JASBIR SINGHversusLT. GOVERNOR, DELHI AND ANR.

 A                                  JASBIR SINGH
                                            v.
                        LT. GOVERNOR, DELHI AND ANR.

                                   APRIL 14, 1999

 B                  [G.B. PATTANAIK AND M.B. SHAH, JJ.]


            Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling
     Activities Act 1974 s. 3(3)-0rder of detention served on March 25-Grounds
      of detention required to be served by March 29 infact served on March 30-
. C . Whether infraction ofs. 3(3)-Held,for computing the period offive days the
      date March 25 had to be excluded; there was no infraction of s. 3(1).

           Constitution oflndia"-Article 22 r/w Conservation of Foreign Exchange
     and prevention of Smuggling Activities Act 1974, ss. 3(1) and 11-Detenu 's
 D   representation addressed to Advisory Board and not to Central Governme11t-
     Separate representation to Central Government disposed of by it-Whether
     non-consideration by Central Government of representation sent to Advisory
     Board vitiated the order ofdetention-Held, no; on facts, question of infraction I
     of detenu 's constitutional right did not arise.

 E          Preventive Detention-Representation by detenu to Central Government
      made on June 22, 1994 disposed of on July 12, 1995-Whether delay
      inordinate and vitiated detention-Held, no; on facts, cannot be said there
      was unusual delay in disposing of representation.

           The appellant was apprehended while leaving for Kualalumpur and on
 F search US dollars equal to Rs. 1.39 lakhs were recovered from hiiq. An
      order dated March 25, 1994 under s. 3(1) of the Conservation· of Foreign
      Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 (COFEPOSA)
      was served on the appellant on the same day. The grounds of detention were
      served on him on March 30, 1994.
 G          The appellant's representation addressed to the Advisory Board (and
      not to the central government) was considered by it and his detention was
      confirmed. The detenu's representation made separately to the Central
                                                                                         --
      Government op June 22, 1994 was disposed of by it on July 12, 1995. The
      writ petition challenging the detention order was dismissed by the Delhi
 H    High Court. Hence This appeal.
                                         706
                    JASBIR SINGH v. ~ T. GOVERNOR, DELHI                    707

         Dismissing the appeal, this Court                                         A
         HELD : 1. For computing the period of 5 days the date of detention
    order viz 25th March, 1994 has to be excluded. The grounds having been
    served on 30th March, 1994, there was no infraction of s. 3(3) of the Act.
                                                                (710-A; C-D}
                                                                                   B
          Haru Das Gupta v. The State of West Bengal, (1972} 1 SCC 639,
    referred to.

           2. The question of infraction of constitutional right of the detenu
    because the representation addressed to the Advisory Board had not been
    considered by the Central Goyernment did not arise. In the present case        C
    where the Detaining Authority was the Lt. Governor of Delhi, if the
    representation had not been addressed to the Central Government even
    though indicated in the grounds of detention then it could not be said that
    any representation made by the detenu to the Advisory Board ought to have
    been considered by the Central Government. That apart the detenu also did      D
    file a representation to the Central Government and the same was disposed
    of by it. [711-F-H]

         Smt. Gracy v. State of Kera/a, [1991] 1 SCC t', referred to.

          3. There had not been an unusual delay in disposing of the

-   representation. There was no inflexible rule that delay in considering the
    representation in all cases ipso facto would be sufficient to render the
    detention void. Further what can be held to be an unexplained delay in
                                                                                   E


    disposing of the representation would depend upon the facts and circumstance
    of each case. [712-A-B]
                                                                                   F
        CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
    913of1995.

         From the Judgment and Order dated 30.1.95/15.2.95 of the Delhi in Crl.
    W.P. No. 295of1995.
                                                                                   G
         A. Mariarputham, Ms. Aruna Mathur and Maninder Singh for the
    Appellant.

         R.C. Kaushik and (Mrs. Anil Katiyar) (NP) for the Respondent.

         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                                H
    708                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [1999] 2 S.C.R.

