J.H. JADHAVversusM/S. FORBES GOKAK LTD.

'A                                 J.H. JADHAV
                                          V.

                          . MIS. FORBES GOKAK LTD.

                               FEBRUARY 11, 2005

B                     [RUMA PAL AND C.K. THAKKER, JJ.]


          Constitution of India, Article 226 :

       Judicial review-Scope of-Industrial dispute raised by employee-
c Objection of employer that employee's claim was not industrial was rejected
                                                                                    ---~
     by Tribunal after appreciation of evidence-High Court reversed the finding
     of Tribunal-Justification of-Held: Tribunal's order being not irrational or      \'-
     perverse, High Court not justified in interfering with the same-labour laws-
     Industrial Disputes Act, 1947--Section 2(k).
D
           On rejection of appellant's claim for promotion by Respondent-
     employer, he raised an industrial dispute seeking promotion w.e.f. the date
     his juniors were promoted. Respondent contested the claim on the ground: .
     that the dispute raised was individual and not industrial, as the workman
     was not supported by substantial number of workmen or majority union.
E    Tribunal held that in the light of evidence put forth by the appellant, his
     cause has been espoused by the Gokak Mills Staff Union. Against this,
     Respondent filed writ petition. Single Judge dismissed the same. Aggrieved
     respondent filed Writ appeal. Division Bench allowed the same. Hence the
     present appeal.
F
          Allowing the appeal, the Court
                                                                                      1-
          HELD: I.I. Under Section 2(k) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947,
     an Industrial Dispute means any dispute or difference between an
     employer and employers or between employers and workmen, or between              ._
     workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non-              ~
G
     employment or the terms of the employment or with the condition of
     labour, of any person. For the purpose of Section 2(k), the dispute is to
     be sponsored or espoused by the Union of workmen or by a number of
     workmen. (91-B-DJ

H                                        88
                                                                                      ~
             J.H. JADHAV v. FORBES GOKAK LTD. [RUMA PAL. J.]                   89

          1.2. The phrase "the union" merely indicates the Union to which the        A
    employee belongs even though it may be a Union of a minority of the
    workmen and .where the establishment had no union on its own and some
    of the employees had joined the Union of another establishment belonging
    to the same industry. In such a case it would be open to that Union to
    take up the cause of the workmen if it is sufficiently representative of those   B
    workmen, despite the fact that such Union was not exclusively of the
    workmen working in the establishment concerned. (91-D)

         Workmen of Mis Dharampal Premchand (Saughandhi) v. Mis
    Dharampal Premchand (Saughandhi) (19651 3 SCR 394, relied on

          Workmen of Indian Express Newspaper (Pvt.) Ltd v. Management of
                                                                                     c
    Indian Express Newspaper Private ltd., AIR (1970) SC 737, referred to

          2. There is nothin~ to show that appellant was not a member of the
    Gokak Mills Staff Union or the Union was not of the respondent
    establishment. Tribunal had addressed its mind to the question,                  D
    appreciated evidence both oral and documentary and found that the Union
    had espoused the appellant's cause. The Division Bench misapplied the
    principles of judicial review under Article 226 in interfering with the
    decision. It was not a question of there being no evidence of espousal before
    the Industrial Tribunal. The Division Bench ought not have upset this
    finding without holding that the conclusion was irrational or perverse.          E
                                                              (91-F; 92-A, B, Cl



-
         CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1089 of2005.

         From the Judgment and Order dated 16.4.2004 of the Karnataka High
    Court in W.A. No. 4503 of 2001 (L).
                                                                                     F

         G.V. Chandrashekhar and P.P. Singh for the Appellant.

          Raj Birbal, U.A. Rana, Arvind Kumar, Madhup Singbhal and S.
    Chatterjee for Mis. Gagrat & Co. for the Respondent.                             G
         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

         RUMA PAL, J. Leave granted.

