Supreme Court of India

ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIAversusDR. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY AND ANR.

Citation: 1996 INSC 569
Decided: 23 April 1996
Disposal: Disposed off
Bench: A M AHMADI

Holding

The Court held that the Chief Election Commissioner may recuse himself from giving the Election Commission’s opinion in a disqualification case where bias is alleged, and if the other Commissioners cannot reach a unanimous view, the doctrine of necessity allows him to express a majority opinion, but the preferred procedure is to convene the Commission, act as Chairman, and recuse himself unless his participation is indispensable.

Summary

The Election Commission of India appealed against a Madras High Court decision that had prohibited Chief Election Commissioner T.N. Seshan from expressing the Commission’s opinion on a disqualification petition against Chief Minister J. Jayalalitha, on grounds of alleged bias. The Supreme Court examined whether the Chief Election Commissioner must participate in giving the Commission’s opinion under Article 192(2) of the Constitution, whether the doctrine of necessity applies in a multi‑member Commission, and what procedure the Commission should follow when its members are divided. The Court held that the Governor must act on the Election Commission’s opinion, but the Chief Election Commissioner may recuse himself if a reasonable apprehension of bias exists; if the remaining Commissioners cannot reach a unanimous view, the doctrine of necessity permits the Chief Election Commissioner to give a majority opinion. Accordingly, the Court modified the High Court order, directing the Chief Election Commissioner to convene the Commission, act as Chairman, and recuse himself unless his participation is indispensable. The appeal was dismissed.

Issues considered

Whether the Chief Election Commissioner can be compelled to participate in forming the Election Commission's opinion on a disqualification matter despite a reasonable apprehension of bias.
Whether the doctrine of necessity applies to a multi‑member Election Commission where the Chief Election Commissioner is alleged to be biased.
Whether the opinion of the Election Commission is binding on the Governor under Article 192(2) of the Constitution.
What procedure the Election Commission must follow to reach an opinion when its members are divided.

Legislation cited

Representation of the People Act, 1951s. 146, s. 9A

Subjects

disqualificationbiasdoctrine of necessityElection CommissionArticle 192Governornatural justicemulti‑member bodyrecusal

Judgment

ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA A
v.
DR. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY AND ANR.

APRIL 23, 1996
B
[A yl. AHMADI, CJ, N.P. SINGH AND B.N. KIRPAL, J.1.j

Constitution of India-A1ticles 191(l)(e) & 191(2)-Representation of
the People Act, 1951-Section 146-Disqulification-Govemor alone must
decide the issue raised-T71is decision nzust be taken after obtaining opinion
of Election Conunission-When Election Conunission is a niulti 111e1nber c
body-Allegations of bias against Chief Election ConunissionC1--Procedure
to be follo1ved by the Election Conunission in reaching a decision.

Doctrines-Doctline of necessity-Explained,
D
Respondent filed a petition to the State Governor under Article 192
of the Constitution alleging that the Chief Minister of the State of Tamil
Nadu elected to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu in the General
Elections held in June 1991 had incurred a disqualification of being a
member of the Legislative Assembly of the State, in that, she being a
partner in a partnership fi'rm had entered into a contract with lhe State E
Government which contract was subsisting on the date of the petition, in
view of sub-clause (e) of clause (1) of Article 191 of the Constitution read
with Section 9A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Thereupon
the Chief Minister tiled two Writ Petitions, the first for a writ of prohibi-
tion against the then Chief Election Commissioner not to deal with the F
petition forwarded to him by the Governor as she had a reasonable
apprehension that he ~'as biased in favour of the respondent ai:td the
second for a declaration that she had not incurred the disqualification as
alleged by the respondent. Single Judge of the High Court allowed the first
•>r.it petition holding that the evidence placed on record established that
the petitioner's apprehension that the Chief Election Commissioner might G
not be able to take an impartial view because of his strong bias in favour
of the respondent could not be said to be misplaced or unreasonable,
respondent's wife being the lawyer of the Chief Election Commissioner in
the suit filed by him in Bombay Court. It was held that it would be just,
fair and proper to issue a writ of prohibition to refrain from expressing H
637
638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996J SUPP. l S.C.R.

A any opinion on the petition alleging disc1ualification, since at the relevant
time the Election Commission was a one member body; that while the
principles of natural justice may have to yield in favour of the doctrine of
necessity, it was not obligatory to invoke that doctrine in the case on hand,
since it was permissible under Article 324 of the Constitution to appoint
an additional Election Commissioner, who, if appointed would constitute
B an alternative forum for dealing with the matter. Dismissing the second
writ petition, it was held that though the decision on the issue of dis-
c1ualification lay within the exclusive domain of the Governor, the then
Chief Minister had not incurred the alleged diSCJUalification.

C In appeal, the Division Bench of the High Court held that the
question of disqualification was within the exclusive domain of the Election
Commission; that on the facts and circumstances of the case the then Chief
Minister would he justified in entertaining a reasonable appreshension of
bias or at least the likelihood of bias on the part of the Chief Election
Commissioner in favour of the respondent and consequently a reasonable
D doubt the she would not get a fair hearing from the Election Commission;
that in view of the appointment of two Election Commissioners after the
promulgation of the Ordinance No. 32 of 1993 which was converted into
the Act and in view of Sections 9 and 10 introduced in the Chief Election
Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Conditions of Service)
E Act, 1991, the doctrine of necessity could not be applied since the decision
could be taken by the Election Commission if need be by majority.

This appe"I had been filed by the Election Commission of India and
the Chief Election Commissioner against the decision of the Division
F Bench of the High Court. The limited question raised for consideration
was regarding the participation of the Chief Election Commissioner in
decision-making having regard to the alleg-Jtion of bias made against him.

