Holding

The Supreme Court held that the alleged dying declaration was inadmissible and that the prosecution had proved dowry death beyond reasonable doubt, thereby upholding the convictions of the husband and his brother.

Summary

The case concerned the death of Smt. Laxmi, who suffered 90% burn injuries within seven years of marriage. The prosecution alleged that her husband (A-1) and his brother (A-3) harassed and tortured her to extract dowry, leading to her death, and secured convictions under Sections 304B and 498A IPC. The defence relied on an alleged dying declaration stating the fire was accidental, but the trial court and High Court rejected it due to procedural infirmities. The Supreme Court examined the credibility of the dying declaration, the requirements of Section 32 Evidence Act, and the presumption under Section 113B, and found the prosecution evidence sufficient to prove dowry death. Consequently, the Court upheld the convictions, dismissed the appeals, and ordered the appellants to surrender. The petition to expunge adverse observations against officials was also dismissed.

Issues considered

The admissibility and credibility of the alleged dying declaration under Section 32 of the Evidence Act.
Whether the procedural requirements for recording a dying declaration were complied with.
Whether the prosecution proved the elements of dowry death under Sections 304B and 498A IPC, including the presumption under Section 113B of the Evidence Act.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 48, s. 482
Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 113B, s. 32
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 304B, s. 498A

Subjects

dowry deathdying declarationsection 304Bsection 498Asection 113Bevidence admissibilitypresumption of lawmedical testimonyburden of proof

Judgment

[2009] 6 S.C.R. 525
'1

KANTI LAL A
v.
STATE OF RAJASTHAN
Criminal Appeal No. 1133 of 2001

APRIL 17, 2009
B
[LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA AND B. SUDERSHAN
REDDY, JJ.]
)

PENAL CODE, 1860:
c
ss.304-A and 498-A - Death of a married woman by bum
injuries within 7 years of her marriage - Conviction of husband
of victim and his relatives by trial court - High Court
convicting the husband and one of his brothers and acquitting
all other accused on appeal Held : Trial court and High Court D
rightly held that prosecution had proved beyond reasonable
doubt that the victim had been harassed and tortur_ed by her
husband and his brother with demand of dowry - There is no
infirmity in findings recorded by High Court warranting
interference - Evidence Act, 1872 - s. 113-B.
E
EVIDENCE ACT, 1872:

s.32 - Dying declaration - Victim died of 90% burn
injuries - Defence produced dying declaration alleged to have
been made by victim wherein she attributed the bum injuries F
to accidental fire - Held: The defence witness to whom alleged
dying declaration was stated to have been made, ignored the
basic principles at the time of recording alleged dying
declaration - Trial court and High Court rightly rejected the
alleged dying declaration. G
The appellant (A-1) and his brothers A-2, A-3, A-4, A-
6, father A-5 and mother A-7 were convicted and
sentenced ulss 304-A and 498-A IPC in connection with

525 H
526 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R.

A death of wife of A-1 with 90% burn injuries. The trial court
convicted and sentenced the accused of the offences
charged. It, doubting the veracity of the alleged dying
declaration (Ex. D-4) stated to have been made before the
Naib Tehsildar (DW-2), directed higher authorities of the
B doctor (PW-11 ), the Station House Officer (PW 12) and OW
2 to take disciplinary action against them for not
discharging their official duties properly and diligently.
Whereas the accused file appeal challenging their
conviction, OW 2 filed a petition u/s 48~ Cr.P.C. seeking
c to quash the adverse observation made in para 40 of the
judgment. The High Court affirmed the conviction and the
sentence as regards A-1 and A-3 and acquitted the other
accused. It dismissed the petition of DW 2.

In the instant appeals filed by A-1 and A-3, it was
D contended for the appellants that the trial court as also
the High Court both were not justified in rejecting the
dying declaration made by the deceased to DW 2, an
officer of the State Government, stating that she received
burn injuries as a result of an accidental fire; that the
E prosecution also failed to prove that the deceased. soon
before her death was subjected to cruelty or harassment
for or in connection with the demand of dowry.

Dismissing the appeal, the Court
F HELD: 1.1 It is well-settled that one of the important
tests of credibility of a dying declaration is that the person,
who recorded it, must be satisfied that the deceased was
in a fit state of mind. For placing implicit reliance on dying
declaration, court must be satisfied that the deceased
G was in a fit state of mind to narrate the correct facts of
occurrence. If the capacity of the maker of the statement
to narrate the facts is found to be impaired, such dying
declaration should be rejected, as it is highly unsafe to
place reliance on the same. The dying declaration should
H
KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 527
... l
be voluntary and should not be prompted and that A
physical as well as mental fitness of the maker is to be
proved by the prosecution. [Para 21] [541-C-E]

1.2 In the instant case, DW-2 did not take any
certificate from the doctor to prove that the deceased was
B
in a fit state of mind to give statement nor did he record
any endorsement to that effect on the alleged dying
declaration [Ext.-D-4]. Further, according to the Doctor
(PW 11 ), the dying declaration was not recorded by the
Tehsildar (OW 2) but was recorded by his Reader. It is also
proved on record that DW-2 did not ask preliminary
c
questions from the deceased before the dying declaration
allegedly made by her was recorded and this fact also
created doubt about the correctness and truthfulness of
the dying declaration. It is also the evidence of DW-2 that
after recording the alleged statement of the deceased, he D
did not seal the dying declaration and the unsealed
document was handed over to the Station House Officer
(PW 12). [Para 22] [541-F-H; 542-A-B]

1.3 A categorical refusal of putting her signature or E
thumb- impression on the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-
0/4] by PW-6, the mother of the deceased, whom DW-2
stated to be present at the time of recording the dying
declaration, would further go .to prove that the alleged
dying declaration, was not at all recorded by DW-2 in the F
room of the hospital where the deceased was lying
before she died. These facts and circumstances would
prove that the alleged dying declaration, on which much
reliance has been placed by the defence, cannot be said
to be an admissible and reliable document. [Para 22] [542-
G
'i
8-D]

