Holding

Defects in the affidavit are curable and non‑compliance with Rule 2(b) does not attract dismissal under Section 86(1); therefore the appeal is dismissed.

Summary

In the 1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, the appellant was declared elected and the defeated respondent filed an election petition alleging corrupt practices. The petition and its supporting affidavit were drafted in Hindi, contrary to the High Court Rule requiring English, and the affidavit was not in the prescribed Form No.25 under Section 83(1) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. The appellant sought dismissal of the petition at the threshold under Section 86(1) on these grounds, but the High Court rejected the objections. The Supreme Court held that a defect in the affidavit is curable and does not trigger dismissal under Section 86(1), and that, pursuant to the Governor’s notification under Article 348(2) of the Constitution, an election petition may be filed in Hindi, making non‑compliance with Rule 2(b) non‑fatal. Consequently, the appeal was dismissed and the election petition allowed to proceed.

Issues considered

The defect in the affidavit, not being in the prescribed form under Section 83(1), is a fatal defect warranting dismissal under Section 86(1).
Whether an election petition drafted in Hindi, contrary to Rule 2(b) of the Madhya Pradesh High Court Rules, can be dismissed under Section 86(1).
The substantive versus procedural nature of High Court Rules and their interaction with Article 348(2) of the Constitution.

Legislation cited

Code of Civil Procedures. Order 19 Rule 3, s. Order 6 Rule 15
Constitution of Indias. Article 225, s. Article 329(b), s. Article 348(1), s. Article 348(2)
Representation of the People Act, 1951s. 107, s. 81, s. 82, s. 83, s. 86

Subjects

election petitioncorrupt practiceaffidavit defectlanguage of petitionHindiSection 86Section 83Article 348procedural rulescurable defect

Judgment

DR. VIJA Y LAXMI SADHO A
v.
JAG DISH

JANUARY 5. 2001

[DR. A.S. ANAND CJ., R.C. LAHOTI AND SHlVARAJ V. PATIL, JJ.] B

Election laws:

Representation of the People Act, 1951:
c
Section 83 and 86-Election-Election petition-Maintainability of-
Corrupt practice-Affidavit in support of-Not drawn -up in prescribedform-
Dismissal ofpetition in limine on this ground-Permissibility of-Held: Defect
in affidavit is a curable one-Hence, petition not liable to be dismissed in
limine-Any consequences arising from such 'defective' affidavit have to be D
judged at the trial of the election petition-But S.86(/) not attracted to such
a case.

Madhya Pradesh High Court rules: Rule 2(b).

Election petition-Drawn-up in Hindi language-Maintainability of- E
Rules stipulated every election petition to be drawn-up in English language-
State Government, by a notification issued by the Governor with the previous
consent of the President, authorised Hindi for use in all proceedings of High
Court-High Court held that the election petition was maintainable-
Correctness of-Held. Rules relating to trial of election petitions are only F
procedural in nature and not 'substantive law '-Art. 348(2) permits use of
Hindi in High Court-R.2(b) cannot render Art. 348(2) meaningless-Hence,
election petition can be filed in Hindi language and it cannot be dismissed
at the threshold under S.86-Constitllfion of India, 1950, Arts. 225, 229 and
348-Practice and Procedure.
G
The respondent (defeated candidate) filed an election petition before the
t High Court challenging the election of the appellant (returned candidate) on
grounds of corrupt practice. The election petition had been drawn-up in
Hindi Language. The affidavit filed in support of the election petition was
also drawn-up in Hindi language.
95 H
96 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] l S.C.R.

A The appellant raised preliminary objeCtions to the maintainability of
the election petition on the grounds that the affidavit was not drawn-up in the -f
manner prescribed by Section 83(1) of the Representation of the People Act,
1951 which was a fatal defect; that the election petition was not drawn-up in
the English language as required by Rule 2(b) of the Madhya Pradesh High
Court Rules; and that the election petition was liable to be dismissed in
B limine under Section 86(1) of the Act for non-compliance with the provisions
of Section 83 of the Act. The High Court rejected the preliminary objections.
Hence this appeal.