The appellant stated that he was not in the least keen to participate
in the decision making in view of the findings recorded by the High Court
G but he honestly believed that he was duty bound to decide the issue referred
to him and if he refused to do so he would be failing to discharge his
constitutional obligation; that even after the Election Commission was
converted into a multi-member body w.e.f. 1.10.1993, the position in law
remained unaltered because the Constitution does not conceive of an
H Election Commission without a Chief Election Commissioner, as the use
ELECTION COMMN. OF INDIA v. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY 639

of the word 'and' after the words 'Chief Election Commissioner' and the A
word 'other' preceding the words 'Election Commission' indicate that the
constitution makers visualised the existence of the Chief Election Commis-
sioner at all times.

The Chief Minister of the State contended that as the facts revealed
that there was unity and identity of interest between the respondent, his
B
wife and the Chief Election Commissioner, the participation of the Chief
Election Commissioner in the decision making process would be in breach
of the principles of natural justice and that the doctrine of necessity can
have no play, because in the case of a multi-member body, the person, be
he the Chief Election Commissioner or an Election Commissioner, against C
whom the charge of bias is estaMished ought to excuse himself from the
proceedings so that the decision taken is not rendered vulnerable and the
apprehension of prejudice is totally removed.

Disposing of the appeal, this Court D

HELD : 1.1. On a conjoint reading of the two clauses of Article 192
of the Constitution it is clear that once a question of the type mentioned
in the first clause is referred to the Governor, the Governor and the
Governor alone must decide it but this decision must be taken after
obtaining the opinion of the Election Commission and the decision which E
is made final is that decision which the Governor has taken in accordance
with the opinion of the Election Commission. In effect and substance the
decision of the Governor must depend on the opinion of the Election
Commission and none else, not even the Council of Ministers. Thus the
opinion of the Election Comntission is decisive since ihe iinal order \\'Ot!ld F
be based solely on that opinion. Article 192(2) of the Constitution expects
that the Governor 'shall obtain' the opinion rJf 'the Election Co1nmission'
and 'shall act' according: to such opinion in giving his decision on the
question of disqualification raised before him. Obtaining the opinion of
the Election Cornmission is, therefore, imperative. It is e<1ualiy imperative
for the Governor to act according to such opinion. Thus, the opinion of G
the Election Commission is decisive of the decision to be taken by the
Governor. Obviously, the Election Commission referred to in Article
192(2) of the Constitution would be the one appointed under Article 324(2)
of the Constitution. This Article in terms provides that the Election
Con1mission shall consist of the Chief Election Connnissioner and such I-I
640 SUPRE\1E COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A number of' other Election Commissioners as the President any fix from
time to time. Therefore, the Chief Election Comnlissioner is a must
whether it is a single-member or multi-member body. In case of' a multi-
member body, Article 324(3) expects him to act as the Chairman of that
body. Section 146 of the Representation of the Peoples Act outlines the
procedure to be followed in deciding the question arising under Article 192.
B
That procedure is the one a ci:vil court follows in deciding matters brought
before it. Section 9A was introduced in the Act to empower the Election
Commission to delegate some of its functions to the Secretary or Deputy
Election Commissioner, subjtct to such direction as the Election Commis-
sion may choose to give. But it \Vas only routine matter that can be
c delegated under this provision. [647-D-E; 651-H; 652-A-B]

1.2. This Cou1·t is quite t:onscious of the high oflice the Chief Election
Commissioner occupies. Ordinarily this Court would be loathe to uphold
the submission of bias but having regard to the \ride ramification the
D opinion of the Election Com 1nissioner \\'ould haYe on the future of the
Chief J\ilinister the opinion, Vt'hatever it be, should not be vulnerable. The
participation of the Chief Election Co1nmissioner in the backdrop of the
findings recorded by the Single Judge as well as the Division Bench of the
High Court would certainly permit an argument of prejudice, should the
opinion be adverse to the Chi~f l\.1inister. Therefore, apart from the legal
E aspect, even prudence demands that Chief Election Commissioner should
recuse himself from expressing any opinion in the matter. [654-D-F]

1.3. The doctrine of necessity makes it huperative for the authority
to decide and considerations of' judicial propriety must yield. It is often
F invoked in cases of bias where there is no other authority or Judge to
decide the issue. If the doctrine of necessity is not allowed full play in
certain unavoidable situations, it Vt'Otild in1pede the course of justice itself
and the defaulting party \\-'ould benefit thcrefrorn. If the choice i!-i bet\veen
o.tllowing a biased person tn act or to stifle the action altogether, the choice
G n1ust fall in favour of the forn1ier as it is the only way to promote decision-
111aking. Ir. the present case also if the rn·o Election Commissioners a~e
able to reach a unanimous decision, there is no need for the Chief Election
Commissioner to participate. llf not the doctrine of necessity may have to
be invoked. The proper course to follow is that the Chief Election Com-
H nlissioner should call a meeting of the Election Commission to adjudicate
ELECl'IOi\' COP.1i\1N. OF Ji\DIA I'. SUBRAMANl'/\N S\'.:Ar--1Y [AJ-li'..,.1AOL CJ.I 641

on the issue of dis(·1ualification on the grounds alleged by the respondent. ,.\
AJter calling the meeting he should act as the Chair1nan hut then ht" n1ay
recuse himself h)' announcing that he \'t'ould not participate in the forn1a-
tion of opinion. If the hvo Election Conunissioners reach a unanirnous
opinion, the (:J1ief Election Con1n1issioner \\'ill !1ave the opinion co1nn1uni-
cated to the (;overnor. If the hvo Election Co1111nissioncrs do not reach a B
unanimous decision in the n1at.ter of expressing: their opinion on the issue
referred to the Election Commission, it \\'otdd be necessary for the (]1ief
Election Comrnissioner to express his opinion on the doctrine of necessity. In
the special circu1nstances of this case this course of action \\'ould he the most
appropriate one to follow because if the hHJ Election Comrnissioners do not
agree, the doctrine of necessity would cornpel the Chief Election Conunis-
c
sioner to express his vie\l'S so that the majority opinion could be ccnnmuni-
cated tn the (iovcrnor to enable hin1 to take a decision in accordance
therewith as rec1uired by Article 192(1) of" the Constitution. [655-A-HJ

