KHAMBAM RAJA REDDY AND ANR.versusPUBLIC PROSECUTOR, HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

A                     KHAMBAM RAJA REDDY AND ANR
                                          1i
          PUBLIC PROSECUTOR, HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

                               SEPTEMBER 21, 2006

B                  [A.K. MATHUR AND AL TAMAS KABlR,JJ.]


          Criminal trial-Medical evidence not borne out by ocular evidence-
    Conviction of accused based on ocular evidence--Correctness of-Held-
C   Court has discretion to reject ocular evidence it is not possible to relate
    injuries with circumstances in which they were said to have been inflicted-
    On facts, held in absence of an}' depressed injury and bleeding fi"om the nose
    and ears of deceased, evidence of prosecution witness that heavy stone
    dropped on deceased's head causing his death could not be given credence-
    It was highly improbable since defence of accused that he could not have
D   done so as he was crippled by polio was supported by a certificate of Civil
    Surgeon.

           The appellant was prosecuted with other accused for causing the death
    of deceased. According to PW-1, on the night of occurrence, while she was
    sleeping with her husband she woke up on hearing noise and in the beam of
E   her torch light saw appellant. According to her, while some of the accused
    caught hold of her hands and gagged her, the other accused exhorted appellant
    to kill the deceased who was still in a sound sleep. On such exhortation,
    appellant picked up a big stone and threw it on the head of the deceased, as a
    result whereof, he sustained fatal injuries on his head and died
F   instantaneously. On her complaint, a case was registered under Section 302
    read with Section 34 IPC. The doctor who conducted the post mortem (PW-3)
    was of the opinion that the deceased had died on account of the head injuries.
    Appellant contended that he had been crippled by polio and in support thereof
    produced a certificate issued by Civil Assistant Surgeonj. On this basis he
    contended that it was impossible for him to lift a stone weighing about 25 to
G   30 Kgs. and to throw it down on the head of the deceased.

         Trial Court accepted the defence of appellant. It also observed that it
    was improbable for two old people to overpower a young woman, PW-I, and
    immobilize her so that the appellant could pick up and throw the heavy stone

H                                        446
          KHAMBAM RAJA REDD\'>. PUBLIC PROSECUTOR, HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH   44 7

at the head of the deceased. On this basis, it acquitted all the accused.                A
        High Court allowed the appeal of the State holding that (i) there was no
positive evidence to show that the appellant was a crippled man (ii) polio attack
was always to the legs and not to the hands and appellant was strong enough
to lift the stone weighing about 25 to 30 Kgs. 311d throw it at the head of the
deceased (iii) evidence of PW-1 inspired confidence (iv) offence committed by            B
the accused persons, though homicide, did not amount to murder and had
possibly been committed with the intention of causing grievous hurt to the
deceased, and accordingly, the accused were guilty of offence under Section
326 IPC read with Section 34 IPC. Hence the present appeal.

      Appellants contended that PW-1 had admitted that she had not seen any              C
blood oozing from the ear, nose or mouth of the deceased after the commission
of the offence.
      Allowing the appeal, the Court

      HELD: 1 Both the courts below overlooked the nature of the injuries                D
suffered by the deceased and to co-relate the same with the prosecution story.
                                                                      (453-D(
      2.1. The present case is an example of contradiction between the ocular
evidence and the medical evidence, where the medical evidence is not borne
out by the ocular evidence. (454-A, Bl
                                                                                         E
       2.2. On an examination of the injuries suffered by the deceased and the
evidence of PW-I, it will be seen that the injuries do not match the ocular
evidence. The injuries suffered by the deceased do not indicate any depressed
injury which would have to be present if a heavy object such as a stone
weighing about 25 to 30 Kgs. were to be dropped on a person's head. PW-3 F
state that there was profuse bleeding internally but that he did not find any
profuse bleeding in the external injury and that there was possibility of blood
oozing from the nose and the mouth if attacked with an object such as Material
Object No.I. However, while examining the deceased, he did not observe oozing
of blood either from the mouth or nose. In his cross-examination, PW-3 also
observed that in case a heavy object touches a particular part of the body, there G
will be depressed wound or injury. The injuries as noticed by him/however, do
not disclose any injury of such nature, which is inconsistent with the theory
of the offence having been committed in the manner projected by the
prosecution. (453-D, E, F, GI
                                                                                         H
    448                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A           Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology by Cox, referred to