Dismissing the appeal, the Court
c HELD: I. I. An election petition is liable to be dismissed in limine
under Section 86(1) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 only
if the election petition does not comply with either the provisions of 'Section
81 or Section 82 or Section 107 of the Act'. The requirement of filing an
affidavit along with an election petition, in the prescribed form, in support
D of allegations of corrupt practice is contained in Section 83(1) of the Act.
Thus an election petition is not liable to be dismissed in limine under
Section 86 of the Act, for alleged non-compliance with the provisions of
Section 83(1) of the Act or of its proviso. What other consequences, if any,
may follow from an allegedly 'defective' affidavit, is to be judged at the trial
of an election petition, but Section 86(1) of the Act in terms cannot be
E attracted to such a case. (99-C-Df

1.2. The defect in verification of an affidavit is curable and does not
merit dismissal of an election petition in Ii mine under Section 86(1) of the
Act. (100-CI
F F.A. Sapa v. Singora, (1991) 3 SCC 375 and H.D. Revanna v.
G. Pultaswamy Gowda, (1999) 2 SCC 217, relied on.

2.1. Rules framed by the High Court relating to trial of election petitions
are only procedural in nature and do not constitute "substantive law". Those
G Rules have to be read along with other statutory provisions to appreciate the
consequences of non-compliance with the High Court Rules. (102-EJ

2.2. A Notification issued by the Governor of Madhya Pradesh, in
exercise of the powers conferred by Article 348(2) of the Constitution of
India, with the previous consent of the President of India, authorised the use
H of Hindi language in all proceedings of the High Court other than for
DR. V.L. SADHO v. JAG DISH [DR. A.S. ANAND, CJ.] 97

- drawing-up decrees, orders and judgments of the High Court, subject to
certain conditions. Under the said Notification, appeals, petitions etc. could
thus be presented in the High Court of Madhya Pradesh drawn-up in the
Hindi language, not with.standing the provisions of High Court Rules. Rule
A

2(b) of the High Court Rules has to be read along with the Notification issued
by the Governor under Article 348(2) of the Constitution and when so B
construed, it follows that an election petition may be filed in Hindi language
and it cannot be dismissed at the threshold under Section 86 of the Act for
alleged non-compliance with Rule 2(b) of the Madhya Pradesh High Court
Rules. 1103-B-C-D]

Prabhu Narayan v. A.K. Srivastava, 11975] 3 SCC 788, relied on. C
Mahadeolal Kanodia v. Administrator - General WB., jl9601 3 SCR
578, referred to.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2720 of
2000.
D
From the Judgment and Order dated 4.2.2000 of the Madhya Pradesh
High Court in E.P.No. 21of1999.

G.L. Sanghi, Farukh Rashid, Promila S. Kumar, Ashok Kumar Gupra for
the Appellant. E
A.K. Chitale and Niraj Sharma for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

DR. A.S. ANAND, CJ, This appeal by special leave is directed against
an order of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh dated 4th February, 2000 F
rejecting applications (I.A. Nos. 2806/99 and 5957/99) filed by the appellant,
the returned candidate, seeking rejection of an election petition filed by the
respondent challenging his election on various grounds contained in those
applications.
G
In the elections to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly, held in
1998, the appellant was declared elected from Assembly Constituency No.
290, Maheshwar. The defeated candidate (Respondent herein) filed an election
petition challenging his election on various grounds of commission of corrupt·
practices, detailed in paragraphs 5 to 17 of the election petition. The election
petition had been drawn-up in Hindi language. The affidavit filed in support H
98 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [200 I) I S.C.R.

A of the election petition was also drawn up in Hindi language.
The main objection projected by the appellant in IA 2806/99 to the -f
·-
maintainability of the election petition was that since the affidavit filed in
support of allegations of corrupt practice was not drawn up in the manner
prescribed by Section 83( I) of the Representation of the People Act, I 951
B (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') read with Rule 94-A (hereinafter 'the
Rules') in the prescribed form No.25, the defect was fatal and the election
petition was liable to be dismissed under Section 86(1) of the Act for non-
compliance with the provisions of Section 83 of the Act.

The precise objection raised in I.A. No.5957 of 1999 was to the effect
C that since election petition had been drawn-up in Hindi language and not
English language the same was liable to be dismissed not having been
drawn up in English language as required by Rule 2(b) of the Madhya
Pradesh High Court Rules (hereinafter referred to as 'the High Court Rules').
Both applications were resisted by the election petitioner. Vide order dated
D 4th February, 2000 a learned Single Judge of the High Court rejected b th
applications.