A          PATTANAIK, J. The appellant challenges the legality of his order of
    detention passed under Section 3(1) of the Conservation of Foreign Exchange
    and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 (for short COFEPOSA) as
    well as the order of the Division Bench of Delhi High Court dismissing thP-
    appellant's Writ Petition filed for issuance of a Writ of Habeas Corpus. The
B   order of detention was passed on 25.3.1994 and the period of detention was
    for a period of one year which is long over but the detenu pursues his right
    of challenging the order of de!ention as a proceeding under Smugglers and
    Foreign Exchange Manipulators Act (SAFEMA) has been initiated by the
    Appropriate Authority. The appellant was apprehended at Indira Gandhi
    International Airport, New Delhi while he was leaving for Kualalumpur/
C   Singapore and on search, US dollars amounting to 1.39 lakhs in Indian currency
    were recovered. Further his brother who was also going with him, from his
    person, foreign currency equivalent to 5.34 lakhs of rupees was recovered.
    The detaining authority being of the opinion that the detention of the appellant
    is necessary with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial
D   to the conservation of foreign exchange, issued the order of detention on
    25.3.94 and was served on the detenu on the same day. But the grounds of
    detention was served on the appellant on 30th March, 1994. In accordance
    with the provisions of the Act his case was forwarded to the Advisory Board
    and the Advisory Board on consideration of the materials placed before it,
    gave its opinion that there is sufficient cause for the detention of the detenu.
E   The appropriate government thereafter confirmed the detention and after
    expiry of period of one year the detenu has been released but the detenu/
    appellant filed a Habeas Corpus Petition in the High Court challenging the
    legality of the order of detention. By way of an additional application the
    detenu also urged additional grounds and the High Court ultimately by the
    impugned judgment dated 15 .2.1995 dismissed the Writ Petition filed by the
F   appellant. The appellant was released on 24.3.95 after expiry of the period of
    one year of detention. Though the Special Leave Petition was filed in this
    Court after the expiry of the period of limitation but the Court condoned the
    delay and granted leave, and thus, the present Appeal.

G         From the impugned judgment of the High Court it transpires that the
    appellant raised three contentions all of which were answered against the
    appellant. It was contended that the grounds of detention having been served
    on the appellant on 30.3.94 though the order of detention was served on
    25.3.94, there has been an infraction of sub-section (3) of Section 3 of the Act
    and, therefore, the detention got vitiated. Secondly, it was urged that though
H   the representation was made to the Advisory Board and it had not been
           JASBIR SINGH v. LT. GOVERNOR, DELHI [PATTANAiK, J.]               709

    indicated that the Central Government should also consider the same, yet the A
    Central Government was duty bound to consider the said Representation of
    the appellant addressed to the Advisory Board and such non-consideration
    infringes the right of the appellant under Article 22(5) of the Constitution and
    the order of detention is vitiatt!tt on that score. Thirdly, it was urged that the
    Representation that was addressed to the Central Government on 20th June, B
    94 was disposed of on 6.5.95 and thus there has been considerable delay in
    disposing of the Representation and such delay in disposal vitiates the order
    of detention. Iri. addition to the·aforesaid three grounds urged before the High
    Court which were reiterated by the learned· counsel for the appellant in this
    Court, two other grounds were also urged, namely, the grounds of detention
    even though had been prepared on the very date the order of detention was C
    made yet the same not having been served for a period of 5 days there has
    been an infraction of sub-section (3) of Section 3 of the Act. Inasmuch as the
    Act postulates that the order shall be made as soon as may be, after the
    detention and there was no explanation for the detaining authority not to
    serve the grounds of detention till 30th March, 1994. It was also urged that
    the order of the Detaining Authority disposing of the representation on the D
    face of it, indicates that there has been no application of mind, and therefore,
    that vitiates the order of detention. We would exainine the correctness of each
    of the aforesaid contentions, but at the outset we may indicate that the
    President had promulgated Maintenance of Internal Security (Amendment)
    Ordinance, 1974 on 17th September, 1974 which was later on replaced by the E
    Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities
    Act, 1974 (Act 52 of 1974). The very object of enacting the legislation was
    to check diversion of foreign exchange from official channels and it was
    thought that unless the links which facilitate violations of foreign exchange
    regulations and smuggling activities are disrupted by immobilising by detention
    of the persons engaged in these operations then there would not be any F
    substantial impact. The Act has been amended from time to time to meet the
    needs of the country and the Act has been enacted at a point of time when
    the country was facing acute foreign exchange problem.

