JAMES MARTINversusSTATE OF KERALA

A                                JAMES MARTIN
                                          v.
                               STATE OF KERALA

                              DECEMBER 16, 2003

B .          [DORAISWAMY RAJU AND ARIJIT PASAYAT, JJ.]

         Penal Code, 1860:

         Sections 304 Part I, 326, 324, 96, 100 and 103-Bundh called all over
C the count1y-Floor l'vfill owned by father and son operational in the area-
    Bandh activists unlawfully entered the mill and demanded the employee
    to close the mill and thereafter assaulted him-Firing by son on instigation
    by father which resulted in death of two activists-Injuries sustained by
    other activists and also passersby on the road-Violent mob set the
    properties of the father and son on fire--Prosecution version that prop-
D   erties set on fire after the firing by son whereas defence version that it was
    done phor to the firing by son-Trial Court held father and son exceeded
    right o.fprivate defence in its exercise-High Court upheld the order with
    regard to son-On appeal held: Acts done by the son were within the
    reasonable limits of exercise of his right of private defence-Hence,
E   conviction and sentence set aside.

          Sections 96, 100 and 103-Right of private defence-Scope and
    object-Held: Exercise of right of private defence is to be determined on


                                                                                     -
    facts and circumstances of each case-Court must consider all circum-
F   stances-No abstract test can be laid down-Right commences as soon as
    reasonable apprehension of danger to the body arises and it lasts so long
    as danger to the body continues-}Jumber of injuries is not a safe criteria
    for determining the aggressor-Non-explanation of injuries sustained at
    the time of occurrence is an important circumstance-Burden to prove the
    plea of private defence is on the accused-Burden is discharged by
G   showing preponderance of probabilities in favour of his plea on basis of
    material on record-Furthermore, the right of private defence should not
    be construed narrowly-Evidence Act, 1872-Section I 05.

        According to the prosecution, some of the political parties called
H   Bharat Bundh. In a particular place Bundh activists were checking

                                         910
                JAMES MARTIN v. ST ATE OF KERALA                      911

· about the observance of the Bundh. Appellant-accused and his father A
  had their residence, factory and flour mill in that area in compound.
  The activists came to know that the employee of the father and the son
  was operating the mill. Some of the Bundh activists including the
  prosecution witnesses got into the floor mill by scaling the wall and
  demanded the employee to close down the mill. An altercation took B
  place between them and on hearing the commotion appellant-Al and
  his father -A-2 came out from their residence and directed the activists
  to go out of the mill. However the activists persisted in their demands.
  A-2 directed A-1 to take out the gun from the house and shoot down
  the activits. A-1 fired at the activists causing injuries to them. Passersby
  on the road also sustained injuries. People of the locality rushed to the C
  scene of occurrence and took the injured to the hospital. Two activists
  succumbed to their injuries. Thereafter, a violent mob which collected
  at the scene of occurrence set fire to the properties of the accused.
  Accused took the stand that they resorted to firing after their properties
  were set on fire by the bundh activists when the accused failed to meet D
  their unlawful demand to close down the floor mill. Trial Court held
  that the accused exceeded their right of private defence in its exercise
  and convicted the appellant-accused under section 304 Part-I, 326 and
  324 IPC and his father under section 304 Part I read with section 34,
  section 326 read with Section 34, 324 IPC and sentenced them E
  accordingly. High Court upheld the order with regard to the appellant
  and gave benefit of dot.bt to the father. Hence the present appeals.

      Appellant contended that the factual scenario clearly shows as to
 how the bundh activists forcibly entered the premises of the appellant F
 and the appellant was faced. with their violent acts and his employee
 was inflicted serve injuries; and that in this background the accused
 acted in exercise of right of private defence and there was no question
 of exceeding such right.

       Respondent-State contended that the trial court and High Court G
 have rightly h.eld that the accused exceeded the right of private
 defence; and that when two persons had lost their lives, it cannot be
 said that the act done by the accused was within the permissible limits.