        2.3. In such a case, the principle usually applied is that the testimony •
  of the eye-witness should be decided independently and if found trustworthy,
  the same could not be dis~arded merely because it is at variance with medical
  opinion. However, the application of this principle will depend on whether the
B story as made out by the prosecution is trustworthy and can be related to the
  injuries suffered by the victim in the manner as sought to be projected. If the
  ocular testimony is such that it is not possible to relate the injuries with the
  circumstances in which they were said to have been innicted, the court has
  the discretion not to accept the ocular evidence, Each case has to be
C determined having regard to its own set offacts.1454-8, C, DI
          State of M.P. v. Dharkole alias Govind Singh and Ors., 12004113 SCC
    308, distinguished

            2.4. In the instant case, in the absence of any depressed injury and in
D the absence of any bleeding from the nose and ears of the deceased, it is not
    possible to give credence to the evidence of PW-1 as to the manner in which
    the incident is said to have occurred. 1454-E, Fl

           3. The High Court has also gone wrong in observing that there is no
    positive evidence on record to show that the accused No.I is crippled. The High
E   Court has proceeded on the supposition that since a polio attack is always to
    the iegs and not to the hands, a person who had suffered from a polio attack,
    was capable of lifting a stone weighing about 25 to 30 Kgs. with his hands.
    The Sessions Judge has, in fact, referred to a certificate issued by Civil
    Assistant Surgeon to the effect that the right leg of the appellant No.I had
F   been affected with polio and he was unable to travel without the assistance of
    an escort. Negatives in respect of the disability of the appellant No.I showing
    him to have been attacked by polio had also been tiled. For the appellant No.
    1 to have lifted a stone weighing 25 to 30 kgs in his physical condition was
    highly improbable. The two circumstances taken up together creat sufficient
    doubt regarding the prosecution case and as to the manner in which the victim
G   is said to have been killed. 1454-F, G, H; 455-A, Bl

            CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 329/
    2000.

       From the final Judgment and Order dated 31.8.1999 of the High Court
H of Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in Criminal Appeal No. 1694/1997.
      KHAMBAM RAJA REDDY 1·. PUBLIC PROSECUTOR. lllGH COURT OF ANDl~RA PRADESll IAL TAMAS KABIR. J.f   449

      S. Sadasiva Reddy and S. Usha Reddy for the Appellants.                                                A
      P. Vinay Kumar and D. Bharathi Reddy for the Respondents.

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

      ALTAMAS KABIR, J. The appellants herein along with one Khambham                                        B
Pai Reddy were prosecuted for causing the death ofKhambam Venkatramana
Reddy. While the appellant No. I was prosecuted for the offence punishable
under Section 302 !PC, the two other accused were prosecuted under Section
302 IPC read with Section 34 IPC, in the alternative under Section 302 IPC read
with Section 114 IPC and under Section 342 IPC.
                                                                                                             c
     In order to prove that the death ofKhambam Vankatramana Reddy was
homicidal, the prosecution relied upon the evidence of PWsl; 2, 3, 8 and 11.
PW-I is the widow of the deceased. PW-2 is the father of the deceased and
PW-3 is· the doctor who conducted autopsy on the body of khambam
Venkatramana Reddy. PW-8 is one of the inquest witnesses and PW- I I is a
Sub Inspector of police who conducted the inquest and deposed that he had                                    D
found an injury near the left eye of the deceased as also on the left thumb.

