HIRA LAL AND ANOTHERversusGAJJAN AND OTHERS

A                        HIRA LAL AND ANOTHER
                                         v.
                           GAJJAN AND OTHERS

                              JANUARY 30, 1990
B
              (K.N. SAIKIA AND M. FATHIMA BEEVI, JJ.]

         U. P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950: Section
  20(b)(i)-Adhivasi rights-Khasra entry-Acceptance of-No enqui-
  ries into possession-Assumption as to correctness-Rebuttal-Burden
C ofproof.

         Code of Civil Procedure 1908: Section JOO-Circumstances
    under which High Court could reappreciate evidence and come to its
    own independent conclusion.

D        The plaintiff-respondent claimed that before the U.P. Zamindari
  Abolition and Land Refoms Act, 1950 came into force, his father was a
  sub-tenant under defendants 3 to 25 and after his father's death, the
  other 3 sons separated from· the plaintiff and consequently he has
  become the sole-tenant. According to him, his father was recorded
  oecupant of Khasra 1356 Fasli (I.7.1948 to 30.6.1949) and was in
E cultivatory possession in Khasra 1359 Fasli (1.7.1951to30.6.1952) as a
  result of which he had acquired adhivasi rights and sirdari rights, and
  the rights of defendants 3 to 25 extinguished under section 240-A of the
  said Act. He alleged that in 1968, defenda.nts 1 and 2 obtained fictitious
  sale deed from defendants Nos. 3 to 25 in respect of the said land and started
  interfering with his possession. He, therefore, filed a suit for permanent
F injunction. The suit was contested by some of the defendants who
  pleaded that neither the plaintiff nor his father was in possession of the
  said land at. any point of time and there was no question of sub-tenancy
  or acquiring of adhivasi/sirdari rights. The trial court dismissed the
  suit. The appeal preferred by the plaintiff-respondent was dismissed by
  the first appellant court.
G
         The trial court as also the first appellate court held that the
  respondent was not entitled to become an adhivasi under section
  20(b )(i) of the Act since his father died in 1951 before the date of vesting    '"<
   i.e. I.7 .1952. Both the courts also held that his father was not in
   cultivatory possession of Khasra 1359 Fasli and, therefore, h.e could not
H get ,adhivasi rights under section 3 of the U.P. Land Reforms \Supple-
                                        164
,
                                 HIRA LAL v. GAJJAN                            165

      .mentary) Act, 1952. It was also held that there was no contract or
       sub-teqancy in the name of his father.                                         A

             The plaintiff-respondent preferred an appeal before the High
       Court which allowed the appeal and granted a decree reversing the
       decision of the courts below.
                                                                                      B
            Aggrieved, the appellants have filed the present appeal contending
      inter alia that since there were concurrent findings of facts by the trial
      court and the first appellate court, and in the absence of any substantial
      question of law, the High Court had no jurisdiction under section 100
      C.P.C. to disturb the concurrent findings of facts.

            Dismissing the appeal, this Court,                                        c

            HELD: 1. Section IOO(l)(c) of the Code of Civil Procedure refers
t     to a substantial error or defect in the procedure. The error or defect in
      the procedure to which the clause refers is not an error or defect in the
      appreciation of evidence adduced by the parties on the merits. Even .if o
      the appreciation of evidence made is patently erroneous and the finding
      of fact recorded in~consequence is grossly_ erroneous, that cannot ·be said
      to introduce a substantial error or defect in the procedure. If in dealing
      with a question of fact the lower appellate court has placed the onus on
      wrong party and its finding of fact is the result substantially of this
      wrong approach that may be regarded as a defect in procedure. When );::
      the first appellate court discarded the evidence as inadmissible and the
                                                         '
      High Court is satisfied that the evidence was admissible  that may intro-
      duce an error or defect in procedure. So also in a case where the court
      below ignored the weight of evidence and allowed the judgment to be



l     influenced by inconseqnent matters, the High Court would be justified
      in reappreciating the evidence and coming to its own independent F
      decision. [I68H; 169A-C]

            Madan La/v. Gopi, AIR 1980 SC 1754 relied on.

           V. Ramachandra Ayyar & Anr. v. Ramalingam Chettiar & Anr.,
      AIR 1963 SC-302 referred to.                                                    G

            2. Section 20(b)(i) of the Act eliminates enquiries into possession
t' inentryaccepting the record in the Khasra. In the instant case the Khasra
             for 1356 Fasli showed that the appellant's father was the sub-
      tenant. It is not for the appellant to prove that this entry is incorrect. It
      was for the defendants t(l show that the entry had· been introduced             H
    166                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS             [1990] 1 S.C.R.

