Holding

The Court held that the retirement‑age extension under the 29.03.2013 memorandum must apply to all persons with disabilities covered by the 1995 and 2016 Acts, and that the 04.11.2019 withdrawal was within the authority’s competence, but the appellant’s entitlement was limited to service until 04.11.2019.

Summary

The appellant, a permanently locomotor‑disabled electrician employed by Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board since 1985, was scheduled to retire on 30 September 2018 at age 58. An Office Memorandum dated 29 March 2013 had extended the superannuation age to 60 years for physically disabled employees, but only for the visually‑impaired category. The appellant claimed that, under the Persons with Disabilities Act 1995 and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016, the extension should apply to all specified disabilities, including his locomotor disability. The State withdrew the 2013 memorandum by another memorandum dated 4 November 2019. The Supreme Court examined whether the benefit could be limited to visual impairment and whether the withdrawal was valid. Relying on its earlier decision in Bhupinder Singh, the Court held that the extension must be available to all categories of disability covered by the statutes, and that the withdrawal was within the authority’s power under Section 212 of the General Clauses Act, but the appellant’s entitlement was limited to the period up to 4 November 2019, and accordingly set aside the High Court order and granted continuation of service and full wages until that date.

Issues considered

Whether the benefit of extension of retirement age for the physically disabled category could be confined to persons with visual impairment as provided in the Office Memorandum dated 29.03.2013 or should be available to persons suffering from all disabilities specified in the Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995 and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016.
Whether such extension could be withdrawn by the Office Memorandum dated 04.11.2019 and, if so, what effect the withdrawal has on the appellant’s claim.

Legislation cited

Headnote

Issue for Consideration Whether the benefit of extension of retirement age for the physically disabled category could be confined to persons with visual impairment as provided in the OM dated 29.03.2013 or it should be available to persons suffering from all such disabilities in the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016; whether such extension could be withdrawn as was done by the OM dated 04.11.2019. If yes, then what would be its effect on the

Subjects

Retirement agePhysically disabled categoryVisual impairmentFundamental right of employees as to age of retirementTermination of serviceArticle 311(2) of the Constitution of IndiaExtending the age of superannuationPersons with Disabilities ActGeneral Clauses Act

Judgment

[2025] 5 S.C.R. 446 : 2025 INSC 472

Kashmiri Lal Sharma
v.
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Ltd. & Anr.
(Civil Appeal No(s). 4761-4762 of 2025)
03 April 2025
[Manoj Misra and K.V. Viswanathan, JJ.]

Issue for Consideration
Whether the benefit of extension of retirement age for the
physically disabled category could be confined to persons with
visual impairment as provided in the OM dated 29.03.2013 or it
should be available to persons suffering from all such disabilities as
are specified in the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities,
Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 and the Rights
of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016; whether such extension
could be withdrawn as was done by the OM dated 04.11.2019. If
yes, then what would be its effect on the claim of the appellant.

Headnotes†
Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of
Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 – Rights of Persons
with Disabilities Act, 2016 – Whether the benefit of extension
of retirement age for the physically disabled category could
be confined to persons with visual impairment as provided in
the OM dated 29.03.2013 or it should be available to persons
suffering from all such disabilities as are specified in the
Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection
of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 and the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016:
Held: The said issue stand settled by the decision of this Court
in Bhupinder Singh case – The benefit of extension of retirement
age as provided under the OM dated 29.03.2013 could not have
been confined to visually impaired category – Rather, it should be
available to persons suffering from all such benchmark disabilities
as are specified in the 1995 Act and the 2016 Act. [Para 16]

Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of
Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 – Rights of Persons with
[2025] 5 S.C.R. 447

Kashmiri Lal Sharma v.
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Ltd. & Anr.

