KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONversusSANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER

                        [2022] 4 S.C.R. 453                            453


     KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION                            A
                                 v.
        SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER
                  (Civil Appeal No. 2643 of 2022)
                         MARCH 31, 2022                                B
        [L. NAGESWARA RAO AND B. R. GAVAI, JJ.]
       Service Law – Misconduct – Suspension – Departmental
proceedings –Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act, 1949 –
ss. 36, 39, 39A, 45 & 56 – Suspension of Municipal Corporation
                                                                       C
employee – Departmental enquiry – Case registered against
Respondent No.1 (AMC of KDM Corporation) under Prevention of
Corruption Act – Subsequently, he was suspended by the
Commissioner of the KDM Corporation in exercise of power under
s. 56(1)(b) of MMC Act r/w Rule 4(1) of Maharashtra Civil Services
(Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 1979 – Notice issued against            D
Respondent No.1 with regard to holding of departmental enquiry
against him – Writ petition filed by Respondent No. 1 – High Court
held that since the appointment of respondent No.1 was made by
the State Government in view of s.36 of the MMC Act, it is only the
State Government, which was competent to suspend and initiate
                                                                       E
departmental inquiry against him – It was, therefore, held by the
High Court that the suspension order issued by the Commissioner
and ratified by the KDM Corporation, and the departmental inquiry
initiated by the Commissioner with approval of the KDM Corporation
was beyond their powers – Whether respondent No.1 though an
employee of the KDM Corporation, could neither be suspended            F
nor any departmental proceedings could be initiated against him
by KDM Corporation, since his selection and appointment was done
by the State Government – Held: High Court erred in setting aside
the suspension and departmental proceedings initiated against
respondent No.1 – Finding of the High Court that in view of s.39A
                                                                       G
of the MMC Act, the Commissioner or the Corporation will not have
power to suspend or initiate departmental inquiry against the AMC,
is in ignorance of the provisions of s.56 and sub-section (9) of s.2
of the MMC Act – Sub-section (9) of s.2, ss.39A and 56 of the
MMC Act will have to be read in reference to each other and cannot
be read in isolation – Legislative intent cannot be to leave an        H
                                453
454            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                        [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A     employee scot-free though he has indulged in serious misconduct –
      The legislature could not have intended a situation, wherein though
      the post of AMC is created by the State Government and a suitable
      person is appointed by it and though a person appointed on the
      said post becomes an employee of the Corporation, there would be
      no provision in the statute to initiate departmental proceedings
B
      against him – If such an interpretation is accepted, it would lead to
      absurdity and create a vacuum – The statute has to be interpreted
      in such a manner that it preserves its workability – On a harmonious
      construction of sub-section (9) of s.2, ss.39A and 56 of the MMC
      Act, the Commissioner of the Municipal Corporation will have the
C     power to suspend or initiate departmental proceedings against an
      AMC, who is an officer, superior in rank to the Assistant
      Commissioner – However, in case of suspension of such an officer,
      the only requirement would be to report to the Corporation, with
      reasons thereof, and if such a suspension is not confirmed by the
      Corporation within a period of six months from the date of such
D
      suspension, the same shall come to an end – Any other interpretation
      would lead to absurdity and anomaly, and therefore will have to be
      avoided –Maharashtra Civil Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules,
      1979 – Rule 4(1).
           Interpretation of Statutes – “Harmonious construction” –
E     Discussed.
            Allowing the appeals, the Court
             HELD: 1 The court has to avoid the interpretation which
      will result in head-on clash between two sections of the Act. When
F     one section of an Act is not in a position to bring out the legislative
      intent, recourse will have to be made to other sections of the
      statute for gathering the legislative intent. An attempt should be
      made to see to it that the effect must be given to parts of the
      statute even if they may, on first blush, appear to be conflicting.
      One provision of the Act has to be construed with reference to
G     other provisions in the Act, so as to make a consistent enactment
      of the whole statute. An attempt should be made of avoiding any
      inconsistency or repugnancy either within a section or between
      two different sections. If the court has a choice between two
      interpretations, the narrower of which would fail to achieve the
H
       KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                      455
         SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER

manifest purpose of the legislation, such an interpretation will      A
have to be avoided. The court should avoid a construction which
would reduce the legislation to futility. A broader interpretation
which would bring about an effective result, will have to be
preferred. Applying this principle, it is clear that subsection (9)
of Section 2, Sections 39A and 56 of the MMC Act will have to be
                                                                      B
read in reference to each other. They cannot be read in isolation.
[Paras 37 and 38][471-D-G]
      2 If the interpretation as placed by the High Court is
accepted, it will lead to an absurd and anomalous situation wherein
on one hand, the respondent No.1, who was selected and
appointed by the State Government for the KDM Corporation,            C
though would be an employee of the KDM Corporation, the KDM
Corporation would not be in a position to initiate departmental
proceedings against him, even if he is found to have indulged
into serious misconduct. On the other hand, since the respondent
No.1 is not an employee of the State Government, the State            D
Government also would not be in a position to initiate any
departmental proceedings against him. [Para 44][473-G-H; 474-
A]
      Philips India Ltd. v. Labour Court, Madras and Others
      (1985) 3 SCC 103 : [1985] 3 SCR 491 ; Sultana Begum             E
      v. Prem Chand Jain (1997) 1 SCC 373 : [1996] 9 Suppl.
      SCR 707 ; Jagdish Singh v. Lt. Governor, Delhi and
      Others (1997) 4 SCC 435 : [1997] 2 SCR 953 ;
      Commissioner of Income Tax v. Hindustan Bulk Carriers
      (2003) 3 SCC 57 : [2002] 5 Suppl. SCR 387; Mahadeo
      Prasad Bais (Dead) v. Income Tax Officer ‘A’ Ward,              F
      Gorakhpur and Another (1991) 4 SCC 560 : [1991] 1
      Suppl. SCR 9; K.P.Varghese v. Income Tax Officer,
      Ernakulam and Another (1981) 4 SCC 173 : [1982] 1
      SCR 629 ; State of Tamil Nadu v. Kodaikanal Motor
      Union (P) Ltd. (1986) 3 SCC 91 : [1986] 2 SCR 927               G
      and Sanjay Ramdas Patil v. Sanjay and Others (2021)
      10 SCC 306 – relied on.
      Ajay Kumar Choudhary v.Union of India through its
      Secretary and Another (2015) 7 SCC 291 : [2015] 2
                                                                      H
456            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A           SCR 415 and State of Tamil Nadu represented by
            Secretary to Government (Home) v. Promod Kumar, IPS
            and Another (2018) 17 SCC 677 – referred to.
                              Case Law Reference
      [2015] 2 SCR 415                   referred to              Para 13
B
      [1985] 3 SCR 491                   relied on                Para 31
      [1996] 9 Suppl. SCR 707            relied on                Para 33
      [1997] 2 SCR 953                   relied on                Para 35
      [2002] 5 Suppl. SCR 387            relied on                Para 36
C
      [1991] 1 Suppl. SCR 9              relied on                Para 40
      [1982] 1 SCR 629                   relied on                Para 41
      [1986] 2 SCR 927                   relied on                Para 42
D     (2021) 10 SCC 306                  relied on                Para 46
      (2018) 17 SCC 677                  referred to              Para 50
            CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2643
      of 2022.
            From the Judgment and Order dated 06.04.2021 of the High Court
E
      of Judicature at Bombay in Writ Petition (St) No.3599 of 2020.
            WITH
            Civil Appeal No. 2644 of 2022.
            Tushar Mehta, SG, P. S. Patwalia, Shekhar Naphade, Anupam
F     Lal Das, Sr. Advs., Rahul Chitnis, Sachin Patil, Aaditya A. Pande, Geo
      Joseph, Ms. Shwetal Shepal, Harshika Verma, Samrat Krishnarao Shinde,
      Kunal Cheema, Apoorv Shukla, Anirudh Singh, Krishanu Barua, Ms.
      Aishwarya Dash, Sabir Kachhi, Advs. for the appearing parties.
            The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
G
            B. R. GAVAI, J.
            1. Leave granted in both the Special Leave Petitions.
             2. Kalyan Dombivali Municipal Corporation (hereinafter referred
      to as the “KDM Corporation”) and the State of Maharashtra, by way of
H     the present appeals, challenge the correctness of the judgment dated 6th
      KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                              457
   SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