1.4 Further, A-1 and A-3 have not proved on record
the source of production of the dying declaration by OW-
2 who after recording the statement of the deceased was
duty bound to hand over the alleged dying declaration H
... I
528 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R.

l
A under a sealed cover to the prosecuting agency. The
origin and source of the alleged dying declaration
produced by DW-2 at the time of his examination as a
defence witness is highly doubtful and such document
cannot be accepted as genuine and truthful document in
B support of the defence of A-1 and A-3. [Para 27] [545-8-
C]
1.5 The trial court as well as the High Court both have
concurrently, and rightly rejected the genuineness and
credibility of the alleged dying ·declaration to prove the
C defence version that the deceased made the said
statement to DW-2 and she died because of accidental
fire. The courts below rightly recorded the findings and
reasoning that the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-014]
suffered from a number of basic infirmities and such
D dying declaration cannot be found admissi_ble and
accepted as a genuine document. [Para 22] [542-E-G]

Kans Raj v. State of Punjab and others [2000] 5 SCC
207; Gaffar Badshaha Pathan v. State of Maharashtra [2004]
E 10 SCC 589; Ghurphekan and Others v. State of Uttar
Pradesh [1972] 3 SCC 361; and Kamalakar Nandram
Bhavsar v. State of Maharashtra [2004] 10 SCC 192, referred
to.

State [Delhi Administration] v. Laxman Kumar and Others
F and Indian Federation of Women Lawyers and Others v. Smt.
Shakuntala and Others (1985] 4 SCC 476, held
inapplicable.

2.1. The prosecution in support of the charge of
G dowry death has produced and relied upon the testimony
of PW-5, PW-6 and PW-8, father, mother and maternal r
uncle, respectively, of the deceased. It is not in dispute
that the death of the victim was caused by burn injuries
within seven years of her marriage. Relying upon the
H evidence of PW-5, PW-6 and PW-8, the trial court and the

'
KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 529

High Court came to the conclusion that the prosecution A
has proved beyond reasonable doubt that the deceased
was being constantly harassed and tortured by A-1 and
A-3 for the demand of dowry; and that a sum of R.s.50,000/
- paid to them as loan amount was also adjusted by them
as dowry money. PW-5, PW-6 and PW-8 were subjected B
to searching cross-examination by the defence, but
nothing tangible material was extracted from their
evidence to create any shadow of doubt that they were
not rel!able and truthful witnesses. [Para 30, 35 and ~8]
[546-D-E; 548-A-B; 549-F-H] C

2.2 The presumptiori u/s 113-B of Evidence Act, 1872
is a presumption of law. On proof of the essentials
mentioned therein, it becomes obligatory on the court to
raise a presumption that the accused caused the dowry
death. (Para 32] [547-B-C] D

Pawan Kumar and Others v. State of Haryana [1998] 3
SCC 309; Hira Lal and Others v. State [Govt. of NC1], Delhi
[2003] 8 SCC 80; Kamesh Panjiyar alias Kam/esh Panjiyar
v. State of Bihar [2005] 2 SCC 388; Ram Badan Sharma v. E
State of Bihar with Surya Kant Sharma v. State of Bihar [2006]
10 SCC 115; Trimukh Maroti Kirkan v. State of Maharashtra
(2006] 10 sec 681; Kai/ash v. State of MP. [2006] 12 sec
667; and Appasaheb and Another v. State of Maharashtra
[2007] 9 sec 721, referred to. F
3. Having regard to the entire evidence on record and
having carefully and closely considered the judgments
of the trial court and the High Court, the view taken by
the courts below is reasonable and plausible. There is no
infirmity or perversity in the findings recorded by the High G
Court to interfere with the well-reasoned judgment. (Para
_ 39] [550-A-B]
Case Law Reference:
c20041 1o sec 589 referred to Para 23 H
530 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2009) 6 S.C.R.
_,
A [1972) 3 sec 361 referred to Para 24
[20001 5 sec 201 referred to Para 25
[2004J 10 sec 192 referred to Para 26
[1985) 4 sec 476 held inapplicable Para 28
B
[1998) 3 sec 309 referred to Para 31
[2003J 8 sec 80 referred to Para 32 •
[2005J 2 sec 388 referred to Para 33
c
[2006J 10 sec 115 referred to Para 33
[2006J 10 sec 681 referred to Para 33
c2006J 12 sec 667 referred to Para 33
D (20011 9 sec 121 referred to Para 33
CRIMINAL AP PELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal
No. 1133 of 2001.

From the Judgment & Order dated 26.04.2001 of the High
E
Court of Rajasthan at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, in S.B. Criminal
Appeal No. 125/97.

WITH

F Criminal Appeal NO. 1134/2001

Aishwarya Bhati, Gp. Capt, Karan Singh Bhati, Sweta Rani
Rekha G. and Himanshu Singh for the Appellants.

Dr. Manish Singhvi, AAG, Milind Kumar, Sandeep Bajaj
G and Aruneshwar Gupta (NP) for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J. 1. Both these appeals
arising out of a common judgment and order dated 26.04.2001
H
KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 531
[LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.]

passed by learned Single Judge of the High Court of Judicature A
for Rajasthan at Jodhpur in S. B. Criminal Appeal No. 125 of
1997 [Arvind Kumar v. State of Rajasthan] ancf S. B. Criminal
Misc. Petition No. 202 of 1997 [Arvind Kumar [DW-2] v. State
of Rajasthan], were taken up and heard together and shall
stand disposed of by this common judgment. B

