GULJAR ALI ETC.versusSTATE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

                                 GULJAR ALI ETC.                                        A
                                           v.
                        STATE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

                                OCTOBER 21, 1997

                  [M.K. MUKHERJEE AND K.T. THOMAS, JJ.]                                 B


          Evidence Act, 1872:

          Sections 45, 47 & 67-Jdentity ofhandwriting in a document-" Opinion
    of third person, when relevant"-Discussed-Also held, Sections 45 and 47             C
    are not exhaustive for proving the genuineness or authorship of a document.

           Expert Witness-Reliability of-Two letters written by one of the accused
    showing the motive for murder-Government Examiner gave an opinion that
    letters were written by that accused-Defence producing Expert witness to D
    show that the opinion of the Govt. Examiner faulty-Discarded by the High
    Court-Held, many so called experts have shown to be remunerated witnesses
    making themselves available on hire to pledge their faith in favour of the
    party paying them.

        . Section 27-Recovery of weapons pursuant to statements made by                 E
    accused-Admissibility of-Held, admissible only to the extent it distinctly
    relates to the facts discovered

          Circumstantial evidence :

         Offence ofmurder-Motive-Relevancy of-Held, accused have sufficient             F
    motive against the deceased

           Deceased was the factotum to PW-13 with whom appellants had score
    to settle for long. On the day of the murder, the appellant had a dig at the wife
,
    of PW-13 and it resulted in the initiation of proceedings under Section 107
    Cr. P.C. Appellants were infuriated by it. In the evening, the three appellants     G
    together proceeded to a glade situate near a jungle where deceased was
    working and showered blows on him with 'gandasa' and 'chhura'. The
    deceased made a loud cry which attracted the attention of some people in the
    proximity who rushed to the spot, but in the meantime the appellants took to
    their.heels towards the jungles. Those who reached the spot found deceased
    lying in a pool of blood.                                                           H
                                           559
    560                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997,rsUPP. 4 S.C.R.                -,,
A         As there was no eye-witness to the murder, the prosecution had to relay
    on the circumstances alone for proving the murder. Both the Courts below
    relied on letters written by A2 to Al (asking Al to come home on leave with
    a weapon) and a letter to the CM of the State (that their family was suffering
    from the atrocities committed by the deceased) to prove the motive for the
B   murder. Likewise Al and A2 during th~ course of interrogation revealed to
    police where they had concealed the weapons 'gandasa' and 'chhura' in the
    jungle and these weapons were recovered. Sessions Court and the High Court,
    held that there was a complete chain of circumstances pointing to the
    complicity of the appellants in murdering the deceased. Hence this Appeal

C         Party allowing the appeal, this Court

          HELD : 1.1. Some letters have been seized by the police from the house
    of the appellants to show the motive for the crime. If those letters are genuine,
    no doubt, they reflect the mind of Al and A2 towards the deceased. PW-20,
    Government Examiner on questioned documents, after comparing the
D   handwriting in the said letters gave an opinion that both were written by the
    accused. An attempt was made by the accused, through the evidence ofDW-
    1 (who claimed to be an expert in the science of hand-writing) to show that
    the opinion of the Government Examiner is basically faulty. High Court has
    observed that there is a natural tendency on the part of the expert witness to
E   support the view of the person who called him and preferred the opinion of
    PW-20. The said observation of the High Court cannot be downstaged, for,
    many so called experts have shown to be remunerated witnesses making
    themselves available on hire to pledge their oath in favour of the party paying
    them. [564-B-F]