      The case of the prosecution is that the victim and the accused persons
were related to each other. The I st accused is the son of accused Nos. 2and
3 and the 3rd accused is the husband of the second accused. The 3rd accused                                  E
and PW-2, Khambam Gangi Reddy, the father of the deceased, were brothers.
It was the case of the prosecution that the relations between the accused and
the family of the deceased were strained and there was subsisting hostility
between the two groups,

      According to the prosecution, on 9th May, 1994, the deceased harvested F
his paddy crop and placed it in a heap on Thellabanda near Koraparthivaripalle
bus stop and on that night the deceased and his wife, PW-I slept near the
heap of paddy to keep a watch over the same. In the early hours of 10th May,
1994, the accused were said to be proceeding towards Thellabanda and one
R. Venkatramana who was watering his fields is alleged to have focused his G
torch light on them. PW-I is said to have woken up on hearing the noise of
the accused persons proceeding towards Thellabanda and in the beam of her
torch light she claims to have seen and recognized the accused persons.
According to her, the accused Nos. 2 and 3 caught hold of her hands and
gagged her by stuffing a cloth in her mouth to prevent her from crying out.
At the same time, the 3rd accused exhorted the I st accused to kill the H
    450                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A deceased who was still in a sound sleep. On such exhortation, the Ist accused
    is said to have picked up a big stone and had thrown the same on the head
    of the deceased, as a result whereof, the deceased sustained fatal injuries on
    his head and died instantaneously.

          Having committed the crime, the accused Nos. I to 3 ran away and PW-
B  I raised an alarm. On hearing the alarm, one Srivargani Guravaiah, PW-7, who
  was also said to be watching his paddy near the scene of the offence, focused
  his torch light and saw the accused Nos. I to 3 running away. PW-7 then
  rushed to the spot and found the deceased with head injury. PW- I is said
  to have narrated the incident to him and then she went to the village and
C informed her family members about the said incident.
        On 10th May, 1994, at about 10.00 A.M., PW-I lodged a complaint
  which was registered as Crime No. 9/1994 under Section 302 read with Section
  34 IPC. On the same day, PW-I I, a Sub Inspector of police, conducted inquest
  in respect of the dead body in the presence of PW-8 and thereafter the body
D was sent to the Government Hospital, Piler, for conducting post mortem. The
  doctor who examined the dead body was of the opinion that the deceased had
  died on account of the head injuries.

           After completion of the investigation, the Investigating Officer tiled
    chargesheet against the three accused persons, who denied their involvement
E   in the incident and claimed that they had been falsely implicated on account
    of the subsi~ting rivalry between the two groups. It was also the defence of
    ~he accused that the story as narrated by PW- I should not be accepted for
    the reason that the accused No. I had suffered from polio and having been
    crippled by the said disease, he was unable to walk about for long without
F   the assistance of an escort. rn fact, a certificate issued by one Dr. M. Venkatadri,
    Civil Assistant Surgeon, Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad, on 5th January,
    1994, which was exhibited on behalfofthe defence, disclosed that the accused
    appellant No. I herein is permanently disabled. It was contended that on
    account of his physical disability, it was impossible for the appellant No. I to
    lift a stone weighing about 25 to 30 Kgs. and to throw it down on the head
G   of the deceased.

        From the evidence adduced on behalf of the defence, the learned Sessions
  Judge found that the appellant No.2 was 59 years old and the 3rd accused
  was 68 years at the relevant time. The learned Sessions Judge upon appraisal
  of the evidence found the story of the prosecution to be improbable, basing
H his decision on the evidence that the appellant No. I herein had been crippled
      KHAMBAM RAJA REDDr 1·. PUBLIC PROSECUTOR. HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH IALTAMAS h:ABIR. J.J   451

by polio and it was physically impossible for him to lift a heavy stone                                   A
weighing about 25 to 30 Kgs. in the manner suggested by the prosecution.
The learned Sessions Judge also observed that it was improbable for two old
people to overpower a young woman, namely, PW-I, and immobilize her so
that the appellant No. I could pick up and throw the heavy stone at the head
of the deceased.
                                                                                                          B
      On the basis of the above, the teamed Sessions Judge acquitted all the
three accused persons of the charges framed against them.

      In the appeal preferred by the State of Andhra Pradesh, the High Court
disagreed with the findings of the learned Sessions Judge and observed that C
there was no positive evidence on record to show that the appellant No. I is
a crippled man. The High Court went on further to observe that even if the
defence story that the appellant No. I had suffered a polio attack was accepted,
such attack was always to the legs and not to the hands and on such
supposition, the High Court came to a finding that the appellant No. I was
strong enough to lift the stone weighing about 25 to 30 Kgs. and throw it D
at the head of the deceased. The High Court also held that the evidence of
PW-I inspired confidence and there was no reason to disbelieve the same.
On such finding, the High Court held the accused Nos. I to 3 to be responsible
for causing the death of the deceased.