2. By the impugned order, the High Court while dismissing
the appeal of Arvind Kumar [A-1] and Kanti Lal [A-3] and
confirming their conviction and sentence under Sections 3048
and 498A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 [for short the "IPC"]
recorded by the learned Sessions Judge, Jalore, in Sessions C
Case No. 25 of 1993, has set aside the conviction of Sanwal
Chand [A-2], Bhanwar Lal [A-4], Chetan Lal [A-5], Popat Lal
[A-6] and Smt. Bagtu [A-7] and acquitted them of the charged
offences. However, S. B. Criminal Misc. Petition No. 202 of
1997 filed by Arvind Kumar Sengwa - Naib Tehsildar [DW-2] D
under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
praying for expunging adverse observations made by the
learned Sessions Judge against him, Dr. Vasudev [PW-11]
and Shaitan Singh - Station House Officer [PW-12], contained
in paragraph 40 of the judgment, came to be dismissed. E

3. The incident, which led to the trial of the accused,
occurred on 07.08.1992 at about 9.00 a.m. at Village-Silason,
District-Pali. Parasmal [PW-5] - father of Smt. Laxmi lodged
written report [Ex.P-7] to Shaitan Singh [PW-12] - Station F
House Officer, Police Station - Raniwada, District ;~ Pali
alleging inter alia that about three years prior to the day of

- incident, his daughter Smt. Laxmi aged about 22 years was
married to Arvind Kumar [A-1] - son of Sanwal Chand [A-2],
resident of Village Silason. He averred that as per the custom
of the area, he had given 20 tolas of gold and other valuable
G

articles to his daughter at the time of her marriage. He alleged
that after the marriage, his daughter had lived a happy and
peaceful life in her parents-in-law's house for about one year,
but soon thereafter whenever his daughter used to come to his
H
532 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R.

A house or whenever he paid visits to the house of her parents-
in-laws, his daughter had made repeated complaints to him in
regard to ill-treatment and harassment meted out to her at the ·
hands of the accused for not bringing sufficient dowry. He
alleged that about two years after her marriage Smt. Laxmi
B became pregnant and as per the cust0m of the area, she came
to her parents' house for delivery of the first child and at that
point of time his son-in-law (A-1) and his son-in-law's elder
brother [A-3] had demanded loan amount of Rs.50,000/- from
him for starting ~ome business, which amount he had paid to
c them. Smt. Laxmi was blessed with a male child. After the
delivery of a child, Smt. Laxmi stayed in his house for a period
of about 3-4 months and thereafter she along with her male
child, went back to her parents-in-laws' house.

4. The complainant further alleged that he had gone to the
D house of the parents-in-laws of his daughter to find out their
welfare, but at that point of time the accused told him that the
loan amount of Rs. 50,000/- borrowed by A-1 and A-3 from him
will be treated as dowry amount. It was alleged that Smt. Laxmi
came to his house about two months prior to her death.
E Bhanwar Lal (A-4), elder tlrother of A-1, came to his house and
asked him to send his daughter to her parents-in-laws' house,
but because of darkness in the evening, he declined to send
her with an infant child with A-4. He alleged that on the same
night at about 9:00 p.m. or 10:00 p.m. three accused, namely
F A-3, A-4 and A-7, came to his house and banged the door of
his house. On hearing the repeated sound of banging of the
door, he and his wife Bhanvri [PW-6] immediately opened the ,...
door of the house and saw A-3, A-4 and A-7 standing outside
the house. They without any reason started quarelling with him
G and his wife and told them that the money advanced by him to
A-1 and A-3 shall be treated as amount of dowty. On hearing
the shouting voices of A-3, A-4 and A-7 at the house of the
complainant, one Dayalal Tagir Chand (PW-3), Narayan Chand
(PW-7) and some more neighbours gathered there and on their
H intervention A-3, A-4 and A-7 had gone back to their house. ",..
'
~

KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 533
[LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.]
I
...
5. It was alleged that about 10 days prior to the date of A
incident, complainant along with Mahender Singh his brother-
in-law and Pratap [PW-10], an acquaintance of the
complainant, went to the house of the parents-in-laws of his
daughter. He went inside the house to meet his daughter,
whereas Mahender Singh and PW-10 remained sitting B
outside. His daughter had disclosed to him that all the accused
had maltreated and harassed her for not bringing adequate
" dowry. He, in the presence of Mahender Singh and PW-4,
requested the accused persons that they u.nnecessarily shoulp
not harass and maltreat his daughter but they paid no heed to c
his request. It was also stated that in the early morning of the
day of incident, one Mishrimal Soni and two Rajputs came to
his house and revealed that Smt. Laxmi had been admitted to
Raniwada Hospital as she was suffering from stomach pain.
He along with his wife PW-6 went to the hospital where they D
\.
saw their daughter lying on the bed with burn wounds on her
body. He advised his wife to stay back by the side of his
daughter and himself went to his village for taking the help of
his brothers and relatives. He took his brother Angraj and
Jayantilal and some more people of the village to the hospital,
E
where they were informed that the victim was being taken to
Thonera for further treatment. His wife had also gone with her
. daughter. After some time, a jeep came there, carrying the dead
body of Smt. Laxmi. He was told that Smt. Laxmi had died on
the way. On these premises, he lodged a complaint [Ext. P7]
before Shaitan Singh (PW-12) Station House Officer, Police F.
Station Raniwada at about 8:00 or 9:00 p.m. on the same day.
On the basis of the complaint (Ex. P7), First Information Report
... bearing Case No. 126/92 [Ex. P8] came to be registered at
Police Station Raniwada against the accused persons for
offences punishable under Sections 3048 and 498A of IPC . G
...
6. Dr. Vasudev (PW-11) Medical Officer posted at
Raniwada Hospital, on the request of the police, examined Smt.
Laxmi at about 5:45 a.m. on 07.08.1992 and noticed about
90% burn wounds on her entire body starting from the top of H
534 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2009] 6 S.C.R.