Disabilities Act, 2016 – General Clauses Act – s.212 – Whether
the benefit of the OM dated 29.03.2013 could be withdrawn
as was done by the Office Memorandum dated 04.11.2019:
Held: The parties have not brought on record any document to
canvass that the retirement age of persons suffering from specified
physical disabilities was enhanced by amending the service rules
or regulations or statutory provision and therefore, change in
service conditions could not have been made by way of office
memorandums or executive instructions – In these circumstances,
applying the general principles, as enshrined in s.212 of the
General Clauses Act, the power to issue would include the power
to rescind, this Court is of the view that the OM dated 04.11.2019
was well within the competence of the authority which issued the
OM dated 29.03.2013 – Consequently, the OM dated 04.11.2019
cannot be faulted for lack of competence – Otherwise also, an
employee has no fundamental right as regards the age at which he
would retire – Moreover, termination of service of an employee on
account of reaching the age of superannuation in accordance with
law or rules regulating the conditions of service does not amount
to his removal from service within the meaning of Art. 311(2) of
the Constitution of India – This Court is of the view that till the
date the said OM dated 29.03.2013 was operative, the appellant
was entitled to its benefit as, admittedly, he fell in the category of
employee suffering from such disabilities as are specified in the
1995 Act and the 2016 Act. [Paras 18, 21]

Case Law Cited
Bhupinder Singh v. State of Punjab and Others [1988] 3 SCR
409 : 1988 (3) SCC 513 – relied on.
State of Punjab and Others v. Bhupinder Singh [2004] 3 SCR
718 : (2004) 4 SCC 213; Union of India v. Devendra Kumar Pant
[2009] 11 SCR 1 : (2009) 14 SCC 546; K. Nagaraj and Others v.
State of Andhra Pradesh and Another [1985] 2 SCR 579 : (1985)
1 SCC 523 – referred to.
The Principal Secretary Health and Family Welfare & Anr. v.
Surender Kumar Vashisth, decided on 20.12.2022 in CWP No.
7860 of 2021 by High Court of Himachal Pradesh; State of H.P.
& Others v. Krishan Chand, decided on 05.11.2018 in CWP No.
1577/2018 by High Court of Himachal Pradesh – referred to.
448 [2025] 5 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

List of Acts
Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights
and Full Participation) Act, 1995; Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Act, 2016.

List of Keywords
Retirement age; Physically disabled category; Visual impairment;
Fundamental right of employees as to age of retirement; Termination
of service; Article 311(2) of the Constitution of India; Extending the
age of superannuation.

Case Arising From
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No(s). 4761-4762
of 2025
From the Judgment and Order dated 28.07.2021 and 22.06.2022
of the High Court of Himachal Pradesh at Shimla in CWP No. 146
of 2020 and RP No. 232 of 2022 respectively

Appearances for Parties
Advs. for the Appellant:
Subhro Sanyal.
Advs. for the Respondents:
Abhinav Mukerji, Sr. Adv., Ms. Khushboo Hora, Ms. Archita Nigam,
Ms. Purnima Krishna.

Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court

Order

1. Leave granted.
2. These two appeals arise from a writ petition (i.e., CWP No.146
of 2020) filed by the appellant for declaring the retirement order
dated 30.09.2018, seeking to retire the appellant at the age of 58,
as null and void in view of the Office Memorandum (for short OM)
dated 29.03.2013 and also for declaring the OM dated 04.11.2019,
withdrawing the OM dated 29.03.2013, as null and void, or, in the
alternative, to declare the same as not applicable to the appellant.
By the impugned order dated 28.07.2021 the aforesaid writ petition
[2025] 5 S.C.R. 449

Kashmiri Lal Sharma v.
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Ltd. & Anr.

was dismissed and, later, by the second impugned order dated
22.06.2022 the review was dismissed.

