allegation of malice or lack of bona ft des.
In this view of the matter the High Court dismissed the writ petition. Hence
this appeal by special leave.
F
The Act was preceded by an Ordinance called the Bihar Non-
Government Secondary Schools (Taking-over of Management and Con-
trol) Ordinance, 1974. Prior to the enactment of the said Ordinance No.
113 of 1974 which was made effective from May 21, 1974 all High Schools
G in the State of Bihar, save and except those established by the State
Government, were managed and controlled by the Managing Committees
appointeol for that purpose by the school Managements which also acted
as the appointing and disciplinary authority for the teaching and non
teaching staff of such schools. Once the ordinance was promulgated an
autonomous Board came to be created which was conferred certain power
H in regard to the management and control of non-Government High
R.L YADAV(DR.) v.STATEOFBIHAR[AHMADI,J.] 241

Schools. This Ordinance was converted into an Act known as the Bihar A
Secondary Board Act, 1976 whereunder the State Government was in-
vested with the power to frame rules. Instead of framing rules as envisaged
by the said statute instructions were issued from time to time. Thereafter
another Ordinance called the Bihar Non-Government Secondary Schools
(Taking-over of Management and Control) Ordinance (Ordinance No. 146 B
of 1980) was promulgated on August 14, 1980. The relevant part of Section
10 of that Ordinance needs to be noticed at this stage :

"10. Establishment and function of School Service Board.

(1) The State Government shall by notification in the official C
Gazette establish a Board to be called the School Service Board
(hereinafter referred to as the Board) from a date to be appointed
by the State Government.

(2) The Board shall be a corporate body having perpetual succes-
sion and common seal and shall sue and be sued by that name. D

(3) The Board shall have Chairman and four members who shall
be appointed by the State Government.

(4) xxxxxxxxxx
E
(5) xxxxxxxxxx

(6) The term of the office of the Chairman and members of the
Board shall be three years from the date they take charge of their
office. On expiry of the said period the State Government may
extend their term but the total period of such term of office shall p
not exceed six years.

(7) If the State Government is satisfied that the Chairman or any
member of the Board is incapable of working or refuses to work
or works in a manner which in the opinion of the State Government
is detrimental to the interest of the Board the State Government G
may by Notification in the official gazette remove the Chairman or
such member from his office at any time.

Provided that before issue of such notification the State Govern-
ment shall give the Chairman or Member a reasonable opportunity
to show cause why he should not be removed." H
242 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A The said Ordinance was replaced by the Act i.e., The Bihar Non-Govern-
ment Secondary Schools (Taking over of Management and Contra!) Act,
1981 (Act No. 33 of 1982). While the provisions of the Ordinance were
mostly reproduced in the Act certain changes were brought about in
sub-sections (6) and (7) of section 10 which are significant and may be
reproduced at this stage :
B
"(6) The term of office of the Chairman and members of the Board
shall be three years from the day they take charge of their office
or during the pleasure of the State Government. On expiry of the
said period the State Government may extend the term of the
C Chairman or any member of the Board, but the total period of
such term of office shall not exceed six years.

(7) If the State Government is satisfied that the Chairman or any
member of the Board is incapable of working, or refuses to work,
D or works in a manner which, in the opinion of the State Govern-
ment, is detrimental to the interest of the Board, then the State
Government by issuance of a notification in the Official Gazette
at any time remove such Chairman or member by giving him one
month's written notice or one month's pay in lieu of notice with
effect from the date mentioned in the Notification."
E
The language of sub-section (6) shows that the pleasure doctrine was
incorporated in the statute for the first time and sub-section (7) em-
powered the State Government, if satisfied that the Chairman or any
member of the Board is incapable of working or refuses to work or works
F in a manner which is detrimental to the interest of the Board, ~o remove
such Chairman or member, as the case may be, by giving him one month's
written notice or one month's pay in lieu of notice with effe~t from the date
to be specified in the notification. It'is important to note that the proviso
which existed after sub-section (7) in the Ordinance has been deliberately
omitted in the Act. That provision found in the Ordinance incorporated
G the rule of natural justice. By deliberately omitting the said provision
requiring the giving of reasonable opportunity to show cause to the Chair-
man or member of the Board against whom action is proposed, the
legislature intended to do away with the requirement and instead
provisions was made for giving one month's notice or one month's pay in
H lieu of notice. Under Section 10 of the Act the provisions in regard to
• R.L. YADAV (DR.) v. STATE OF BIHAR [AHMADI, J.] 243