)
A the head right upto her feet. He prepared injury report (Ext. P-
11 ). According to the doctor's report, the wounds noticed on
the person of Smt. Laxmi appeared to be four hours old. He
took thumb impression of Smt. Laxmi on the injury report (Ext.
P-11 ).
B
7. PW Shaitan Singh, before the death of Smt. Laxmi,
went to Primary Health Centre, Raniwada, where she was
admitted in injured condition. He requested PW Dr. Vasudev
about the condition of Smt. Laxmi. Dr. Vasudev opined that "
c illjured Smt. Laxmi was in a fit state of mind to make statement.
PW Shaitan Singh called Arvind Kumar Sengwa [DW-2] - Naib
Tehsildar to the hospital, who recorded dying declaration of
Smt. Laxmi [Ext.D/4] in the presence of Dr. Vasudev. On receipt
of the information about the admission of injured Smt. Laxmi
in hospital, Raniwada, Raghubir Singh [PW-13] C.O., Bhinmal,
D rushed to the hospital and found Smt. Laxmi dead on account
of 90 per cent burn injuries. PW Shaitan Singh prepared
panchnama [Ext.P-2] under the instructions and supervision of
PW-13. PW-13 before handing over the dead body to PW-5 -
father of the deceased got her dead body examined from the
E Medical Board. He inspected the spot of the incident and
prepared Site Map [Ext. P-12] in the presence of Jalam Singh
[PW-1], Shaitan Singh [PW-2] and Ook Singh [PW-4]. On spot
inspection, some burnt pieces of the bangles, ash, match-box
containing burnt and unburnt sticks, some burnt pieces of the
F skin attached with clothes and one 'bhabka' [a kerosene burning
lamp which is being used by a goldsmith for placing joints in
making of gold ornaments] were collected from the spot. The
Investigating Officer seized all those articles and sealed them
in a parcel which was deposited with the In-charge of the Police
G Station. He recorded the statements of the witnesses. He later
on arrested A-1, A-3 and A-6. PW-13 conducted the .
investigation partly and thereafter as ~er the order of the D.l.G.
Range, Jodhpur, PW-13 on 23.09.1992 handed over the case .'
I

•
file for further investigation to Mahender Kumar Govil [PW-14]
H - Additional Superintendent of Police, Bikaner. PW-14
KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 535
[LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.]
1 recorded the statements of the material witnesses. After the A
completion of the investigation of the case, Station House
Officer prepared chargesheet against accused persons and
filed the same in the court of Judicial Magistrate under Sections
3048 and 498A of the IPC. The Judicial Magistrate committed
the case to the Sessions Judge for trial. 8

8. The accused pleaded not guilty to the charges and
claimed to be tried. The learned Sessions Judge, Jalore,
charged the accused for offences under Sections 3048 and
498A of the IPC. The prosecutioh, in order to substantiate its
case, examined as many as 15 witnesses. The accused
c
persons_in the statements recorded under Section 313 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 [for short "Cr.P.C."] denied
the incriminating evidence appearing against them. Smt. 8agtu
[A-7] pleaded that on the day of the incident she was ill. The
accused examined Doongarmal [DW-1] and Arvind Kumar D
Sengwa [DW-2] - Naib Tehsildar, Raniwada, Yashpal [DW-3]
and 8hanwar Lal (A-4] in their defence.

9. On examination of the oral and documentary evidence
produced on record, the learned Sessions Judge by his order E
dated 24.02.1997 found the accused guilty of the offences
under Sections 3048 and 498A of the IPC and sentenced them
to suffer 10 years' rigorous imprisonment for offence under
Section 304 8 of the IPC and 3 years' rigorous imprisonment
for an offence under Section 498 A of the IPC with a fine of F
Rs. 500/- each and in default of the payment of fine, each
accused has to undergo simple imprisonment for one month.
All the sentences were ordered to run concurrently. The learned
Sessions Judge in paragraph 40 of the judgment directed
higher officers of PW-11 Dr. Vasudev, PW-12 Shaitan Singh
G
- Station House Officer and DW-2 - Arvind Kumar Sengwa -
" Naib Tehsildar to take disciplinary action against them for not
discharging their official duties properly and diligently.
1.,
10. Feeling aggrieved thereby and dissatisfied with the
• H
order of conviction, the accused filed S. B. Criminal Appeal No.
536 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R.

A 125 of 1997, whereas Arvind Kumar Sengwa [DW-2] - Naib
Tehsildar filed S. B. Criminal Misc. Petition No. 202 of 1997
praying for expunging of the adverse observations made in
paragraph 40 of the judgment.

11. The High Court dismissed the appeal of A-1 and A-3,
8
whereas the appeal of A-2, A-4, A-5, A-6 and A-7 was allowed
and their conviction and sentence imposed upon them by the
learned Sessions Judge, Jalore, has been set aside. The
Criminal Revision Petition filed by Arvind Kumar Sengwa [DW-
2] - Naib Tehsildar has been dismissed. The order of the High
C Court reads as under:

"[1] The appeal filed by the accused appellants no.1 Arvind
kumar [Husband of the deceased] and no. 3 Kantilal [Jeth
of deceased] is dismissed, after confirming t.he judgment
D and order dated 24.02.1997 passed by the learned
Sessions Judge, Jalore so far as they relate to them.

Since accused appellant no. 3 Kantilal [Jeth of deceased]
is on ~ail, he shall surrender himself before the trial court
immediately and in case he does not surrender, the trial
E
court shall take immediate steps for arresting and sending
him to jail to serve out the remaining period of sentences.

[2] The appeal filed by the accused appellants no.2 Sanwal
Chand [Father-in-law of deceased], no.4 Bhanwar Lal [Jeth
F of deceased], no. 5 Chetan Lal [Jeth of the deceased], no.
6 Popat Lal [Devar of the deceased] and no. 7 Smt. Bagtu
[Mother-in-law of the deceased] is allowed and the
judgment and order dated 24.02.1997 passed by the
learned Sessions Judge, Jalore so far as they relate to
G them, are set aside and they are acquitted of the charges
framed against them. Since they are on bail they need not
surrender and their bail bonds stand discharged.

[3] The criminal misc. petition filed by the petitioner Arvind
Kumar Sengwa, DW-2 is also dismissed."
H
KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 537
[LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.]
12. Now, A-1 and A-3 have filed these two sets of 3ppeals A
challenging the correctness and validity of the order of the High
Court.