        However, the High Court was of the view that the offence committed E
by the accused persons, though homicide, did not amount to murder and had
possibly been committed with the intention of causing grievous hurt to the
deceased. The High Court accordingly held the accused persons to be guilty
of an offence punishable under Section 326 IPC read with Section 34 !PC and
convicted the accused Nos. I and 2 and sentenced each of them to suffer R.I. F
for seven years and to pay a fine of Rs. 1,000/-. In default, to suffer R.I. for
one month more. As the accused No. 3 had died during the pendency of the
trial, the case against him stood abated.

     This appeal is directed against the aforesaid judgment of conviction
and sentence passed by the High Court of Andhra Pradesh.                  G
      While the case as made out by the prosecution that the accused No.I
had become crippled on account of an attack of polio and was physically
unable to lift a stone weighing 25 to 30 Kg. for the purpose of commission
of the crime was noticed by both the courts below, both the said courts
appear to have overlooked the nature of the injuries which were found on the H
    452                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A body of the deceased by the doctor who had conducted the post mortem
    examination on the body of the deceased. Since, we will have occasion to
    refer to the injuries later, the same are reproduced hereinbelow:-

            "(I) Contusion over the left cheek 5 x 6 cm. size

B           (2) Laceration over the left little finger 2 x 3 cm. size

            On dissection of head and neck:-

            (i) Fracture of the maxillary bone 2 3 cm. size on left side which
            corresponds to external injury No. I

C           (ii) Fracture of the left parietal bone present 3 4 cm. size

            (iii) Contusion present over the left parietal region of the brain about
            3 x 4 cm. size

            (iv) Haemorrhagic fluid present in the cranium about 500 ml.
D           Muscles of the neck are normal. Hyoid bone intact.

            Chest: Ribs are norm!.

            Heart and lungs normal. Abdomen: Stomach contains undigested
            food particles mixed with vegetables. lnstetines distended with gas
E
            Liver, Spleen, and both kidneys are normal. Bladder empty. Scrotum
            and testicles are normal."

         The main thrust of the submissions made on behalf of the appellants
  was directed to the attack of polio suffered by the appellant No. I which had
F left him crippled and made it impossible for him to lift a heavy object such
  as a stone weighing 25 to 30 Kgs. with which the offence is said to have been
  committed. The further contention of the appellants was that the High Court
  had failed to appreciate that in her evidence PW- I had admitted that she had
  not seen any blood oozing from the ear, nose or mouth of the deceased after
  the commission of the offence. Certain material inconsistencies in the statements
G of PW-7 as to whether he had actually noticed the accused in the focus of
  his torch light were also pointed out. It was pointed that while he had stated
  in his deposition that he had woken up upon hearing the shouting and
  thereafter he switched on his torch light with the aid of which he notii;ed the
  accused persons running away from the scene, in his statement made under
H Section 161 Cr.P.C., he had mentioned that he was engaged in agricultural
      ~HAMBAM RAJA REDDY r. PUBLIC PROSECUTOR. HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH JAL TAMAS f.:.ABIR.   J.t   453

operations at the time of the incident.                                                                       A·
        The submissions made on behalf of the State supported the reasoning
of the High Court and it was submitted that although there was only one eye-
witness, who was the wife of the deceased, her evidence remained unshaken
and there was no reason to disbelieve her evidence as to the manner in which
the incident had occurred. It was also pointed out that the injuries suffered B
by the deceased were quite capable of being inflicted by a heavy object, such
as a stone, being thrown at the head of the victim. In fact, the stand of the
State was that since the injuries were corroborated by the evidence of PW-
 1, the High Court had rightly found the accused to be guilty of having caused
the death of Khambam Venkatramana Reddy though without having the C
intention of killing him. There was, therefore, no ground for interference with
the judgment of the High Court under appeal.

