JASVINDER SAINI & ORS.versusSTATE (GOVT. OF NCT OF DELHI)

                         (2013] 7 S.C.R. 340


A                    JASVINDER SAINI & ORS.
                                  V.
                STATE (GOVT. OF NCT OF DELHI)
                (Criminal Appeal No. 819 of 2013)
                            JULY 2, 2013
B
     [T.S. THAKUR AND RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, JJ.]

         CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973:

C      s. 216 - Court's power to alter charge - Trial court
  subsequent to order in Rajbir's case, adding charge for
  offence punishable uls 302 to that already framed for offences
  punishable u/ss 304-8 and 498-A /PC etc. - Held: A charge
  u/s 3048 /PC is not a substitute for a charge of murder
D punishable uls 302 - Ingredients constituting the two offences
  are different, thereby demanding appreciation of evidence
  from the perspective relevant to such ingredients - If there is
  evidence direct or circumstantial to prima facie support a
  charge u/s 302 /PC, trial court can and indeed ought to frame
E su.ch a charge, which would then be the main charge and not
  an alternative charge as is erroneously assumed in some
  quarters -Order in Rajbir's case, explained - In the instant
  case, trial court acted mechanically, for it framed an additional
  charge uls 302 /PC without adverting to evidence adduced
F in the case and simply on the basis of direction issued in
  Rajbir's case - Order passed by High Court and that passed
  by the trial court framing the charge uls 302 /PC are set aside
  and the matter is remitted to trial court for a fresh order
  keeping in view the observations made in the judgment.
G       Charges were framed by the Addi. Session~ Jude
    against the appellants for offences punishable u/ss 498-
    A and 304-B read with s.34 IPC. Subsequently after the

                                 340    .
H
JASVINDER SAINI & ORS. v. STATE (GOVT. OF NCT 341
                  OF DELHI)
order of Supreme Court in Rajbir Singh's case1, the trial· A
court added a further charge u/s 302 IPC. The appellants
challenged the order in a writ petition which was
dismissed by the High Court.

    The question for consideration before this Court              B
was: whether the trial court was justified in framing a
charge u/$ 302, IPC against the appellants and whether
the High Court was justified in affirming that order and
dismissing the writ petition.

      Allowing the appeal, the Court                              c
     HELD: 1.1 Court's power u/s 216, CrPC to alter or add
any charge is unrestrained provided such addition and/
or alteration is made before the judgment is pronounced.
The circumstances in which such addition or alteration 0
may be made are not, however, stipulated in s.216. It is
all the same trite that the question of any such addition
or alternation would generally arise either because the
court finds the charge already framed to be defective for
any reason or because such addition is considered E
necessary after the commencement of the trial having
regard to the evidence that may come before the court.
[para 11] [347-G; 348-A-C]

     1.2 The direction in Rajbir to add a charge u/s 302
IPC where the accused are charged with s.304-B, was not F
meant to be followed mechanically and without due
regard to the nature of the evidence available in the case.
All that this Court meant was that in a case where a
charge alleging dowry death is framed, a charge u/s 302
IPC can also be framed if the evidence otherwise permits. G
No other meaning could be deduced from the order of
this Court. If there is evidence whether direct or
circumstantial to prima facie support a charge u/s 302

1.   Rajbir@ Raju & Anr. v. State of Haryana 2010 (13) SCR 886.   H
    342      SUPREME COURT REPORTS               [2013) 7 S.C.R.


A IPC, the trial court can and indeed ought to frame a
  charge of murder punishable u/s 302 IPC, which would
  then be the main charge and not an alternative charge as
  is erroneously assumed in some quarters. If the main
  charge of murder is not proved against the accused at
B the trial, the court can look into the evidence to determine
  whether the alternative charge of dowry death punishable
  u/s 3048 is established. A charge u/s 304-B IPC is not a
  substitute for a charge of murder punishable u/s 302 IPC.
  The ingredients constituting the two offences are
c different, thereby demanding appreciation of evidence
  from the perspective relevant to such ingredients. The
  trial court, in that view of the matter, acted mechanically
  for it framed an additional charge u/s 302 IPC without
  adverting to the evidence adduced in the case and simply
  on the basis of the direction issued in Rajbir's case. The
0
  High Court no doubt made a half hearted attempt to
  justify the framing of the charge independent of the
  directions in Rajbir's case, but it would have been more
  appropriate to remit the matter back to the trial court for
  fresh orders rather than lending support to it in the
E manner done by it. [para 13] [349-F-H; 350-A-E]

          Rajbir@ Raju & Anr. v. State of Haryana 2010 (13) SCR
    886 =AIR 2011 SC 568 - explained.