F          1.2. Expert evidence regarding hand-writing is not the only mode by
    which genuineness of a document can be established. In order to prove the
    identity of the hand-writing any mode not forbidden by law can be resorted to.
    The requirement of Section 67 of the Evidence Act is only that the hand-
    writing must be proved to be that of the person concerned. Of course, two
G   modes are indicated by law in Sections 45 and 47 of the Evidence Act. The
    former permits expert opinion to be regarded as relevant evidence and the
    latter permits opinion of any person acquainted with such hand-writing to be
    regarded as relevant evidence. Those and some other provisions are subsumed
    under the title "opinion of third persons, when relevant". Opinion of third
    persons, other than those enumerated in the fasciculus of provisions, would
H   be irrelevant Among the permitted opinions those mentioned in Sections 45
                        GULJARALI v. STATE OF H.P.                          561
•and 47 are also included. So it cannot be said that identity of hand-writing in    A
 a document can be established only by resorting to one of those two sections.
 There can be other modes through which identity of hand-writing can be
 established. Citing an example, if a letter is seized from the possession of· A'
 and the letter contains the name of the sender as well as the name of the
 sendee and if such sendee happens to be "himselr', those circumstances even
 without resorting to the mode indicated in Sections 45 and 47 of the Evidence      B
 Act, would be sufficient to draw an inference that the author or even the scribe
 of the letter is the sender and· A' is the sendee of it. Thus, the mode.of proof
 envisaged in Sections 45 and 47 of the evidence Act are not exhaustive for
 proving the genuineness or authorship of a document.
                                                     [564-G-H; 565-A-C; 566-A)      C
    Ram Chandra v. State of U.P., AIR (1957) SC 381 and Mubarak Ali
Ahmedv. State of Bombay, AIR (1957) SC 857, relied on.

      1.3. In the instant case, Ex. PWlO/B letter was taken into custody from
the possession of Al. It is ostensibly a letter written by his brother Al the       D
contents whereof are seemingly matters within the personal knowledge of
those persons. From those internal circumstances the Court can justifiably
reach a conclusion that the letter was written by Al to his brother Al.
                                                                      [566-B)

       1.4. Al has not disputed his authorship of Ex. PMM, petition which was       E
presented to the Chief Minister. The contents of the petition would
unmistakably point to the fact that the deceased was considered a nightmare
to the family of the appellants. Therefore, this Court agreed with the findings
of the two Courts that appellants had sufficient motive as against the deceased.
                                                                      [566-C-D]     F
       l. The important aspect concerning recovery of the weapons is that it
renders the statements made by the Al and Al, to the police investigating
officer admissible in evidence. Both of them had stated to the police separately
that they had concealed the respective weapons at the place wherefrom it was
recovered. Section l7 of the Evidence Act renders such statement of the             G
accused admissible in evidence, whether it amounts to confession or not, but
only to the extent it distinctively relates to the fact discovered. So the
incriminating circumstances in this case is not merely that a gandasa and a
chhura were disinterred by the police but that those accused persons admitted
to the police that such weapons were concealed by them at those places.
                                                             [566-H; 567-A-B]       H
    562                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A       3. The circumstances when put together would undoubtedly point to the
  guilt of Al and A2. But those circumstances are not sufficient to complete a
  chain as against A3. PW4 did not see A3 at all when he saw the two other
  accused sitting near the place of occurrence. The only circumstance made
  against A3 is that PW2 saw him also running towards the jungle, besides
B the motives established. But those two circumstances alone are not enough
  to conclusively say that A3 had also participated in the murder of the deceased.
  Consequently the conviction and sentence passed on him are liable to be set
  aside. [567-C-D]
          CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 657
    of 1996.
c
         From the Judgment and Order dated 16.3.94 of the Himachal Pradesh
    High Court in Crl. A. No. 22 of 1992.
                                           WITH
          Criminal Appeal No. 658of1996.
D        Uday Sinha, K.B. Sinha, Alok K. Sharma and P.O. Sharma for the
    Appellants.

         A.S. Rawat, (T.A. Khan) for T. Sridharan (Naresh K. Sharma) (NP) for
    the Respondent.

E         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
           THOMAS, J. Three brothers were charged for implementing a designed
    criminal conspiracy for elimination of one who was their bete noire. The
    sessions court and the High Court concurrently found them guilty of Section
    1208 and Section 302 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code and
F   consequently they were convicted and sentenced to undergo imprisonment
    for life besides payment of some fine. These appeals, by special leave have
    been filed by the aforementioned three brothers.