Brundaban v. Election Convnission, [1965] 3 SCR 53; Election (~0111- D
mission of India v. N.G. Ranga. [1979] I SCR 210 and T.N. Seshan v. 77ie
Union of India, [1995)4 SCC 611, relied on.

G1;11dley v. Barke1; (126) ER 875, referred to.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 504 (NC) E
of 1994.

From the Judgment and Order dated 15.11.93 of the Madras High
Court in W.A. No. 956 of 1993.

G.L. Sanghi and W.C. Chopra for the Appellants. F
Mrs. Roxna Swamy and Bharat Sangal for the Respondent No. 1.

\/.A. Bobde, E.C. Agra\vala, K.V'. \ 1iswanalhan, NJ:-.. Ni...:cta Aggar\Val,
Ms. Purnima Bhat Kak, Mahcsh Aggarwal, Atul Sharma and Sandecp
IV!ittal for the Respondent No. 2. G

M ukul M udgal for Intervenor.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

AHMADI, CJ. This is an appeal preferred by the Election Commis- H
642 SUPREME cm:RT REPORTS [1996] SUPP.1 S.C.R.

A sion of India and Shri T.N Seshan, the Chief Election Commissioner, (when
the former \Vas a single-member con1mission) against lhe decision of the
Division Bench of the High Court of Madras dated 15.11.1993 by which,
reversing the view taken by the learned single Judge of the High Court
dated 2.7.19'!3, it held that in view of the promulgation of Ordinance
(Ordinance '.'lo. 32 of 1993) the doctrine of necessity was no more attracted
B
and applicable in the facts and circumstances of the case. The question
raised in this appeal crises in the backdrop of the following facts :

Ms. J. J ayalalitha was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil
Nadu on the AIADMK ticket in the General Elections held in June 1991
C and on being elected as the leader of the party she was sworn-in as the
Chief Minister of the State. On 2. I0.1992, Dr. Subramanian Swamy
preferred a petition to the State Governor under Article 192 of the Con-
stitution of India alleging that the Chief Minister had incurred a dis-
qualification of being a member of the Legislative Assembly of the State,
in that, she being a partner in the partnership firm run in the name and
D style of Messrs Jaya Public1otions had entered into a contract with the State
Governn1ent and \vhich contract was subsisting on the date of the petition,
in view of sub-clause (e) of clause (l) of Article 191 of the Constitution
read with Section 9A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951
(hereinafter called 'the R.P. Act'). It would be advantageous to reproduce
E the said t\vo provisions at this stage :

"191(1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for
being, a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council
of a State -

F (a) ....... .

(b) ....... .

( c) ....... .

G (d) ········

( c) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.

Explanation - For the purposes of, this clause, a person shall not
be deemed to hold an office of profit under the Government of
H India or the Government of any State specified in the First
ELEC110N COMMN. OF INDIA"· SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY [AHMADI, CJ.] 643

Schedule by reason only that he is a Minister either for the Union A
or for such State."
11
9A. Disqualification of Government contracts, etc. - A person
shall be disqualified if, and for so long as, there subsists a contract
entered into by him in the course of his trade or business with the
appropriate Government for the supply of goods to, or for the B
execution of any works undertaken by, that Government.

Explanation - For the purposes of this section, where a contract
has been fully performed by the person by whom it has been
entered into with the appropriate Government, the contract shall
be deemed not to subsist by reason only of the fact that the
c
Government has not performed its part of the contract either
wholly or in part."

Since the Governor did not forward the petition to the Election Commis-
sion, Dr. Swamy moved a Writ Petition No. 942 of 1992 against the D
Governor for a direction that he forthwith forward the same to the Election
Commission as required by Article 192(2) of the Constitution for its
opinion. While the said writ petition was pending in the High Court, the
Governor forwarded the petition to the Election Commission on 27.3.1993
for its opinion. Thereupon Ms. J. Jayalalitha moved two Writ Petitions Nos.
6094 and 6095 of 1993, the first for a writ of prohibition against Shri Seshan
E
not to deal with the petition forwarded to him by the Governor as she had
a reasonable apprehension that he was biased in favour of Dr. Swamy and
the second for a declaration that she had not incurred the disqualification
as alleged by Dr. Swamy.
F
Both these writ petitions came up for disposal before a learned
Single Judge of the High Court. He allowed the first writ petition holding
that the evidence placed on record clearly established that Ms. J.
Jayalalitha's apprehension that Shri Seshan may not be able to take an
impartial view because of his strong bias in favour of Dr. Swamy could not
be said to be misplaced or unreasonable and it would be just, fair and G
proper to issue a writ of prohibition directing Shri Seshan to refrain from
expressing any opinion on Dr. Swamy's petition alleging disqualification,
since at the relevant time the Election Commission was a one-member
body. On the plea based on the doctrine of necessity, the learned Judge
observed that whHe the principle of natural justice may have lo yield in H
644 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996J SUPP. l S.C.R.