A   surreptitiously out of ill-will of hostility. In the absence of such proof,
    the genuineness has to be presumed and the entry accepted aS\.evidenre
    of the sub-tenancy in favour of the appellant's father. The Khasra entry
                                                                                   1·
    of 1371 Fasli and 1372 show the appellant's name as person in posSEs-
    sion. It is clear indicatfon that possession of the sub-tenant continued
B   with the appellant. The rent receipts of the year 1929 and subsequent
    years are not required to be proved by the appellant as pointed out !Jy
    the learned Judge. These furnish evidence of possession as sub-tenant.
    The lower appellate court was not justified in ignoring these docu-           ~ .,
    ments. The High Court was, therefore, well within its power in
    appreciating the evidence and arriving at its own conclusion. ll70B, E-G]

C         Amba Prasad v. Abdul Noor Khan & Ors., [1964] 7 SCR 800 and
    Nath Singh & Ors. v. The Board of Revenue & Ors., [1968] 3 SCR 498
    relied on.

           3. Though the revenue courts had exclusive jurisdiction, the civil·
D   court had jurisdiction to try the suit for injunction when the question of
    title arose only incidentally. [17 IB]

          4. The High Court was right in holding that the appeal did not
    abate on account of non-filing of substitution application after the death
    of certain defendants. [170H]
E          The State of Punjab v. Nathu Ram, [1962] 2 SCR 636 relied on.

          CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 3154
    of 1982.
                                                                                    l
F        From the Judgment and Order dated 28.9.1981 of the Allahabad
    High Court in S.A. No. 1874 of 1970.

        Salish Chandra, S.N. Singh, T.N. Singh, H.L. Srivastava and
                                                                                  ;
    Sudama Ojha for the Appellants.

           U.R. Lalit and R.D. Upadhyaya for the Respondents.
G
           The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

      FATHIMA BEEVI, J. This appeal is directed against the judg-
  ment dated 28-9-1981 of the High Court of Allahabad in Second
H Appeal No. 1874 of 1970.
                HIRA LAL v. GAJJAN [FATHIMA BEEVI. J.]                  167

         The plaintiff-respondent filed the suit alleging inter alia that      A
  before enforcement of the U .P. Zamindari Abolition and Land
  Reforms Act, 1950, hereinafter referred to as "Zamindari Abolition
  Act", defendants Nos. 3 to 25 were the tenants-in-chief of the plots in
  suit and his father Munni Lal was their sub-tenant; that Munni Lal died
  in 1951 leaving behind four sons including the plaintiff-respondent;
. that remaining three brothers of the plaintiff had separated and conse-      B
  quently the plaintiff became sole-tenant; that Munni Lal was recorded
  occupant in Khasra 1356 Fasli and in cultivatory possession in Khasra
  1359 Fasli and consequentially he acquired adhivasi rights and then
  sirdari rights, the rights of defendants 3 to 25 extinguished under sec-
  tion 240-A of the Zamindari Abolition Act; that in 1968, however,
  defendants Nos. 1 and 2 obtained fictitious sale deed from defendants
  Nos. 3 to 25 in respect of the plots in suit. They had started interfering
                                                                               c
  with the plaintiff's possession and, hence, the plaintiU:respondent
  filed the suit for permanent injunction.

       Defendants Nos. 1to3, 5 to 7, 13 and 14contested the suit. They
 denied the plaintiff's claim and disputed that the plaintiff's father,        D
 Munni Lal, was the sub-tenant or that he acquired adhivasi rights or
 sirdari rights. It was further pleaded that the plaintiff or his father was
 never in possession of the plots in suit. The suit for permanent injunc-
 tion was dismissed.

       Against the judgment of the trial court, the plaintiff-respondent       E
 preferred Appeal No. 321 of 1969 which was dismissed by the first
 appellate court. The Second Appeal No. 1874 of 1970, filed before the
 High Court of Allahabad against the judgment of the first appellate
 court, was allowed on 28-9-1981.