          Coming to the first question as to whether by serving the grounds of      G

-   detention on 30th March, 1994 there has been an infraction of sub-section (3)
    of Section 3, the learned counsel appearing for the appellant urged that the
    order of detention having been served on 25th March, 1994 the grounds were
    required to be served within 5 days therefrom i.e. on 29th March, 1994 and
    not on 30th March, 1994 as has been factually done. According to the learned
    counsel the day on which the order of detention was served cannot be            H
    710                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [1999] 2 S.C.R.

A   excluded for computing the period of 5 days within which the grounds of.
    detention is required to be served under sub-section (3) of Section 3. of the
    Act. This question no longer remains res integra. This Court in the case of
    Haru Das Gupta v. The State of West Bengal, [1972] I Supreme Court Cases
    639, was considering an identical provision 1tnder West Bengal Prevention of
B   Violent Activities Act, 1970 and the Court held that the Rule is well established
    that where a particular time is· given from a certain date within which an act
    is to be done, the day on that day is to be excluded. The effect of defining
    period from such a day until such a day within which an act is to be done


                                                                                        -
    is t!) exclude the first day and to include the last day. The Court in coming
    to the aforesaid decision relied upon some English decisions and held that
C   in computing the period, the date of commencement of detention that the first
    day has to be excluded. In the case in hand, therefore, for computing the
    period of 5 days the date 25th March, 1994 has to be excluded and so being
    done there is no infraction 'of sub-section (3) of Section 3 of the Act when
    the grounds were served on 30th March, 1994. The High Court, therefore
    rightly rejected the said contention urged before it.
D
          Coming to the second submission of the learned counsel appearing for
    the appellant, namely, though the representation was adciressed to the
    Advisory Board yet the same was also to be considered by the Central
    Government and. non-consideration of the same by the Central Government
E   infringes the Constitutional right under Article 22(5) of the Constitution, the
    learned counsel relies upon Section 11 o~ the Act and the decision of this
    Court in Smt. Gracy v. State of Kera/a and another, [1991] 2 Supreme Court
    Cases 1. According to the learned counsel the Central Government under
    Section 11 has the power of revocation and, therefore, when a detenu made
    a Representation to the Advisory Board it ought to have to be considered
F   by the Central Government notwithstanding the fact that the Central
    Government had not been addressed fn the representation itself. There is no
    dispute that under Section 11 of the Act a power of revocation lies with the
    Central Government. This power is a supervisory power and is intended to
    be an additional check or safeguard against the improper exercise of the
G   power of detention by the Detaining Authority or the State Government, and
    therefore, to retain the statutory safeguard the Central Government has to
    discharge its responsibility with constant vigilance and watchful care. This
    power also is independent of power of confirmation or setting aside the order
    of detention. But the question for consideration is when the Representation
                                                                                        -
    has not been addressed to the Central Government but is addressed to the
H   Advisory Board can it be said that the Central Government also owes obligation
      JASBIR SINGH v. LT. GOVERNOR, DELHI [PATTANAIK, J.]                 711