      Allowing the appeals, the Court                                       H
    912                          SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A         HELD : I.I. _The right of private defence is essentially defensive
    righ~ .~ircumscribed      by the governing statu.te i.e. the IPC, available
    o_nly l,Vh~'.1 th,e ~!rcumstances clearly justify it. It should not be allowed
    to be P!~~d-~~ or availed as a pretext for a vindictive, aggressive or
    r~tri~_u_tive ,P,urpose of offence. It is a right o~ defence, not of retribu-
B   tion, expected to repel unlawful aggression and not as retaliatory
    measure. 1924-E-F)

          L2. Section 96 lPC does not define the expression 'right of private
      •;.    f.•
            or   :           ~             . '      -             •
    defence. It merely indicates that nothing is an offence, which is done
    in,exercis e'or s~ch right. Whether in a particular set of circumstances,
                     1




C   a person legitimately acted in exercise of the right of private defence
    is a question '!f 'ract to be determined on the facts and surrounding
    circumstances of each case. No test in the abstract for determining such
    a question' can be laid down. The injuries received by the accused, the
    immine~c_e of threat to his safety, the injuries caused by the accused
D   and the circumstances whether the accused had time to have recourse
    to public authorities are all rel~vant factors to be considered. The
    entire incident must be examined with care and viewed in its proper
                         0




    setting. A plea of right of private defence can.not be based on surmises
    and speculation. 1920-C-E; 922-B]
E         Biran Singh v. State of Bihar, AIR (1975) SC 87; Wassan Singh v.
    State ofPunjab, [1996) 1SCC458 and Sekar alias Raja Sekharan v. State
    represented by Inspector of Police, T.N, (2002) 8 SCC 354, relied on.

            1.3. The right of private defence commences, as soon as reason-
F able apprehension -of edanger to the body arises-from an attempt, or
    threat to commit the offence, although the offence may not have ·been
    committed. The right lasts so long as the reasonable apprehension of
    the danger to the body continues: The person facing a reasonable
    apprehension of threat to himself cailnot be expected to modulate his
G   defence step by step with any arithmetical exacitude of only that much
    which is required in the thinking of a man;iit ordinary times or under
    normal circumstan·ces. (922;.F-G; 924~A-Bf

            Jai Dev v. State of Punjab, AIR (1963) .SC 612, referred to.

H           1.4. The burden of establishing the.plea of self-defence is on the
               JAMES MARTIN v. STATE OF KERALA                       913
accused who sets up the plea and the burden stands discharged by showing A
rreponderance of probabilities in favour of that plea on the basis of the
material on record either by himself adducing positive evidence or by
eliciting necessary facts from the witnesses examined for the prosecution.
An accused taking the plea of the right of private defence is not necessarily
required to call evidence, he can establish his plea by reference to B
drcumstances transpiring from the prosecution evidence itself. The ac-
cused need not prove the existence of the right of private defence beyond
reasonable doubt. In the abse~ce of proof, it is not possible for the Court
to presume the truth of the plea of self-defence. The court would presume
the absence of such circumstances. Furthermore to claim a right of private
defence extending to voluntary causing of death, the accused must show     c
that there were circumstances giving rise to reasonable grounds for
apprehending that either death or grievous hurt would be caused to him.
                                        (921-A-B; 920-F-G; 921-F; 922-E)

     Munshi Ram and Ors. v. Delhi Administration, AIR (1968) SC 702; D
State of Gujarat v. Bai Fatima, AIR, [1977) SC 2226 and Mohinder Pal
Jolly v. State of Punjab, AIR (1979) SC 577, relied on.

     Salim Zia v. State of UP., AIR (1979) SC 391, referred to.

     1.5. The number of injuries is not always a safe criterion for E
determining who the aggressor was. It cannot be stated as a universal
rule that whenever tue injuries are on the body of the accused person,
a presumption must necessarily be raised that the accused persons i1ad
caused injuries in exercise of the right of private defence. The defence
has to further establish that the injuries so caused on the accused F
probabilise the version of the right of private defence. Non-explanation
of the injuries sustained by the accused at about the time of occurrence
or in the course of altercation is a very important circumstance. But
mere non-explanation of the injuries by the prosecution may not affect
the prosecution in all cases. This principle applies to cases where the G
injuries sustained by the accused are minor and superficial or where
the evidence is clear and cogent. [921-F-H; 922-A-B]

     Lakshmi Singh v. State of Bihar, A!R (1976) SC 2263, relied on.

     1.6. The right of self-defence is a very valuable right, serving a H
    914               SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A social purpose and should not be construed narrowly. Situations have
    to be judged from the subjective point of view of the accused concerned
    i!1 the surrounding excitement and confusion of the moment, con-
    fronted with a situation of peril and not by any microscopic and
    pedantic scrutiny. [923-G-H]
B
          Vidhya Singh v. State of MP., AIR (1971) SC 1857, relied on.

          Butta Singh v. The State of Punjab, AIR (1991) SC 1316, referred
    to.

C         Russel on Crime, 11th Edition Volume I p 49, referred to.