appointment and removal underwent changes. Sub-section (3) of section A
10 of the Act makes provision for the appointment of the Chairman and
members of the Board, sub-section (6) thereof indicates the tenure of the
appointment to be three years or during the pleasure of the State Govern-
ment and sub-section (7), as stated earlier, provides for the removal of the
Chairman or the member in certain circumstances. There is no specific B
provision in the Act requiring the giving of an opportunity to show cause
before an order of removal is passed. This, urged counsel, was a change
consciously brought about, by the Legislature because earlier the Or-
dinance did provide for the giving of such an opportunity. The impact of
this change will have to be considered at the appropriate stage. It may,
however, be mentioned at this stage that according to the appellant such a C
requirement, though· not specifically provided for, must be read into the
Act, for otherwise the Act may be rendered ultra vires as conferring
absolute and unfettered powers to the State Government to remove a
Chairman or member of the Board at its whim, caprice of sweetwill. On
the other hand the contention of the State Government is that it was D
perfectly open to the State Legislature to omit the ·requirement regarding
the giving of a show cause notice before exercise of power under sub-sec-
tion (7) of section 10 of the Act because the Board performs a public duty
and if the conduct of the Chairman or the member is such as would erode
the credibility of the Board it becomes the solemn duty of the State E
Government to take immediate action by removing the delinquent Chair-
man or member and thereby restbre its credibility. It was further contended
that the Legislature took a conscious decision to do away with the require-
ment of giving an opportunity to show cause before the exercise of th.e
removal power for the reason that having regard to the sensitive functions
assigned to the Board immediate action may become necessary to arrest
F
the fall in the credibility of the Board. Situations may develop which cannot
brook delay and prompt action alone would serve the interest of the Board.
In such a situation if the need to issue a show cause notice before taking
action is insisted upon, such a procedure may prove to be time-consuming
and consequently injurious to the interest of the Board. Presumably for this G
reason and from experience the State Legislature took a conscious decision
to do away with the requirement of prior show cause notice. However,
contended counsel, it must be borne in mind that the power can be
exercised only if the condition precedent for the exercise of that powe'r
exists, namely, conduct which is detrimental to the interest of the Boar'd. H
244 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A Unless there is material before the State Government to enable it to come
to the conclusion that the conduct is detrimental to the interest of the
Board no such action, as is permitted by sub-section (7) of section 10, can
be taken. If that be so and if that is the correct construction of sub-section
(7) it is difficult to conclude that the power conferred under that sub-sec-
tion is absolute and wit_hout guidelines, the guideline being that there must
B be material in the possession of the State Government which, if accepted
to be correct, would go to show that the conduct of the Chairman/Member
of the Board would prove ·detrimental to the interest of the Board if
allowed to continue. Counsel, therefore, submitted that there is no need to f
read into sub-section (7), the requirement of giving the delinquent Chair-
c man/Member an opportunity to show cause before exercise of power of
removal under the said sub-section. These were, broadly speaking, the
contentions urged before u5.

On a plain reading of section 10 of the Ordinance (1980) it seems
D clear to us that intention of the State Government was to establish a School
Service Selection Board, a body corporate having perpetual succ~ssion and
a common seal, comprising of a Chairman and four Members who would
be paid remuneration of Rs. 2500 and Rs. 2250 per month, respectively;
other terms and conditions being subject to determination by the State
Government. The tenure of office was to be three years extendable for a
E further period not exceeding six years in all. Sub-section (7), however,
empowers the State Government to remove the Chairman/Member from
office 'at any time' if he or she is incapable of working or refuses to work
or works in a manner detrimental to the interest of the Board notwithstand-
ing the initial tenure of three years or the extended tenure. The words 'at
F any time' were intended to convey that the power was exercisable during
the subsistence of the employment once the sine-qua-non for the exercise
of power, namely, incapacity or refusal to work or that the manner in which
he worked was detrimental to the Board's interest, was shown to exist.
Ofcourse the proviso to sub-section (7) was a clieck on the exercise of this
power of removal, in that, it required the Chairman/Member to be given a
G reasonable opportunity to show cause why he should not be removed.
Therefore, before a notification removing the Chairman/Member could be
issued, the principle of natural justice had to be satisfied by giving a show
caus~ notice. On the Ordinance being replaced by the Act, sub-sectim{s
(6) and (7) of section 10 underwent changes, in that, in sub-section (6)
H while retaining the duration of initial appointment as three years the words
R.L. YADAV(DR.) v. STATEOFBIHAR [AHMADI,J.] 245