A favour of the doctrine of necessity, it was not obligatory to invoke the said
doctrine in all cases, in particular in the case on hand, since it was
permissible under Article 324 of the Constitution to appoint an additional
Election Commissioner, \vho, if appointed, \VOuld constitute an alternative
forum for dealing with the matter. So far as the second writ petition is
concerned, while the learned Single Judge held that the decision on the
B
issue raised by Dr. Swamy lay witnin the exclusive domain of the Governor,
he opined that Ms . .I. Jayalalitha had not incurred the alleged disqualifica-
tion. Therefore, \Vhile dismissing the second \vrit petition, he virtually
allowed it, in that, the Governor while taking a decision under Article
192(2) would feel inhibited by the said decision.
c
Dr. Swamy filed two Special Leave Petitions Nos. 10189-90 of 1993
in this Court under Article 136, of the Constitution questioning the correct-
ness of the view taken by the learned Single Judge in the said two petitions.
This Court, however, did not entertain the said two petitions and by its
order dated 20.8.1993 directed the petitioner to move the Division Bench
D in appeal. Consequently Dr. Swamy preferred an appeal, being Writ Ap-
peal No. 956 of 1993, in the High Court of Madras.

At this stage we may notice one development. The President of India
promulgated an Ordinance (No. 32 of 1993) entitled the Chief Election
E Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Condition of Service)
Amendment Ordinance, 1993 which was published in the Gazette of Indi~
on 1.10.1993. (This Ordinance was converted into an Act (Act No. 4 of
1994) with the same title on 4.1.1994). Sections 9 and 10 introduced in the
Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Condi-
tions of Service) Act, 1991 (hereinafter called 'the 1991 Act') provided as
F under:

"9. The business of Election Commission shall be transacted in
accordance with the provisions of this Act.''

"10. (1) The Election Commission may, by unanimous decision,
G regulate the procedure for transaction of its business as also
allocation of its business amongst the Chief Election Commissioner
and other Election Commissioners.

(2) Save as provided in sub-section (1), all business of the Election
H Commission shall, as far as possible, be transacted unanimously.
ELECTION COMMN. OF INDJA v. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY [AHMADI, CJ.] 645

(3) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), if the Chief Elec- A
tion Commissioner and other EJection Commissioners differ in
opinion on any matter, such matter shall be decided according tci
to the opinion of the majority."

It may be mentioned that the provisions in the Act were the same as in the
B
Ordinance.

The Division Bench of the Madras High Court which heard the
appeal raised three points for determination, namely, (i) whether the
learned Judge was justified in examining if Ms. J. Jayalalitha had incurred
the disqualification set out in Article 191(1) of the Constitution read with C
Section 9A, R.P. Act, (ii) whether the apprehension of bias entertained by
her against Shri Seshan had reasonable basis and (iii) whether the doctrine
of necessity stood attracted after the enactment of Ordinance No. 32 of
1993 rnd in particular in view of Sections 9 and 10 thereof. The Division
Bench by its judgment and order dated 15.11.1993 held that the question D
whether Ms. J. Jayalalitha had or had not incurred the disqualification
under Article 191(1) of the Constitution read with Section 9A of the R.P.
Act ought to have been left for decision by the Election Commission under
Article 192(2) of the Constitution and the learned Single Judge should not
have gone into it as it felt within the exclusive domain of the Election E
Commission. Oh the second question the Division Bench held that on the
facts and in the circumstances of the case Ms. J. Jayalalitha would be
justified in entertaining a reasonable apprehension of bias or atleast the
likelihood of bias on the part of Shri Seshan in favour of Dr. Swamy and
consequently a reasonable doubt that she would not gel a fair hearing from
Shri Seshan. Insofar as the third point is concerned, the Division Bench F
held that in view of the appointment of two Election Commissioners after
the promulgation of the Ordinance and in vie'v uf Sections 9 and 10
extracted earlier, the doctrine of necessity cannot be applied since the
decision could be taken by the Election Commission if need be by majority.
On this line of reasoning, on the question of relief to be granted, the G
Division Bench allowed the Writ Appeal and modified the order in writ
petition No. 6094 of 1993 by giving the following direction :

"A writ of prohibition is issued to the first respondent (Mr. T.N.
Seshan) from ir any manner dealing with, hearing, adjudicating H
646 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 1 S.C.(\.

A upon or disposing of the memorandum dated 2.10.1992 filed by
the second respondent (Dr. Subramanian Swamy) and forwarded
by the Governor of ".:'amil Nadu to the first respondent. We make
it clear that it is open to the Election Commission, while regulating
the procedure for transaction of its business or allocation of its
business to allot it to any one of the other two members or to both,
B as it deems necessary and proper. 11

However, insofar as Writ Petition No. 4095 of 1993 is concerned, Division
Bench allowed the Writ Appeal and set aside the order and decision of
the learned Single Judge and dismissed Writ Petition No. 4095 of 1993. The
C Election Commission of India as well as Shri T.N. Seshan felt aggrieved by
the decision of the Division Bench in the appeal arising out of Writ Petition
No. 6094 of 1993 extracted earlier. This Court granted Special Leave to
Appeal and hence we have before us this Civil Appeal No. 504 of 1994. So
in this appeal this Court is called upon to decide the limited question
D regarding the participation of Shri Seshan in decision-making having
regard to the allegation of bias made against him.