F        Satya Narayan Tiwari@ Jolly & Anr. v. State of U.P. 2010
    (12) SCR 1137 = (2010) 13 SCC 689 - referred to.
       1.3 The order passed by the trial court and so also
  that passed by the High Court are clearly untenable and,
  as such, are set aside. That would not, however, prevent
G the trial court from re-examining the question of framing
  a charge u/s 302 IPC against the 'appellant and passing
  an appropriate order if upon a prima facie appraisal of the
  evidence, it comes to the conclusion that there is any
  room for doing so, keeping in view the decision of this
H Court in Hasanbhai Valibhai Qureshi. [para 14] [350-F-H]
JASVINDER SAINI & ORS. v. STATE (GOVT. OF NCT 343
                  OF DELHI)
    Hasanbhai Valibhai Qureshi v. State of Gujarat and Ors. A
2004 (3) SCR 762 = (2004) 5 SCC 347; Jshwarchand
Amichand Govadia and Ors. v. State of Maharashtra and Anr.
2006 (7) Suppl. SCR 229 = (2006) 1o sec 322 - relied on.

     Rajendra Singh Sethia v. State and Ors. 1989
                                                                   8
Cri.L.J.255; and Shiv Nandan and Ors. v. State of U.P. 2005
Cri. L.J 3047 - approved.
                      Case Law -Reference:
    2010 (13) SCR 886                explained       para 5
                                                                   c
    2010 (12) SCR 1137               referred to     para 6
     2004 (3) SCR 762                 relied on      para 14
     2006 (7) Suppl. S~R 229          relied on      para 14
     1989 Cri.L.J. 255               approved        para 14       D
     2005 Cri. L.J 3047              approved        para 14
    CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal
No. 819 of 2013.
                                                                   E
     From the Judgment and Order dated 13.10.2011 of the
High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Writ Petition (Crl.) No. 413
of 2011.

    R.N. Sharma, Rameshwar Prasad Goyal for the
Appellants.                                                        F

   P.P. Malhotra, ASG, B. Sunita Rao, Shadman Ali, D.S.
Mahra (for B.V. Balaram Das) for the Respondent.

    The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
                                                                   G
    T.S. THAKUR, J. 1. Leave granted.

      2. The short question that falls for consideration in this
appeal by special leave is whether the trial Court was justified
in framing a charge under Section 302 of the IPC against the       H
     344      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [2013] 7 S.C.R.

A    appellants and whether the High Court was justified in affirming
     that order of the trial Court and dismissing the writ petition fil~d
     by the writ petitioners against the same. The question arises
     in the following background.
                                                           .,
          3. FIR No. 765/2007 was registered against the appellants
8
     alleging commission of offences punishable under Sections
     498A, 304-B, 406 and 34 of IPC in connection with the demise
     in unnatural circumstances of Ms. Chandni wife of appellant
     No.1-Mr. Jasvinder Saini. The case was registered on a
     complaint filed Ajay Gautam, father of the deceased. The matter
C    was investigated and a charge sheet filed before the
     Jurisdictional Magistrate alleging commission of offences
     mentioned above against the appellants 1 to 4. A supplementary
     charge sheet followed in which appellants 5 to 8 were also
     implicated in the case to which Section 302 was also added
D    by the Investigating Officer.

           4. The case was soon committed to the Sessions and
     assigned to the Additional Sessions Judge, Rohini, Delhi, who
     heard the matter for framing of charges and came to the
E    conclusion that there was no evidence or material on record to
     justify framing of a charge under Section 302 IPC. Charges
     were accordingly framed against the appellants under Sections
     498A, 3048 read with Section 34 IPC.

       5. At the trial the prosecution had examined as many as
.Feighteen witnesses, when a two-Judges Bench of this Court
  passed an order on 22nd November 2010 in Rajibir@ Raju
  & Anr. v. State of Haryana AIR 2011 SC 568 by which this
  Court directed all trial Courts in India to add Section 302 in
  every case alleging commission of an offence punishable under
G Section 3048 of the IPC. This direction, it appears, came
  because the Court felt strongly about the commission of
  heinous and barbaric crimes against women in the country.