           The person who was murdered in pursuance of the criminal conspiracy.
    Tara Chand- was the factotum of Jai Paul (PW-13) with whom appellants had
G   scQres to. settle for long. Prosecution case, briefly, is that on the morning of
    9.5.1990 the three appellants had a dig at Smt. Kiran Chauhan (wife of Jai Paul)
    and it resulted in the initiation of a proceeding under Section 107 of the Code
    of Criminal Procedure against them. Appellants were infuriated by it and the
    acerbity between the two factions got aggravated further. At about 6.00 p.m.
    the three appellants together proceeded to a glade situate near a jungle where
H   deceased Tara Chand was working and showered blows on him with gandasi
                 GULJAR ALI v. STATE OF H.P. [K.T. THOMAS, J.]                  563

    and chhura (both cutting weapons). The victim mad!) a loud cry which attracted     A
    the attention of some people in the proximity who rushed to the spot, but in
    the meanwhile the assailants took to their heels towards the jungles. Those
    who reached the spot found Tara Chand lying dead in a pool of blood.

          As there was no eye-witness for the murder, the prosecution had to rest
    on circumstances alone for proving that appellants have murdered Tara Chand.       B
    Sessions Court l!Jld the High Court found, in one accord, that the circumstances
    have concatenated into a complete chain pointing unerringly to the complicity
    of the appellants in the murder of Tara Chand.

'         There was no dispute that Tara Chand was murdered on the evening             C
    of 9.5.1990 at the place of occurrence mentioned by the prosecution. The
    postmortem examination conducted on the body of Tara Chand revealed that
    he had a number of incised injuries, fracture of ribs, and some stab wounds.
    One of the stab injuries had penetrated into the abdominal cavity. Another
    stab wound plunging through the second and third intercoastal space (right
    side) had caused a cut on the peritoneum. It is clear that deceased was the        D
    victim of a murderous attack inflicting many blows with cutting weapons.

         The main circumstances found by the two Courts are the following: (I)
  appellants were sore with Tara Chand for his role as goonda of Jai Paul, (2)
  The three appellants were found proceeding towards the place of occurrence
  just a few minutes before the occurrence. PW 6-A (a clerk attached to the post E
  office ofNahan) saw the three appellants during the_ evening and later PW-
  6A heard about the murder ofTara Chand; (3) PW4 a boy aged 13 saw the
  appellants sitting on the open field near the place of occurrence at about 5.30
  p.m. and a few minutes later PW4 heard a cry "Hai Ram mar diya" (Oh God,
  I am killed); (4) PW2 Ram Singh heard the same cry from near the place of F
  occurrence and the witness ran to the spot and saw the three appellants
  running towards jungle area and Tara Chand lying dead in a pool of blood;
  (5) Al Raj Mohammad told the investigating officer, during interrogation, that
  he had concealed a gandasi inside the bush. When he was taken to that place
  he took out P2 gandasi from the concealed place. Likewise second accused,
. when interrogated, told the investigating officer that he had concealed the G
  knife in the jungle and when he was taken to that place he took out Pl chhura
  from beneath the growth of the jungle; ( 6) that the gandasi and chhura were
  subjected to chemical tests in the Forensic Science Laboratory, and blood was
  found sticking on both the weapons.

          Learned counsel contended that there is real dearth of evidence to           H
    564                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A prove that there was any motive for the appellants to target Tara Chand , for,
                                                                                      -
    their grouse was only towards Jai Paul (PWl3). Learned counsel contended
    that it was most unlikely that appellants would have turned against the
    deceased who was only a body guard of Jai Paul.