April 2021, passed by the Division Bench of the High Court of Judicature     A
at Bombay in Writ Petition (ST.) No. 3599 of 2020, thereby holding that
the KDM Corporation was not the competent authority to suspend
respondent No.1-Sanjay Gajanan Gharat. By the impugned judgment,
the High Court had also quashed the departmental inquiry initiated against
the respondent No.1 and directed the KDM Corporation to reinstate
                                                                             B
him forthwith to the post of Additional Municipal Commissioner
(hereinafter referred to as “AMC”) of the KDM Corporation.
       3. The facts are not in dispute. The respondent No.1 was initially
appointed as an Assistant Municipal Commissioner of the KDM
Corporation in the year 1995. The said appointment was approved by
the State Government on 1st February 1997 under Section 45 of the            C
Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act, 1949 (hereinafter referred to
as “the MMC Act”). The KDM Corporation thereafter recommended
the respondent No.1 to be promoted as Deputy Municipal Commissioner
of the KDM Corporation on 9th May 2003. This was done after the
Departmental Promotion Committee of the KDM Corporation found                D
respondent No.1 suitable for such promotion. The General Body of the
KDM Corporation also approved the said recommendation in its meeting
held on 18th July 2003. The State Government, vide notification dated
23rd July 2005, granted approval to the promotion of respondent No.1 as
Deputy Municipal Commissioner with effect from 9th May 2003.
                                                                             E
       4. Vide Maharashtra Act No.32 of 2011, which came into effect
from 25th September 2011, various amendments were effected into the
MMC Act. Vide the said amendment, Section 39A was brought in the
statute, which provided for creation of one or more posts of AMCs and
appointment of suitable persons on such posts.
                                                                             F
       5. In pursuance of the amendment effected in the year 2011, the
State Government issued a Government Resolution (hereinafter referred
to as “G.R.”) on 11th November 2011. Vide the said G.R., one post of
AMC was created for the KDM Corporation. Consequent to the
upgradation of the KDM Corporation from Class ‘D’ to Class ‘C’, one
additional post of AMC came to be created vide G.R. dated 6th January        G
2015. The said G.R. also laid down the procedure for carrying out the
selection process for the post of AMCs. Undisputedly, the Selection
Committee, which considered the proposal of the Commissioner of the
KDM Corporation, for a suitable person to be appointed as AMC, in its
meeting held on 5th May 2015, found respondent No.1 most suitable for        H
458            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A     the same and accordingly, his name came to be recommended by the
      Selection Committee to the State of Maharashtra for appointment to the
      post of AMC of the KDM Corporation. The respondent No.1 came to
      be appointed as AMC of the KDM Corporation by the State of
      Maharashtra on 2 nd June 2015. Pursuant to his appointment, the
      respondent No.1 joined his service as AMC of the KDM Corporation in
B
      the same month.
             6. On 14th June 2018, an FIR No.34 of 2018 came to be registered
      against the respondent No.1 for the offences punishable under Sections
      7, 8, 13(1)(d) along with Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption
      Act, 1988. The respondent No.1 was arrested on the same date and
C     continued to be in custody till 17th June 2018, on which date, he was
      released on bail.
             7. The Commissioner of the KDM Corporation purportedly, in
      exercise of the powers under Section 56(1)(b) of the MMC Act and
      Rule 4(1) of the Maharashtra Civil Services (Discipline and Appeal)
D     Rules, 1979 (hereinafter referred to as “MCS Rules”), on 18th June
      2018, issued an order suspending respondent No.1 from service. The
      General Body of the KDM Corporation, in its meeting held on 7 th July
      2018, ratified the suspension of respondent No.1. On 20 th June 2019, the
      General Body of the KDM Corporation also accorded sanction to hold
E     departmental inquiry against respondent No.1. Accordingly, the
      Commissioner of the KDM Corporation issued a notice dated 7th August
      2019 to respondent No.1 with regard to holding of departmental inquiry
      against him and called upon him to appear before the Inquiry Officer
      appointed by the KDM Corporation. The respondent No.1, vide his letter
      dated 16 th August 2019 addressed to the Commissioner, KDM
F     Corporation, objected to the said departmental inquiry on the ground of
      jurisdiction.
              8. Again, the KDM Corporation issued a notice dated 5th December
      2019, to respondent No.1 calling upon him to remain present for the
      preliminary inquiry to be held on 26th December 2019. However, the
G     respondent No.1 chose not to participate in the departmental inquiry and
      filed a writ petition being Writ Petition (ST.) No.3599 of 2020 before the
      High Court of Judicature at Bombay on 21st February 2020. In the said
      writ petition, he sought the following reliefs:
            “a) This Hon’ble Court may be pleased to issue Writ of Mandamus
H           or any other appropriate Writ in the nature of Mandamus or any
      KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                               459
   SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