         2.1. The facts clearly show that the threat to life and property of
    the accused was not only imminent but did not cease, and it continued
    unabated. High Court noticed that explosive substances were used to
D   destroy the properties of the accused, but did not specifically answer the
    question as to whether destruction was prior or subsequent to the shooting
    by the accused. It did not find the prosecution evidence ~ufficient to
    decide the question. In such an eventthe evidence ofappellant's employee
    who was also a victim assumes importance. Further, the High Court
E   without indicating any acceptable reason held on mere assumption that
    his sympathy lies \\'ith the accused. The conclusion was unwarranted,
    because the testimony was acted upon by the Courts below as a truthful
    version of the incident. (924-G-H; 925-A-B]

          2.2. Both trial court and High Court, candidly found that tense
F   situation was caused by the deceased and his friends. The employee
    suffered violence and there was threat of more violence to the person
    and properties. Despite all these to expect the accused to remain calm
    or observe greater restraint would be not only too much to be desired
    but being unreasonably harsh and uncharitable, merely carried away
G   only by considerations of sympathy for the lives lost, on taking a final
    account of what happened ultimately after ererything was over. In
    these circumstances, the act done by the accused were in the reasonable
    limits of exercise of his right of priv.ate defence and he was entitled to
    the protection afforded in law under section 96 IPC. Therefore, the
H   conviction and sentence is set aside. 1925-C-G]
      JAMES MARTIN v. STATE OF KERALA [PASAYAT, J.]                  915

      3. In the name of Hartal or Bundh or strike no person has any A
right to cause inconvenience to any other person or to cause in any
manner a threat or apprehension of risk to life, liberty, property of any
citizen or destruction of life and property, and the least any Govern-
ment or public property. The question whether bundh or hartal or
strike has any legal sanctity is of little consequence in such matters. B
Such acts are to be controlled with iron hands. ';h:-.t provides for no
licence to take law into their own hands. Any soft or lenient approach
for such offenders would be an affront to rule of law and challenge to
public order and peace. (925-G-H; 926-A-B; 926-E-FI

    CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.                  C
887 of 1997.

     From the Judgment and Order dated 2 l.7.97 of the Kerala High Court
in Cr!. A. No. 4 of 1994.
                                                                           D
                                 WITH

     S.L.P. (Cr!.) Nos. 47-49 of 1998.

     Sushi! Kumar, M. T. George and Adolf Mathew for the Appellant.
                                                                           E
     Ramesh Babu for the Respondent.

     The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

      ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.: Self-preservation is the prime instinct of
every human being. The right of private defence is a recognized right in F
the criminal law. Therefore, Section 96 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in
short 'the IPC') provides that nothing is an offence which is done in the
exercise of the right of private defence. The question is, as happens in many
cases, where exercise of such rights is claimed, whether the "Lakshman
Rekha", applicable to its exercise has been exceeded. Section 99 IPC G
delineates the extent to which the right may be exercised. The claim was
made by the ,accused in the following background:

      Appellant-James Martin faced trial along with his father-Xavier for
alleged commission of offences punishable under Sections 302, 307, 326 H
    916                 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A read with Se-ction 34 and Section 324 read with Section 114 IPC and
                                                           1



    Sections 25(B)(l) of the Anns Act, 1959 (in short 'the Act') and Sections
    27 arid 30 thereof. Learned Sessions Judge, N. Paravur, found the present
    appellant (A- l) guilty of offences punishable under Section 304 Part I, 326
    and 324 IPC, while the other accused was found guilty of the offences
B   punishable under Section 304 Part I read with Section 34, 326 r/w Ss.34,
    324 IPC. Both the accused persons were sentenced to undergo imprisonment
    for 7 years and for the second offence, 2 years RI and fine of Rs. 20,000
    with default -stipulation of l year sentence. It was directed that in case fine
    was realized it was to be paid to (PW-3). Each of the accused was also
    to undergo sentence RI for l year for the offence punishable under Section
C   324 IPC and to pay a fine of Rs. 5,000 with default stipulation of 6 months
    sentence. The fine, if any on realisation, was directed to be paid to PW-
    7 and PW-8. The fine was directed to be paid to (PW-8). The sentences
    were directed to run concurrently.

D        A-2 also filed a complaint against 24 persons, which was tried as S.C.
    no. 74of1991. In the said case some of the PWs and their supporters were
    the accused. State had launched prosecution against 12 of the said 24
    persons. The same as tried as S.C. no. 57 of 1990.