         6. In Rajbir's case (supra) the appellant had been
H    convicted under Section 304-B IPC and sentenced to
JASVINDER SAINI & ORS. v. STATE (GOVT. OF NCT 345
         OF DELHI) [T.S. THAKUR, J.]

imprisonment for life by the trial Court apart from offences under     A
other sections. The High Court had, however, reduced the
sentence to ten years rigorous imprisonment in so far as Rajbir
was concerned and to two years rigorous imprisonment in the
case of his mother Appellant No.2 in that case. This Court on
a prima facie basis felt that the reduction in the sentence was        B
not justified. Relying upon an earlier decision rendered in -Satya
Narayan Tiwari @ Jolly & Anr. v. State of U. P. (2010) 13 SCC
689, Criminal Appeal No.1168 of 2005 decided on 28th
October, 2010 this Court issued notice to Rajbir to show cause
why his sentence be not enhanced to life imprisonment as               c
awarded by the trial Court.

     7. I! was in the above background, that this Court in para
11 of the interim order passed by it directed all the trial Courts
in India to ordinarily add Section 302 to the charge under
Section 3048 "so that death sentences could be imposed in              0
such heinous and barbaric crimes against women." Para 11
may be extracted at this stage:

          "We further direct all trial Courts in India to ordinarily
     add Section 302 to the charge of Section 3048, so that            E
     death sentences can be imposed in such heinous and
     barbaric crimes against women."

      8. In the case at hand the trial Court noticed the above
direction and considering itself duty bound to abide by the
                                                                       F
same added a charge under Section 302 IPC to the one
already framed against the appellant. While doing so, the trial
Court simply placed reliance upon Section 216 of Cr.P.C. which
empowers the Court to add or alter the charge at any stage
and the direction of this Court in Rajbir's case (supra). This is
evident from the following passage from the order passed by            G
the trial Court:

           " ... I have considered the submissions made before
     me. It is settled law th"t charges can be modified/amended
     at any stage of the proceedings and even if at the initial        H
    346       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  (2013) 7 S.C.R.


A         stage the Court is of the view that there is no material for··
          framing the charge under Section 302 IPC. The same can
          be added/altered at any later stage (Section 216 Cr.P.C.)
          which cannot be termed as a review of the earlier order.
          Even otherwise, the directions of the Hon'ble Apex Court
B         in the case of Rajbir@ Raju & Anr. Vs. State of Haryana
          in Special Leave Petition bearing No. 9507/2010 decided
          on 22-11-2010 duly circulated vide No. 33760-69/DHC/
          Gaz/G-X/SCJ/2010 dated 3-12-2010, specific directions
          have been issued to all the subordinate Courts in India to
c         ordinarily add Section 302 IPC to the charge under
          Section 3048 IPC.

                Therefore, this being the background, charge under
          Section 302 IPC is being framed in alternative against the
          accused persons against whom charge under Section 304
D
          B IPC had been framed. The accused pleaded not guilty
          and claimed trial."

       9. Aggrieved by the above direction, the appellant
  preferred Writ Petition (Crl.) No.413 of 2011 before the High
E Court of Delhi which failed and was dismissed by the High
  Court in terms of the order impugned in the present appeal.
  Placing reliance upon Section 216 of'Cr.P.C. the High Court
  observed that appearance of additional evidence at the trial
  was not essential for framing of an additional charge or altering
F a charge already framed though it may be one of the grounds
  to do so. The High Court apart from placing reliance upon the
  order passed by this Court in Rajbir's case (supra) held that a
  perusal of the Autopsy Surgeon's Report provided prima facie
  evidence to the effect that the death of the deceased "could
G be homicidal" in nature and that the earlier order passed by
  the trial Court holding that no case for offence under Section
  302 IPC was made out did not constitute any impediment for
  the trial Court to take a different view at a later stage. The
  present appeal assails the correctness of the above orders.
H
JASVINDER SAINI & ORS. v. STATE (GOVT. OF NCT 347
         OF DELHI) [T.S. THAKUR, J.]
    10. Section 216 of the Code of Criminal Procedure deals A
with alteration or addition of any charge and empowers the
Court to do so at any time before the judgment is pronounced.
The section runs as follows:

    "216.' Court may alter charge -                                   B
    (1) Any Court may alter or add to any charge at any time
    before judgment is pronounced.