      other appropriate Direction or Order thereby directing Respondent       A
      No.1 Corporation and its Municipal Commissioner to forthwith
      withdraw and/or cancel -
      I)     the impugned Suspension Order dated 18th June, 2018, being
             Exhibit-U hereto;
      II)    the impugned General Body Resolution dated 7th July, 2018,       B
             being Exhibit-V hereto;
      III)   the Impugned General Body Resolution No.6 dated 20th
             June, 2019 being Exhibit-Y hereto; and
      IV)    the Impugned Notice of Departmental inquiry dated 7th
                                                                              C
             August, 2019 being Exhibit-Z to this petition;
      b) This Hon’ble Court may be pleased to issue a Writ of Certiorari
      or any other appropriate Writ in the nature of Certiorari or any
      other appropriate Direction or Order thereby quashing and/or
      setting aside –
                                                                              D
      I)     the Impugned Suspension Order dated 18th June, 2018,
             passed by the Municipal Commissioner of Respondent No.1
             being Exhibit -U hereto;
      II)    the Impugned General Body Resolution dated 7th July, 2018
             of Respondent No.1, being Exhibit-V hereto;                      E
      III)   the Impugned General Body Resolution No.6 dated 20th
             June, 2019 or Respondent No.1, being Exhibit -Y hereto;
             and
      IV)    the Impugned Notice of 193 Departmental Inquiry dated
             7th August 2019 issued by the commissioner of Respondent         F
             No.1 being Exhibit-Z to this petition;
      c) This Hon’ble Court may be pleased to Issue Writ of Mandamus
      or any other appropriate Writ in the nature of Mandamus or any
      other appropriate Direction or Order thereby directing Respondent
      No.1 Corporation and its Municipal Commissioner to forthwith            G
      re-Instate the Petitioner in the post of Additional Municipal
      Commissioner of the 1st Respondent Corporations;”
        9. By the impugned judgment dated 6th April 2021, the writ petition
filed by the respondent No.1 came to be allowed in terms of the prayers
(a) to (c), which are reproduced hereinabove. Being aggrieved thereby,        H
460            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A     both, the KDM Corporation and the State of Maharashtra have
      approached this Court.
            10. We have heard Shri P.S. Patwalia, learned Senior Counsel
      appearing on behalf of the KDM Corporation, Shri Rahul Chitnis, learned
      counsel appearing on behalf of the State and Shri Anupam Lal Das,
B     learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of respondent No.1.
              11. Shri Patwalia submitted that the High Court has grossly erred
      in holding that the respondent No.1 was an employee of the State
      Government and therefore, it was only the State Government, who had
      powers to suspend him. He submitted that though under Section 39A of
C     the MMC Act, the State Government was an authority competent to
      create a post and appoint a suitable person on that post, such a post was
      created specifically for the KDM Corporation and once a suitable person
      was appointed by the State Government on the said post, he became an
      employee of the KDM Corporation. He submitted that in view of the
      provisions of Section 56 of the MMC Act, it was only the KDM
D     Corporation, which was competent to suspend such an employee on the
      grounds as are available under the said provision, and also to initiate
      departmental proceedings. He submitted that the High Court has grossly
      erred in not considering the said aspect and referring to Section 16 of the
      Maharashtra General Clauses Act, 1904 (hereinafter referred to as “GC
E     Act”). He submitted that when there is a specific provision in the MMC
      Act, which empowers the Commissioner to suspend an employee and to
      initiate departmental proceedings against him, recourse to GC Act is not
      warranted. He submitted that since the respondent No.1 was arrested
      and was detained in custody for a period exceeding 48 hours, in view of
      sub-rule (2) of Rule 4 of the MCS Rules, his suspension was a deemed
F     one. The learned Senior Counsel submitted that the impugned judgment
      has the effect of leading to a consequence that the respondent No.1, who
      has been caught red-handed in a trap case, will be left scot-free.
             12. The State Government has also supported the contentions as
      raised by the KDM Corporation. It is submitted that though the post was
G     created by the State Government for the KDM Corporation and though
      the respondent No.1 was selected and appointed by the State Government
      in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the G.R. dated 6th January
      2015, the appointment was, as an AMC of the KDM Corporation and as
      such, the KDM Corporation was well within its powers under Section
H     56 of the MMC Act to suspend him.
         KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                              461
      SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

        13. Shri Anupam Lal Das, learned Senior Counsel appearing for           A
the respondent No.1, on the contrary, would submit that the respondent
No.1 was appointed by the State Government under Section 39A of the
MMC Act and the post of AMC is pari materia with that of the
Commissioner, who is appointed under Section 36 of the MMC Act. He
submitted that under Section 39A(2) of the MMC Act, an AMC is subject
                                                                                B
to the same liabilities, restrictions and terms and conditions of service, to
which the Commissioner is subjected to as per the provisions of the
MMC Act. He further submitted that the posts of the Commissioner and
the AMC find place in Chapter II of the MMC Act, whereas Section 56
finds place in Chapter IV of the MMC Act. He submitted that various
other sections in Chapter IV of the MMC Act provide for appointment             C
of various municipal officers and servants other than AMC and
Commissioner and therefore, the term “competent authority” will have
to be construed to be only such authorities, who were competent to
make appointments to the posts found in Chapter IV of the MMC Act.
He submitted that in any case, in view of the judgment of this Court in
                                                                                D
the case of Ajay Kumar Choudhary v. Union of India through its
Secretary and Another1, continued suspension of respondent No.1 was
not warranted. He submitted that even the charge-sheet was not
submitted within 90 days and as such, there is no reason to interfere
with the impugned judgment.
      14. The High Court, in the impugned judgment, has held that since         E
the appointment of respondent No.1 was made by the State Government
in view of Section 36 of the MMC Act, it is only the State Government,
who was competent to suspend and initiate departmental inquiry against
him. It was, therefore, held that the suspension order issued by the
Commissioner and ratified by the KDM Corporation, and the                       F
departmental inquiry initiated by the Commissioner with the approval of
the KDM Corporation was beyond their powers. We will have to examine
the correctness of these findings.
         15. Section 39A of the MMC Act reads thus:
         “39A. Appointment of Additional Municipal Commissioners.-              G
         (1) The State Government may create one or more posts of
         Additional Municipal Commissioners in the Corporation and appoint
         suitable persons on such posts, who shall, subject to the control of

1
    (2015) 7 SCC 291                                                            H
462               SUPREME COURT REPORTS                        [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A           the Commissioner, exercise all or any of the powers and perform
            all or any of the duties and functions of the Commissioner.
            (2) Every person so appointed as the Additional Municipal
            Commissioner shall be subject to the same liabilities, restrictions
            and terms and conditions of service, to which the Commissioner
B           is subjected to as per the provisions of this Act.
             16. The perusal of sub-section (1) of Section 39A of the MMC
      Act would reveal that the State Government is empowered to create
      one or more posts of AMCs. However, such a post is created in the
      particular Corporation. The State Government is also entitled to appoint
C     suitable persons on such posts. It is further clear that the AMCs so
      appointed, though shall exercise all or any of the powers and perform all
      or any of the duties and functions of the Commissioner, the same shall
      be subject to the control of the Commissioner. Sub-section (2) of Section
      39A of the MMC Act provides that every person so appointed as the
      AMC shall be subject to the same liabilities, restrictions and terms and
D     conditions of service, to which the Commissioner is subjected to as per
      the provisions of MMC Act.
             17. It is not in dispute that vide G.R. dated 6th January 2015, for
      the KDM Corporation, which was promoted from Class ‘D’ to Class
      ‘C’, one new post of AMC was created. It is also not in dispute that
E     there was already one post of AMC existing in the KDM Corporation.
      The perusal of the said G.R. would reveal that one post of AMC, which
      was newly created, was to be filled in from the officers of the State
      Cadre in the KDM Corporation. It would further reveal that the second
      post of the AMC was to be filled in from the officers working in the
      respective Corporation by way of selection. It further clarified that in
F     the event, the suitable person is not available for selection to the said
      post, the same shall be filled in from the officers of the State Government
      Cadre.
             18. From the perusal of the record, it could be seen that the State
      Government had called for the names of suitable candidates from the
G     Commissioner of the KDM Corporatoin. The Commissioner, vide his
      communication dated 4th April 2015, proposed three names. The said
      names were considered by a Committee consisting of the following
      authorities:
            (i)     Commissioner/Director, Directorate of Municipal
H                   Administration;
      KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                             463
   SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