       The respondent based his title on three grounds, namely, (i) that       F
 his father Munni Lal was recorded occupant in Khasra 1356 Fasli (be-
 ginning from 1.7.1948 and ending with 30.6.1949) and became adhivasi
 under section 20(b )(i) of the Zamindari Abolition Act; (2) that his
 father Munni Lal was in cultivatory possession of the disputed land in
 Khasra 1359 Fasli (beginning from 1. 7 .1951 and ·ending with 30.6.1952)
 and consequently he became adhivasi under section 3 of the U .P. Land         G
 Reforms (Supplementary) Act, (U.P. Act No. 31of1952); and (3) that
 his father Munni Lal was sub-tenant over the disputed land and, there-
 fore, he became an adhivasi and consequently the sirdar under the
 provisions of the zamindari Abolition Act.

       The trial court and the first appellate court recorded finding of       H
     168                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS            [1990] 1 S.C.R.

     facts to the effect that the plaintiff's father Munni Lal was not in
A
     cultivatory possession of 1359 Fasli and therefore he could not get
     adhivasi right under section 3 of the U.P. Land Reforms (Supple-
     mentary) Act, 1952. Both the courts further observed that the
     plaintiff's father was not a recorded occupant within the meaning of
     section 20(b)(i) of the Zamindari Abolition Act, as the entry of his
B    name in column 6 of the Khasra 1356 Fasli was suspicious, not being
     supported by Kha ta uni entry. It was further held that as his father died
     in 1951 before the date of vesting i.e. 1.7.1952 (when the zamindari
     was abolished in U .P. under the provisions of Zamindari Abolition
     Act), the plaintiff is not entitled to the benefit of becoming adhivasi
     under section 20(b )(i) of the Zamindari Abolition Act.
('
        The trial court and the first appellate court also found that no
  contract or sub-tenancy between Munni Lal and the proforma
  defendants was proved. The High Court held the view that the
  approach made by the courts below was wrong. The question that
  arose for decision in the suit was whether the appellant's father was a
D sub-tenant? The learned Single Judge noticed that if Munni Lal was a
  sub-tenant, his heir being the adhivasi and the appellant must, there-
  fore, succeed. The evidence relating to the sub-tenancy and conse-
  quent possession was therefore, considered in detail and the learned
  Judge concluded that Munni Lal was in cultivatory possession of the
  land in 1356 Fasli as a sub-tenant. His rights as sub-tenant devolved on
E the appellant who continued in possession as such and became adhivasi
  and rights of defendants 3 to 14 were extinguished under the
  Zamindari Abolition Act and defendants could not interfere with
  appellants possession. In this view the appellant was granted a decree
  reversing the decision of the lower courts.

F           The main contention advanced on behalf of the appellants before
     us is that the decision having been rendered by the trial court and the
     first appellate court on the basis of the finding of fact regarding the
     right claimed and the possession alleged, in the absence of any sub-
     stantial question of law, there was no jurisdiction of the High Court
     under section 100 C.P.C. to disturb the finding of a concurrent nature
G    and upset the decision. The High Court, while exercising its power
     under section 100 C.P.C., has no jurisdiction to interfere with the
     finding of fact recorded by the first appellate court. Reliance was
     placed on V. Ramachandra Ayyar & Anr. v. Ramalingam Chettiar &
     Anr., AIR 1963 SC-302. Section lOO(l)(c) refers to a substantial error
     or defect in the procedure. The error or defect in the procedure to
H    which the clause refers is not an error or defect in the appreciation of
              HIRA LAL v. GAJJAN [FATHIMA BEEVI, J.]                169

evidence adduced by the parties on the merits. Even if the apprecia-
                                                                           A
tion of evidence made is patently erroneous and the finding of fact
recorded in consequence is grossly erroneous, that cannot he said to
introduce a substantial error or defect in the procedure. If in dealing
with a question of fact the lower appellate court has placed the onus on
wrong party and its finding of fact is the result substantially of this
wrong approach that may be regarded as a defect in procedure. When         B
the first appellate court discarded the evidence as inadmissible and the
High Court is satisfied that the evidence was admissible that may
introduce an error or defect in procedure. So also in a case where the
court below ignored the weight of evidence and allowed the judgment
to be influenced by inconsequential matters, the High Court would be
justified in reappreciating the evidence and coming to its own indepen-
dent decision as held in Madan La/v. Gopi, AIR 1980 SC 1754.               c
      The substantial issue in- the present suit was whether the respon-
dent was in possession of the dispnted land. The respondent claimed
possession under his father as sub-tenant and thereafter as sirdar. In
support of his claim respondent relied on the entries in the revenue       D
records and the receipts for payment of rent. The effect of these docu-
ments had been wholly ignored by the lower courts on the assumption
that these were fabricated. The U .P. Zamindari Abolition Act came
into force on July 1, 1952. Section 20(b )(i) of the Act provided that
every person, recorded as occupant of a land in the Khasra or
Kha ta uni of 1356 Fasli prepared under sections 28 and 33 of the U .P.    E
Land Revenue Act 1901, be called the adhivasi of the land. This Court
in Amba Prasad v. Abdul Noor Khan & Ors., (1964] 7_J)CR 800
examined the scheme of the section and held that the title to posses-
sion as adhivasi depends on the entry in the Khasra of 1356 Fasli. The
section eliminates enquiries into possession in accepting the record in
the Khasra.                                                                F