We have extracted the relevant part of Article 191(1) of the Con-
stitution. That Article plainly says that a person shall be disqualified for
being a member of the Legislative Assembly of the State if he is disqualified
E by or under any law made by Parliament. Section 9A of the R.P. Act
provides that a person shall be disqualified if there subsists a contract
entered into by him in the course of his trade or business with the
appropriate government for the supply of goods to, or for the execution of
any work undertaken by that government. The duration of the disqualifica-
F tion is limited, namely, so long as the contract subsists. The allegation of
Dr. Swamy is that Ms. J. Jayalalitha being a partner of the firm carrying
on business in the State of T dmil Na du under the name and style of 'J aya
Publications' had incurred the disqualification since that firm had a sub-
sisting contract with the State Government which was a business enterprise
to make profit. According to Dr. Swamy she has incurred the disqualifica-
G tion under Section 9A of the R.P. Act, which being a law made by
Parliament, attracts the application of Article 19l(l)(e) of the Constitution.
Article 192(1) provides that if any question arises as to whether a member
of a House of the Legislature has become subject to any disqualification
mentioned in Article 191(1), the question shall be referred for the decision
H of the Governor whose decision 'shall be final'. Thus it is the Governor
ELECTION COMMN. OF INDIA"· SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY (AHMADI. CJ.] 647

who has to take a decision and such decision is made final. Then we turrt A
to clause (2) of Article 192 which reads as under :

"192(2) - Before giving any decision on any such question, the
Governor shall obtain the opinion of the Election Commission and
shall act according to such opinion."
B
It is clear from the use of the words 'shall obtain' the op1mon of the
Election Commission, that it is obligatory to obtain the opinion of the
Election Commission and the further stipulation that the Governor "shall
act" according to such opinion leaves no room for doubt that the Governor
is bound to act according to that opinion. The position in law is well settled C
by this Court's decision in Blllndaban v. Election Commission, [1965] 3
SCR 53 wherein this Court held that it is the obligation of the G•;vernor
to take a decision in accordance with the opinion of the Election Commis-
sion. It is thus clear on a conjoint reading of the two clauses of Article 192
that once a question of the type mentioned in the first clause is referred
to the Governor, meaning thereby is· raised before the Governor, the D
Governor and the Governor alone must decide it but this decision must be
taken after obtaining the opinion of the Election Commission and th~
decision which is made final is that decision which the Governor has taken
in accordance with the opinion of the Election Commission. Jn effect and
substance the decision of the Governor must depend on the opinion of the E
Election Commission and none else, not even the Council of Ministers.
Thus the opinion of the Election Commission is decisive since the final
order would be based solely on that opinion.

The same view came to be expressed in the case of Election Com-
mission of India v. N. G. Ranga, [1979] 1 SCR 210, while interpreting Article F
103(2) of the Constitution, the language thereof is verbatim except that
instead of the Governor in Article 192(2), here the decision has to be made
hy the President. So also the language of Articles 192(1) ond 103(1) is
identical except for the same change. The Constitution Bench of this Court
reiterated that the President was bound to seek and obtain the opinion of G
the Election Commission and only thereafter decide the· issue in accord-
ance therewith. It other words, it is the Election Commission's opinion
which is decisive. ·

Having realised that the opinion of the Election Commission is a
sine-qua-non for the Governor or the President, as the case may be, to give H
648 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996! SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A a decision on the question \vhcther or not the concerned member of the
House of the Legislature of the Stale or either House of Parliament has
incurred a disqualification, the next question is, cun the Election Co1n111is-
sion take a decjsion if one of its n1en1bers is disqualified fron1 participating
in the decision-making ? Article 324( I) of the Constitution invests in the
B Election Commission the function of superintendence, direction and con-
trol of elections and clause (2) of !hat Article provides that the Election
Commission shall consist of •he Chief Election Commi8'ioner and such
number of other Election Co1nn1issioners, if an;·~ as the President n1ay fron1
time to time lix. Thus, Article 324(2) envisages a multi-member Election
Con1mission \vith the Chief Election c:o1nmissioncr as its Chairn1an, /Sec
c Article 324(3)!. In the instant case, to begin with the Election Commission
was a single-member body with Shri Seshan as the Chief Election Commis-
sioner when the learned Single .l udge decided the writ petition on 2. 7.J 993.
On the question of Ms. J. Jayalalitha entertaining a reasonable apprehen-
sion of bias, the learned Judge, on a ~cruriny of the facts and circun1stances
D of the case, carnc to the conclu.;;ion that having regard to the close asso<.:ia-
tion of Dr. Swamy with Shri Sc:,han, besides the fact that Dr. Swamy's wife
was the lawyer of Shri Scshan in the suit filed by him at Bombay, the
apprehension of bias was real and not imaginary and if Shri Seshan has to
take a decision on Dr. Swamy's complaint, the decision may not l::e impar-
E tial and will atleast not be seen to be impartial and therefore the learned
Single Judge restrained him from deciding the issue and communicating
the same to the Governor. However, on the application of the doctrine of
necessity, the learned Judge held that since Article 324(2) of the Constitu-
tion permitted appointment of one or more Election Commissioners, it \Vas
not necessary to invoke the doctrine of necessity and allow Shri Seshan to
F
make a decision, the apprehension of bias, notwithstanding. The Division
Bench of the High Court has upheld the view of the learned Single Judge
on the question of existence of circumstances which go to sho\V that the
apprch..:nsinn nf biu-" entertained hy Ms. J. Jayalalitha \'.'as reasonable and
the possibility of her not getting an impartial hearing and decision was real
G and not i1naginary or merely an ~xcuse trotted out to avoid a decision on
the issue of her disqualification. Thus, there is a concurrent finding of fact
that having regard to the close and intimate relationship between Dr.
Swamy and Shri T.N. Seshan, apart from the fact that the farmer's wife is
the latter's lawyer in the rupees one crore damages suit filed by him in
H Bombay, the apprehension of bias in the mind of Ms. J. Jayalalitha cannot
ELECfION COMMN. OF INDIA v. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY [AHMADI, O.] 649

