Holding

Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC applies, making the offence culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Section 304 Part I, not murder under Section 302.

Summary

The case arose from the killing of Chakku Mondal by Kulesh Mondal during a quarrel in which the victim was dragged and struck on the neck with a sharp‑edged weapon. The trial court and the Calcutta High Court convicted the accused under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC, relying on eyewitness testimony of relatives of the deceased. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the testimony of partisan witnesses could be rejected, the nature of discrepancies in their statements, and whether the facts satisfied the requirements of Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC. The Court held that normal discrepancies do not affect credibility, that relatives’ evidence is admissible, and that the killing occurred in a sudden fight without pre‑meditation, undue advantage or cruel manner, thereby bringing the offence within Exception 4. Consequently, the conviction was altered to culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Section 304 Part I IPC and the sentence was fixed at ten years’ imprisonment. The appeal was allowed in part.

Issues considered

Whether testimony of witnesses who are close relatives of the deceased can be rejected as partisan.
Whether the evidence contains material discrepancies that affect its credibility.
Whether the facts satisfy the criteria of Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC (sudden fight, no premeditation, no undue advantage, no cruel or unusual manner).
Whether the offence should be classified as murder under Section 302 IPC or as culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Section 304 Part I.
Whether the use of a sharp‑edged weapon in a single blow constitutes undue advantage or a cruel/unusual manner.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 164
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 300, s. 302, s. 304(1), s. 323, s. 337, s. 34, s. 341

Subjects

Exception 4Section 300 IPCmurderculpable homicidewitness credibilityrelative witnessesmaterial discrepancyundue advantagesudden fightIndian Penal Codeevidence law

Judgment

KULESH MONDAL A
v.
THE STATE OF WEST BENGAL

SEPTEMBER 7, 2007

[DR. ARIJIT PASAY AT AND D.K.JAIN,JJ.) B

Penal Code, I 860:

s.300, Exception 4-Applicability of- Held: For application ofException
4, it is not sz!fficient to show that ther<? was a sudden quarrel af!d there was C
no premeditation-It must further be shown that the offender did not take
undue advantage or acted in cruel or unusual manner.

s.300, Exception 4, ss.304 Part I and 302-Fatal blow on neck with
a sharp edged weapon in course of sudden fight-Courts below convicted
accused under s.302-0n facts, held: Exception 4 to s.300 is applicable- D
Offence relatable to s.304 Part I and not s.302.

s.300, Exception I and 4-Distinction between-Explained.

Evidence:
E
Evidence of close relative-Cannot be rejected on the sole ground of
it being partisan.

Discrepancy in evidence-Normal discrepancy and material
discrepancy-Distinction between-Stated.
F
Words and Phrases-"Fight'~ "sudden fight" and "undue advantage"-
Meaning of-Jn the context of Exception 4 to s.300, /PC.

According to the prosecution, in course of a quarrel, the brother of
Appellant dragged the deceased to the place of incident whereafter Appellant
delivered a fatal blow on his neck with 'Basua', a sharp edged weapon. Trial G
Court convicted Appellant under s.302 IPC. High Court upheld the conviction.

In appeal to this Court, the conviction of Appellant was challenged on
th~ ground that the eye-witnesses were related to the victim and hence their

799 II
800 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 9 S.C.R.

A evidence could not be believed and that since only a single blow was given in
the course of quarrel, s.302 IPC had no application.

Allowing the appeal in part, the Court

HELD: 1. The ground that the witnesses being close relatives and
B consequently being partisan witnesses, should not be relied upon, has no
substance. (Para 7) (804-E)

Dalip Singh and Ors. v. The State ofPunjab, AIR (1953) SC 364; Masalti
and Ors. v. The State of UP., AIR (1965) SC 202; State of Punjab v. Jagir
Singh, AIR (1973) SC 2407; Lehna v. State ofHaryana, (2002) 3 SCC 76 and
C State of Rajasthan v. Smt. Kalki and Anr., AIR (1981) SC 1390, relied on.

2. Normal discrepancies in evidence are those which are due to normal
errors of observation, normal errors of memory due to lapse of time, due to
mental disposition such as shock and horror at the time of occurrence and
those are always there, however, honest· and truthful a witness may be.
D Material discrepancies are those which are not normal, and not expected ofa
normal person. Courts have to label the category to which a discrepancy may
be categorized. While normal discrepancies do not corrode the credibility of
a party's case, material discrepancies do so. [Para 9] (805-D-E]

E Krishna Machi and Ors. v. State ofBihar etc., JT (2002) 4 SC 186, relied
on.