          We have come across, in the evidence, that some letters have been
B seized by the police from the house of the appellants. One such letter was
    dated 8.4.1990 and it was written by A I-Raj Mohammad to A2-Niaz Ali. In that
    letter mention has been made of some incident which took place on 25.3.1990.
    The letter contains a request to the addressee to come home on leave with
    a weapon. Ex. PMM is a petition addressed by Al to the Chief Minister of
C   Himachal Pradesh on 2.5.1990. Al has mentioned in it that he and his family
    were suffering from the atrocities perpetrated by Tara Chand at the behest
    of PW13. Ex. PW.138 is a letter written by Niaz Ali to Raj Mohammad (Al)
    on 4.4.1990. In the petition a reference was made to some acts of the deceased
    including pelting stones at the house of the accused.

D         If those letters are genuine, no doubt, they would reflect the mind of
    A I and A2 towards the deceased. PW 20 (ML Sharma), Government Examiner
    on questioned documents, after comparing the hand-writing in the said letters
    gave an opinion that both were written by the accused. An attempt was made
    by the accused, through the evidence of DWI (NK Jain who claimed to be
E   an expert in the science of hand-writing) to show that opinion of the
    Government Examiner is basically faulty. High Court has observed that "there
    is a natural tendency on the part of an expert witness to support the view
    of the person who called him" and preferred the opinion of PW 20-ML
    Sharma. The said observation of the High Court cannot be downstaged, for,
    many so called experts have shown to be remunerated witnesses making
F   themselves available on hire to pledge their oath in favour of the party paying
    them.

          It must be remembered that expert evidence regarding hand-writing is
    not the only mode by which genuineness of document can be established.
G   The requirement in Section 67 of the Evidence Act is only that the hand-
    writing must be proved to be that of the person concerned. In ord...r to prove
    the identity of the hand-writing any mode not forbidden by law can to
    resorted to. Of course, two modes are indicated by law in Sections 45 and 47
    of the Evidence Act. The former permits expert opinion to be regarded as
    relevant evidence and the latter permits opinion of any person acquainted
H   with such hand-writing to be regarded as relevant evidence. Those and some
               GULJARALI v. STATE OF H.P. [K.T. THOMAS, J.]                    565
. other provisions are subsumed under the title "opinion of third persons, when        A
  relevant". Opinions of third persons, other than those enumerated in the
  fasciculus of provisions, would have been irrelevant. Among the permitted
  opinions those mentioned in Sections 45 and 4 7 are also included. So it
  c~ot be said that identity of hand-writing of a document can be established
  only by resorting to one of those two sections. There can be other modes
  through which identity of the hand-writing can be established. Citing an             B
  example, if a lette.r is seized from the possession of' A' and the letter contains
  the name of the sender as well as the name of the sendee and if such sendee
  happens to be 'A' himself, those circumstances even without resorting to the
  mode indicated in Sections 45 and 47 Of the Evidence Act, would be sufficient
  to draw an inference that the author or even scribe of that letter is the sender     C
  and 'A' is the sen dee of it.

        Reference can be made to two decisions of a three judge bench of this
 Court. First is Ram Chandra v. State of UP, AIR (1957) SC 381 wherein
 authorship of some questioned letters has been found on the strength of
 "various items of external and internal evidence". The same three judge bench         D
 has observed in Mubarak Ali Ahmed v. State of Bombay, AIR (1957) SC 857
 thus:-

             "The proof of the genuineness of a document is proof of the
         authorship of the document and is proof of a fact like that of any
         other fact. The evidence relating thereto may be direct or circumstantial.    E
         It may consist of direct evidence of a person who saw the document
         being written or the signature being affixed. It may be proof of the
         handwriting of the contents, or of the signature, by one of the modes
         provided in Sections 45 and 4 7 of the Indian Evidence Act.

              It may also be proved by internal evidence afforded by the contents F
         of the document. This last mode of proof by the contents may be of
         considerable value where the disputed document purports to be a link
         in a chain of correspondence, scime links in which are proved to the
         satisfaction of the Court. In such a situation the person who is the
         recipient of the document, be it either a letter or a telegram, would be G
         in a reasonably good position both with reference to his prior
         knowledge of the writing or the signature of the alleged sender limited
         though it may be, as also his knowledge of the subject-matter of the
         chain of correspondence, to speak to its authorship."

