KAILASH KUMAR SANWATIAversusSTATE OF BIHAR AND ANR.

A                      KAILASH KUMAR SANWATIA
                                       v.
                        STATE OF BIHAR AND ANR.

                             SEPTEMBER 2, 2003
B
            [DORAISWAMY RAJU AND ARIJIT PASA YAT, JJ.]

         Penal Code, I 86~ection 405 ands. 409 r/w s.34-Money delivered
    at the cash counter of bank for preparing bank drafts-Money stolen and
C charges ofcriminal breach oftrust framed against the bank officials-Trial
    Court convicted the Head Cashier and person responsible for counting the
    money-First Appellate Court and High Court acquitted them for lack of
    cogent and credible evidence on point of entrustment-On appeal Held,
    even if entrustment of money was proved it needs to be decided whether
D there was any dishonest misappropriation, conversion, use or disposal of
  the property-Ingredients of the offence are not present ifperson entrusted
    with money is incapacitated from performing the job due to a fortuitous or
    intervening situation-Acquittal upheld.

E         The appellant carried a sum of Rs. 1,50,200 to a bank for taking
    demand drafts. The amount was handed over to the bank officials. The
    peon of the bank later on informed the appellant that the money
    handed over by him was missing from the cash counter. Charges under
    Section 409 read with Section 34 IPC were framed against all the
F   officials concerned; they pleaded innocence. Trial Court convicted the
    Head Cashier and the person responsible for counting the money and
    sentenced them to undergo imprisonment for two years each. The First
    Appellate Court and the High Court acquitted them for lack of
G   credible and cogent evidence, but recorded a finding as regards
    handing over and missing of the money. Hence this appeal.

         The appellant contended that whatever be the manner of
    entrustment if the factum of entrustment is established then the
H   manner of entrustment is not relevant.
                                       314
              KAILASH KUMAR SANWATIA v. STATE                         315

     Dismissing the appeal, the Court                                        A

     HELD : 1. The basic requirement to bring home the accusations
under Section 405 IPC are the requirements to prove con-jointly
entrustment and whether the accused was actuated by the dishonest
intention or not, misappropriated it or converted it to his own use to       B
the detriment of the persons who entrusted it. The question of intention
is not matter of direct proof; certain broad tests are envisaged which
would generally afford useful guidance in deciding whether in a
particular case the accused had mens rea for the crime. (319-D)              C

     2. Section 409 IPC deals with criminal breach of trust by public
servant, or by banker, merchant or agent and in order to bring it in
application, entrustment has to be proved. Conviction is sustainable if
two ingredients are to be proved, which are : (i) the accused, a public      D
servant, or banker or agent was entrusted with property of which he
is duty bound to account for; and (ii) the accused has committed
criminal breach of trust. (318-F, G]


     3. In the instant case, even if it was proved that the money was        E
entrusted, it needs to be decided as to whether the accused had
dishonestly misappropriated or converted the same to their own use
or dishonestly used or disposed of that property. The money was
admittedly taken away from the cash counter and it is not the case of        F
the prosecution that the same was given to the accused to obtain bank
drafts and they took it away. The bank drafts could not be prepared
due to an intervening situation as somebody stole the cash. The
ingredients necessary to constitute criminal breach of trust are absent,
even if there is loss of money. If a person entrusted with money is          G
incapacitated from carrying out the job due to a fortuitous or
intervening sitution that will not bring in the applicability of Section
405 IPC or Section 409 IPC, unless misappropriation, or conversion
to personal use or disposal of property is e~tablished. The courts. below
did not look at the issues from these vitally relevant angles due to which   H
    316                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A the accused persons cannot be convicted under Section 409 IPC.
                                                       (319-F-H, [320-A, BJ

        CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
    904 of 1996.
B
         From the Judgment and Order dated 19.3.96 of the Patna High Court
    in Crl. R. No. 20 of 1988.

          S. B. Upadhyay, R.R. Dubey and Santosh Mishra for the Appellant.

c         Anil Kumar Jha for the Respondent No. 1.

          G.S. Chatterjee (NP) for the Respondent No. 2.

          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
D
         ARIJIT PASAYA T, J. : The appeal is at the instance of the
    informant who set law in motion against respondent no. 2-Gautam Bose
    along with two others for alleged commission of offence punishable under
    Section 409 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short
E   'IPC').

        Case of the prosecution was that on 23rd August, 1982 the appellant
  went to the State Bank of India, Jharia Branch for taking two banks drafts
  of Rs.75,000 each. His servant lndradeo Ram was also with him. The
F appellant had carried a sum Rs.1,50,200 with him out of which Rs.75,100
  was of Mahabir Bhandar of which appellant was owner, while balance
  Rs. 75, 100 was of Swastik Bhandar belonging to brother of appellant. The
  total amount was handed over to accused-Ganauri Sao for the purpose of
  counting at the instance of accused-Gautam Bose - the Head Cashier. The
G cash peon told him that he would count the money, and return the bag in
  which the money was carried at 2.00 p.m. Informant-appellant handed over
  cash vouchers duly filled in to Amit Kumar Banerji an officer of the bank
  and returned to his shop on being told that the drafts will be handed over
  around 2.00 p.m. Around 1.00 p.m. the peon of the bank named Jagdish
H came to his shop and told him that the money handed over by him was
      KAILASH KUMARSANWATIA v. STATE [PASAYAT, J.]                     317

missing from the cash counter. On hearing this, both the informant and his    A
brother rushed to the bank. They were told that a complaint had already
been lodged by the Manager of the bank regarding missing of money. By
the time the appellant and his brother reached the bank, police had already
arrived. Ganaori admitted that he was counting the money handed over
by the informant. When he went outside for a short time, during that          B
time the money had been taken away by some one. The informant filed
a written report before the police officer (Ex.P-3) in the premises of the
bank and on the basis of this the case was instituted and investigation
undertaken.
                                                                              c
     On completion of investigation, charge sheet was placed and charges
were framed against Gautam Bose, Ganaori Sao, and Jagdish Ram under
Section 409 read with Section 34 IPC. Accused persons pleaded innocence.
They took the stand that the case was falsely instituted to get money from
the bank through the insurance company.                                       D