3.1. For bringing in operation of Exception 4 to Section 300, IPC, it has
to be established that the act was committed without premeditation, in a sudden
fight in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel without the offender having
F taken undue advantage and not having acted in a cruel or unusual manner.
(Para l l) (805-F]

3.2. The Fourth Exception of Section 300 IPC covers acts done in a
sudden fight. The said exception deals with a case of prosecution not covered
by the first exception, after which its place would have been more appropriate.
G The exception is founded upon the same principle, for in both there is absence
of premeditation. But, while in the case of Exception 1 there is total deprivation
of self-control, in case of Exception 4, there is only that heat of passion which
clouds men's sober reason and urges them to deeds which they would not
otherwise do. There is provocation in Exception 4 as in Exception l; but the
H injury done is not the direct consequence of that provocation. In fact Exception
KULESHMONDALv. STATE 801
4 deals with cases in which notwithstanding that a blow may have been struck, A
""- or some provocation given in the origin of the dispute or in whatever way the
quarrel may have originated, yet the subsequent conduct of both parties puts
them in respect of guilt upon equal footing. A 'sudden fight' implies mutual
provocation and blows on each side. The homicide committed is then clearly
not traceable to unilateral provocation, nor in such cases could the whole blame
be placed on one side. For if it were so, the Exception more appropriately B
applicable would be Exception 1. There is no previous deliberation or
determination to fight. A fight suddenly takes place, for which both parties
..... are more or less to be blamed. It may be that one of them starts it, but if the
other had not aggravated it by his own conduct it would not have taken the
serious turn it did. There is then mutual provocation and aggravation, and it c
is difficult to apportion the share of blame which attaches to each fighter.
The help of Exception 4 can be invoked if death is caused (a) without
premeditation, (b) in a sudden fight; (c) without the offender's having taken
undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner; and (d) the fight must
have been with the person killed. (Para 12) (805-G-H; 806-A-D)
D
3.3. To bring a case within Exception 4 all the ingredients mentioned in
it must be found. The 'fight' occurring in Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC is
not defined in the IPC. It takes two to make a fight. Heat of passion requires
that there must be no time for the passions to cool down and in this case, the
parties have worked themselves into a fury on account of the verbal altercation
in the beginning. A fight is a combat between two and more persons whether
E
with or without weapons. It is not possible to enunciate any general rule as to
what shall be deemed to be a sudden quarrel. It is a question of fact and whether
a quarrel is sudden or not must necessarily depend upon the proved facts of
each case. For the application of Exception 4, it is not sufficient to show that
there was a sudden quarrel and there was no premeditation. It must further F
be shown that the offender has not taken undue advantage or acted in cruel
or unusual manner. The expression 'undue advantage' as used in the provision
means 'unfair advantage'. (Para 12) (806-D-F)

3.4. Where the offender takes undue advantage or has acted in a cruel
or unusual manner, the benefit of Exception 4 cannot be given to him. If the G
weapon used or the manner of attack by the assailant is out of all proportion,
that circumstance must be taken into consideration to decide whether undue
-..(

advantage has been taken. (Para 13) (806-G-H)

Kikar Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR (1993) SC 2426, referred to.
H
r
802 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 9 $.C.R.

A 3.5. Considering the background facts in the light of the principle set
out above, the inevitable conclusion is that Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC is
applicable and the offence is relatable to Section 304 Part I and not Section
302 IPC. That being, so the conviction is altered. Custodial sentence of 10
years would meet the ends of justice. [Para 14) {807-B)

B CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 1172 of
2007.

From the final Judgment and Order dated 30.01.2006 of the High Court
at Calcutta in C.R.A. No. 228 of 2004.

C Dr. Sudhakar Choudhry, Binay Kumar Jha and Ranleshwar Prasad Goyal
for the Appellant.

Avijit Bhattacharjee for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
D
DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. I. Leave granted.

2. Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment rendered by a Division
Bench of the Calcutta High Court upholding the conviction for offence
punishable under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the
E 'IPC') and sentence of imprisonment of life awarded by learned Additional
Sessions Judge, 2nd Court, Maida in Sessions Trial No.51/200 I.

3. Background facts in a nutshell are as follows:

On 13.2.1994 round about 2.30 p.m. a young girl called Bharati Monda!
F was returning home, carrying a bundle of 'Khari' on her head. As the 'Khari'
struck on the body of the appellant Kulesh Mondal, the accused Naresh
Mondal (acquitted by the High Court) and his brother appellant-Kulesh Monda!
hurled filthy languages at her. Shocked by such behaviour of the accused,
the informant Naren Monda! raised his strong protest. There ensued bickering
G amongst them. It was followed by hurling of brickbats at the informant. While
such things had been going on, one Chakku Mondal (hereinafter referred to
as the deceased) was passing along the road. He came to the spot to enquire
as to what had been going on there. Finding him there, the accused Naresh
Monda! dragged him to the place of occurrence and his brother appellant
Kulesh Monda! delivered a fatal blow on his neck with a 'Hasua'. The injured
H Chakku Mondal having sustained severe injury on his neck, efforts were
~.
I

KULESHMONDALv.STATE[PASAYAT,J.] 803
made to shift him to the hospital. Unfortunately, the injured succumbed to his A
injury before his arrival in the hospital.