Mr. G.L. Sanghi, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant,
submitted that there was material difference between the verification of the
affidavit filed in support of the election petition and the verification of the ~
E election petition which rendered the election petition defective and thus liable
to be dismissed. Elaborating the objection, it was submitted that in the
affidavit dated I Ith January, 1999 filed along with the election petition in
paragraph KA, the election petitioner had verified the facts relating to
commission of corrupt practice stated in paragraphs 5 to 17 of the petition
as true to his "personal knowledge" but in paragraph KHA of the same
F affidavit, the election petitioner had verified the contents of same paragraphs
5 to 17 of the election petition as being based on "information received by
him". It was submitted that this variation in verifying the same facts, both on
"personal knowledge" and on "information received", being self-contradictory,
rendered the affidavit as "no affidavit" in the eye of law and such a defective
G affidavit could not be taken into account for trying allegations of corrupt
practice in an election petition and, therefore, the election petition was liable
to be dismissed in limine under Section 86 of the Act.

A peru>al of the record reveals that the election petitioner had later on,
(possibly to meet the objection regarding defective affidavit) filed an additional
H affidavit in support of th;) allegations of corrupt practice verifying the facts
DR. V.L. SADHO v. JAGDISH [DR. A.S. ANAND, CJ.) 99

stated in paragraphs 5 to 17 as based on his 'personal knowledge' and not A
on the basis of 'information received' from any other source. That affidavit
appears to have been taken on record.

According to learned ~ounsel for the respondent on the other hand,
none of the grounds raised by the appellant in both the applications could
warrant dismissal of an election petition under Section 86 (I) of the Act and B
the High Court thus rightly dismissed both the applications.

We have given our thoughtful consideration to the submissions made
at the bar and for what follows we are unable to persuade ourselves to agree
with the submissions of learned counsel for the appeliant.
c
An election petition is liable to be distnissed in limine under Section
86(1) of the Act only if the election petition does not comply with either
the provisions of 'Section 81 or Section 82 or Section 107 of the Act'. The
requirement of filing an affidavit along with an election petition, in the prescribed
form, in support of allegations of corrupt practice is contained in Section 83(1) D
of the A_ct. Thus an election petition is not liable to be dismissed in limine
under Section 86 of the Act, for alleged non-compliance with provisions of
Section 83(1) of the Act or of its proviso. What other consequences, if any,

- -. may follow from the an allegedly 'defective' affidavit, is to be judged at the
trial of an election petition but Section 86( 1) of the Act in terms cannot be
attracted to such a case. E
In F.A. Sapa and others v. Singora and others, [1991] 3 SCC 375, a
three Judge Bench of this Court specifically dealt with an issue concerning
defects in the verification of an election petition as well as of defects in
the affidavit accompanying an election petition wherein allegations of con-upt F
practice are made. After considering the provisions of Sections 83 and 86
of the Act, as also the requirements of Form No. 25 prescribed by Rule 94-
A of the Rules and relevant provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, it
was held :

"From the text of the relevant provisions of the R.P. Act, Rule 94-A G
and Form 25 as well as Order 6 Rule 15 and Order 19 Rule 3 of the
Code and the resume of the case law discussed above it clearly
emerges (i) a defect in the verification, if any, can be cured (ii) it is
not essential that the verification clause at the foot of the petition or
the affidavit accompanying the same should disclose the grounds or
sources of information in regard to the averments or allegations H
JOO SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] I S.C.R.

A which are based on information believed to be true· (iii) if the respondent
desires better particulars in regard to such averments or allegations,
he may call for the same in which case the petitioner may be required
to supply the same and (iv) the defect in the affidavit in the prescr
bed Form 25 ca11 be cured ........ "

B This judgment was followed by a Division Bench of this Court in
H.D. Revanna v. G. Puttaswamy Gowda and others, [1999] 2 SCC 217.

We are in respectful agreement with the view expressed in F.A. Sapa's
case (supra) and in view of settled law the conclusion becomes irresistible
C that defect in verification of an affidavit is curable and does not merit
dismissal of an election petition in /imine under Section 86 (I) of the Act.
The learned Single Judge of the High Court was, therefore, perfectly justified
in dismissing I.A. No.2806 of 1999.

This now takes us to consideration of the objections raised in I.A.
D No.5957 of 1999 seeking dismissal of the election petition on the ground
that the election petition and the affidavit filed in support thereof had been
drawn-up in Hindi language and not in English language. The argument
raised in the High Court and reiterated at the Bar before us by Mr. Sanghi
is that Rule 2(b) of the High Court Rules provides that every election
petition shall be written in English language and since the election petition
E filed by the respondent was written in Hindi and not English language, the
same was liable to be dismissed for non-compliance with the said rule, in
/imine.