      (ii)    Additional Commissioner, Mumbai Municipal Corporation;        A
      (iii)   Commissioner, KDM Corporation;
      (iv)    Deputy Secretary, Govt. of Maharashtra; and
      (v)     Under Secretary, Govt. of Maharashtra.
       19. A perusal of the Minutes of the said Meeting would reveal        B
that though the Commissioner of the KDM Corporation stated that none
of the candidates including the respondent No.1 were eligible for the
post of AMC, the Committee, in its meeting held on 5th May 2015, after
considering the confidential reports of the three candidates, resolved to
recommend respondent No.1 for appointment to the post of AMC of the         C
KDM Corporation. The said recommendation was approved by the State
Government and accordingly, respondent No.1 came to be appointed as
AMC of the KDM Corporation vide G.R. dated 2nd June 2015. The said
G.R. would clearly reveal that respondent No.1 had been appointed
specifically as AMC of the KDM Corporation. It could thus clearly be
seen from the record that though the respondent No.1 was selected and       D
appointed by the State Government, his appointment was specifically
for the KDM Corporation.
      20. Therefore, the question that we will have to consider is as to
whether the respondent No.1 though an employee of the KDM
Corporation, can neither be suspended nor any departmental proceedings      E
can be initiated against him by the KDM Corporation, since his selection
and appointment was done by the State Government.
       21. For considering the rival submissions, it will be relevant to
refer to some of the provisions of the MMC Act. We have already
reproduced Section 39A of the MMC Act hereinabove. The other two            F
provisions that require consideration are sub-section (9) of Section 2
and Section 56 of the MMC Act, which read thus:
      “2. Definitions.-
      …..
                                                                            G
      (9) “the Commissioner” means the Municipal Commissioner for
      the City appointed under Section 36 and includes an acting
      Commissioner appointed under Section 39;
      …………..
                                                                            H
464             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                             [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A            56. Imposition of penalties on municipal officers and
             servants.—(1) A competent authority may subject to the
             provisions of this Act impose any of the penalties specified in sub-
             section (2) on a municipal officer or servant if such authority is
             satisfied that such officer or servant is guilty of a breach of
             departmental rules or discipline or of carelessness, neglect of duty
B
             or other misconduct or is incompetent:
                    Provided that,—
                    (a) no municipal officer or servant holding the post
                    equivalent to or higher in rank than the post of the Assistant
C                   Commissioner shall be dismissed by the Commissioner
                    without the previous approval of the Corporation.
                    [(b) any officer or servant whether appointed by the
                    Corporation or any other competent authority, except
                    Transport Manager being a Government officer on
D                   deputation, may be suspended by the Commissioner pending
                    an order of the Corporation and when the officer so
                    suspended is the Transport Manager or an officer appointed
                    under Section 45, such suspension with reasons therefor,
                    shall, forthwith be reported by the Commissioner to the
                    Corporation, and such suspension shall come to an end if
E                   not confirmed by the Corporation within a period of six
                    months from the date of such suspension:
             Provided that, such suspension of an officer or servant pending
             inquiry into the allegations against such officer or servant shall
             not be deemed to be a penalty.]”
F
             22. It could thus be seen that under Section 39A of the MMC Act,
      though the AMC will exercise all or any of the powers and perform all
      or any of the duties and functions of the Commissioner, the same shall
      be subject to the control of the Commissioner. No doubt, that the AMC
      would be subject to the same liabilities, restrictions and terms and conditions
G     of service, to which the Commissioner of the Corporation is subjected.
      However, the legislative intent is clear that the powers to be exercised
      by AMCs would be subject to the control of the Commissioner.
             23. The legislative intent would also be gathered from sub-section
      (9) of Section 2 of the MMC Act. It could be seen that in the definition
H     of the “Commissioner”, though an acting Commissioner appointed under
      KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                                465
   SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

Section 39 of the MMC Act has been included, an AMC appointed under            A
Section 39A of the MMC Act has not been included. We are, therefore,
unable to accept the contention of respondent No.1 that the post of
AMC is pari materia with that of the Commissioner. The legislative
intent is clear that though the AMC exercises all or any of the powers
and performs all or any of the duties and functions of the Commissioner,
                                                                               B
he would be subject to the control of the Commissioner, and as such,
subordinate to him.
        24. Under sub-section (1) of Section 56 of the MMC Act, a
competent authority, subject to the provisions of the said Act, is entitled
to impose any of the penalties specified in sub-section (2) of Section 56
of the MMC Act on a municipal officer or servant if such authority is          C
satisfied that such officer or servant is guilty of breach of departmental
rules or discipline or of carelessness, neglect of duty or other misconduct
or is incompetent. Clause (a) of the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section
56 of the MMC Act, however, provides that no municipal officer or
servant holding the post equivalent to or higher in rank than the post of      D
the Assistant Commissioner, shall be dismissed by the Commissioner
without the previous approval of the Corporation. It can be seen that the
words used are “post equivalent to or higher in rank than the post of the
Assistant Commissioner”. It will also be relevant to note that Section 56
of the MMC Act has also been amended by the same Amending Act i.e.
Maharashtra Act No. 32 of 2011, by which Section 39A was brought in            E
the statute. Earlier, the words used in clause (a) of sub-section (1) of
Section 56 were “whose monthly salary, exclusive of allowances exceeds
one thousand rupees”. The said words were substituted by the words
“holding the post equivalent to or higher in rank than the post of the
Assistant Commissioner”. It can thus be seen that though the “competent
                                                                               F
authority” is entitled to impose the penalty as specified in sub-section (2)
of Section 56 of the MMC Act on a municipal officer or servant; in case
of an officer, who is equivalent to or higher in rank than the post of
Assistant Commissioner, the power of dismissal can be exercised by the
“Commissioner” only with the previous approval of the Corporation.
        25. It can further be seen that clause (b) of the proviso to sub-      G
section (1) of Section 56 of the MMC Act enables the Commissioner to
suspend any officer or servant, whether appointed by the Corporation or
any other competent authority, except Transport Manager being a
Government Officer on deputation, pending an order of the Corporation.
It further provides that when the officer suspended is a Transport Manager     H
466            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A     or an officer appointed under Section 45 of the MMC Act, such
      suspension with reasons thereof, shall, forthwith be reported by the
      Commissioner to the Corporation. It further provides that such a
      suspension shall come to an end if not confirmed by the Corporation
      within a period of six months from the date of such suspension.
B            26. It is thus clear that whereas, the Commissioner is empowered
      to suspend any officer or servant, whether appointed by the Corporation
      or any other competent authority, in case of a Transport Manager being
      a Government Officer on deputation or any officer appointed under
      Section 45 of the MMC Act, the Commissioner is required to report
      such a suspension with reasons thereof, to the Corporation. It further
C     provides that such suspension shall come to an end if not confirmed by
      the Corporation within a period of six months from the date of such
      suspension.
            27. A conjoint reading of the aforesaid provisions of the MMC
      Act would reveal that though a competent authority may impose any of
D     the penalties on a municipal officer or servant, no municipal officer or
      servant holding the post equivalent to or higher in rank than the post of
      an Assistant Commissioner, shall be dismissed by the Commissioner
      without the previous approval of the Corporation.
             28. It could be seen that the legislature has created two classes of
E     the municipal officers and servants. One class is of the municipal officers
      and servants, other than the ones holding the post equivalent to or higher
      in rank than the post of an Assistant Commissioner. In this category, a
      competent authority may impose the penalties as provided under the
      provisions of the MMC Act. The other class of municipal officers is of
      the persons holding the post equivalent to or higher in rank than the post
F     of Assistant Commissioner. The officers in such a class can be dismissed
      only by the Commissioner and that too with the previous approval of the
      Corporation.
              29. As already discussed hereinabove, clause (a) of the proviso to
      sub-section (1) of Section 56 of the MMC Act has been amended
G     simultaneously by an amendment, which brought Section 39A into the
      statute. As such, we are of the view that the term “post equivalent to or
      higher in rank than the post of Assistant Commissioner” cannot be
      construed in a narrow compass. We are therefore of the view that clause
      (a) of sub-section (1) of Section 56 of the MMC Act would also include
H     the post of AMC. As such, the Commissioner would be a “competent
         KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                               467
      SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