         The appellant was employed by the respondent. He claimed promotion
    as a clerk. When this was not granted, the appellant raised an industrial        H
    90                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                     [2005] 2 S.C.R.

A dispute. The questiori whether the appellant was justified in his prayer for
   promotion with effect from the date that his juniors were promoted was
   referred to the Industrial Tribunal by the State Government. In their written
  ·statement before the Tribunal the respondent denied the appellant's claim for
   promotion on merits. In addition; it was contended by the respondent that the
B individual dispute raised by the appellant was riot an industrial dispute within
   the meaning of Section 2(k) of the Industrial Disputes 'Act, 1947, as the
   workman was neither supported by a substantial number· of workmen nor by
   a majority union. The appellant claims that his ~ause was espoused by the
   Gokak Mills Staff Union.

C          Before the Tribunal, apart from examining himself, the General Secretary
    of the Union was examined as a witnj!SS in support of the appellant's claim.
             .             •     r
    The General Secretary affirmed that the appellant was a member of the Union
    and that his cause has been espoused by the Union. Documents including
    l~tters written by the Union to the o'eputy Lab!'~r .Coll).missioner, as.well as
    the objection filed by the Union before the Conciliation ,Officer were adduced
D   in evidence. The Tribunal ·came to the conclusion that in' view of the evidence
                                                             ..
    given by the General Secr~tary and the. documents produced, it was clear that
    the appellant's cause had been espoused by the Union which was one of the
    Unions of the .respondent employer. On t~e merits, the Tribunal accepted the
    appellant's contentions ~hat employees who were junior to him have been
E   promoted a~ clerks. It noted that. no record had been produced by the
    respondent to show that the Management had taken into account the appellant's
    production records, efficiency, attendance or behaviour while denying him
    promotion. The Tribunal concluded that the act of the respondent in denying
    promotion to the appellant amounted to unfair labour practice. An award was
    passed in f~vour of the appellant and the respondent was directed to promote
F   the appellant as a clerk from the date his juniors were .promoted and to give
    him all consequential benefits.

         The award of the Industrial Tribunal was challenged by the respondent
   by way of a writ petition. A Single Judge dismissed the writ petition. The
   respondent being aggrieved. filed a writ appeal before the· Appellate Court.
G The Appellate Court construed Section 2(k) of the Industrial Disputes Act
   1947 and came to the conclusion that an individual dispute is not an industrial
   dispute unless it directly and substantially affects the interest of.other w~rkmen.
   Secondly it was held that an individual dispute should be taken up by a
   Union which had representative character or by a substantial number of
.H employees before it would be converted into an industrial dispute neither of
          J.H. JADHAV v. FORBES GOKAK LTD. [RUMA PAL . .1.)               91

which according to the Appellate Court, had happened in the present case. It A~
was held that there was nothing on record to show that the appellant was a
member of the Union or that the dispute has been espoused by the Union by
passing any resolution in that regard.

       The definition of"Industrial Dispute" in Section 2(k) of the Act shows
that an Industrial Dispute means any dispute or difference between an employer B
and employers or between employers and workmen, or between workmen
and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non-employment
or the terms of the employment or with the condition of labour, of any
person. The definition has been the subject matter of several decisions of this
Court and the law is well settled. The locus classicus is the decision in
 Workmen of Mis. Dharampal Premchand (Saughandhi) v. Mis. Dharampal
Premchand (Saughandhi), [1965] 3 SCR 394 where it was held that for the
purposes of Section 2(k) it must be shown that( I) the dispute is connected
with the employment or non employment of a workman. (2) the dispute
between a single workman and his employer was sponsored or espoused by
the Union of workmen or by a number of workmen. The phrase "the union" D
merely indicates the Union to which the employee belongs even though it
may be a Union of a minority of the workmen. (3) the establishment had no
union on its own and some of the employees had joined the Union of another
establishment belonging to the same industry. In such a case it would be
open to that Union to take up the cause of the workmen if it is sufficiently E
representative of those workmen, despite the fact that such Union was not
exclusively of the workmen working in the establishment concerned. An
illustration of what had been anticipated in Dharam Pal's case is to be found
in the Workmen of Indian Express Newspaper (Pvt.) Ltd v. Management of
Indian Express Newspaper Private Ltd, AIR (1970) SC 737 where an 'outside'
union was held to be sufficiently representative to espouse the cause.          F
       In the present case, it was not questioned that the appellant was a
member of the Gokak Mills Staff Union. Nor was any issue raised that the
Union was not of the respondent establishment. The objection as noted in the
issues framed by the Industrial Tribunal was that the Union was not the
majority Union. Given the decision in Dharam Pal's case, the objection was      G
rightly rejected by the Tribunal and wrongly accepted by the High Court.