13. Ms. Aishwarya Bhati, Advocate appearing on behalf
of A-1 and A-3, vehemently contended that the judgment of the
8
High Court confirming the order of conviction passed by the trial
court is erroneous in law. She contended that the High Court
and the trial court, both were not justified in rejecting the dying
declaration [Ext.-D/4] voluntarily made by the deceased to DW-
2, an Officer of the State Government, stating clearly therein that C
on the intervening night of the incident she attempted to lit the
chimney with burning match-stick, but in the darkness
accidentally kerosene oil fell on the ground of the room, by
which her orna [dupatta] caught fire and as a result of the
accidental fire she received burn injuries. She stated that the
. dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] was made by the deceased toDW- D
2 in the presence of PW Dr. Vasudev who certified that she
was in a fit state of mind to make the statement.

14. She next contended that the prosecution case is wholly
false and fabricated. According to the learned counsel, the fact E
of recording of dying declaration by DW-2 has been
corroborated by PW-12 - the Station House Officer, who
deposed that at the time of recording of dying declaration of
Smt. Laxmi by DW-2, the complainant [PW-5] and his wife [PW-
6] both parents of the deceased were present and the F
_prosecution deliberately and intentionally concealed the
production of dying declaration from the Court and also withheld
the examination of DW-2 - the Naib Tehsildar as a prosecution
witness with clear intention to conceal true facts of accidental
burning of the deceased. She also contended that the High G
Court has wrongly placed reliance on the evidence of PWs 5,

- .,I
6 and 8 who are all highly interested witnesses being close
relatives of the deceased. She next contended that the
judgment of the trial court as affirmed by the High Court holding
A-1 and A-3 guilty of the charged offences are both based upon H
538 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R.

A conjectures and surmises, therefore, not sustainable. She lastly
contended that the prosecution has not led cogent and credible
evidence against A-3 [Jeth of the deceased] beyond reasonable
doubt who has nothing to do with the offence and therefore, he
is entitled for benefit of doubt.
B
15. Dr. Manish Singhvi, MG appearing on behalf of the
State, has canvassed correctness of the views taken by the
courts below in the judgments. He submitted that the approach
of the High Court in re-appreciating the evidence led by the
C prosecution cannot be found faulty. He theri contended that the
evidence of the eye-witnesses PW-5 Parasmal [father of the
deceased], PW-6 Bhanvri [mother of the deceased] and PW-
8 Mahender Kumar - Mama [Deceased's mother's brother] is
concise, cogent and satisfactory for holding A-1 and A-3 guilty
of the charged offences. He lastly contended that the trial court
D and the. High Court, both have correctly appreciated and re-
appreciated the entire evidence of the material witnesses, and
this Court shall not be obliged to interfere with the concurrent
findings of the facts arrived at by the courts below.

E 16. In order to appreciate the rival contentions of the
learned counsel for the parties, we have independently
scrutinized the evidence led by the prosecution and examined
the judgment of the High Court.

1i The dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] allegedly made by the
F deceased to DW-2 - Naib Tehsildar has been found to be an
unreliable document by the trial court and the said finding has
been affirmed by the High Court. We think it appropriate to
reproduce the true translation of the contents of the alleged
dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] which read as under:
G
"That on the night, there was darkness and she took
match-box to lit the chimney and when she started to lit the
chimney, kerosene oil fell on the ground and it caught hold
fire, by which her orna caught fire and, thereafter, her
H husband tried to save her and people of village gathered
-(
KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 539
1
[LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.]
and thereafter, she was taken to hospital." A

18. The dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] was stated to have
been thumb-marked by the deceased and duly signed by DW-
2 and A-3 and PW Dr. Vasudev. It is the evidence of DW-2
that when he recorded the alleged statement of the deceased,
B
her mother PW-6 was present in the hospital, but she refused
to append her signature or thumb impression upon the
document. PW Dr. Vasudev has proved on record medical
report [Ext.- P/11] of the deceased and in his examination-in-
chief, he has riot whispered a word in regard to recording of
the dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] by DW-2. In cross-examination,
c
Dr. Vasudev admitted that he could not remember whether A-
3 was present in the hospital when DW-2 recorded the alleged
dying declaration [Ext.-D/4]. He categorically stated that dying
declaration was not recorded by DW-2, but th~ said document
was prepared by his Reader. H.e has shown his ignorance D
whether DW-2 took thumb-impression of the deceased once
or two times on the alleged dying declaration.

19. PW Shaitan Singh - Station House Officer stated that
Medical Officer had given to him in writing that Smt. Laxmi E
before her death was in a fit condition to make statement and
therefore, he called DW-2 for recording her statement. He
stated that· he was not present in the room when DW-2
recorded the alleged dying d.eclaration [Ext.-D/4] of the
deceased. F
20. It is the evidence of DW-2 Arvind Kumar Sengwa that
on 07.08.1992 one constable came to him with a letter of
request and disclosed that one woman, namely, Laxmi was
admitted in the hospital and her statement was to be recorded.
He rushed to the hospital and made enquiry from Dr. Vasudev G
"{

about the fit condition of Smt. La1<mi. Smt. Laxmi was found in
a fit state of mind to give statement which he correctly recorded.
He admitted that PW Bhanvri - mother of the deceased was
J
present in the room and she refused to put her signature or
thumb-impression on the statement of the deceased. In cross- H
--
540 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R.

A examination DW-2 admits the following material facts:

"[1] That before recording the statement of the deceased
Ex. Dl4, Tehreer was given to him in writing by the police
and he took out the Tehreer from the pocket of his coat
and carbon copy of it, was produced by him during the
B
course of his examination and the same is marked as
Ex.015.

[2] That at the time of recording statement of the deceased
Ex.Dl4, PW-12 Shaitan Singh, SHO was not there.
c
(3] That it is correct to say that before recording the
statement of the deceased Ex.Dl4, he did not take
certificate from the doctor on the point that she was in a
fit condition to give statement.
D [4] That before recording statement of the deceased Ex.DI
4, he asked the deceased how the fire took place and
apart from this, he did not ask any question, but such type
of formalities are not mentioned in Ex.Dl4.