authority” insofar as the post of AMC is concerned. Likewise, though             A
the powers of the Commissioner to suspend any officer or servant except
a Transport Manager being a Government Officer on deputation or the
officers appointed under Section 45 of the MMC Act are without any
restriction, when such suspension is with regard to a Transport Manager
or an officer appointed under Section 45 of the MMC Act, though the
                                                                                 B
Commissioner is empowered to suspend them, such a suspension has to
be reported to the Corporation along with the reasons thereof. Such a
suspension shall come to an end, if not confirmed by the Corporation
within a period of six months from the date of such suspension.
      30. For appreciation of the rival contentions, it will be apposite to
seek certain guidance from some precedents of this Court.                        C

       31. In the case of Philips India Ltd. v. Labour Court, Madras
and Others2, this Court had an occasion to decide the rate of overtime
wages as mentioned in Section 31 of the Tamil Nadu Shops and
Establishments Act, 1947. This Court found that for finding the minimum
rate of overtime wages as mentioned in Section 31 of the said Act, it will       D
have to be interpreted in the light of the provisions contained in Section
14(1) read with proviso to Section 31 of the said Act. Coming to this
conclusion, this Court observed thus:
         “15. No canon of statutory construction is more firmly established
         than that the statute must be read as a whole. This is a general        E
         rule of construction applicable to all statutes alike which is spoken
         of as construction ex visceribus actus. This rule of statutory
         construction is so firmly established that it is variously styled as
         “elementary rule” (see Attorney General v. Bastow [(1957) 1 All
         ER 497] ) and as a “settled rule” (see Poppatlal Shah v. State          F
         of Madras [AIR 1953 SC 274 : 1953 SCR 667] ). The only
         recognised exception to this well-laid principle is that it cannot be
         called in aid to alter the meaning of what is of itself clear and
         explicit. Lord Coke laid down that: “it is the most natural and
         genuine exposition of a statute, to construe one part of a statute
         by another part of the same statute, for that best expresseth           G
         meaning of the makers” (Quoted with approval in Punjab
         Beverages Pvt. Ltd. v. Suresh Chand [(1978) 2 SCC 144 : 1978
         SCC (L&S) 165 : (1978) 3 SCR 370] ).”

2
    (1985) 3 SCC 103                                                             H
468               SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A            32. It could thus be seen that this Court has held that the Statute
      must be read as a whole. It has been held that this rule of statutory
      construction is so firmly established that it is variously styled as
      “elementary rule”. It has been held that for finding out the true meaning
      of one part of a statute, a reference will have to be made to another part
      of the statute and that will best express meaning of the makers.
B
             33. In the case of Sultana Begum v. Prem Chand Jain3, this
      Court was considering the question regarding the conflict between Section
      47 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and Order XXI Rule 2 thereof.
      This Court held that applying the rule of harmonious construction, the
      so-called conflict between the said two provisions had been dispelled.
C     Observing so, this Court reiterated the following well-settled principles
      of interpretation of statutes:
               “15. On a conspectus of the case-law indicated above, the
               following principles are clearly discernible:

D                     (1) It is the duty of the courts to avoid a head-on clash
                      between two sections of the Act and to construe the
                      provisions which appear to be in conflict with each other in
                      such a manner as to harmonise them.
                      (2) The provisions of one section of a statute cannot be
E                     used to defeat the other provisions unless the court, in spite
                      of its efforts, finds it impossible to effect reconciliation
                      between them.
                      (3) It has to be borne in mind by all the courts all the time
                      that when there are two conflicting provisions in an Act,
F                     which cannot be reconciled with each other, they should be
                      so interpreted that, if possible, effect should be given to
                      both. This is the essence of the rule of “harmonious
                      construction”.
                      (4) The courts have also to keep in mind that an
                      interpretation which reduces one of the provisions as a “dead
G
                      letter” or “useless lumber” is not harmonious construction.
                      (5) To harmonise is not to destroy any statutory provision
                      or to render it otiose.”

      3
H         (1997) 1 SCC 373
         KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                                469
      SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

       34. It can thus be seen that this Court has held that it is the duty of    A
the court to avoid a head-on clash between two sections of the Act and
to construe the provisions which appear to be in conflict with each other
in such a manner so as to harmonise them. It has further been held that
the provisions of one section of a statute cannot be used to defeat the
other provisions unless the court finds the reconciliation between them
                                                                                  B
impossible. It has further been held that when two conflicting provisions
in an Act cannot be reconciled with each other, they should be so
interpreted that, if possible, effect should be given to both. It has further
been held that an interpretation, which reduces one of the provisions as
a “dead letter” or “useless lumber”, should be avoided.
      35. This Court, in the case of Jagdish Singh v. Lt. Governor,               C
Delhi and Others4, while considering the conflict between Rules 25(2)
and 28 of the Delhi Cooperative Societies Rules, 1973, observed thus:
         “7. … It is a cardinal principle of construction of a statute or the
         statutory rule that efforts should be made in construing the different
         provisions, so that, each provision will have its play and in the        D
         event of any conflict a harmonious construction should be given.
         Further a statute or a rule made thereunder should be read as a
         whole and one provision should be construed with reference to
         the other provision so as to make the rule consistent and any
         construction which would bring any inconsistency or repugnancy           E
         between one provision and the other should be avoided. One rule
         cannot be used to defeat another rule in the same rules unless it is
         impossible to effect harmonisation between them. The well-known
         principle of harmonious construction is that effect should be given
         to all the provisions, and therefore, this Court has held in several
         cases that a construction that reduces one of the provisions to a        F
         “dead letter” is not a harmonious construction as one part is being
         destroyed and consequently court should avoid such a
         construction……..”
      36. In the case of Commissioner of Income Tax v. Hindustan
Bulk Carriers5, though in Sections 245-D(4) and 245-D(6) of the Income            G
Tax Act, 1961, the terminus point for charging interest was not specifically
provided, this Court, applying the principle of harmonious and contextual