Facts
3. Briefly stated the facts giving rise to these appeals are as under:
a) The appellant being a person with permanent locomotor disability
to the extent of 60 per cent was appointed as an Electrician
with the 1st respondent on 13.03.1985. On the date of his
appointment, he would have attained the age of superannuation
on completing 58 years which, as per his date of birth (i.e.,
19.09.1960), would have been 18.09.2018. However, by virtue
of the extant service conditions, he would have continued in
service till the last date of the month in which he attained the
age of superannuation i.e., till 30.09.2018.
b) On 29.03.2013, an OM was issued by the State of Himachal
Pradesh extending the age of superannuation of physically
handicapped (visually impaired) category of employees from
58 years to 60 years.
c) Claiming that the benefit of the said OM should also be extended
to persons suffering from other specified physical disabilities,
the appellant before his retirement represented to the authorities
to grant him the benefit of age extension.
d) The 1st respondent, however, did not accept the request for
age extension and instead served a notice of retirement on
22.09.2018, informing the appellant that he would retire on
30.09.2018.
e) In the meantime, prior to the date of attaining the age of
superannuation, the appellant had filed an Original Application
No. (M) 508/2018 before the Himachal Pradesh Administrative
Tribunal for enhancement of his retirement age from 58 years
to 60 years in view of the OM dated 29.03.2013.
f) While the aforesaid Original Application was pending, by OM
dated 04.11.2019, the State withdrew the OM dated 29.03.2013
with immediate effect. Faced with that situation, the Original
Application, which was transferred to the High Court upon
abolition of the Tribunal, was dismissed as withdrawn with
450 [2025] 5 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

liberty to the appellant to file a fresh petition challenging, inter
alia, the OM dated 04.11.2019.
g) Pursuant to the liberty so provided to the appellant, a fresh
petition (i.e., CWP 146 of 2020) was filed before the High Court,
which has been dismissed by the impugned order.
4. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and have perused
the record.

Submissions on behalf of appellant
5. The submission of Shri Subhro Sanyal, the learned counsel for the
appellant, is that denial of benefit of the OM dated 29.03.2013 to
persons suffering from other specified disabilities, by confining it
to only the visually impaired category, is violative of Article 14 of
the Constitution of India as benefit of The Persons with Disabilities
(Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act,
1995 (for short 1995 Act) and the subsequent enactment i.e., The
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (for short 2016 Act)
extend to all specified disabilities which include locomotor disability,
therefore persons suffering from those specified disabilities constitute
a homogeneous class, albeit posts may be reserved for a specified
category of disability.
6. It has been contended that a similar issue had arisen before the
High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in CWP No.7233
of 2010 [Bhupinder Singh vs. State of Punjab and Others]. The
High Court took the view that confining the benefit of enhancement of
retirement age only to visually impaired category of employees would
tend to discriminate between persons who otherwise constitute one
homogenous class under the 1995 Act for the purposes of conferment
of benefits under that Act. It was argued that the decision of the
Punjab High Court was challenged before this Court in Civil Appeal
No.8855 of 2014 [State of Punjab and Others vs. Bhupinder
Singh], wherein this Court passed the following order:
“Leave granted.
The issue which arises for consideration in this batch of
cases, pertains to the question, whether the benefit of
extension in service from 58 years to 60 years granted
to blind or visually impaired employees of the State
[2025] 5 S.C.R. 451

Kashmiri Lal Sharma v.
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Ltd. & Anr.

Government should be extended to persons suffering
from other disabilities mentioned under the Persons with
Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and
Full Participation) Act 1995 hereinafter referred to as the
Disabilities Act.
The aforesaid issue has been answered by a Division
Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in the
affirmative. We fully endorse the aforesaid determination
rendered by the High Court, and also affirm the reasons
recorded in arriving at the aforesaid determination. All
the same, we would record our restriction/ limitation to
the determination rendered by the High Court. On the
issue of employment, the Disabilities Act contemplates
reservation through section 33 for three types of disabilities.
Firstly, persons suffering from blindness or low vision.
Secondly, persons suffering from hearing impairment.
And thirdly, person suffering from locomotor disability
or cerebral palsy. For equal opportunity and protection
of rights in employment, only the above 3 categories of
disabilities have been recognized by the Disabilities Act.
On a reference to the provisions of the Disabilities Act,
therefore, equality is sustainable only in respect of the
three categories specified in section 33 of the Disabilities
Act. In fact, learned counsel for the respondents also
endorsed the above position.
In order to dissuade this Court from accepting the reasoning
expressed in the impugned orders, learned counsel for the
appellants invited our attention to a decision rendered by
this court in Union of India versus Devendra Kumar Pant
and others, (2009) 14 SCC 546. The question that arose
for consideration in the aforesaid judgment pertains to
promotion. That is not the case here. The benefit granted
by the High Court pertains to the respective employment
in which a disabled employee has been engaged. In that
view of the matter, the judgment relied by the learned
counsel for the appellants is not applicable to the facts and
circumstances of this case. Our above view is based on
the fact, that the issue of discrimination adjudicated upon
by the High Court, relates to employees who are already
452 [2025] 5 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