The Madhya Pradesh High Court has framed Rules for trial of election
F petitions under Article 225 of the Constitution. Under Rule 9 thereof it is
provided that the Rules of the High Court shall apply, in so far as they are
not inconsistent with the Repre sentation of the People Act, 1951 or the
rules, if any, made thereunder or the Civil Procedure Code in respect of all
matters. The import of Rule 9 (supra) was considered in Prabhu Narayan v.
A.K. Srivastava, [ 1975] 3 SCC 788, and this Court opined:
G
"Moreover, it appears to us that the provisions of Rule 9 of the
Madhya Pradesh High Court Rules regarding the election petitions
framed by the Madhya Pradesh High Court by reference to Rule 7
of the Madhya Pradesh High Court Rules found in Chapter III regarding
affidavits cannot be made use of for this purpose. The former set of
H rules are made under Article 225 of the Constitution and cannot
DR. V.L. SADHO v. JAG DISH [DR. A.S. ANAND. CJ.] 101

make any substaniive law and the rules themselves on a perusal of A
----- them would show that they relate merely to procedural mailers
unlike rules made under Section 122 of the Code of Civil Procedure."
(Emphasis supplied)

Rejecting the preliminary objection to the maintainability of the election petition B
for non-compliance with the High Court Rules, in Prabhu Narain 's case this
Court held :

"Further more according to Section 86 of the Representation of People
Act only petition which do not comply with the provision of Sections
81 or 82 or I I 7 are liable to be dismissed. We, therefore, over-rule the C
preliminary objection."

To appreciate the effect of non-compliance with Rule 2(b) of the High
Court Rules, it is appropriate to notice some of the relevant statutory provisions
at this stage.
D
Rule 2 of the High Court Rules provides:

"2. Every Election petitions shall be -

(a) typewritten or printed fairly and legibly on white foolscap size
paper of reasonable quality, one side of the paper only being E
used, leaving a quarter margin on the left and at least I/2 inches
open space on the top and bottom of each sheet;
(b) written in the English language, numbering separately the
paragraph thereof;
(c) couched in proper language, and in conformity with sections 81, F
82 and 83 of the Representation of the People ~ct, I 951."
Article 329(b) Jays down:
"329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters -
(a) Ci
(b) no election to either House of Parliament or to the House or
either House of the Legislature of a State shall be called in
question except by an election petition presented to such
authority and in such manner as may be provided for by or
under any law made by the appropriate Legislature." H
102 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] 1 S.C.R.
. ,.
A Article 348 ( 1) provides : ·

"348. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High
Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc. (I) Notwithstanding anything in the
foregoing provisions of this Part, until Parliament by law otherwise
provides-
B
(a) all proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High Court

shall be in the English language."

Article 348(2) provides as follows:-
c
"Notwithstanding anything in sub-clause I a) of clause (/), the
Governor of a State may, with the previous consent of the President,
authorise the use of the Hindi language, or any other language used
for any official purposes of the State, in proceedings in the High
Court having its principal seat in that State:
D
Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to any judgment.
decree or order passed or made by such High Court.

Rules framed by the High Court relating to trial of election petitions
are only procedural in nature and do not constitute "substantive law". Those
E Rules have to be read alongwith other statutory provisions to appreciate the
consequences of non-complia nee with the High Court Rules. Article 329(b)
mandates that no election to either House of Parliament or to either House
ofthe State Legislature can be called in question except through an election
petition presented to such authority and in such mannr as is provided for by
F or under any law made by the legislature. Section 81 of the Act deals with
the presentation of an election petition while Section 82 deals with parties
to the election petition and Section 83 with contents of such a petition.

Article 348 expressly deals with the language to be used in the Supreme
Court and tile High Courts and lays down in Article 348 (I) (a) that all
G proceedings in the Supreme Court and every High Court shall be in the
English language. Article 348(2) (supra ), however, carves out an exception
to the above general rule.

The non-abstante clause with which Article 348(2) opens, unmistakably
shows that the Governor of a State, with the previous consent of the President
H may authorize the use of Hindi or any other language in proceedings in the
DR. V.L. SADHO v. JAG DISH [DR. A.S. ANAND, CJ.] 103

High Court having its principal seat in that State, save and except that A
"judgment, decree or order passed or made by such High Court", shall be in
the English language as required by Article 348( I).