    (2) Every such alteration or ;;tddition shall be read and
    explained to the accused.                                        c
    (3) If the alteration or addition to a charge is such that
    proceeding immediately with the trial is not likely, in the
    opinion of the Court, to prejudice the accused in his
    defense or the prosecutor in the conduct of the case, the
    Court may, in its discretion, aftl:!lr such alteration or addition D
    has been made, proceed with the trial as if the altered or
    added charge had been the original charge.

    (4) If the alteration or addition is such that proceeding
    immediately with the trial is likely, in the opinion of the       E
    Court, to prejudice the accused or the prosecutor as
    aforesaid, the Court may either direct a new trial or adjourn
    the trial for such period as may be necessary.

    (5) If the offence stated in the altered or added charge is       F
    one for the prosecution of which previous sanction is
    necessary, the case shall not be proceeded with until such
    sanction is obtained, unless ~anction has been already
    obtained for a prosecution on the same facts as those on
    which the altered or added charge is founded."
                                                                     G
     11. A plain reading of the above would show that the
Court's power to alter or add any charge is unrestrained
provided such addition and/or alteration is made before the
iudgment is pronounced. Sub-sections (2) to (5) of Section 216
deal with the procedure to be followed once the Court decides         H
    348      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2013] 7 S.C.R.


A   to alter or add any charge. Section 217 of the Code deals with
    the recall of witnesses when the charge is altered or added by
    the Court after commencement of the trial. There can in the light
    of the above be no doubt about the competence of the Court
    to add or alter a charge at any time before the judgment. The
B   circumstances in which such addition or alteration may be
    made are not, however, stipulated in Section 216. It is all the
    same trite that the question of any such addition or alternation
    would generally arise either because the Court finds the charge
    already framed to be defective for any reason or because such
c   ad.dition is considered necessary after the commencement of
    the trial having regard to the evidence that may come before
    the Court. In the case at hand the evidence assembled in the
    course of the investigatiqn and presented to the trial Court was .
    not found sufficient to call for framing a charge under Section
    302 IPC. The trial Court recorded a specific finding to that effect
0
    in its order dated 18th March 2009 while framing charges
    against the appellants before us. The trial Court said:

                "The two witnesses Kiran Devi and Smt. Dharam
          Kaur were at the spot when the deceased fell down from ·
          the second floor and did not notice anyone on the roof of
          the house. Thus there is no material for framing of charge
          Under Section 302 IPC against the accused persdns.
          However, there are specific allegations of dowry demand
          and torture in the statement given by Sh. Ajay Gautam to
F         the SOM and as also in the statements given by his wife
          Manisha Gautam and his son Vishal Gautam. The
          deceased had died under unnatural circumstances!' Her
          death took place at her matrimonial home within seven
          years of her marriage. There is a presumption Under
G         Section 113-B of the Indian Evidence Act of dowry death.
          Hence on the basis of material on record, I am of the view
          that prima facie offence Under Section 498A/304B/34 IPC
          is made out against all the accused persons."

          12. A reading of the order which the trial Court
H
JASVINDER SAINI & ORS. v. STATE (GOVT. OF NCT 349
         OF DELHI) [T.S. THAKUR, J.]
subsequently passed on 23rd February 2011 directing addition       A
of a charge under Section 302 IPC makes it abundantly clear
that the. addition. was not based on any error or omission
whether inadvertent or otherwise in the matter of framing
charges against the accused. Even the respondents did not
                          a
plead that the omission of charge under Section 302 IPC was        B
on account of any inadvertent or other error or omission on the
part of the trial Court. The order passed by the trial Court, on
the contrary directed addition of the charge under Section 302
IPC entirely in obedience to the direction issued by this Court
in Rajbir's case (supra). Such being the position when the order   c
passed by the trial Court was challenged before the High Court
the only question that fell for determination was whether the
addition of a charge under $ectiori 302 IPC was justified on
the basis of the dii~ction issued by this Court in Rajbir's case
(supra). The High Court has no doubt adverted to that aspect       0
and found· itseif to be duty bound to comply with the direction
in the same measure as the trial Court. Having said so, it has
     a
gone step further to suggest that the autopsy surgeon's report
was prima facie evidence to show that the offence was
homicidal in nature. The High Court hasbydoing so provided         E
an additional reason to justify the framing of a charge under
Section· 302 IPC.