engaged in government service. There is no dispute about
their ability to discharge their duties, against the posts
on which they were employed. The benefit if extended
to the categories of disabilities for which reservation in
employment has been contemplated under the Disabilities
Act would not cause any administrative inconvenience to
the appellants.
For the reasons recorded hereinabove, the instant appeals
are disposed of in the above terms with no order as to costs.
Dt/- September 16, 2014”
Emphasis supplied)

7. It is further contended that the 2016 Act does not take away any of
the rights conferred by the 1995 Act rather amplifies the same, and
the disabilities specified thereunder includes locomotor disability
with which the appellant suffered from, therefore, relying upon the
aforesaid order of this Court, the appellant had been pressing his
claim for extension of service since much before attaining the age
of superannuation. Hence, the benefit of the OM dated 29.03.2013
should have been made available to the appellant; and once the
benefit of that OM is accorded, its withdrawal would not curtail the
extension, which would be deemed to have been granted in the
light of the law laid down by this Court. He, therefore, prays that the
impugned order of the High Court be set aside and that the appellant
be granted the benefit of extension of retirement age from 58 to 60
years, with all consequential benefits including continuity of service.

Submissions on behalf of Respondent(s)
8. Per contra, Ms. Archita Nigam, learned counsel representing the 1st
respondent, submitted that, admittedly, on the date the appellant
attained the age of superannuation, OM dated 29.03.2013, as it
stood, was not declared discriminatory by any Court of law. The
said OM conferred benefits only on employees belonging to visually
impaired category, to which the appellant does not belong, therefore,
there could be no vested right for seeking extension of the age of
retirement, and once the OM stood withdrawn, the appellant could not
have been granted any benefit of extension of service. Accordingly,
the decision of the High Court calls for no interference.
[2025] 5 S.C.R. 453

Kashmiri Lal Sharma v.
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Ltd. & Anr.

9. In the alternative, it has been submitted that, assuming the benefit
of the OM dated 29.03.2013 would be available to the appellant as
well, such benefit cannot continue beyond the date of its withdrawal
i.e., 04.11.2019.

Discussion/ Analysis
10. Upon consideration of the rival submissions, the following issues
fall for our consideration:
I) Whether the benefit of extension of retirement age for the
physically disabled category could be confined to persons with
visual impairment as provided in the OM dated 29.03.2013 or it
should be available to persons suffering from all such disabilities
as are specified in the 1995 Act and the 2016 Act?
II) Whether such extension could be withdrawn as was done by
the OM dated 04.11.2019? If yes, then what would be its effect
on the claim of the appellant?