'or during the pleasure of the State Government' came to be added. Thus A
the sub-section provided that the term of the office of the Chairman/Mem-
ber shall be three years or during the pleasure of the State Government
extendable upto six years. In sub-section (1) two changes were introduced;
firstly in the body of the sub-section it'J.� provided that the Chair
man/Member could be removed by giving one month's notice in writing or
B
one month's pay in lieu of notice and secondly the proviso which incor
porated the requirement of the rule of natural justice, namely, of giving the
Chairman/Member a reasonable opportunity of showing cause, was totally
deleted. By these two changes introduced in sub-sections ( 6) & (7) of
section 10 of the Act the Legislature made it clear that the appointment
of the Chairman/Member could be terminated at any time during the C
pleasure of the State Government by one month's notice or on payment of
one month's salary in lieu of notice, notwithstanding the tenure con
templated thereunder. Secondly by omitting the proviso to sub-section (7)
of section 10 of the Ordinance and incorporating the provision regarding
giving of one month's notice or notice pay, the Legislature gave a clear
D
indication that if the Chairman/Member was incapable of working or
refused to work or worked in a manner detrimental to the interest of the
Board, the State Government shall have the power to remove him without
the need to comply with the requirement of giving an opportunity to show
cause. This deliberate and conscious departure from the provisions in
sub-section (7) of section 10 of the Ordinance by the omission of the E
proviso while enacting that very provision of the Act was, concluded the
High Court, indicative of the Legislative intendment not to incorporate the
said requirement of the rule of nature justice in the exercise of power of
removal from the office of the Chairman/Member of the Board.

The concept of natural justice is not a static one but is an ever
F
expending concept. In the initial stages it was thought that it had only two
elements, namely, (i) no one shall be a judge in his own cause and (ii) no
one shall be condemned unheard. With the passage of time a third element
was introduced, namely, of procedural reasonableness because the main
objective of the requirement of rule of natural justice is to promote justice G
and prevent its miscarriage. Therefore, when the legislature confers power
in the State Government to be exercised in certain circumstances or
eventualities, it would be right to presume that the legislature intends that
the said power be exercised in the manner envisaged by the statute..If the
statute confers drastic power it goes without saying that such powers must
H
246 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A be exercised in a proper and fair manner. Drastic substantive Jaws can be
suffered only if they are fairly and reasonably applied. In order to ensure
fair and reasonable application of such laws courts have, over a period of
time, devised rules of fair procedure to avoid arbitrary exercise of such
powers. True it is, the rules ·of natural justice operate as checks on the
freedom of administra!ive action and often prove time-consuming but that
B is the price one has to'pay to ensure fairness in administrative action. And
this fairness can be ensured by adherence to the expended notice of rule
of natural justice. Therefore, where a statute confers wide powers on an
administrative authority coupled with wide discretion, the possibility of its
arbitrary use can be controlled or checked by insisting on their being
C exercised in a manner which can be said to be procedurally fair. Rules of
natural justice are, therefore, devised for ensuring fairness and promoting
satisfactory decision-making. Where the statute is silent and a contrary
intention cannot be implied the requirement of the applicability of the rule
of natural justice is read into it to ensure fairness and to protect the action
from the charge of arbitrariness. Natural justice has thus secured a foothold
D to supplement enacted law by operating as an implied mandatory require-
ment thereby protecting it from the vice of arbitrariness. Courts presume
this requirement in all its width as implied unless the enactment supplies
indications to the contrary as in the present case. This Court in A.K.
Kraipak v. Union of India, AIR (1970) SC 150 = [1970] SCR 456 after
referring to the observations in State of Orissa v. Dr. (Miss) Binapani Dei,
E (1967] 2 SCR 625 observed as under :

"The aim of the rules of natural justice is to secure justice or to
put it negatively to prevent miscarriage of justice. These rules can
operate only in areas not covered by any law validly made. In other
F words they do not supplant the law of the land but supplement it".

These observations make it clear that if the statute, expressly or by neces-
sary implication omits the application of the rule of natural justice, the
statute will not be invalidated for this omission on the ground of arbitrari-
ness.
G
In Union of India v. J.N. Sinha & Ors., [1971] 1 SCR 791 the question
regarding the applicability of the rules of natural justice in the context of
President's order under Rule 56 G) of the Fundamental Rules to compul-
sorily retire the respondent from Government service was considered.
H After 'pointing out that a Government servant serving under the Union of
R.L.YADAV(DR.) v.STATEOFBIHAR[AHMADl,J.) 247

India holds his office at the pleasure of the President, the Court proceeded A
to observe that rules of natural justice are not embodied rules nor can they
be elevated to the position of fundamental rights. Quoting, with approval, ·
the observations in Kraipak's case extracted .earlier, the Court proceeded
to observe as under :