          Several appeals and revisions were filed by the appellants, the
E prosecution witnesses and the State. Appeal filed by the accused persons
  was numbered as criminal appeai no. 4 of 1994. As complaint was lodged
  by the accused alleging various offences by the prosecution witnesses, a
  separate case (S.C. 74 of 199 l) was registered in which there was an
  acquittal. Against such acquittal also appeal was filed by A-2 which was
F numbered as criminal appeal no. 4 71 of 1994. Criminal appeal no. 784 of
   I 994 was filed by the State questioning acquittal in S.C. 57.of 1990. Father
  of one of the victims filed Cr!. Revision Cr.RP 820 of 1994. The propriety
  of conviction under Section 304 Part I instead of Section 302 IPC was
  questioned by the State in Crl. Appeal no. 312 of 1994. By a common
O judgment all matters were disposed of.
           The matrix of the litigation related to a Bharat Bandh on 15.3.1998
    sponsored by some political parties. Prosecution version as unfolded during
    trial is as follows:

H         Most of the shops and offices were closed and vehicles were off the
       JAMES MARTIN v. STATE OF KERALA [PASAYAT, J.]                      917

road: There were isolated instances of defiance to the bundh call and some A
incidents had taken place that, however, did not escalate to uncontrolled
dimensions. Cheranelloor, where the concerned incidents took place, is a
politically sensitive suburb of Kechi where accused-appellant James and
his father Xavier had their residence, besides a bread factory and a flour
mill in the same compound. It was not anybody's case that they belonged B
to any political party or had credentials, which we'"~ U'.1Wholesome. By
normal reckoning, their business activities flourished well. They owned
a tempo van and other vehicles which were parked inside the compound
itself. It was, however, said that their success in business was a matter of
envy for Thomas Francis, their neighbour, particularly who filed com-
plaints to the local authorities against the conduct of the mill and the factory C
and also filed a writ petition to get them closed down, but without success.
He was one of the accused in S.C. No. 74 of 1991 and according to the
accused appellant-James was the kingpin and that the incident was wrought
by him out of hatred and deep animosity towards James and Xavier.
                                                                                D
      The incident involved in this case took place at about 2.30 p.m. on
15.3.1988 when five young men, the two deceased in this case, namely,
Mohan and Basheer (hereinafter referred to as 'deceased' by their respec-
tive name), and PW-I, PW-2 and PW-4, who were activists of the bundh,
as followers of the political parties which organized that bundh on that day, E
got into the flour mill of the A-2 through the unlocked gate leading access
to that mill situate in a property comprising the residential building, a bread
factory and other structures belonging to that accused. This group of five
men on passing beside the mill of A-2 while they were perambulating the
streets ofCheranelloor to have a first hand information as to the observance
of the bundh on coming to know of the operation of the flour mill by A- F
2 proceeded to that place and made demands to PW-15, the employee of
A-2 who was operating the mill to close down. An altercation took place
between them and on hearing the commotion the accused, A-1 and A-2
who were inside their residential building, situate to the west of that mill,
rushed to the place and directed the bundh activists to go out of the mill. G ·
As the activists of the bundh persisted in their demands for closing the mill,
according to the prosecution, A-2 got out of the mill and on the instruction
given by A-2, A-1 locked the gate of the compound from inside. Then
both of them rushed back to the house with A-2 directing A-1 to take out
the gun and shoot down the bundh activists by declaring that all of them H
    918                SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A should be finished off. On getting into the house and after closing the outer
    door of that building, both the accused rushed to the southern roorri of that
    building which faced the gate with a window opening to that side. The
    lst accused on the instigation of the 2nd acc:used, his father, and having
    that accused beside him, fired at the bundh activists, who by that time had
B   approached near the locked gate, by using an S.B.B.L. Gun through the
    window. The first shot fired from the gun hit against one of the bundh
    activists, who had got into the compound, namely Basheer, and he fell
    down beside the gate. The other four bundh activists on requesting the I st
    accused not to open fire rushed towards Basheer and, according to the
    prosecution, the first accused fired again with the gun indiscriminately
C   causing injuries tc all of them. Even when the first shot was fired from
    the gun passersby in the road situate in front of that prcperty also sustained
    injuries. When the firing continued as stated above some of the residents
    of the area who were standing beside the road also received gun shot
    injuries. On hearing the gun shots people of the locality rushed to the scene
D   of occurrence and some of them by scaling over the locked gate broke
    opened the lock and removed the injured to the road, from where they were
    rushed to the hospital in a tempo van along with the other injured who had
    also sustained gun shot injuries while they were standing beside the road.
    One amoi:ig the injured, namely, Mohanan breathed his last while he was
    transported in the tempo to the hospital and another, namely, Basheer,
E   succumbed to his injuries after being admitted at City Hospital, Ernakulam.
    All the other injured were admitted in that hospital to provide them
    treatment for the injuries sustained. Afte~.the removal of the. injured to the
    hospital in the tempo as aforesaid a violent mob which collected at the
    scene of occurrence set fire to. the residential building, flour mi II, bread
F   factory, household articles, cycles, a tempo and scooter, parked in front of
    the residential building of the accused, infuriated by the heinous act of the
    accused in firing at the bundh activists and other innocent people as
    aforesaid. Soon after the firing both the accused and PW-15 escaped from
    the scene of occurrence and took shelter in a nearby house.
G        The information as to the occurrence of a skirmish and altercation
    between bundh activists and the accused and of an incident involving firing
    at Cheranelloor was received by the police at Kalamassery Police Station
    from the Fire Station at Gandhi Nagar, Ernakulam, which was informed
    of such an incident over phone by a resident living close to the place· of
H   occurrence.
       JAMES MARTIN v. STATE OF KERALA [PASAYAT, J.]                   919