Issue I
11. As regards the first issue, the same stand settled by the decision of
this Court in Bhupinder Singh (supra), wherein this Court specifically
framed the issue, “Whether the benefit of extension in service from 58
years to 60 years granted to blind or visually impaired employees of
the State Government should be extended to persons suffering from
other disabilities mentioned under the Persons with Disabilities (Equal
Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995”
and answered the same in the following terms: “aforesaid issue has
been answered by a Division Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High
Court in the affirmative. We fully endorse the aforesaid determination
rendered by the High Court, and also affirm the reasons recorded
in arriving at the aforesaid determination.”
12. It may be noted that in Bhupinder Singh (supra), an argument was
raised on behalf of the State, based on a decision of this Court in
Union of India v. Devendra Kumar Pant (2009) 14 SCC 546, that
all persons with disability are not treated equally or similarly under
the Act as different principles relating to non-discrimination apply
depending upon the context in which the benefit is extended. This
argument was repelled by this Court stating that Devendra Kumar
454 [2025] 5 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

Pant’s (supra) decision was in the context of promotion whereas the
High Court order under challenge was in respect of discrimination
between persons who are already engaged in government service
and there is no challenge to their ability to discharge their duties in
which they are engaged.
13. Besides that, in Devendra Kumar Pant (supra), the issue which arose
for consideration was whether refusal to give effect to the promotion
unless the incumbent obtains fitness certificate in a particular medical
category would violate Section 47 (2)1 of the 1995 Act. Interpreting
the said provision, this Court held that the aforesaid provision would
mean that a person who is otherwise eligible for promotion shall not
be denied promotion merely or only on the ground that he suffers
from a disability. But if the disability would affect the discharge of
functions or performance in a higher post or if the disability would
pose a threat to the safety of the co-employees, members of the
public or employee himself, or to the assets and equipment of the
employer, position would be different. It was thus observed that if
the promotion is denied on the ground that it will affect the safety,
security and performance, then it is not denial of promotion merely
on the ground of his disability, but is denial of promotion by reason
of the disability plus something more, that is, adverse effect of the
disability upon the employee’s performance of the higher duties or
functions attached to the promotional post.
14. In our considered view, the decision in Devendra Kumar Pant
(supra) was rightly distinguished in Bhupinder Singh (supra) as there
appeared no intelligible basis to confer benefit of age extension
to one disabled category and deny it to the other when both are
specified in the 1995 Act as well as the 2016 Act. In this view of
the matter, if benefit of extension of retirement age is available to
visually impaired category, the same ought to be available to other
categories of disabilities specified in the 1995 Act as reiterated in
the 2016 Act.
15. Besides above, the decision in Bhupinder Singh (supra) has been
followed by the High Court of Himachal Pradesh in several of its
decisions (i.e., CWP No.7860 of 2021 : The Principal Secretary

1 Section of 47 (2) of 1995 Act: “No promotion shall be denied to a person merely on the ground of his
disability.”
[2025] 5 S.C.R. 455

Kashmiri Lal Sharma v.
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Ltd. & Anr.

Health and Family Welfare & Anr. V. Surender Kumar Vashisth,
decided on 20.12.2022; and CWP No. 1577/ 2018 -H: State of
H.P. & others v. Krishan Chand, decided on November 05, 2018,
against which SLP © D. No. 18076 of 2019 was dismissed by this
Court on 13.09.2019).
16. For the reasons recorded above, it is held that the benefit of extension
of retirement age as provided under the OM dated 29.03.2013 could
not have been confined to visually impaired category. Rather, it should
be available to persons suffering from all such benchmark disabilities
as are specified in the 1995 Act and the 2016 Act.

Issue II
17. The next issue is whether the benefit of the OM dated 29.03.2013
could be withdrawn as was done by the Office Memorandum dated
04.11.2019.
18. In this regard, we observe that the parties have not brought on
record any document to canvass that the retirement age of persons
suffering from specified physical disabilities was enhanced by
amending the service rules or regulations or statutory provision and
therefore, change in service conditions could not have been made
by way of office memorandums or executive instructions. In these
circumstances, applying the general principles, as enshrined in
Section 212 of The General Clauses Act, the power to issue would
include the power to rescind, we are of the view that the OM dated
04.11.2019 was well within the competence of the authority which
issued the OM dated 29.03.2013. Consequently, the OM dated
04.11.2019 cannot be faulted for lack of competence. Otherwise also,
an employee has no fundamental right as regards the age at which
he would retire. Moreover, termination of service of an employee on
account of reaching the age of superannuation in accordance with
law or rules regulating the conditions of service does not amount to
his removal from service within the meaning of Article 311(2) of the