"It is true that if a statutory provision can be read consistently with B
the principles of nature justice, the courts should do so because it
must be presumed that the legislatures and the statutory authorities
intend to act in accordance with the principles of natural justice.
But if on the other hand a statutory provision either specifically or
by necessary implication excludes the application of any or all the C
principles of natural justice then the court cannot ignore the mandate
of the legislature or the statutory authority and read into the con-
cerned provision the principles of natural justice. Whether the exer-
cise of a power conferred should be made in accordance with any
of the principles of natural justice or not depends upon the express D
words of the provision conferring the power, the nature of the
power CO';'ferred, the purpose of which it is conferred and effect
of the exercise of that power." (Emphasis supplied)

The Court held that Rule 56G) did not in tetms require that any oppor-
tunity should be given to the concerned Government servant to show E
before his compulsory retirement. Under that rule the appropriate
authority had the absolute right to retire a Government servant if it was of
the opinion that public interest so demanded. I{ the authority bona fide
forms such an opinion, the correctness of that opinion can not be assailed
before court, though it may be open to the Government servant to contend F
that no such requisite opinion was in fact formed or that decision was based
on collateral considerations or was arbitrary in character. This Court did
not read the requirement of the principles of natural justice in the rule
permitting compulsory retirement as in the opinion of the court compulsory
retirement did not entail loss of retrial benefits.
G
This concept was examined in greater detail in Swadeshi Cotton Mills
& Ors. v. Union of India & Ors., [1~81] 1 SCC 664. Sarkaria, J. speaking
for the majority reviewed the cases on the subject, approved the observa-
tion made in Kraipak's case aod reiterated in the case of J.N. Sinha,
extracted hereinbefore, aod then proceeded to add as_ under : H
248 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. l S.C.R.

A "We have already noticed that the statute conferring the power,
can by express language exclude its application. Such cases do not
present any difficulty. However, difficulties arise when the statute
conferring the power does not expressly exclude this rule but its
exclusion is sought b_y implication due to the presence of certain
factors : such as, urgency, where the obligation to give notice and
B taking of prompt action of preventive or remedial nature."

Pointing out there was no· consensus of judicial opinion 'whether mere
urgency of a decision is a· practical consideration which would uniformly
justify non-observance of even· an abridged form of this principle of natural
C justice, the learned Judge referred to the observations of Krisbna. Iyer, J.
in Mohinder Singh Gill v.Election Commissioner of India, [1978) 1 SCC 405
at 439 that even in cases where immediate action was imperative it was not
necessary to side step the rule of natural justice because "natural justice is
pragmatically flexible and is amenable to capsulation under the compulsive
pressure of circumstances". The learned Judge then concludes that plain
D reading of Section 18AA of the Industries (Development & Regulation)
Act, 1951 makes it clear that it does not exclude the application of the rule
of natural justice at the pre-decisional stage. It is here that Chinnappa
Reddy, J. dissented. After referring to the ratio in Kraipak & J.N. Sinha's
case, the learned Judge observed as under :
E
"The implication of natural justice being presumptive it may be
·excluded by express words of statute or by necessary intendment.
Where the conflict is between the public interest and the private
interest, the presumption must necessarily be weak and may, there-
fore, be readily displaced. The presumption is also weak where
F what are involved are mere property rights. In case of urgency,
particularly where the public interest is involved, pre-emptive
action may be a strategic necessity. There may then be no question
of observing natural justice. Even in cases of pre-emptive action,
if the statute so provides or if the courts so deem fit in appropriate
G cases, a postponed hearing may be substituted for natural justice."

Thereafter referring to the language of section 18AA, the learned Judge
observed:

"Where an express provision in the statute itself provides for a
H post-decisional hearing the other provisions of the statute will have
R.L.YADAV(DR.) v.STATEOFBIHAR[AHMADl,J.] 249

to be read in the light of such provision and the provision for A
post-decision hearing may then clinch the issue where pre-
decisional natural justice appears to be excluded on the other
terms of the statute."

Therefore, the learned judge differed with the majority on the limited B
question whether under Section 18AA the requirement of natural justice
could be met by a post-decisional hearing. There was no difference of
opinion so far as the ratio laid down in the cases of Kraipak & J.N. Sinha
was concerned. Even though the majority came to the conclusion the order
was null and void, it refrained from striking it down on the assurance of
the Learned Solicitor General that the Central Government will give full C
and effective hearing on all aspects touching the validity and/or correctness
of the order and/or action of take-over within a reasonable time.