      As far as espousal is concerned there is no particular form prescribed
to effect such espousal. Doubtless, the Union must normally express itself in
the form of a resolution which should be proved if it is in issue. However      H
    92                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    (2005] 2 S.C.R.

A proof of support by the Union may also be available aliunde. It would depend
    upon the facts of each case. The Tribunal had addressed its mind to the
    question, appreciated the evidence both oral and documentary and found that
    the Union had espoused the appellant's cause.

          The Division Bench misapplied the principles of judicial review under
B Article 226 in interfering with the decision. It was not a question of there
    being no evidence of espousal before the Industrial Tribunal. There was
    evidence which was considered by the Tribunal in coming to the conclusion
    that the appellant's cause had been espoused by the Union. The High Court
    should not have upset this finding without holding that the conclusion was
C   irrational or perverse. The conclusion reached by the High Court is therefore
    unsustainable .

           .For all these reasons the decision of the High Court cannot stand and
    · must"be set aside.

D         Learned counsel appearing for the respondent then submitted that the
    matter may be remanded back to the Division Bench of the High·Court as the
    Court had not considered the other argumentS raised by the respondent while
    impugning the award of the Industrial Tribunal. It appears from the impugned
    decision that the only other ground raised by the respondent in the Writ
    Appeal was that the grievance of the appellant had been belatedly raised. We
E   have found from the decision of the Industrial Tribunal that no such contention
    had been raised by the respondent before the Tribunal at all. We are not
    prepared to allow the respondent to raise the issue before the High Court.
                                                       '
           The respondent finally submitted that pursuant to the disciplinary
     proceedings initiated against the appellant in the meanwhile, _the appellant
F    had been dismissed from service and that the order of dismissal ·was the
     subject matter ofa separate industrial dispute. We are not concerned with the
     proprietary of the order of dismissal except to the extent that the appellant
     cannot obviously be granted actual pro~otion today. Nevertheless, he would
     be entitled to the monetary benefits of promotion pursuant to the award of
G    the Industrial Tribunal which is the subject matter of these proce_edings uptil
     the date of his dismissal. Any further relief that the appellant may be entitled
     to must of necessity abide by the final disposal of_ the industrial dispute
     relating to the order of dismissal which is said to be pending.

           We therefore allow the appeal and set aside the decision of the High
H Court. The award of the Industrial Tribunal is confirmed subj~ct to the
               J.1-1 . .IADl-IAV v. FORBES GOKAK LTD. [RUMA PAL, .I.]               93

     modification that the promotion granted by the award will be given effect to         A
     notionally for the period as indicated by the award up to the date of the
     appellant's dismissal from service. Reliefs in respect of the period subsequent
     to the order of dismissal shall be subject to the outcome of the pending
     industrial dispute relating to the termination of the appellant's services. If the
     termination is ultimately upheld, the appellant will be entitled only to the         B
     reliefs granted by us today. If on the other hand the tennination is set aside,
     the appellant will be entitled to promotion as granted by the award.

     D.G.                                                           Appeal allowed.




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