      The accused on the other hand, took the stand that the firing resulting A
in the death of two bundh activists and sustaining of grievous injuries to
several others occurred when their house and other buildings, situated in
a common compound bounded with well protected boundary walls, and
movable properties kept therein were set on fire by an angry mob of bundh
activists when the accused failed to heed their unlawful demand to close B
down the flour mill which was operated on that day.

      The trial Court discarded the prosecution version that the deceased
and PWs who had sustained injuries had gone through the gate as claimed.
On analysing the evidence it was concluded that they had scaled the walls. C
Their entry into premises of the accused was not lawful. It was also held
that PW-15 was roughed up by the bandh activists, making him runaway.
A significant conclusion was arrived at that they were prepared and in fact
used muscle power to achieve their ends in making the bandh a success.
It was categorically held that the bandh activists on getting into the mill
threatened, intimidated and assaulted PW-15 so as to compel him to close D
downs the mill. He sustained injuries, and bandh activists indulged in
violence before the firing took place at the place of occurrence. Accused
asked PW-I, PW-2 and PW-4 to leave the place. It was noticed by the
trial Court that the activists were in a foul and violent mood and had beaten
up one lossy, and this indicated their aggressive mood. They were armed E
with sharp edged weapons. Finally, it was concluded that the right of
private defence was exceeded in its exercise.

      On consideration of the evidence on record as noted above, the
conviction was made by the trial Court and sentence was imposed. The F
trial Court came to hold that though the accused persons claimed alleged
exercise of right of private defence same was exceeded. The view was
endorsed by the High Court by the impugned judgment so far as the present
appellant is concerned. But benefit of doubt was given to A-2, father of
the present appellant.
                                                                             G
      Mr. Sushi! Kumar, learned senior counsel for the appellant submitted
that the factual scenario clearly shows as to how the appellant was faced
with the violent acts of the prosecution witnesses. Admittedly, all of them
had forcibly entered into the premises of the appellant. PW-15 one of
employees was inflicted severe injuries. In this background, the accused H
    920                SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.
A acted in exercise of right of private defence and there was no question of
    exceeding such right, as held by the trial Court and the High Court.

          In response, learned counsel for the State submitted that after
    analyzing the factual position the trial Court and the High Comt have
B   rightly held that the accused exceeded the right of private defence and
    when two persons have lost lives, it cannot be said that the act done ,by
    the accused was within the permissible limits. He also pressed for
    accepting prayer in the connected SLPs relating to acquittal of A-2 and
    conviction _of the accused-appellant under Section 304 Part T.

c        Only question which needs to be considered, is the alleged exercise
  of right of private defence. Section 96, IPC provides that nothing is an
  offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence. The
  Section does not define the expression 'right of private defence'. It merely
  indicates that nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of such
D right. Whether in a particular set of circumstances, a person legitimately
  acted in the exercise of the right of private defence is a question of fact
  to be determined on the facts and circumstances of each case. No test in
  the abstract for determining such a question can be laid down. In
  determining this question of fact, the Court must consider all the surround-
E ing circumstances. It is not necessary for the accused to plead in so many
  words that he acted in self-defence. Ifthe circumstances show that the right
  of private defence was legitimately exercised, it is open to the Court to
  consider such a plea. In a given case the Court can consider it even ifthe
  accused has not taken it, ifthe same is available to be considered from the
F material on record. Under Section I 05 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872
  (in short 'the Evidence Act'), the burden of proof is on the accused, who
  sets up the plea of self-defence, and, in the absence of"proof, it is not
  possible for the Court to presume the truth ofthe plea of self-defence. The
  Court shall presume-the absence of such circ1:1mstances. It is for the accused
  to place necessary material on record either by himself adducing positive
G evidence or by eliciting necessary facts from the witnesses examined for
  the prosecution. An accused taking the plea of the right of private defence
  is n()t necessarily required to call evidence; he can establish his plea by
  reference to circumstances transpiring frem the prosecution evidence itself.
  The,question in such a case would be a question ofassessing the true effect
H of the prosecution evidence, and not a question of the accused discharging
        JAMES MARTIN v. STATE OF KERALA [PASAYAT, J.]                   921