      The Court observed at page 808:

             "The word 'occupant' is not defined in the Act. Since
             khasra records possession and enjoyment the word
             'occupant' must mean a person holding the land in posses- G
             sion or actual enjoyment. The khasra, however, may
             mention the proprietor, the tenant, the sub-tenant and
             other person in actual possession, as the case may be. If
             by occupant is meant the person in actual Jlossession it is
             clear that between a proprietor and a tenant the tenant
             and between a tenant· and. the sub-tenant the latter, and. H
    170                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS             [1990] 1 S.C.R.

                  between him and a person recorded in the remarks
A
                  column as "Dawedar qabiz" the dawedar qabiz are the
                  occupants.''

        In Nath Singh & Ors. v: The Board of Revenue & Ors., [1968] 3
  SCR 498 in answering the contention that the correctness of the entry
B in the record of Khasra of 1356 Fasli could be gone into and where the
  respondents are recorded only as sub-tenant and not as occupant, they
  could not get the benefit of section 20(b )(i) of the Act, this Court held
  as under:                                                                       •
                "The record of rights for the year 1356F. had not been
                corrected afterwards. We have to go by the entry in the
c               record of rights and no enquiry need be made as to when
                the respondents became sub-tenants after the decision in
                favour of the landlord, Ram Dhani Singh. The last decision
                of this Court also shows that as between the tenant and the
                sub-tenant the entry in the record of rights in favour of the
D               sub-tenant makes him the occupant entitled to the adhivasi
                rights under section 20 of the Act."

        In this case the Khasra entry for 1356 Fasli Ex-4 showed that the
  respondent's father Munni Lal was sub-tenant. As rightly stated by the
  High Court,, it is not for the plaintiff to prove that this entry is correct.
E It was for the defendants to show that the entry had been introduced
  surreptitiously out of ill-will or hostility. In the absence of such proof,
  the genuineness has to be presumed and the entry accepted as evi-
  dence of the sub-tenancy in favour of the respondent's father. The
  Khasra entry of 1371 Fasli and 1372 show the respondent's name as
  person in possession. It is clear indication that possession of the sub-
F tenant continued with the respondent. The rent receipts of the year
  1929 and subsequent years are not required to be proved by the
  respondent as pointed out by the learned Judge. These furnish evi-
  dence of possession as sub-tenant. We agree that the lower appellate
  court was not justified in ignoring these documents. The High Court
  was, therefore, well within its powers in appreciating the evidence and
G arriving at its own conclusion.

          The contention that the second appeal abated on account of
    non-filing of substitution application after the death of defendants
    Nos. 6, 10 and 11 had been reiterated before us. These defendants
    were only proforma parties and the High Court was right in holding
H   that appeal did not abate. We may refer to The State of Punjab v.
                   HIRA LAL v. GAJJAN [FATHIMA BEEVI, J.]                 171

    Nathu Ram, [1962] 2 SCR 636 where it is held "that ordinarily the
                                                                                 A
    considerations which weigh with the Court in deciding upon this q ues-
    tion are whether the appeal between the appellants and the respon-
    dents other than the deceased can be said to be properly constituted or
    can be said to have all the necessary parties for the decision of the
    controversy before the Court." The Civil Court had jurisdiction to try
    the suit for injunction when the question of title arose only inciden- l3
    tally. The objection to jurisdiction of the Civil Court to try the suit on ·
.   the ground that revenue court had exclusive jurisdiction is not sustain-
    able the suit being one for permanent injunction and the question of
    title arises only incidentally.

         We find no merit in the appeal which is accordingly dismissed.
    No order as to costs.                                                       c
    G.N.                                                  Appeal dismissed.




l