be said to be misplaced and her fear that she may not get justice if the A
decision is taken by Shri Seshan cannot be brushed aside as imaginary. Shri
Sanghi, the learned counsel for Shri Seshan, very frankly slated that his
client is not in the least keen to participate in the decision-making in vie\V
of the findings recorded by the learned Single Judge as well as the Division
Bench of the High Court but he contested the litigation because in his view B
he cannot excuse himself from the process of decision-making. He con-
tended that when the matter was before the learned Single Judge, he had
invoked the doctrine of necessity as he honestly believed that he was duty
bound to decide the issue referred to him and if he refused to do so he
would be failing to discharge his constitutional obligation. This is not to
say, contended Shri Sanghi, that he admited that allegation of bias made c
against his client but merely to emphasise that he was under - constitution-
al obligation to decide the issue and communicate his opinion to the
Governor to enable him to discharge his function under Article 192(2) of
the Constitution. Shri Sanghi further contended that even after the Election
Commission was converted into a multi-member body with effect from D
1.10.1993, on which date the other two Election Commissioners came tu
be appointed, the position in law remained unaltered because the Constitu-
tion does not conceive of an Election Commission without a Chief Election
Commissioner. According to him, the structure of Articles 324(2) and
324(3) and the use of the word 'and' after the words 'Chief Election
E
Co1nmissioner' and the word 'other' preceding the words 'Election
Commissioners) leaves no room for doubt that the Constitution-makers
visualised the existence of the Chief Election Commissioner at all times
and safeguarded the said office by providing for the removal of the incum-
bent occupying the said office in the same manner as a Judge of the
Supreme Court. Shri Sanghi reiterated that assuming \vithout admitting F
that the finding of bias is correct, Shri Seshan was not at all aILxious lo
participate in the decision-making process if it is not obligatory under the
cxt;Jnt ~onstitutional scheme on his part to participate in the <lecision-
making. Stated in a nutshell the line of reasoning adopted by Shri Sanghi
is that the decision of the 'Election Commission' is a 'must' for the G
Governor to decide to issue; the constitution of the Election Commission
under the scheme of Article 324 of the Constitution clearly is that it must
comprise the Chief Election Commissioner as its Chairman if it is a
multi-member body, in other words, there cannot be a properly constituted
Election Commission \vithout its Chairman and hence his participation in H
650 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996J SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A the decision-making cannot be excused and must be permitted on the
doctrine of necessity. Thus, according to Shri Sanghi, the constitution of a
multi-member Election Commission and the insertion of Sections 9 and 1()
in the 1991 Act would make no difference because they do not speak of
exclusion of the Chief Election Commissioner from the decision-making
B process. These provisions merely set out the procedure to be followed in
the event of a difference of opinion.

On the other hand, the learned counsel for Ms. J. Jayalalitha
reiterated the contention of bias on the ground that the facts on record
revealed that there was unity and identity of interest between Dr. Swamy,
c his wife and Shri Seshan since it was established beyond any manner of
doubt that they had developed family friendship which went beyond mere
professional relationship and it would be embarrassing both for Shri
Seshan and Ms. J. Jayalalitha if the former sat in judgment over the
complaint of disqulification made by Dr. Swamy. It was further pointed out
D that after the learned Single Judge repelled the contention based on the
doctrine of necessity, Shri Seshan did not prefer any appeal against the said
decision but has now preferred! the present appeal on realising that the
Election Commission has been converted into a multi-member body and
the. view taken by the learned Single Judge would be translated into a
E reality if the two Election Commissioners decide the issue of disqualifica-
tion arising before the Election Commission. There can be no doubt,
contended counsel, that the function which the Election Commission is
expected to perform under Article 192(2) of the Constitution can be said
to be quasi-judicial in character and once it is shown that the apprehension
of bias is reasonable and genuine, the participation of the Chief Election
F Commissioner in the decision-making process would be in breach of the
principles of natural justice and unless it is shown that there is no alterna-
tive but for him to sit in judgment, the rule of natural justice must prevail
because justice must not only he done but must also appear to he done. It
was, therefore, submitted by counsel that the doctrine of necessity can have
G no play because in the case of the multi-member body, the person, be he
the Chief Election Commissioner or an Election Commissioner, against
whom the charge of bias is established ought to excuse himself from the
proceedings so that the decision taken is not rendered vulnerable and the
apprehension of prejudice is totally removed. In short, Ms. J. Jayalalitha
H supports the decision of both the learned Single Judge and the Division
ELECTION COMMN. OF INDIA v. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY [AHMADI, CJ.] 651

Bench on the question of bias and applicability of the doctrine of necessity. A

We must at once state that we have carefully examined the facts and
circumstances laid on record in support of the finding of bias recorded by
the learned Single Judge as well as the Division Bench and in our view the
said finding is unassailable. Conscious of the fact that Shri Scshan is
occupying a high constitutional office we have given our anxious considera-
B
tion to this aspect of the matter. While we are inclined to think that Shri
Seshan as a high constitutional functionary may not carry any grudge or
malice against Ms. J. Jayablitha, there can be no doubt that his close
association with Dr. Swamy's family and the professional relationship with
his wife who is representing him in the suit at Bombay and the other c
circumstances, all of which have been summarized in paragraph 39 of the
Division Bench judgment, are sufficient to raise a reasonable apprehension
in the mind of Ms. J. Jayalalitha that he may be biased in favour of Dr.
Swamy even if he does not entertain any ill-will towards her. Realising this,
Shri Sanghi submitted that his client is not at all anxious to participate in D
deciding the issue referred to the Election Commission unless it is in the
constitutional scheme imperative for him to do so. He further stated that
if this court comes to the conclusion that without his participation the other
two Election Commissioners can decide the issue, his client will recuse
himself. That takes us to the question whether Shri Seshan is bound to
participate in expressing his view on the issue referred for the opinion of E
the Election Commission ?