 any burden. Where the right of private defence is pleaded, the defence A
 must be a reasonable and probable version satisfying the Court that the
 harm caused by the accused was necessary for either warding off the attack
 or for forestalling the further reasonable apprehension from the side of the
 accused. The burden of establishing the plea of self-defence is on the
 accused and the burden stands discharged by showing preponderance of B
 probabilities in favour of that plea on the basis of the material on record.
 [See Munshi Ram and Ors. v. Delhi Administration, AIR (l 968) SC 702,
 State ofGujaratv. Bai Fatima, AIR (l 975) SC 1478, State ofU.P. v. Mohd.
 Musheer Khan, AIR (1977) SC 2226, and Mohinder Pal Jolly v. State of
 Punjab, AIR (l 979) SC 577]. Sections l 00 to l 0 l define the extent of the
 right of private defence of body. If a person has a right of private defence C
 of body under Section 97, that right extends under Section 100 to causing
 death ifthere is reasonable apprehension that death or grievous hurt would
 be the consequence of the assault. The oft quoted observation of this Court
 in Salim Zia v. State of U.P., AIR (1979) SC 391, runs as follows:
                                                                              D
               "It is true that the burden on an accused person to establish
          the plea of self-defence is not as onerous as the one which lies
          on the prosecution and that, while the prosecution is required to
          prove its case beyond reasonable doubt, the accus~d need not
          establish the plea to the hilt and may discharge his onus by
          establishing a mere preponderance of probabilities either by E
          laying basis for that plea in the cross-examination of the prosecu-
          tion witnesses or by adducing defence evidence."

 The accused need not prove the existence of the right of private defence
 beyond reasonable doubt. It is enough for him to show as in a civil case     F
 that the preponderance of probabilities is in favour of his plea.

        The number of injuries is not always a safe criterion for determining
  who the aggressor was. It cannot be stated as a universal rule that whenever
  the injuries are on the body of the accused persons, a presumption must
· necessarily be raised that the accused persons had caused injuries in G
  exercise of the right of private defence. The defence has to further establish
  that the injuries so caused on the accused probabilise the version of the
  right of private defence. Non-explanation of the injuries sustained by the
  accused at about the time of occurrence or in the course of altercation is
  a very important circumstance. But mere non-explanation of the injuries H
    922                 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A by the prosecution may not affect the prosecution case in all cases. This
    principle applies to cases where the injuries sustained by the accused are
    minor and superficial or where the evidence is so clear and cogent, so
    independent and disinterested, so probable, consistent and credit-worthy,
    that it far outweighs the effect of the omission on the part of the prosecution
B   to explain ~he injuries. [See lakshmi Singh v. State of Bihar, AIR ( 1976)
    SC 2263]. A plea of right of private defence cannot be based on surmises
    and speculation. While considering whether the right of private defence is
    available to an accused, it is not relevant whether he may have a chance
    to inflict severe and mortal injury on the aggressor. In order to find whether
    the right of private defence is available to an accused, the entire incident
C   must be examined with care and viewed in its proper setting. Section 97
    deals with the subject matter of right of private defence. The plea of right
    comprises the body or property (i) of the person exercising the right; or
    (ii) of any other person; and the right may be exercised in the case of any
    offence against the body, and in the case of offences of theft, robbery,
D   mischief or criminal trespass, and attempts at such offences in relation to
    property. Section 99 lays down the limits of the right of private defence.
    Sections 96 and 98 give a right of private defence against certain offences
    and acts. The right given under Sections 96 to 98 and I 00 to I 06 is
    controlled by Section 99. To claim a right of private defence extending to
E   voluntary causing of death, the accused must show that there were
    circumstances giving rise to reasonable grounds for apprehending that
    either death or grievous hurt would be caused to him. The burden is on
    the accused to show that he had a right of private defence which extended
    to causing of death. Sections 100 and I 0 l, IPC define the Iimit and extent
    of right of private defence.
F
          Sections 102 and 105, IPC deal with commencement and continuance
    of the right of private defence of body and property respectively. The right
    commences, as soon as a reasonable apprehension of danger to the body
    arises from an attempt, or threat, to commit the offence, although the
    offence may not have been committed but not until there is that reasonable
G   apprehension. The right lasts so Jong as the reasonable apprehension of
    the danger to the body continues. In Jai Dev. v. State of Punjab, AIR
    (1963) SC 612, it was observed that as soon as the cause for reasonable
    apprehension disappears and the threat has either been destroyed or has
    been put to route, there can be no occasion to exercise the right of private
H   defence.
       JAMES MARTIN v. STATE OF KERALA [PASAYAT, J.]                  923