E (5] That it is also correct to say that at the time of recording
statement Ex.014 of the deceased, he did not oust her
mother PW-6 Bhanvri and PW-11 Dr. Vasudev.

[6] That it is also correct to say that he did nc;>t have any
experience how dying declaration should be recorded.
F
[7] That it is also correct to say that there is no endorsement
on Ex.014 of the fact that statement was read over to the
deceased and she admitted it to be correct one and,
thereafter, her thumb-impressions were taken and for non-
G observing these formalities, he could not assign any
reason.

[8] That after recording statement of the deceased Ex.DI
4, he took signatures of her Jeth Kantilal, accused
H appellant no. 3, who was sitting at that time in the Chamber

-
KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 541
[LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.]
of the doctor. A

[9] That it is also correct to say that dying declaration Ex.DI
4 was not sealed on the spot and it was given open to
SHO, PW-2 Shaitan Singh.

[1 OJ That before recording the statement of the deceased B
_.._ '
Ex.0/4, he did not ask the deceased how incident took
~ place and what she was doing.

-i··
[1.1) That he took two thumb-impressions of deceased ~nd
causes of taking two thumb-impressions have been c
assigned in the statement, but Ex.0/4 does not bear such
reasons."

21. It is well-settled that one of the important tests of the
credibility of the dying declaration is that the person, who
D
recorded it, must be satisfied that the deceased was in a fit
state of mind. For placing implicit reliance on dying declaration,
court must be satisfied that the deceased was in a fit state of
mind to narrate the correct facts of occurrence. If the capacity
of the maker of the statement to narrate the facts is found to
be impaired, such dying declaration should be rejected, as it E
is highly unsafe to place reliance on it. The dying declaration
sho.uld be voluntary and should not be prompted and physical
as well as mental fitness of the maker is to be proved by the
prosecution.
F
22. In the present case, as noticed above DW-2 has not
taken any certificate from the doctor to prove that the deceased
was in a fit state of mind to give statement nor he has recorded
any endorsement to that effect on the alleged dying declaration
[Ext.-0/4). Another factor which impairs the credibility of the G
"' alleged dying declaration [Ext.- 0/4) and belies the statement
-. of DW-2 was that, according to Dr. Vasudev, dying declaration
was recorded by the Reader of the Tehsildar and not by OW-
2. It is also proved on record that DW-2 did not ask preliminary
questions from the deceased before the dying declaration
H
542 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R.

A allegedly made by her was recorded and this fact_ also created
doubt about the correctness and truthfulness of the dying
declaration. It is also the evidence of DW-2 that after recording
the alleged statement of the deceased, he did not seal the dying
declaration and unsealed document was handed over to the
B Station House Officer. DW-2 has not produced on record the
original copy of the 'Tehreer' submitted to him by a constable
requesting him to visit the hospital for recording the alleged
-
dying declaration of the deceased, and a carbon copy whereof
was produced by him. during his cross-examination. A
c categorical refusal of putting her signature or thumb-impression
on the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] by PW-6 - Bhanvri
[mother of the deceased] would further go to prove that the
alleged dying declaration was not at all recorded by DW-2 in
the room of the hospital where the deceased was lying before
she died. The above-stated facts and circumstances would
0
prove that the alleged dying declaration, on which much reliance
has been placed by the defence, cannot be said to be an
admissible and reliable document. The fact that the alleged
dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] did not bear endorsement of DW-
2 to the effect that it was read over and explained to the
E deceased, also created a doubt on its credibility and
truthfulness. The trial court as well as the High Court both. have
concurrently and, in our considered view, have rightly rejected
the genuineness and credibility of the alleged dying declaration
to prove the defence version that the deceased made the said
F statement to DW-2 and she died because of accidental death.
We agree with the findings and reasoning of the courts below
that the alleged dying declaration [Ext.-D/4] suffers from a
number of basic infirmities and such dying declaration cannot
be found admissible and accepted as genuine document.
G ,.
23. Ms. Aishwariya, learned counsel, has relied upon the
judgments of this Court in Gaffar Badshaha Pathan v. State
of Maharashtra [(2004] 10 SCC 589] to contend that it is one
thing for an accused to attack a dying declaration in a case
H where the prosecution seeks to rely on a dying declaration
KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 543
[LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.]
1
against an accused but it is altogether different where an A
accused relies upon a dying declaration in support of the
- defence of accidental death. In such case, the burden on the
accused is much lighter. In the present case, according to the
learned counsel, A-1 and A-3 have established beyond
reasonable doubt that the statement of the deceased was B
recorded by DW-2 with bona fide intention and without putting
any pressure upon the deceased and therefore, the document
' .. has to be accepted as admissible and reliable document to
indicate that the deceased died due to accidental fire. We have
gone through the above cited judgment. In that case, this Court c
while dealing with the dying declaration produced on record
held as under:

"It is one thing for an accused to attack a dying declaration
in a case where the prosecution seeks to rely on a dying
declaration. against an accused but it is altogether different D
~
where an accused relies upon a dying declaration in
support of the defence of accidental death. The burden on
the accused is much lighter. He has only to prove

• reasonable probability. The High Court erred in holding
that the recording of the dying declaration and story stated E
therein apparently appears to be false and concocted. The
fact whether the dying declaration is false and concocted
has to be established by the prosecution. It is not for the
,\
accused to prove conclusively that the dying declaration
was correct and the story therein was not concocted." F

[24] In Ghurphekan and Others v. State of Uttar Pradesh
[[1972] 3 sec 361], this Court while dealing with the case,
which entirely rested on dying declaration of the deceased held
as under: G
~
"[i] A dying declaration recorded within a few hours after
the incident, when it bore the endorsement of the doctor,
that the victim was at that time in "proper sense" to be able
to give the statement and where the evidence of the·
recording magistrate showed no flaw in taking it down, H
544 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R.

A there is no reason to reject it.