to consider the same and decide one way or the other. It may be stated at A
this stage that while serving the grounds of detention on the detenu it was
clearly indicated that if the detenu wishes "to make any representation against
the order of detention he may do so to the Lt. Governor of the National
Capital Territory of Delhi and to the Central Government and for that purpose
he may address it to the Lt. Governor or to the Secretary to I.he Government B
of India, Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue. It was further stated
that if he desires to make any Representation to the Advisory Board then he
may address to the Chairman, Advisory Board, COFEPOSA State, High Court
of Delhi, Sher Shah Road, New Delhi. In the decision of this Court in Smt.
Gracy (supra) on which learned counsel for the appellant relied upon what has
been stated by the Court is that if there is one representation by the detenu C
addressed to the detaining authority then the obligation arises under Article
22(5) of its consideration by the detaining authority independent of the
 opinion of the Advisory Board in addition to its consideration by the Advisory
Board and, therefore, when the representation of the detenu was addressed
to the detaining authority and in that case it was Central Government and not D
 to the Advisory Board yet the Advisory Board was duty bound to consider
 the same, as such a representation is the only right of the detenu under
Article 22(5) of the Constitution. It was further stated that any representation
of the detenu against the order of detention has to be considered and decided
by the Detaining Authority and the consideration by the Advisory Board was
an additional requirement implied by reading together clauses 4 and 5 of E
Article 22. In the said case the Central Government was the detaining authority
and, therefore, in that case the Court held that the representation though may
 not have been addressed to the Advisory Board but the same was also
 required to be considered by the Central Government. We fail to understand
 how the aforesaid ratio can be held to be applicable in the present case where F
 the Detaining Authority was the Lt. Governor of Delhi. In such a case if the
 representation had not been addressed to the Central Government even though
 indicated in the grounds of detention then it cannot be said that any
representation made by the detenu to the Advisory Board ought to have been
considered by the Central Government. That apart the detenu also did file a G
representation to the Central Government on 22.6.94 and the same was disposed
of by the Central Government on 12.7.95 and, therefore, in the said premises,
the question of infraction of constitutional right of the detenu because of the
representation.addressed to the Advisory Board had not been considered by
the Central Government does not arise. This contention, therefore, was rightly
rejected by the High Court.                                                      H
    712                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [1999] 2 S.C.R.

A        So far as the third. ground of attack is concerned, a representation that
  was made to the Central Government on 22.6.94 and was disposed of on 12th
  July, 1995, it cannot be said that there has been inordinate delay which can
  be said to vitiate the detention of the detenu. There is no inflexible Rule that
  delay in considering the representation in all cases ipso facto would be
  sufficient to render the detention void. Further what can be held to be an
B unexplained delay in disposing of the representation would depend upon the
  facts and circumstances of each case. The right to make a representation is
  undoubtedly a constitutional right of the detenu and such a representation
  should be considered as expeditiously as possible. But what is reasonable
  expedition will depend upon the facts of each case. Judged from the aforesaid
C stand point and examining the time taken by the Central Government in
  disposing of the representation of the detenu and the grounds advanced by
  the Central Government in its counter- affidavit filed in the High Court we are
  unable to hold that there has been an unusual delay in disposing of the
  representation. Therefore, the High Court was fully justified in rejecting the
  said contention urged on behalf of the appellant.
D
          Coming to the two other grounds which had not been raised in the High
    Court but urged in this Court, it is to be stated that since these grounds
    involve certain enquiry on facts this Court would not be justified in embarking
    an enquiry and deciding the same. Even otherwise we do not find any
E   substance in either of the grounds inasmuch as under Section 3(3) of the Act
    the legislators themselves have fixed the time limit within which the grounds
    of detention could be served on the detenu. The expression "as soon as may
    be" cannot be read in isolation from the phrase "but ordinarily not later than
    5 days". Reading conjointly the aforesaid expressions it cannot be said that
    non-service of grounds of detention on the very same day when the order
F   of detention was served on the detenu even though the grounds might have
    been prepared constitutes infraction of sub-section (3) of Section 3 of the
    Act. There may be a variety of reasons why a Detaining Authority would not
    be able to serve the grounds of detention on the same day even though the
    same may be ready and if such a ground would have been taken in the High
G   Court explanation could have been offered. In the aforesaid premises, we have
    no hesitation to hold that the said submission of the learned counsel is
    devoid of any force.

          The only other contention remains to be considered is whether in the
    case in hand it can be said that the Detaining Authority did not apply its mind
H   while rejecting the application of the detenu. Such a contention had also not
       JASBIR SINGH v. LT. GOVERNOR, DELHI [PATTANAIK, J.]                  713

been raised before the High Court, but according to the learned counsel for        A
the appellant the order that was served on the detenu would demonstrate the
same. We are unable to appreciate this contention inasmuch as the
communication is made only of the operative part of the order. If such a
contention would have been raised in the High Court the Court would have
called for the entire file. In the absence of the contention being raised in the   B
High Court we do not think it is appropriate for us to hold from mere perusal
of the order that the Detaining Authority did not apply its mind while rejecting
the Representation. We, therefore, reject the said submission.

       All the contentions having failed, this appeal fails and is dismissed.

S.M.                                                        Appeal dismissed.
                                                                                   c