      In order to find whether right of private defence is available or not, A
the injuries received by the accused, the imminence of threat to his safety,
the injuries caused by the accused and the circumstances whether the
accused had time to have recourse to public authorities are all relevant
factors to be considered. Similar view was expressed by this Comi in Biran
Singh v. State of Bihar, AIR (1975) SC 87. (See: Wassan Singh v. State B
of Punjab, [1996] 1 SC~ 458 and Sekar alias Raja Sekharan v. State
represented by Inspector of Police, T.N., [2002] 8 SCC 354).

       As noted in Butta Singh v. The State of Punjab, AIR ( 1991) SC 1316,
a person who is apprehending death or bodily injury cannot weigh in C
golden scales in the spur of moment and in the heat of circumstances, the
number of injuries required to disarm the assailants who were armed with
weapons. In moments of excitement and disturbed mental equilibrium it
is often difficult to expect the parties to preserve composure and use exactly
only so much force in retaliation commensurate with the danger appre-
hended to him where assault is imminent by use of force, it would be lawful D
to repel the force in self-defence and t~e right of private-defence com-
mences, as soon as the threat becomes so.,imminent. Such situations have
to be pragmatically viewed and not with high-powered spectacles or
microscopes to detect slight or even marginal overstepping. Due weightage
has to be given to, and hyper technical approach has to be avoided in E
considering what happens on the spur of the moment on the spot and
keeping in view normal human reaction and conduct, where self-preser-
 vation is the paramount consideration. But, ifthe fact situation shows that
in the guise of self-preservation, what really has been done is to assault
the original aggressor, even after the cause of reasonable apprehension has F
disappeared, _the plea of right of private-defence can legitimately be
negatived. The Court dealing with the plea has to weigh the material to
conclude whether the plea is acceptable. It is essentially, as noted above,
a finding of fact.

      The right of self-defence is a very valuable right, serving a social G
purpose and should not be construed narrowly. (See Vidhya Singh v. State
of MP., AIR (1971) SC 1857). Situations have to be judged from the
subjective point of view of the accused concerned in the surrounding
excitement and confusion of the moment, confronted with a situation of
peril and not by any microscopic and pedantic scrutiny. In adjudging the H .
    924                SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A question as to whether more force than was necessary was used in the
    prevailing circumstances on the spot it would be inappropriate, as held by
    this Court, to adopt tests by detached obj:ctivity which would be so natural
    in a Court room, or that which would seem absolutely necessary to a

B
    perfectly cool bystander. The person facing a reasonable apprehension of
    threat to himself cannot be expected to modulate his defence step by step
    with any arithmetical exactitude of only that much which is required in the
                                                                                          -
    thinking of a man in ordinary times or under normal circumstances.

         In the illuminating words of Russel (Russel on Crime, I Ith Edition
C   Volume I at page 49):

             '' .... aman is justified in resisting by force anyone who manifestly
             intends and endeavours by violence or surprise to commit a
             known felony against either his person, habitation or property. In
             these cases, he is not obliged to retreat, and may not merely resist
D            the attack where he stands but may indeed pursue his adversary
             until the danger is ended and if in a conflict between them he
             happens to kill his attacker, such killing is justifiable."

          The right of private defence is essentially a defensive right circum-
E scribed by the governing statute i.e. the IPC, available only when the
    circumstances clearly justify it. It should not be allowed to be pleaded or
    availed as a pretext for a vindictive, aggressive or retributive purpose of
    offence. it is a right of defense, not of retribution, expected to repel         .,
                                                                                          ·•...
                                                                                            ...