     13. Be that as it may the common .thread running. through
both the orders is that this Court had in Rajbir's case (supra)
direeted the addition of a <;:harge under Section 302 IPC to F
every case in which the accused are charged with Section 304-
B. That was not, in our opinion, the true purport of the order
passed by this Court. The direction was not meant to be
followed mechanically and without due regard to the nature of
the evidence available in the case. All that this Court meant to G
say was that in a case where a charge alleging dowry death is
framed, a charge under Section 302 can also be framed if the
evidence otheriNise permits. No other meaning could be
deduced from the order ofthis Court. It is common ground that
a charge under Section 3048 IPC is not a substitute for a H
    350      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2013) 7 S.C.R.


A   charge of murder punishable under Section 302. As in the case
    of murder in every case under Section 3048 also there is a
    death involved. The question whether it is murder punishable
    under Section 302 IPC or a dowry death punishable under
    Section 3048 IPC depends upon the fact situation and the
8   evidence in the case. If there is evidence whether direct or
    circumstantial to prima facie support a charge under Section
    302 IPC the trial Court can and indeed ought to frame a charge
    of murder punishable under Section 302 IPC, which would then
    be the main charge and not an alternative charge as is
c   erroneously assumed in some quarters. If the main charge of
    murder is not proved against the accused at the trial, the Court
    can look into the evidence to determine whether the alternative
    charge of dowry death punishable under Section 3048 is
    established. The ingredients constituting the two offences are
    different, thereby demanding appreciation of evidence from the
0
    perspective relevant to such ingredients. The trial Court in that
    view of the matter acted mechanically for it framed an additional
    charge under Section 302 IPC without adverting to the evidence
    adduced in the case and simply on the basis of the direction
E   issued in Rajbir's case (supra). The High Court no doubt made
    a half hearted attempt to justify the framing of the charge
    independent of the directions in Rajbir's case (supra), but it
    would have been more appropriate to remit the matter back to
    the trial Court for fresh orders rather than lending support to it
    in the manner done by the High Court.
F
        14. In the light of what we have said above, the order
  passed by the trial Court and so also that passed by the High
  Court are clearly untenable and shall have to be set aside. That
  would not, however, prevent the trial Court from re-examining
G the question of framing a charge under Section 302 IPC against
  the appellant and passing an appropriate order if upon a prima
  facie appraisal of the evidence adduced before it, the trial Court
  comes to the conclusion that there is any room for doing so.
  The trial Court would in that regard keep in view the decision
H of this Court in Hasanbhai Valibhai Qureshi v. State of Gujarat
JASVINDER SAINI & ORS. v. STATE (GOVT. OF NCT 351
         OF DELHI) [T.S. THAKUR, J.]
and Ors. (2004) 5 sec 347 where this Court has recognized           A
the principle that in cases where the trial Court upon a
consideration of broad probabilities of the casa based upon
total effect of the evidence and documents produced, is
satisfied that any addition or alteration of the charge is
necessary, it is free to do so. Reference may also be made to       s
the decisions· of this Court in lshwarchand Amichand Govadia
and Ors. v. State of Maharashtra and Anr. (2006) 10 SCC 322
and the decision of the Calcutta High Court in Rajendra Singh
Sethia v. State and Ors. 1989 Cri.L.J. 255 and that delivered
by the Allahabad High Court in. Shiv Nandan and Ors. v. State       c
of U.P. 2005 Cri. L.J 3047 which too are to the same effect. In
any such fresh exercise which the trial Court may undertake, it
shall remain uninfluenced by the observations made by the High
Court on merits of the case including those touching the
probative value of the autopsy surgeon's opinion.
                                                                    D
     15. In the result, we allow this appeal, set aside the order
passed by the High Court and that passed by the trial Court
framing the charge under Section 302 IPC and remit the matter
back to the trial Court for a fresh order keeping in view the
observations made above. No costs.                                  E

R.P.                                           Appeal allowed.