4
    (1997) 4 SCC 435
5
    (2003) 3 SCC 57                                                               H
470            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A     construction, held that they have to be charged in the spirit of Sections
      234-A, 234-B and 234-C of the said Act. Holding this, this Court observed
      thus:
            “16. The courts will have to reject that construction which will
            defeat the plain intention of the legislature even though there may
B           be some inexactitude in the language used. (See Salmon v.
            Duncombe [Salmon v. Duncombe, (1886) LR 11 AC 627 (PC) :
            55 LJPC 69 : 55 LT 446] , AC at. 634, Curtis v. Stovin [Curtis v.
            Stovin, (1889) LR 22 QBD 513 (CA) : 58 LJQB 174 : 60 LT 772]
            referred to in S. Teja Singh case [CIT v. S. Teja Singh, AIR 1959
            SC 352 : (1959) 35 ITR 408] .)
C
            17. If the choice is between two interpretations, the narrower of
            which would fail to achieve the manifest purpose of the legislation,
            we should avoid a construction which would reduce the legislation
            to futility, and should rather accept the bolder construction, based
            on the view that Parliament would legislate only for the purpose
D           of bringing about an effective result. (See Nokes v. Doncaster
            Amalgamated Collieries Ltd. [Nokes v. Doncaster Amalgamated
            Collieries Ltd., 1940 AC 1014 : (1940) 3 All ER 549 (HL) : 109
            LJKB 865 : 163 LT 343] referred to in Pye v. Minister for Lands
            for New South Wales [Pye v. Minister for Lands for New South
E           Wales, (1954) 1 WLR 1410 : (1954) 3 All ER 514 (PC)] .) The
            principles indicated in the said cases were reiterated by this Court
            in Mohan Kumar Singhania v. Union of India [Mohan Kumar
            Singhania v. Union of India, 1992 Supp (1) SCC 594 : 1992 SCC
            (L&S) 455] .

F           18. The statute must be read as a whole and one provision of the
            Act should be construed with reference to other provisions in the
            same Act so as to make a consistent enactment of the whole
            statute.
            19. The court must ascertain the intention of the legislature by
            directing its attention not merely to the clauses to be construed
G
            but to the entire statute; it must compare the clause with other
            parts of the law and the setting in which the clause to be interpreted
            occurs. (See R.S. Raghunath v. State of Karnataka [R.S.
            Raghunath v. State of Karnataka, (1992) 1 SCC 335 : 1992 SCC
            (L&S) 286] .) Such a construction has the merit of avoiding any
H           inconsistency or repugnancy either within a section or between
      KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                               471
   SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

      two different sections or provisions of the same statute. It is the     A
      duty of the court to avoid a head-on clash between two sections
      of the same Act. (See Sultana Begum v. Prem Chand
      Jain [Sultana Begum v. Prem Chand Jain, (1997) 1 SCC 373].)
      20. Whenever it is possible to do so, it must be done to construe
      the provisions which appear to conflict so that they harmonise. It      B
      should not be lightly assumed that Parliament had given with one
      hand what it took away with the other.
      21. The provisions of one section of the statute cannot be used to
      defeat those of another unless it is impossible to effect
      reconciliation between them. Thus a construction that reduces           C
      one of the provisions to a “useless lumber” or “dead letter” is not
      a harmonised construction. To harmonise is not to destroy.”
       37. It could thus be seen that it is more than well-settled that the
court has to avoid the interpretation which will result in head-on clash
between two sections of the Act. When one section of an Act is not in a
                                                                              D
position to bring out the legislative intent, recourse will have to be made
to other sections of the statute for gathering the legislative intent. An
attempt should be made to see to it that the effect must be given to parts
of the statute even if they may, on first blush, appear to be conflicting.
One provision of the Act has to be construed with reference to other
provisions in the Act, so as to make a consistent enactment of the whole      E
statute. An attempt should be made of avoiding any inconsistency or
repugnancy either within a section or between two different sections.
       38. It has further been held that if the court has a choice between
two interpretations, the narrower of which would fail to achieve the
manifest purpose of the legislation, such an interpretation will have to be   F
avoided. The court should avoid a construction which would reduce the
legislation to futility. A broader interpretation which would bring about
an effective result, will have to be preferred. Applying this principle, we
are of the considered view that sub-section (9) of Section 2, Sections
39A and 56 of the MMC Act will have to be read in reference to each
other. They cannot be read in isolation.                                      G
       39. Therefore, we are of the view that the finding of the High
Court that in view of Section 39A of the MMC Act, the Commissioner
or the Corporation will not have power to suspend or initiate departmental
inquiry against the AMC, is in ignorance of the provisions of Section 56
and sub-section (9) of Section 2 of the MMC Act.                              H
472             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A           40. We find that the view taken by the High Court is also not
      acceptable in view of another principle of statutory interpretation. In the
      case of Mahadeo Prasad Bais (Dead) v. Income-Tax Officer ‘A’
      Ward, Gorakhpur and Another6, this Court held that an interpretation,
      which will result in anomaly or absurdity, should be avoided. It has been
      held that at times, the circumstances justify a slight straining of the
B
      language of the clause so as to avoid a meaningless anomaly.
             41. It will further be relevant to refer to the following observations
      of this Court in the case of K.P. Varghese v. Income Tax Officer,
      Ernakulam and Another7:

C           “6. …….We must therefore eschew literalness in the interpretation
            of Section 52 sub-section (2) and try to arrive at an interpretation
            which avoids this absurdity and mischief and makes the provision
            rational and sensible, unless of course, our hands are tied and we
            cannot find any escape from the tyranny of the literal
            interpretation. It is now a well-settled rule of construction that
D           where the plain literal interpretation of a statutory provision produces
            a manifestly absurd and unjust result which could never have been
            intended by the legislature, the court may modify the language
            used by the legislature or even “do some violence” to it, so as to
            achieve the obvious intention of the legislature and produce a
E           rational construction (vide Luke v. Inland Revenue
            Commissioner [(1963) AC 557] ). The Court may also in such a
            case read into the statutory provision a condition which, though
            not expressed, is implicit as constituting the basic assumption
            underlying the statutory provision …..”
            42. It will be apposite to refer to the following paragraphs from
F     the judgment of this Court in the case of State of Tamil Nadu v.
      Kodaikanal Motor Union (P) Ltd.8:
            “16. Lord Denning, in Seaford Court Estates v. Asher [(1949)
            2 All ER 155, 164] said thus:
                    “... when a defect appears a Judge cannot simply fold his
G
                    hands and blame the draftsman. He must set to work on
                    the constructive task of finding the intention of Parliament…