By a Notification dated 18th September, 1971 issued by the Governor
of Madhya Pradesh, in exercise of the powers conferred by clause (2) of
Article 348 of the Constitution of India, with the previous consent of the B
President of India, authorised the use of Hindi language in all proceedings
of the High Court other than for drawing up decrees, orders and judgments
of the High Court, subject to certain conditions. Under the said Notification,
appeals, petitions etc. could thus, be presented in the High Court of Madhya
Pradesh drawn-up in the Hindi language, notwithstanding the provisions of C
High Court Rules. Rule 2(b) of the High Court Rules cannot be so construed
as to render the constitutional provisions contained in Article 348(2) as
'meaningless'. Rule 2(b) of the High Court Rules has to be read along with
the Notification issued by the Governor on 18th September, 1971 under
Article 348(2) of the Constitution and when so construed, it follows that an
election petition may be filed in Hindi language and it cannot be dismissed D
at the threshold under Section 86 of the Act for alleged non-compliance with
Rule 2(b) of the High Court Rules.

---. The question whether an election petition drawn up in Hindi language
is maintainable or not came up for consideration before a learned Single Judge
of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh in Election Petition No. 9of1980 titled E
Devi/al slo. Shriram Khadav v. Kinkar Narmada Prasad and others. While
rejecting the challenge to the maintainability Of the election petition drawn up
in Hindi language, it was said :-

"Now it is true that Rule 2(b) of the aforesaid Rules does provide
that every election petition shall be written in the English language. F
But in the absence of any provision in the Act or the Rules made
thereunder, non compliance with Rule 2(b) of the aforesaid Rules
cannot be a ground for dismissal of the petition under Section 86 of
the Act."

A contrary view was, however, expressed by another Single Judge of
G
that High Court in Jai Bhansingh Pawaiya v. Shri Madhavrao Scindia. In this
case it was held that an election petition filed in Hindi language being
violative of Rule 2(b) of the Rules, relating to filing of election petitions,
was not maintainable and was liable to be dismissed under Section 86 of the
Act. The learned Single Judge opined : H
104 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] 1 S.C.R.

A "The Special Rules framed· by the High Court, in the circumstances,
taking into account the implications arising under Article 329(b) of
the Constitution of India read with Section 80 of the Representation
of the People Act, 1951, relating to election pet tions prescribing the
manner for presentation of the election petition by necessary
implication stand clothed with such a statutory character which could
B not be deemed to have been affected by an order relating to
authorization contemplated under Article 348 (2) of the Constitution
of India so as to take away statutory rigour of the Rules prescribing
a requirement of an election petition to be written in English language,
numbering separately the paragraphs thereof as provided in rule 2 of
C the aforesaid Rules relating to election petitions."

The interpretation placed on rule 2 of the High Court Rules, giving it
almost primacy over Article 348(2) of the Constitution, in Jai Bhansingh 's
case to our mind is fallacious. The learned single Judge appears to have lost
sight of the position that Rules framed by the High Court in exercis~ ~r
D powers under Article 225 of the Constitution of India are only rules of
procedure and do not constitute substantive law and those rules cannot
effect the import of constitutional provisions contained in Article 348(2) of the
Constitution. The high pedestal on which Rule 2(b) of the High Court Rules
has been placed in Jai Bhansingh 's case, not only violates clear constitutional
E provisions but also introduces a clause in Section 86 of the Act which does
not exist. The entire approach to consideration of the effect of the notification
issued under Article 348(2) appears to be erroneous. That apart, the defect
of not fling an election petition in accordance with Rule 2(b) of the Rules is
not one of the defects which falls either under Sections 81, 82 and 117 of the
Act so as to attract the rigour of Section 86 of the Act as rightly held in
F Devila/'s case (supra). Whether any other consequences may follow on
account of the alleged defects would depend upon other factors to be
determined at the trial of the election petition but to hold that Section 86(1)
of the Act would be attracted for non-compliance with Rule 2(b) of the High
Court Rules is not correct. The learned Single Judge of the High Court was
G right in rejecting application, I.A. No. 5957 of 1999 and holding that an
election petition filed by the respondent could not be dismissed under Section
86(1) of the Act for alleged non-compliance with Rule 2(b) of the... High
Court Rules relating to presentation of election petitions.