2 Section 21. Power to issue, to include power to add to, amend, vary or rescind notifications,
orders, rules or bye-laws. – Where, by any Central Act or Regulations a power to issue notifications,
orders, rules or bye-laws is conferred, then that power includes a power, exercisable in the like manner
and subject to like sanction and conditions if any, to add to, amend, vary or rescind any notifications,
orders, rules or bye-laws so issued.
456 [2025] 5 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

Constitution of India.3 In K. Nagaraj and Others v. State of Andhra
Pradesh and another, (1985) 1 SCC 523, a three-Judge Bench of
this Court upheld reduction of the age of retirement from 58 years to
55 years. While doing so, this Court observed that “it is not possible
to lay down an inflexible rule that 58 years is a reasonable age for
retirement and 55 is not. If the policy adopted for the time being by
the Government or the Legislature is shown to violate recognized
norms of employment planning, it would be possible to say that the
policy is irrational since, in that event, it would not bear reasonable
nexus with the object which it seeks to achieve. But such is not the
case here.”
19. Now, the question that arises for our consideration is whether the
benefit of the OM dated 29.03.2013 would be available to the
appellant till he attained the age of 60 years as propounded by it,
or till 04.11.2019 only i.e., the date when it stood withdrawn by the
OM dated 04.11.2019.
20. In this regard, the record reveals that the OM dated 29.03.2013
by itself did not confer any extension benefit to the appellant as
its benefit was confined to visually impaired category. No doubt,
denial of its benefit was claimed to be discriminatory and, earlier,
a similarly situated employee like the appellant laid a claim before
the Himachal Pradesh Administrative Tribunal and the Tribunal, vide
order dated 10.01.2018, extended its benefit to the employee who
suffered from other specified disability. But this order of the Tribunal
was challenged by the State of H.P. before a Division Bench of the
High Court through CWP No.1577 of 2018-H, which was dismissed on
05.11.2018 by relying upon earlier decision of this Court in Bhupinder
Singh (supra). Thereafter, against the order of the Division Bench
(passed in CWP No.1577 of 2018-H), the State of H.P. filed an SLP
before this Court which came to be dismissed on 13.09.2019. As
a result, the State Government withdrew the OM dated 29.03.2013
vide OM dated 04.11.2019. By that time, there was no judicial order
conferring benefit of OM dated 29.03.2013 on the appellant. Hence,
in our view, on the date when the OM dated 04.11.2019 was issued,
no right vested in the appellant to continue in service up to the age of
60 years. We are therefore of the considered view that the appellant

3 Bishnu Narain Misra v. State of Uttar Pradesh and others, AIR 1965 SC 1567 : 1964 SCC OnLine SC 72
[2025] 5 S.C.R. 457

Kashmiri Lal Sharma v.
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Ltd. & Anr.

is not entitled to continue in service beyond 04.11.2019 i.e., the date
on which the OM dated 29.03.2013 was withdrawn.
21. However, as we have held, while deciding issue I, that persons
suffering from other specified disabilities could not have been denied
the benefit of the OM dated 29.03.2013, we are of the view that till
the date the said OM was operative, the appellant was entitled to its
benefit as, admittedly, he fell in the category of employee suffering from
such disabilities as are specified in the 1995 Act and the 2016 Act.
22. Accordingly, these appeals are partly allowed. The impugned
judgment and order dated 28.07.2021 of the High Court dismissing
the Writ Petition of the appellant is set aside. The appellant shall
be entitled to the benefit of continuance in service until 04.11.2019.
In consequence, he shall be entitled to full wages from 01.10.2018
to 04.11.2019, with all consequential benefits that may impact his
pension.
23. Pending applications, if any, stand disposed of.

Result of the case: Appeals Partly allowed.

†
Headnotes prepared by: Ankit Gyan