What emerges from the above discussion is that unless the law
expressly or by necessary implication excludes the application of the rule D
of natural justice, courts will read the said requirement in enactments that
are silent and insist on its application even in cases of administrative action
having civil consequences. However, in· this case, the High Court has,
having regard to the legislative history, concluded that the deliberate
omission of the proviso that existed in sub-section (7) of Section 10 of the
Ordinance (1980) while re-enacting the said sub-section in the Act, unmis- E
takably reveals the legislature's intendment to exclude the rule of giving an
opportunity to be heard before the exercise of power of removal. The
legislative history leaves nothing to doubt that the legislature did not expect
the State Government to seek the incumbent's explanation before exercis-
ing the power of removal under the said provision. We are in complete p
agreement with the High Court's view in this behalf.

The Act contemplates the setting up of a Board with perpetual.
succession and a common seal comprising a Chairman and four Members
possessing certain qualifications set out in sub-section (4) of Section 10. G
The remuneration to be paid to them has been indicated in sub-section (5)
and sub-section (6) indicates the maximum terms or duration of appoint-
ment. According to that sub-section the term of office of the Chair-
man/Member shall be three years from the date of taking charge or during
the pleasure of the State Government. On a plain reading of the said
sub-section it becomes immediately clear that the initial tenure will not H
250 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A exceed three years but this shall be during the pleasure of the State
Government means that the State Government shall have. the rigl;it to
curtail the tenure to less than three years also. If it does not do so and if
ihe incumbent completes the full tenure of three years, the State Govern·
ment may extend the term for such period as it deems appropriate so,
B however, that the total period shall not exceed six years. Therefore, neither
the Chairman nor the Members have any right to continue for three years.
A contrary interpretation would clearly violate the letter and spirit of the
law. True it is that the said sub·section could have been better worded but
in our view the language does convey the legislative purpose quite clearly.
C Sub·section (7) then states that if the State Government is satisfied that the
Chairman/Member is incapable of working or refuses to work or works in
a manner detrimental to the interest of the Board, it may by notification
remove such Chairman/Member by giving him one month's written notice
or one month's pay in lieu of notice with effect from the date of the
notification. It is obvious from the plain language of this sub-section that
D the underlying idea is that the power may be exercised in public interest,
that is, to protect that statutory Board from harm that may be caused to it
by Chairman/Member who is incapable of working or who refuses to work
or conducts himself in a manner injurious to the Board's interest. The
matter is left to the subjective satisfaction of the State Government which
E subjective satisfaction must be reached on relevant material on record and
not on the whim and sweetwill of the Government. The power cannot be
exercised unless relevant material is placed before the State Government
on the basis of which the State Government as a reasonable person is able
to conclude that one or more of the conditions mentioned in the sub-sec·
lion exists and therefore, it is necessary to exercise power of removal to
F
safeguard the Board from harm. The power is clearly coupled wi\h the twin
duty, firstly to ensure that circumstances do exist for the exercise of the
power of removal of the Chairman or Meniber, as the case may be, and
secondly to safeguard the institution from harm that may be caused by the
continuance of such Chairman or Member on the Board. In the ultimate
G analysis the power has to be exercised in public interest and for public good
because the State Government is duty bound to protect the image and
credibility of the Board so that people's faith in the Board is not taken. Of
course, if the State Government exercises the power vested in it under the
said snb- section and if the exercise of such power is challenged in Court,
H the ,State Government wi!Lhave to satisfy the Court that it exercised the
J"
R.L. YADAV(DR.) v. STATEOFBIHAR[AHMADI,J.] 251

power bona fide and on material relevant to establishing the existence of A
the factual situation necessary for exercise of the said power. That can at
best the extent of judicial scrutiny. The High Court did examine the
material on which the State Government's decision for removal was
founded, vide paragraph 51A of the judgment, and came to the conclusion
that there was justification for the exercise of power and , therefore, the B
State Government was justified in ordering removal. Sim1larly, the High
Court also examined the allegation of ma/a fides in paragraphs 52 and 53
of the judgment and spurned the said charge. These decisions of the High
Court are based on the assessment of facts and ordinarily this Court is
loathe to re-evalute the same unless it is shoWii ·.that the High court's
appreciation of facts has resulted in imscarriage of justice. No such case is C
made out. We, therefore, see no reason to interfere with the High Court's
assessment on both these points. There being no serious infirmity in the
High Court's evaluation of the factual data, we see no reason to dilate on
the said points. · . ·

In view of the above, we see no merit in this appeal and disiniss the D
same with no order as to costs._

T.N.A. Appeal dis#ssed.
. . .··

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