It appears that the earlier judgment of the learned Single Judge in
H Devila/'s case (supra) was brought to the notice of the learned Single Judge
DR. V.L. SADHO v. JAG DISH [DR. A.S. ANAND. CJ.] 105
hearing .Jai Bhansingh 's case. The learned Judge in the later case noticed the A
identical nature of the two cases, but did not share the view of the Bench
in Devila/'s case and a contrary view was expressed. It was observed:

"ft may be noticed that although like cases should be decided alike
but this principle is not in absolute rule nor of universal application.
It does admit exceptions. Where there is no discussion regarding B
applicability of the relevant statutory provisons and the decision has
been reached by a Bench in the absence of knowledge of a decision
binding on it or a statute and in either case it is shown that had the
Court had the said material before it. it must have reached a contrary
decision, it is cleary a case of a decision per inrnriam which has no C
binding effect. This principle does not extend to a case irhere if
different arguments had been placed before the said Bench or a
different material had been placed before it, it might have reached
a different conclusion. "
(Emphasis supplied)
D
We are unable ·to appreciate as to how the judgment in Devila/'s case
could be styled as "per incuriam''.

That apart, the ground on which the judgment in Devi/al's case (supra)
has been distinguished does not stand to reason. We have not been able to
appreciate the logic of the observations of the learned Single Judge in E
Devila/'s case (supra) that the controversy in .Jai Bhansingh 's case was
"quite different" and not confined to the applicability of section 86 of the Act
alone. A reference to paragraph 41 of the judgment in Jai Bhansingh' s case
dismissing the election petition in limine, brings out the fallacy of the
"difference", as perceived by the learned Single Judge. It was observed :
F
"In view of what has been indicated hereinabove, I have no hesitation
in holding that the present election petition as framed is no/ at afl
entertainable. Since even the limitation for filing a fresh election
petition in accordance with law and in the manner prescribed has also
run out, it is not possible or permissible to permit the petitioner to G
remove the defect in the presentation of the election petition, the
present election petition in the circumstances is not at all triable."
(Emphasis supplied)

How could it then be said that the controversy in the two cases was,
"different" is not understandable ? H
A
106 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [200 I] I S.C.R.

We are of the considered opinion "that the view expressed in Devila/'s
case was correct view of Jaw and the contrary view expressed in Jai
...
Bhansingh 's case does not lay down correct Jaw.

As the learned Single Judge was not in agreement with the view
expressed in Devila/'s case, it would have been proper, to maintain judicial
B discipline, to refer the matter to a larger Bench rather than to take a different
view. We note it with regret and distress that the said course was not
followed. It is well settled that if a Bench of coordinate jurisdiction disagrees
with another Bench of coordinate jurisdiction whether on the basis of
"different arguments" or otherwise, on a question of law, it is appropriate that
C the matter be referred to a larger Bench for resolution of the issue rather than
to leave two conflicting judgments to operate creating confusion. It is not
proper to sacrifice certainty of law. Judicial decorum, no less than legal
propriety forms the basis of judicial procedure and it must be respected at all
costs.

D Before parting with this aspect of the case, we wish to recall what was
opined in Mahadeolal Kanodia v. Administrator-General of W.B., [1960] 3
SCR 578 :

E
" .. .If one thing is more necessary in law than any other thing, it is
the quality of certainty. That quality would totally disappear if judges
of co-ordinate jurisdiction in a High Court start overruling one
-
another's decision. If one division bench of a High Court is unable
to distinguish a previous decision of another division bench, and
holding the view that the earlier decision is wrong, itself gives effect
to that view the result would be utter confusion. The position would
be equally bad where a Judge sitting singly in the High Court is of
F opinion that the previous decision of another single Judge on a
question of law is wrong and gives effect to that view instead of
referring the matter to a larger Bench. In such a case lawyers would
not know how to advise their clients and all courts subordinate to the
High Court would find themselves in an embarrassing position of
G having to choose between dissentient judgments of their own High
Court... "

These salutary principles appear to have been over looked by the
learned Judge deciding Jai Bhansingh 's case.

H Thus, for what we have said above, we are not persuaded to take a view
DR. V.L. SADHO v. .IAGDISH [DR.,A.S. ANAND, CJ.] 107

- different than the one· taken by the High Court in the present case. This A
appeal has no merits. It fails and is accordingly dismissed but with no order
as to costs.

We request the High Court to expeditiously dispose of the election
petition.
R