      6
        (1991) 4 SCC 560
      7
        (1981) 4 SCC 173
      8
H       (1986) 3 SCC 91
      KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                                 473
   SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

             and then he must supplement the written word so as to give         A
             ‘force and life’ to the intention of the legislature.... A Judge
             should ask himself the question how, if the makers of the
             Act had themselves come across this ruck in the texture of
             it, they would have straightened it out? He must then do as
             they would have done. A Judge must not alter the material
                                                                                B
             of which the Act is woven, but he can and should iron out
             the creases.”
      17. The courts must always seek to find out the intention of the
      legislature. Though the courts must find out the intention of the
      statute from the language used, but language more often than not
      is an imperfect instrument of expression of human thought. As             C
      Lord Denning said it would be idle to expect every statutory
      provision to be drafted with divine prescience and perfect clarity.
      As Judge Learned Hand said, we must not make a fortress out of
      dictionary but remember that statutes must have some purpose or
      object, whose imaginative discovery is judicial craftsmanship. We         D
      need not always cling to literalness and should seek to endeavour
      to avoid an unjust or absurd result. We should not make a mockery
      of legislation. To make sense out of an unhappily worded provision,
      where the purpose is apparent to the judicial eve “some” violence
      to language is permissible. (See K.P. Varghese v. ITO [(1981) 4
      SCC 173, 180-82 : 1981 SCC (Tax) 293, 300-302 : (1981) 131                E
      ITR 597, 604-606] and Luke v. Inland Revenue Commissioner
      [(1964) 54 ITR 692 (HL)] .)”
       43. It could thus be seen that this Court has held that the court
should not always cling to literal interpretation and should endeavor to
avoid an unjust or absurd result. The court should not permit a mockery         F
of legislation. It has been held that to make sense out of an unhappily
worded provision, where the purpose is apparent to the judicial eye,
‘some’ violence to language is also permissible.
        44. If the interpretation as placed by the High Court is accepted,
it will lead to an absurd and anomalous situation wherein on one hand,          G
the respondent No.1, who was selected and appointed by the State
Government for the KDM Corporation, though would be an employee
of the KDM Corporation, the KDM Corporation would not be in a position
to initiate departmental proceedings against him, even if he is found to
have indulged into serious misconduct. On the other hand, since the             H
474               SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A     respondent No.1 is not an employee of the State Government, the State
      Government also would not be in a position to initiate any departmental
      proceedings against him.
             45. We have no hesitation in holding that the intention of the
      legislature would not have been to lead to such an absurd and anomalous
B     situation. A legislative intent cannot be to leave an employee scot-free
      though he has indulged into serious misconduct. We are therefore of the
      considered view that on a harmonious construction of sub-section (9) of
      Section 2, Sections 39A and 56 of the MMC Act, the Commissioner of
      the Municipal Corporation will have the power to suspend or initiate
      departmental proceedings against an AMC, who is an officer, superior
C     in rank to the Assistant Commissioner. However, in case of suspension
      of such an officer, the only requirement would be to report to the
      Corporation, with reasons thereof, and if such a suspension is not
      confirmed by the Corporation within a period of six months from the
      date of such suspension, the same shall come to an end. In our considered
D     view, any other interpretation would lead to absurdity and anomaly, and
      therefore will have to be avoided.
             46. We find that the appeals deserve to be allowed on another
      rule of interpretation, that the statute has to be interpreted in such a
      manner that it preserves its workability. Recently, this Court, in the case
E     of Sanjay Ramdas Patil v. Sanjay and Others9, has referred to the
      earlier judgments of this Court and observed thus:
               “36. …..It will be relevant to refer to the observations of this
               Court in State of T.N. v. M.K. Kandaswami [State of T.N. v. M.K.
               Kandaswami, (1975) 4 SCC 745 : 1975 SCC (Tax) 402] : (SCC
F              p. 751, para 26)
                  “26. … If more than one construction is possible, that which
                  preserves its workability, and efficacy is to be preferred to the
                  one which would render it otiose or sterile.”
               37. This Court in CIT v. Hindustan Bulk Carriers [CIT v.
G              Hindustan Bulk Carriers, (2003) 3 SCC 57] has observed thus :
               (SCC p. 73, para 15)
                  “15. A statute is designed to be workable and the interpretation
                  thereof by a court should be to secure that object unless crucial

      9
H         (2021) 10 SCC 306
   KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                             475
SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