      As indicated hereinbefore, both the courts below appear to have
overlooked the nature of the injuries suffered by the deceased and to co-
relate the same with the prosecution story.                               D
      On an examination of the injuries suffered by the deceased and the
evidence of PW-I, it will be seen that the injuries do not match the ocular
evidence. The injuries suffered by the deceased, which are extracted
hereinbefore, do not indicate any depressed injury which would have to be
present if a heavy object such as a stone weighing about 25 to 30 Kgs. were E
to be dropped on a person's head. In his deposition, PW-3, who had conducted
the post mortem examination, stated that in the instant case, there was
profuse bleeding internally but that he did not find any profuse bleeding in
the external injury and that in the instant case, there was possibility of blood
oozing from the nose and the mouth if attacked with an object such as F
Material Object No. I. However, while examining the deceased, he did not
observe oozing of blood either from the mouth or nose. In Cross-examination,
PW-3 has also observed that in case a heavy object touches a particular part
of the body, there will be depressed wound or injury. The injuries as noticed
by him, however, does not disclose any injury of such nature, which is
inconsistent with the theory of the offence having been committed in the G
manner projected by the prosecution.

     Cox in his "Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology'', while dealing with
head injuries, has described various types of fractures. He has described
"depressedfracture" in the following words:-
                                                                                                              H
    454                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2006) SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A           "Depressed Fracture: This is also known as signature fracture or
            fractures a la signature as their pattern at times resembles the weapon
            which caused it. Heavy weapons with a small striking surface, eg. axe.
            hammer, stone etc, cause localized depressed fracture."

          The present case is an example of contradiction between the ocular
B evidence and the medical evidence. where the medical evidence is not borne
  out by the ocular evidenc~. In such a situation it was suggested on behalf
  of the appellants on the authority of a decision of this Court in the case of
  State of M.P. v. Dharkole alias Govind Singh and Ors., reported in (2004] I3
  SCC 308, where the medical evidence was at variance with the ocular evidence,
C the testimony of the eye-witness should be decided independently and if
  found trustworthy, the same could not be discarded merely because it is at
  variance with medical opinion. While there can be no difference of opinion
  with the principle explained in the aforesaid decision, the application thereof
  will depend on whether the story as made out by the prosecution is trustworthy
  and can be related to the injuries suffered by the victim in the manner as
D sought to be projected. If the ocular testimony is such that it is not possible
  to relate the injuries with the circumstances in which they were said to have
  been inflicted, the court has the discretion not to accept the ocular evidence.
  The principle enunciated in Dharkole 's case (supra) may be applied in an
  appropriate case, but each case has to be determined having regard to its own
E set of facts.
          In the instant case, in the absence of any depressed injury and in the
    absence of any bleeding from the nose and ears of the deceased, we are
    unable to give credence to the evidence of PW-I as to the manner in which
    the incident is said to have occurred.          •
F        Apart from the above, the High Court has also gone wrong in observing
  that there is no positive evidence on record to show that the accused No. I
  is crippled. The High Court has proceeded on the supposition that since a
  polio attack is always to the legs and not to the hands, a person who had
  suffered from a polio attack, was capable of lifting a stone weighing about
G 25 to 30 Kgs. with his hands. The learned Sessions Judge has, in fact, referred
  to a certificate issued by Dr. M. Venkatadri, Civil Assistant Surgeon, Gandhi
  Hospital, Secunderabad, dated 5th January, 1994, to the effect that the right
  leg of the appellant No. I had been affected with polio and he was unable to
  travel without the assistance of an escort. Negatives in respect of the disability
  of the appellant No. I showing him to have been attacked by polio had also
H been filed. For the appellant No. I to have lifted a stone weighing 25 to 30
      KHAMBAM RA.IA REDD\' r. PUBLIC PROSECUTOR. HICiH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH IALTAMAS KABIR. J.I   455

kgs in his physical condition was highly improbable.                                                       A
      The two circumstances taken up together create sufficient doubt
regarding the prosecution case and as to the manner in which the victim is
said to have been killed.

      In the result, the appeal succeeds and is allowed.                                                   B
      The conviction and sentence of the appellants herein are set aside. The
appellants are on bail. Let them be discharged from their bail bonds and be
set at liberty forthwith.

vs                                                                                Appeal allowed.          C