       We find much support from the aforesaid observations to formulate the           H
    566                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 4 s.c.R.

A   legal position that the modes of proof envisaged in Sections 45 and 47 of the
    Evidence Act are not exhaustive for proving the genuineness or authorship
    of a document.

          In this case Ex. PW 20/B letter was taken into custody from the
B   possession of Al-Raj Mohammad. It is ostensibly a letter written by his
    brother A2 Niaz Ali the contents whereof are seemingly matters within the
    personal knowledge of those persons. From those internal circumstances the
    Court can justifiably reach a conclusion that the letter was written by Niaz
    Ali (A2) to his brother Raj Mohammad (AI).

C         That apart, Al (Raj Mohammad) has not disputed his authorship of Ex.
    PMM petition which was presented to the Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh.
    The contents of the petition would unmistakably point to the fact that Tara
    Chand was considered a nightmare to the family of the appellants. Therefore,
    we unhesitatingly agree with the finding of the two courts that appellants had
    sufficient motive as against the deceased.
D
           Learned counsel contended that as PW2 found the deceased lying dead
    an inference can be drawn that he would have reached the place only much
    after the occurrence. This contention is based on the.premise that the injuries
    sustained by the deceased would not have resulted in his instantaneous
E   death. It is true that PW2 said in his evidence that he found the deceased
    lying dead in a pool of blood. Such an impression need not be a clinically
    correct-observation. It is possible that deceased would have been lying
    unconscious and was nearing death, but PW2 would have taken it for granted
    that he had reached his end when he observed the still lying body surrounded
    by a carmine background. In this context we make particular note of one
F   incised wound on the parietal region just left to the midline which the doctor
    found on the dead body during autopsy. That injury would have rendered the
    victim to suddenly go into unconscious stage and it was quite possible that
    when PW2 reached the spot he would have felt that Tara Chand had already
    died. We are, therefore, not persuaded to reject the evidence of PW2 on that
G   score alone.

           Learned counsel contended that since blood found on the gandasa and
    chhura was not identified as human blood there is no utility with the evidence
    relating to the recovery of the weapons. The important aspect concerning
    recovery of the weapons is that it renders the statements made by A I (Raj
H   Mohammad) and A2 (Niaz Ali), to the police investigating officer admissible
             GULJARALI v. STATE OF H.P. [K.T. THOMAS, J.]                  567
in evidence. Both of them had stated to the police separately that he concealed   A
the respective weapon at the place wherefrom it was recovered. Section 27
of the Evidence Act renders such statement of the accused admissible in
evidence, whether it amounts to confession or not, but only to the extent it
distinctively relates to the fact discovered. So the incriminating circumstance
in this case is. not merely that a gandasa and a chhura were disinterred by
the police but that those accused persons admitted to the police that such        B
weapons were concealed by them at those places.

      The circumstances narrated above when put together would undoubtedly
point to the guilt of A I and A2. But those circumstances are not sufficient
to complete a chain as against A3. In this context we point out that PW4          C
(Sanjeev Kumar) did not see A3 (Guizar Ali) at all when he saw the other
two accused sitting near the place of occurrence. T.he only circumstance made
against A3 is that PW2 Ram Singh saw him also running towards the jungle,
besides the motive established. But those two circumstances alone are not
enough to conclusively say that A3 (Guizar Ali) had also partieipated in the
murder of the deceased. Consequently the conviction and sentence passed           D
on him are liable to be set aside.

      In the result, we dismiss the appeal filed by appellant Raj Mohammad
and appellant Niaz Ali but we allow the appeal filed by appellant Gul~r Ali
and accordingly we set aside the conviction and sentence passed on him and
we acquit him. We direct that appellant Guizar Ali be set at liberty forthwith    E
unless he is required in any other case.

RK.S.                                                        Appeal allowed.