     omission or clear direction makes that end unattainable.            A
     (See Whitney v. IRC [Whitney v. IRC, 1926 AC 37 : 10 Tax
     Cas 88 (HL) : 95 LJKB 165 : 134 LT 98], AC at p. 52 referred
     to in CIT v. S. Teja Singh [CIT v. S. Teja Singh, AIR 1959
     SC 352 : (1959) 35 ITR 408] and Gursahai Saigal v. CIT
     [Gursahai Saigal v. CIT, AIR 1963 SC 1062 : (1963) 48 ITR
                                                                         B
     1] .)”
  38. In Balram Kumawat v. Union of India [Balram Kumawat v.
  Union of India, (2003) 7 SCC 628], this Court observed thus :
  (SCC pp. 636-37, paras 25-26)
     “25. A statute must be construed as a workable instrument. Ut       C
     res magis valeat quam pereat is a well-known principle of
     law. In Tinsukhia Electric Supply Co. Ltd. v. State of Assam
     [Tinsukhia Electric Supply Co. Ltd. v. State of Assam, (1989)
     3 SCC 709] this Court stated the law thus : (SCC p. 754, paras
     118-20)
                                                                         D
        ‘118. The courts strongly lean against any construction
        which tends to reduce a statute to futility. The provision of
        a statute must be so construed as to make it effective and
        operative, on the principle “ut res magis valeat quam
        pereat”. It is, no doubt, true that if a statute is absolutely
        vague and its language wholly intractable and absolutely         E
        meaningless, the statute could be declared void for
        vagueness. This is not in judicial review by testing the law
        for arbitrariness or unreasonableness under Article 14; but
        what a court of construction, dealing with the language of a
        statute, does in order to ascertain from, and accord to, the     F
        statute the meaning and purpose which the legislature
        intended for it. In Manchester Ship Canal Co. v.
        Manchester Racecourse Co. [Manchester Ship Canal
        Co. v. Manchester Racecourse Co., (1900) 2 Ch 352 : 69
        LJCh 850 : 83 LT 274] Farwell, J. said: (Ch pp. 360-61)
                                                                         G
        “Unless the words were so absolutely senseless that I could
        do nothing at all with them, I should be bound to find some
        meaning, and not to declare them void for uncertainty.”
        119. In Fawcett Properties Ltd. v. Buckingham County
        Council [Fawcett Properties Ltd. v. Buckingham County
                                                                         H
476            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A                  Council, (1960) 3 WLR 831 : (1960) 3 All ER 503 (HL)]
                   Lord Denning approving the dictum of Farwell, J., said:
                   (WLR p. 849 : All ER p. 516)
                   “But when a statute has some meaning, even though it is
                   obscure, or several meanings, even though there is little to
B                  choose between them, the courts have to say what meaning
                   the statute is to bear, rather than reject it as a nullity.”
                   120. It is, therefore, the court’s duty to make what it can of
                   the statute, knowing that the statutes are meant to be
                   operative and not inept and that nothing short of impossibility
C                  should allow a court to declare a statute unworkable. In
                   Whitney v. IRC [Whitney v. IRC, 1926 AC 37 : 10 Tax Cas
                   88 (HL) : 95 LJKB 165 : 134 LT 98] Lord Dunedin said :
                   (AC p. 52)
                   “A statute is designed to be workable, and the interpretation
D                  thereof by a court should be to secure that object, unless
                   crucial omission or clear direction makes that end
                   unattainable.” ’
               26. The courts will therefore reject that construction which
               will defeat the plain intention of the legislature even though
E              there may be some inexactitude in the language used. [See
               Salmon v. Duncombe [Salmon v. Duncombe, (1886) LR 11
               AC 627 (PC) : 55 LJPC 69 : 55 LT 446] (AC at p. 634).]
               Reducing the legislation futility shall be avoided and in a case
               where the intention of the legislature cannot be given effect to,
               the courts would accept the bolder construction for the purpose
F              of bringing about an effective result.”
            39. It could thus be seen that the Court will have to prefer an
            interpretation which makes the statute workable. The interpretation
            which gives effect to the intention of the legislature, will have to
            be preferred. The interpretation which brings about the effect of
G           result, will have to be preferred than the one which defeats the
            purpose of the enactment……”
             47. We are of the considered view that the legislature could not
      have intended a situation, wherein though the post of AMC is created by
      the State Government and a suitable person is appointed by it and though
H     a person appointed on the said post becomes an employee of the
         KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                           477
      SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

Corporation, there would be no provision in the statute to initiate          A
departmental proceedings against him. If such an interpretation is
accepted, it would lead to absurdity and create a vacuum. In our opinion,
in order to avoid such a situation, the interpretation as placed by us on
the aforesaid provisions of the MMC Act will have to be preferred.
       48. Insofar as the contention raised on behalf of respondent No.1     B
that the term “competent authority” as used in sub-section (1) of Section
56 of the MMC Act will have to be read as a “competent authority” in
respect of appointments to be made for the posts in Chapter IV is
concerned, we are unable to accept the said contention. Such a restrictive
meaning would render the legislation otiose. In any event, it is to be
noted that though a Transport Manager is appointed under Section 40 of       C
the MMC Act, which is a part of Chapter II, a Transport Manager is
specifically referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (1) of Section 56 of
the MMC Act which is a part of Chapter IV and empowers the
Commissioner to suspend his services, however, with a requirement of
reporting the same with reasons to the Corporation. It is thus clear that    D
if the legislative intent was to give a narrower meaning to the term
“competent authority”, only to mean such authorities who were found in
Chapter IV, then there would have been no reference in sub-section (1)
of Section 56 of the MMC Act to Transport Manager, who is appointed
under Chapter II of the MMC Act. We therefore find that the contention
in that regard needs to be rejected.                                         E

       49. We are therefore of the considered view that the High Court
has totally erred in setting aside the suspension and the departmental
proceedings initiated against respondent No.1. The effect of the impugned
judgment is that the respondent No. 1, who has been, prima facie, found
to be involved in a serious misconduct, has been left scot-free without      F
requiring to face any departmental proceedings and directed to be
reinstated in services.
      50. Insofar as the prolonged suspension of the respondent No.1 is
concerned, the respondent No.1 has relied on the judgments of this Court
in the cases of Ajay Kumar Choudhary (supra) and State of Tamil              G
Nadu represented by Secretary to Government (Home) v. Promod
Kumar, IPS and Another10. Insofar as the judgment of this Court in the
case of Ajay Kumar Choudhary (supra) is concerned, though this Court

10
     (2018) 17 SCC 677                                                       H
478               SUPREME COURT REPORTS                       [2022] 4 S.C.R.


A     has deprecated the protracted period of suspension and repeated renewal
      thereof, in the facts of the said case, this Court found that since the
      appellant therein was served with a charge-sheet, the direction issued in
      the said case may not be relevant to him any longer.
          51. Insofar as the judgment of this Court in the case of Promod
B     Kumar, IPS (supra) is concerned, this Court observed thus:
            “24. ….There cannot be any dispute regarding the power or
            jurisdiction of the State Government for continuing the first
            respondent under suspension pending criminal trial. There is no
            doubt that the allegations made against the first respondent are
C           serious in nature. However, the point is whether the continued
            suspension of the first respondent for a prolonged period is
            justified.”
            52. In the said case, the respondent No.1 therein was suspended
      for more than six years. This Court found that no useful purpose would
D     be served by continuing the respondent No.1 therein under suspension
      any longer.
             53. We find that in the present case, it is the respondent No.1
      who, though called upon to participate in the departmental proceedings,
      has on his own, chosen not to participate therein. It is the respondent
E
      No.1, who had objected to the initiation of the departmental proceedings
      by the Commissioner on the ground of jurisdiction and refused to
      participate in the departmental proceedings. We therefore find that the
      respondent No.1 cannot be permitted to take benefit of his own wrong.
      In any case, we find that the issue of prolonged suspension would be
F     taken care of by directing the departmental proceedings to be completed
      within a stipulated period but the suspension of respondent No.1 would
      continue till then.
              54. We find that the impugned judgment passed by the High Court
      is not sustainable in law.
G
            55. In the result, the appeals are allowed in the following terms:
            (i)     The impugned judgment dated 6th April 2021, passed by the
                    High Court of Judicature at Bombay in Writ Petition (ST.)
                    No. 3599 of 2020 is quashed and set aside;
H
      KALYAN DOMBIVALI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION v.                                  479
   SANJAY GAJANAN GHARAT AND ANOTHER [B. R. GAVAI, J.]

       (ii)    The Writ Petition (ST.) No. 3599 of 2020 filed by the             A
               respondent No.1 before the High Court of Judicature at
               Bombay is dismissed;
       (iii)   The departmental proceedings initiated against respondent
               No.1 are directed to be completed as expeditiously as
               possible and in any case, within a period of four months          B
               from the date of this judgment. The respondent No.1 would
               continue to be under suspension till the conclusion of the
               said departmental proceedings; and
       (iv)    Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of in the
               above terms. No order as to costs.                                C

Bibhuti Bhushan Bose                                          Appeals allowed.
(Assisted by : Preetam Bharti, LCRA)



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