It is true that Article 192(2) of the Constitution expects that the
Governor 'shall obtain' the opinion of 'the Election Commission' and 'shall
act' according to such opinion in giving his decision on the question of F
disqualification raised before him. Obtaining the opinion of the Election
Commission is, therefore, imperative. It is equally imperative for the
Governor to act according to such opinion. Thus, the opinion of the
Election Commission is decisive of the decision to be taken by the Gover-
nor. Obviously, the Election Commission referred to in Article 192(2) of
the Constitution would be the one appointed under Article 324(2) of the G
Constitution. This Article in terms provides that the Election Commission
~. shall consist of the Chief Election Commissioner and such number of other
Election Commissioners as the President may fix from time to time. There-
fore, the Chief Election Commissioner is a must whether it is a single-mem-
ber or multi-member body. In the case of a multi-member body, Article H
052 SUPREME COURT RIOPORTS \19%\ SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A 324(:1) expects him to act as the Chairman of that body. Section 146 or the
R.P. Act outlines the procedure lo be followed in deciding the question
arising under Article 19:~. ·rh<it rroceJun..' i~ tht.: one a ci\'il t:ourt folhJ\vs
in deciding n1atters brought bcfnr..: it. St.:ctil1n 1J..\ \Vas introduced in the
R.P. Act to empo\ver the I::!L'.t:tion Cl\n11nissillll to delegate son1e of its
functions to the Secretary or f)cputy Elt.:ctinn l'ornrnissioner, subject to
B
such direction as the Election l'.01111nission n1uy choose to gi\'c. But it \Vas
pointed out that only routing matters can bt.: <l~h.:gated under this pro\'ision.

At this stagt: it n1ay be a<lvanlageous tn rcJer to cerLJ.in other
provisions \vhich have a bearing on the point under ~onsider<ilion. Article
c l24(J) of the Constitution provides that there shali he a Supr,·mc Court of
India consisting of the Chief Justice of India aJJJ such numh~:r of 1Jth.:r
judges as may from time to time be prescribed. Allick :' 1-l provides that
e\·ery State shall have a High Court and as provided lw Article 216 every
High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other .Judges as may
be considered necessary to appoint. Similarly, Article 324(2) and (3)
D
provide that the Election Commissioner shall consist of the Chief Election
Commissioner and such number of other Election Commissioners, if any,
as the President may from time to time fix. When the Election Commission
i:-. a nlulti-mernher bo<ly, the Chief Election Com1nissioner \Vill act as its
Chairman. These provisions, therefore, provide for the constitution of the
E Supreme Court, High Courts and the Election Commission. In the case of
the first two it is well-settled that they need not sit ell ballc and can transaci
business in benches. ls there any distinguishing feature in the case of the
Election Commission to take the view that it must sit ell bane or not at all .
" In other words, can it be said that the provisions of the Constitution make
it imperative for the Chief Election Commissioner to participate in each
F
and every decision that the Election Commission is required to make under
the Constitution ?

True it is that under Article l92 if any question arises in regard to
disqualification referred to in Article 191(1), the question has lo be
G referred to the Election Commission for its opinion and the Governor has
to give his decision in accordance v;ith that opinion. Article 324(2) provides
rm the constitution of Election Commission; if it is a single-member body
it will comprise of the Chief Election Commissioner only, if it is a multi-
mcmbcr body he will be joined by the other Election Commissioner(s). In
H the case of a single-member· body, if the Governor seeks his opinion, he
ELECTION COMMN. OF INDIA v. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY (AHMADI, CJ.] 653

perhaps can invoke the doctrine of necessity but that question which arose A
before the learned Single Judge is no more germane because during the
pendency of the appeal two more Election Commissioners were appointed
making it a multi-member body. Shri Sanghi's reading of the aforesaid
constitutional provisions is that since the opinion has lo be of 'the Election
Commission', it must be of all those who constitute that body or not at all. B
This in our view is a narrow reading of the said provisions. If Shri Sanghi
is right it must necessarily follow that all decisions taken by the Election
Commission must be unanimous <md majority decisions would be of no
avail. More or less the same line of reasoning was canvassed before this
Court in T.N. Seshan v. The Union of India, [1995} 4 SCC 611, but without
success. In that case this Court held that the scheme of Article 324 is that C
there shall be a permanent body to be called the Election Commission,
which shall discharge public functions, essentially administrative in charac-
ter but al times even adjudicative and legislative. It was further pointed out
that the Constitution-makers preferred to remain silent as to the manner
in which the Election Commission will transact its business presumably D
bec'Juse they thought it unnecessary and perhaps even improper to provide
for the same having regard to the level of personnel it had in mind to man
the Commission. Naturally they depended on the sagacity and the wisdom
of the Chief Election Commissioner and his colleagues. That, however,
does not mean ihat the Parliament could not enact Sections 9 and 10
E
introduced by the amending Ordinance/Act. The submission that tne said
. two provisions were inconsistent with the scheme of Article 324 was
rejected. Implied in this contention was the submission that in the case of
a multi-member Election Commission decisions have to be taken by one
voice ·or not at all and any provision which introduces the concept of
decision by majority must be held to be inconsistent with the scheme of F
Article 324. Rejecting this contention this Court held that Parliament was
competent lo enact Sections 9 and 1.0 introduced by the amending Or-
dinance/Act an<l there was nothing in the scheme of Article 324 to con-
clude that decision by majority would be an illegality. In that case this
Court quoted \vith approval, the following principle found in footnote 6 at G
page 657 of Halsbury's Law of E1tgland, 4th Edition (Re-issue), Volume
7(1) :

"The principle has long been established that the will of a Cor-
poration or body can only be expressed by the whole or a majority
H
654 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A of its members, and the act of a majority is regarded as the act of
the whole."