      Ten witnesses were examined to substantiate the prosecution case.
The Trial Court placing reliance on their evidence found that only
respondent no. 2-Gautam Bose and Ganaori Sao were guilty of offences
punishable under Section 409 !PC read with Section 34 IPC and were            E
sentenced to undergo imprisonment for two years each. The said accused
persons filed two appeals before the Additional Sessions Judge, Dhanbad,
who in Crl. Appeal no.145/1986 and Crl. Appeal no. 151/1986 held that
accusations have not been brought home because there were many
infirmities in evidence and there was doubt as regards the manner of          F
entrustment for bringing in application of Section 409 !PC. The matter was
carried in revision before the Patna High Court by the informant-appellant.
By the impugned judgment, learned Single Judge held that though the
money appears to have been handed over, it has not been established by
credible and cogent evidence when the money were really missing. It,          G
however, recorded that fact of handing over of Rs. 1,50,200, and missing
of money from the cash counter. But it is not proved beyond reasonable
doubt from the evidence on record that actually the cash was entrusted to
Ganaori Sao at the instance of Head Cashier-Gautam Bose, though money
was missing from bank premises and from the cash counter. It was held         H
    318                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A that the possibility of theft of the money cannot be ruled out. Since the
    infonnant had filed suit for recovery of the amount from the bank he could
    pursue it. Due to paucity of evidence on the point of entrustment, case
    under Section 409 was held to be not made out. Against the said judgment
    of the High Court, this appeal has been filed.
B
          Learned counsel for the appellant stated that when it is admitted that
    money was missing from the cash counter of the bank at the bank premises,
    and information had been lodged by the Manager alleging -Oieft of the
    amount and commission of offence under Section 380 IPC, the Trtal Court,
C First Appellate Court and the High Court were not justified in holding that
    there was paucity of material as regards the manner of entrustment with        •
    reference to Section 409 IPC. It was submitted that the language of the
    provisions made it clear that whatever be the manner of entrustment, if the
    factum of entrustment is established, nothing more is required to be further
D   established.


         In spite of notice, respondent no.2 has not entered appearance.
    Learned counsel appearing for the State of Bihar submitted that the stand
    adopted by the appellant is adopted by it.
E
          Section 409 JPC deals with criminal breach of trust by public servant,
    or by banker, merchant or agent. In order to bring in application of said
    provision, entrustment has to be proved. Jn order to sustain conviction
F under Section 409, two ingredients are to be proved. They are:

             (!)   the accused, a public servant, or banker or agent was
                   entrusted with property of which he is duty bond to account
                   for; and
G
             (2)   the accused has committed criminal breach of trust.


         What amounts to criminal breach of trust is provided in Section 405
    IPC. Section 409 is in essence criminal breach of trust by a category of
H   persons. The ingredients of the offence of criminal breach of trust are: -
      KAILASH KUMAR SANWATIA v. STATE [PASAYAT, J.]                      319

         (!)   Entrusting any person with property, or with any dominion        A
               over property.

        (2)    The person entrusted (a) dishonestly misappropriating or
               converting to his own use that property; or (b) dishonestly
               using or disposing of that property or willfully suffering any   B
               other person so as to do in violation -

               (i)   of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which
                     such trust is to be discharged; or

               (ii) of any legal contract made touching the discharge of        C
                    trust.

      The basic requirement to bring home the accusations under Section
405 arc the requirements to prove con-jointly (!) entrustment and (2)
whether the accused was actuated by the dishonest intention or not              D
misappropriated it or converted it to his own use to the detriment of the
persons who entrusted it. As the question of intention is not a matter of
direct proof, certain broad tests are envisaged which would generally afford
useful guidance in deciding whether in a particular case the accused had
mens rea for the crime.                                                         E

      In the instant case even if it was proved as contended by learned
counsel for the appellant, that money was entrusted which fact is borne out
by the admitted case about missing of money from the cash counter of the
bank, one factor which needs to be decided is whether the accused had           F
dishonestly misappropriated or converted to his own use the property
entrusted or dishonestly used or disposed of that property. As presented
by the prosecution, the money was taken away from the cash counter. It
is not the case of prosecution that money which was given to the accused-
Gautam Bose and the cash peon to obtain bank drafts was taken away by           G
accused-Gautam Bose or the . cash peon Ganaori Sao. Because of an
intervening situation, the disappearance of the cash due to theft by
somebody else the bank drafts could not have been prepared and handed
over to the appellant. Even if there is loss of money, the ingredients
necessary to constitute criminal breach of trust afe absent. If due to a
fortuitous or intervening situation, a person to whom money is entrusted        H
    320                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A is incapacitated from carrying out the job, that will not bring in application
    of Section 405 !PC or Section 409 !PC, unless misappropriation, or
    conversion to personal use or disposal of property is established.
    Unfortunately, the courts below have not looked at the issues from these
    vitaliy relevant angles. The inevitable conclusion is that accused persons
B   cannot be convicted under Section 409 !PC. This, however, will not stand
    in the way of the appellant getting such relief as available in law otherwise
    by pursuing a suitable remedy.

          The appeal is dismissed with the aforesaid observations.

C A.Q.                                                       Appeal dismissed.