[ii] Where the dying declaration had two weaknesses,
namely, it did not mention the name of one of the witnesses
present at the spot and it did not account for the injuries
on the persons of the attacking party, it cannot be rejected
B
on those omissions only, if otherwise it could be shown to
be true in other respects, by other satisfactory evidence.

[iii] Where the circumstantial evidence negatived the
alternative <::ase set up by the defence and the investigating
c officer's evidence about the place of incident, the medical
officer's evidence in support of the prosecution about the
manner of the occurrence of the incident, and the
explanation of some witnesses for their presence at the
spot, are consistent with the dying statement and the
D circumstantial evidence; the dying declaration possess .
acceptability in spite of any weaknesses pointed out by the
defence."

25. In Kans Raj v. State of Punjab and others [[2000] 5
E SCC 207], this Court held that the statement of a person "as
to any of the circumstances which resulted in his death" must
...
have some close and proximate relation with the actual
occurrence and proximity would depend upon the
circumstances of each case for the purpose of admissibility of
such statement as dying declarati"on under Section 32 [1] of the
F Evidence Act, 1872.

26. In Kama/akar Nandram Bhavsar v. State of
Maharashtra [[2004] 10 sec 192], this Court on scrutiny of the
evidence on record found that the victim of dowry death/bride
G burning had suffered bum injuries to the extent of 94-95 % could
not have made dying declaration as stated by the doctor during
the cross-examination that a dying declaration was made by
the victim when she was in hospital. The alleged dying
declaration was admitted in evidence on behest of defence by
I H trial court supportive to the defence of the accused. On the facts
{

KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 545
,. [LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.]
~
of the case, this Court observed that source of production of A
dying declaration was neither mentioned in the trial court's
judgment nor was there any evidence to prove the said
document. In these circumstances, this Court held that the High
Court had rightly rejected the said dying declaration. 27]
In the present case, as noticed in the earlier part of the judgment B
A-1 and A-3 have not proved on record the source of
production of the dying declaration by DW-2 who after recording
} the statement of the deceased was duty bound to hand over
1:( the alleged dying declaration under a sealed cover to the
prosecuting agency. In this case, the origin and source of the c
alleged dying declaration produced by DW-2 at the time of his
examination as a defence witness is highly doubtful and such
document cannot be accepted as genuine and truthful document
in support of the defence of A-1 and A-3.

2~. In State [Delhi Administration] v. Laxman Kumar and
D
Others and Indian Federation of Women Lawyers and Others
v. Smt. Shakuntala and Others [[1985] 4 SCC 476], this Court
while dealing a case of bride burning on the basis of dying
declaration, held as follow:
E
"A dying declaration enjoys almost a sacrosanct status as
a piece of evidence as it comes from the mouth of a
person who is about to die and at that stage of life he is
not likely to make a false statement. Ordinarily, a document
• as valuable as a dying declaration is supposed to be F
foolproof and is to incorporate the particulars which it is
supposed to contain."

Fu~her, it is held that unless the dying declaration is in
question and answer form it is very difficult to know to what
extent the answers have been suggested by questions put What G
. is necessary is that the exact statement made by the deceased
should be available to the cou(t. It is also said that if the doctor
happened to be present at the time of recording of the dying
declaration and he had heard the statement made by the
deceased, he would ordinarily endorse that the statement had H
546 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R.

A been made to his hearing and had been recorded in his
presence. The endorsement as made is indicative of the
position that a statement had been recorded and the same was
being attested by the doctor.

29. In the present case, these basic principles are ignored
8
by DW-2 at the time of recording of the alleged dying
declaration of the deceased. As noticed above, the doctor has
not made any endorsement on the dying declaration to state ). -~
that it was recorded in his presence and attested by him. The
mothet of the deceased refused to put her thumb-impresslon
C on the said document. Thus, the judgment cited above cannot
strength the defence of A-1 and A-3 that dying declaration Ext.
0/4 had been recorded by DW-2 by observing the principles
laid down in the abovesaid case.

D 30. The prosecution in support of the charge of dowry
death has produced and relied upon the testimony of PW-5
Parasmal - father, PW-6 Bhanvri - mother and PW-8 Mahender
Kumar- 'Mama' [mother's brother] of the deceased. Before we
proceed to deal with and consider the evidence of the
E prosecution on the question of dowry death, we may consider
the ratio of the law laid down in the cases relied upon before
us.

31. In Pawan Kumar and Others v. State of Haryana
[[1998] 3 sec 309] this Court held that the ingredient necessary
F for the application of Section 304 B are : [a] when the death of
a woman is caused by any burns or bodily injury, or [b] occurs
otherwise than under normal circumstances [c] and the
aforesaid two facts spring within 7 years of girl's marriage [d]
and soon before her death, she was subjected to cruelty or
G harassment by her husband or his relative, [e] this is in
connection with the demand of dowry.

32. In Hira Lal and Others v. State [Govt. of NCT], Delhi
[[2003] 8 sec 80], this Court reitera'ted that the essential
H ingredients to attract application under Section 304 B are that:
-
KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 547
[LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.]
l
[i] the death of a woman should be caused by burns or bodily A
injury or otherwise than under a normal circumstance [ii] such
a death should have occurred within seven years of her
marriage, [iii] she must have been subjected to cruelty or
harassment by her husband or any relative of her husband, [iv]
such cruelty or harassment should be for or in connection with B
demand of dowry, and [v] such cruelty or harassment is shown
to have been meted out to the woman soon before her death.
Further it is said that the presumption under Section 113-B of
·' Evidence Act, 1872 is a presurT)ption of law. On proof of the
essential mentioned therein, it becomes obligatory on the court c
to raise a presumption that the accused caused the dowry
death. The essentials required to be proved for raising the said
presumption are that [i] the question before the court must be
whether the accused has committed the dowry death of the
woman, [ii] the woman was subjected to cruelty or harassment [j
by, her husband or his relatives, [iii] such cruelty or harassment
was for or in connection with any demand for dowry, and [iv]
..., such cruelty or harassment was soon before her death .