The same principle was mterated in Grindley v. Barke1; 126 ER 875, 879
and 882. It i;, therefore, obvious that after the decision of the Constitution
Bench reiteration of the same argument, albeit in a different shade, can be
B
of no avail to the appellant.

The next question then is if the Chief Election Commissioner, for
reason of possible bias, is disqualified from expressing an opinion, how
should the Election Commission conduct itself? As pointed out earlier Shri
c Sanghi, the learned counsel for the appellant, has very frankly and with his
usual fairness stat.;d that the Chief Election Commissioner preferred this
appeal only because he genuinely believed that the scheme of Article 324
did not conceive of a decision by majority, but if the Court comes to the
conclusion that a decision can be reached without the Chief Election
D Commissioner participating in decision-making in the special circumstan-
ces of the case, the latter is not at all keen or anxious to hear and adjudicate
upon the matter at issue before the Election Commission. We are quite
conscious of the high office the Chief Election Commissioner occupies.
Ordinarily we would be loalh to uphold the submission of bias but having
regard to the wide ramification the opinion of the Election Commissioner
E would have on the future of Ms. J. Jayalalitha, we think that the opinion,
whatever it be, should not be vulnerable. The participation of the Chief
Election Commissioner in the backdrop of the findings recorded by the
learned Single Judge as well as the Division Bench of the High Court would
certainly permit an argument of prejudice, should the opinion be adverse
p to Ms. J. Jayalalitha. Therefore, apart from the legal aspect, even prudence
demands that the Chief Election Commissioner should recuse himself from
expressing any opinion in :he matter. However, the situation is not so
simple, it is indeed comp1cx, in that, wh'1t would happen if the two Election
Commissioners do not agree and there is a conllict of opinion between
them ? That would lead to a stalemate situation and the Governor would
G find it difficult to take a decision based on any such opinion. In such a
situation, can the doctrine of necessity be invoked in favour of the Chief
Election Commissioner ?

We must have a clear conception of the doctrine. It is well settled
H that the law permits certain things to be done as a matter of necessity which
ELECTION COMMN. OFINDIAv. SUBRAMANIAN SWAMY [AHMADI, CJ.] 655

it would otherwise not countenance o.n the touchstone of judicial propriety. A
Stated differently, the doctrine of necessity makes it imperative for the
authority to decide and considerations of judicial propriety must yield. It
is often invoked in cases of bias where there is no other authority or Judge
to decide the issue. If the doctrine of necessity is not allowed full play in
certain unavoidable situations, it would impede the course of justice itself B
and the defaulting party would benefit therefrom. Take the case of a
certain trucing statute which taxes certain perquisites allowed to Judges. If
the validity of such a provision is challenged who but the members of the
judiciary must decide it. If all the Judges are disqualified on the plea that
striking down of such a legislation would benefit them, a stalemate situation
may develop. In such cases the doctrine of necessity comes into play. If the
c
choice is between allowing a biased person to act or to stifle the action
altogether, the choice must fall in favour of the former as it is the only way
to promote decision-making. In the present case also if the two Election
Commissioners are ab1e to reach a unanimous decision, there is no need
for the Chief Election Commissioner to participate, if not the doctrine of D
necessity may have to be invoked.

We think that is the only alternative in such a situation. We are,
therefore, of the opinion that the proper course to follow is that the Chief
Election Commissioner should call a meeting of the Election Commission E
to adjudicate on the issue of disqualification of Ms. J. Jayalalitha on the
grounds alleged by Dr. Swamy. After calling the meeting he should act as
the Chairman but then he may recuse himself by announcing that he would
not participate in the formation of opinion. If the two Election Commis-
sioners reach a unanin1ous opinion, the Chief Election Commissioner will F
have the opinion communicated to the Governor. If the two Election
Con1missioners do not reach a unauin1ous decision in the n1att<::r of ex·
pressing their opinion on the issue referred to the Election Commission, it
\Vould be necessary for the Chief Election Co1nn1issioncr to express his
opinion on lhe doctrine of necessity. We think that in the special cir-
cumstances of this case this course of action would be the most appropriate G
one tu follow because if the two Election Commissioners do not agree, we
have no doubt that the doctrine of necessity would compel the Chief
Election Commissioner to express his views so that the majority opinion
could be communicated to the Governor to enable him to take a decision
in accordance there1vith as requiretl by Article 192(1) of the Constitution. H
656 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A In the result, while we largely agree with the view expressed by the
Division Bench, we modify the order of the Division Bench of the High
Court to the aforementioned limited extent regarding the procedure to be
followed by the Election Commission in reaching a decision and com-
municating its opinion to the Governor to enable the latter to decide the
issue in accordance with the opinion. The appeal will stand disposed of
B
accordingly. In the facts and circumstances of the case we make no order
as to costs.

R.A. Appeal disposed of.

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