F
    unlawful aggression and not as retaliatory measure. While providing for
    exercise of the right, care has been taken in IPC not to provide and has
    not devised a mechanism whereby an ..ittack may be a pretence for killing.
                                                                                      '
                                                                                          ,.
                                                                                          •
    A right to defend does not include a right to launch an offensive,
    particularly when the need to defend no longer survived.

           The background facts as noted by the trial Court and the High Court
G clearly show that the threat to life and property of the accused was not only
    imminent but did not cease, and it continued unabated. Not only there were
    acts of vandalism, but also destruction of property. The High Court noticed
    that explosive substances were used to destroy the properties of the
    accused, but did not specifically answer the question as _to whether
H   destruction was prior or subsequent to the shooting by the accused. The
       JAMES MARTIN v. STATE OF KERALA [PASAYAT, J.]                   925

High Court did not find the prosecution evidence sufficient to decide the A
question. In such an event the evidence of PW-15 who was also a victim
assumes importance. The High Court without indicating any acceptable
reason held on mere assumptions that his sympathy lies with the accused.
The conclusion was unwarranted, because the testimony was acted upon
by the Courts below as a truthful version of the incident. The trial Court- B
found that an unruly situation prevailed in the compound of the accused
as a result of the violence perpetrated by the bandh activists who got into
the place by scaling over the locked gate and that their ent1y was unlawful
too, besides intimidating and assaulting PW-15 and making him flee
without shutting down the machines. The circumstances were also found C
to have necessitated a right of private defence. Even the High Court,
candidly found that tense situation was caused by the deceased and his
friends, that PW-15 suffered violence and obviously there was the threat
of more violence to the person and properties, that the events taking place
generated a sort of frenzy and excitement rendering the situation explosive
 and. beyond compromise. Despite all these to expect the accused to remain :0
                                                                              /
calm or to observe greater restraint in the teeth of the further facts found
that the accused had only PW-15 who was already manhandled though they
were outnumbered by their opponents (the bandh activists) and whose
attitude was anything but peaceful would be not only too much to be
desired but being unreasonably harsh and uncharitable, 1nerely carried E
away only by considerations of sympathy for the lives lost, on taking a final
 account of what happened ultimately after everything was over. In the
 circumstances, the inevitable conclusion is that the acts done by the
 accused were in the reasonable limits of exercise of his right of private
 defence and he was entitled to the protection afforded in law under Section F
 96 IPC.

     Accordingly we set aside the conviction and sentence imposed. The
appeal is allowed. The bail bonds shall stand discharged so far as the
present accused is concerned.

     In view of the order passed in criminal appeal no. 887of1997, and
                                                                              G
conclusions arrived at therein no further orders are necessary to be passed
in SLP (Criminal) Nos. 47-49 of 1998 filed by the State of Kerala.

     Before we part with the case it needs to be noted that in the name
of Ha1tal or Bandh or strike no person has any right to cause inconvenience H
    926                 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A to any other person or to cause in any manner a threat or apprehension of
    risk to life, liberty, property of any citizen or destruction of life and
    property, and the least any government or public property. It is high time
    that the authorities concerned take serious note of this requirement while
    dealing with those who destroy public property in the name of strike, hartal
B   or bandh. Those who at times may have even genuine demands to make
    should not loose sight of the overall situation eluding control and reaching
    unmanageable bounds endangering life, liberty and property of citizens and
    public, enabling anti-social forces to gain control resulting in all around
    destruction with counter productive results at the expense of public order
    and public peace. No person has any right to destroy another's property
C   in the guise of bandh or hartal or strike, irrespective of the procfaimed
    reasonableness of the cause or the qMestion whether there is or was any
    legal sanction for the same. The case at hand is one which led to the
    destruction of property and loss of lives, because of irresponsible and
    illegal acts of some in the name of bandh or hartal or strike. Unless those
D   who organize can be confident of enforcing effective control over any
    possible turn of events, they should think twice to hazard themselves into
    such risk prone ventures endangering public peace and public order. The
    question whether bandh or hartal or strike has any legal sanctity is of little
    consequence in such matters. All the more so when the days are such where
E   even law-enforcing authorities/those in power also precipitate to gain
    political advantage at the risk and cost of their opponents. Unless such acts
    are controlled with iron hands, innocent citizens are bound to suffer and
    they shall be the victims of the highhanded acts of some fanatics with queer
    notions of democracy and freedom of speech or association. That provides
F   for no license to take law into their own hands. Any soft or lenient approach
     for such offenders would be an affront to rule of law and challenge to
     public order and peace.

    N.J.                                                        Appeal allowed.