33. Again, in the case of Kamesh Panjiyar alias Kamlesh
Panjiyar v. State of Bihar [[2005] 2 SCC 388], Ram Badan E
Sharma v. State of Bihar with Surya Kant Sharma v. State of
Bihar·[[2006] 10 SCC 115], Trimukh Maroti Kirkan v. State of
Maharashtra [[2006] 10 SCC 681], Kai/ash v. State of M.P.
[[2006] 12 SCC 667] and Appasaheb and Another v. State of
• Maharashtra [[2007] 9 SCC 721], this Court reiterated and F
reasserted the settled principles laid down in Hira/al's case
[supra].

34. In the light of the above-settled proposition of law,
learned counsel for A-1 and A-3 urged that the prosecution has
G
miserably failed to prove that "soon before her death", the
deceased was subjected to cruelty or harassment "for or in
connection with the demand of dowry".

35. In order to appreciate this contention, we have made
independent scrutiny of the evidence led on record to find out H
-
548 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R.

A whether the trial court's order of conviction of A-1 and A-3 as
confirmed by the High Court can be sustained or not. In support
of the charge of dowry death levelled against A-1 and A-3, the
prosecution has examined and relied upon the testimony of
PW-5 and PW-8. It is not in dispute that the death of Smt. Laxmi
B was caused by burn injuries within seven years of her marriage.
The evidence of PW-5 proved that at the time of marriage of
Smt. Laxmi with A-1, he gave 20 tolas of gold and other dowry
articles to A-1, A-3 and other family members. For about one ~

year after marriage, his daughter lived happy marri~d life in her
c to go to the househouse.
parents-in-law's Thereafter, whenever Smt. Laxmi used
of her parents or whenever PW-5 had visited
her in-law's house for inviting her to parent's house, Smt. Laxmi
used to complain that A-1, A-3 and other family members had
mal-treated and harassed her for not bringing adequate dowry.
He brought Smt. Laxmi to his house when she was to deliver a
D
child and at that time A-1 and A-3 demanded Rs. 50,000/- from
him as loan for running their business. He paid Rs. 50,000/- to
them. Smt. Laxmi stayed at his house for about 3-4 months ;
I

when she was blessed with a son and after some period Smt.
Laxmi was sent to her parents-in-law's house.
E
36. It is the evidence of PW-5 that after about 10 days prior
to the fateful incident, he went to village Silason to take his
daughter, but A-1, A-3 and other family members [the acquitted
accused] had refused to send her unless their demand of dowry
•
F was not fulfilled by him. A-1, A-3 and other accused told him
that Rs. 50,000/- borrowed as a loan should be adjusted and
treated as dowry money. He did not agree to the proposal of
the accused. On this count, the accused started ill-treating and
harassing his daughter. The evidence of this witness finds
G complete corroboration from the evidence of PW-6 and PW-8
on this count. It is further evidence of PW-5 that about two
months prior to the incident Smt. Laxmi had visited his house,
when A-4 came to his house to take Smt. Laxmi back to their
house but he did not allow her to go with him because it was
H not advisable to send her with an infant child in the late hours
KANTI LAL v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 549
[LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, J.]
"" (
of the evening. Later on at about 9.00 p.m. or 10.00 p.m., three A
accused namely A-3, A-4, A-7 and one Shaitan Singh came
to his house and banged the door of his house and on hearing
the sound of banging of the door, he and his wife PW-6 opened
the door. The abovesaid persons started quarreling with him
and impressed upon him to adjust the amount of Rs.50,000/- B
· as dowry money. This incident took place in the presence of
PW-3 Taga and PWc7 Narainchand.

37. PW-3 Taga deposed that about two months prior to
the death of Smt. Laxmi; he saw A-3, A-4 and A-7 alongwith
one Shaitan Singh coming out of the house of PW-5 at about
c
9.00 p.m. or 10.00 p.m. and at that point of time, they were
quarreling with PW-5 and his wife PW-6 over some money
transaction. PW-7 Narainchand though turned hostile to the
prosecution, yet he admitted that A-3, A-4 and A-7 had a quarrel
with PW-5 on some money mal:ter. PW-6. Smt. Bhanvri fully D
corroborates the testimony of PW-3 and PW-5 her husband on
this point.

38. PW-8 Mahender Kumar deposed that on that day he
alongwith PW-5 and PW-10 Pratap Singh, visited the house E
of the accused persons, they threatened PW-5 that if he would
make demand of returning a sum of Rs. 50,000/- paid by him
as loan to A-1 and A-3, he would face dire consequences. All
the accused said that an amount of Rs. 50,000/- ·shall be
)
adjusted against the demand of dowry money. Thus, relying Ic::
upon the evidence of PW-5 and PW-8, the trial court and the
High Court came to the conclusion that the prosecution has
proved beyond reasonable doubt that Smt. Laxmi was being ·
,,.: constantly harassed and tortured by A-1 and A-3 for the
demand of dowry and a sum of Rs.50,000/- paid to them as G
loan amount was also adjusted by them as dowry money. PW-
... 5, PW-6 and PW-8 have been subjected to searching cross-
examination by the defence, but nothing tangible material has
been extracted from their evidence to create any shadow of
doubt that they are not reliable and truthful witnesses.
H
550 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 6 S.C.R.

A 39. Having regard to the entire evidence discussed above
and having carefully and closely considered the judgments of
the trial court and the High Court, it appears that the view taken
by both the courts was reasonable and plausible. We find no
infirmity or perversity in the findings recorded by the learned
B Judges of the High Court to interfere with the well-reasoned
judgment.

40. No other point has been raised by the appellants. We,
thus, find no merit and substance in any of the submissions
C made on behalf of the appellants.

41. In the result, for the above-stated reasons, there is no
merit in these appeals and these are, accordingly, dismissed.
Both the appellants are stated to be on bail. Their bail bondSc
are cancelled and they are directed to surrender forthwith to
D serve out the remaining sentence.

R.P. Appeal dismissed.