With the informant Naren Mondal reporting the incident with the local
P.S. Manikchak P.S. Case No.10/1994 dated 13/02/1994 under Sections 341/
323/302/34 IPC was registered against Kulesh Mondal and others. Following
the inquest over the dead body, the Investigating officer sent the dead body B
to the Maida Sadar Hospital for post mortem examination. The investigation
proceeded in it usual way with the Investigating officer preparing a sketch
• y' map of the place of occurrence. He also seized blood stained earth, control'
earth, few pieces of broken tiles and brickbats, some dry woods and prepared
seizure list in presence of the witnesses. Subsequently, the blood stained C
wearing apparels of the victim were also seized. Despite raids being conducted,
to apprehend the culprits, the accused persons evaded arrest for a long time.
Eventually, they were arrested one after another. The arrest of principal
accused Kulesh Monda! could be· made only on 18.6.1994. The Investigating
Officer, in the meantime, examined the available witnesses. The statement of
Bharati Monda! recorded under Section 164 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, D
1973 (in short the 'Cr.P.C.') was collected. Collection of the post mortem report
was also made. On completion of investigation, charge sheet was submitted.

Following the commitment of the case, the learned Additional Sessions
Judge framed charges under Sections 302/34, 323/34 and 337/34 IPC against
the appellant and others. The accused persons having pleaded innocence, the E
prosecution examined 14 witnesses to bring home the charges. Amongst the
notable witnesses were the eyewitnesses of the occurrence, the witnesses of
the seizure of the incriminating articles, the doctor conducting the post
mortem examination and the officer who investigated the case. The learned
Judicial Magistrate recording the statement of Bharati Monda! was also p
examined as a prosecution witness. Placing strong reliance on the statements
of the eyewitnesses and the supportive post mortem report, learned Additional
Sessions Judge convicted the appellant Kulesh Monda! and his brother
Naresh Mondal for commission of offence punishable under Section 302 read
with Section 34 IPC. The trial court found the evidence to be credible and
cogent and, therefore, found the two accused persons guilty of offences G
punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC. They were sentenced
to rigorous imprisonment for life and fine of Rs.5000/- each, in default, rigorous
imprisonment for six inonths. Both the accused persons were. however,
acquitted of the charges under Section 323/34 and 337/34 IPC. The four other
accused persons ~amely Radhik Mondal, Anil Monda!, Uttam Monda! and H
804 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 9 S.C.R.

A Dipen Monda! were acquitted, as the materials against them were not found
sufficient enough.

Aggrieved by the conviction and sentence under Section 302/34 IPC,
both the convicted accused persons jointly preferred an appeal before the
High Court.
B
4. Before the High Court primary stand was that evidence of relatives
should not have been believed, no material evidence was there to convict
accused Naresh Monda! and in any event Section 302 had no application.
High Court did not find any substance in any of the pleas and dismissed the
C appeal.
5. In support of the present appeal learned counsel for the appellant
submitted that the evidence of so-called eye-witnesses cannot be believed as
they are related to the deceased. In any event only single blow was given
in the course of quarrel and, therefore, Section 302 IPC has no application.

D 6. Learned counsel for the State on the other hand supported the order.
)._
7. We may also observe that the ground that the witnesses being close
relatives and consequently being partisan witnesses, should not be relied
upon, has no substance. This theory was repelled by this Court as early as
E in Dalip Singh and Ors. v. The State of Punjab, AIR (1953) SC 364 in which
surprise was expressed over the impression which prevailed in the minds of
the Members of the Bar that relatives were not independent witnesses.
Speaking through Vivian Bose, J. it was observed:

"We are unable to agree with the learned Judges of the High Court
-1
F that the testimony of the two eyewitnesses requires corroboration. If
the foundation for such an observation is based on the fact that the
witnesses are women and that the fate of seven men hangs on their
testimony, we know of no such rule. If it is grounded on the reason
that they are closely related to the deceased we are unable to concur.
Thi~ is a fallacy common to many criminal cases and one which
G another Bench of this Court endeavoured to dispel in - 'Rameshwar
v. State ofRajasthan' AIR (1952) SC 54 at p.59 . We find, however, that
it unfortunately still persists, if not in the judgments ·Of the Courts, >-·
at any rate in the arguments of counsel."

8. Again in Masalti and Ors. v. The State of U.P., AIR (1965) SC 202
H
KULESHMONDAL v. ST<'-TE[PASAYAT,J.] 805
this Court observed: (p. 209-210 para 14): A
"But it would, we think, be unreasonable to contend that evidence
given by witnesses should be discarded only on the ground that it
is evidence of partisan or interested witnesses ....... The mechanical
rejection of such evidence on the sole ground that it is partisan would
invariably lead to failure of justice. No hard and fast rule can be laid B
down as to how much evidence should be appreciated. Judicial
approach has to be cautious in dealing with such evidence; but the
plea that such evidence should be rejected because it is partisan
cannot be accepted as correct."

9. To the same effect is the decision in State of Punjab v.. Jagir Singh, C
AIR (1973) SC 2407 and Lehna v. State of Haryana, [2002] 3 SCC 76. As
observed by this Court in State of Rajasthan v. Smt. Kalki and Anr., AIR
(198!) SC 1390, normal discrepancies in evidence are those which are due to
normal errors of observation, normal errors of memory due to lapse of time,
due to mental disposition such as shock and horror at the time of occurrence D
and those are always there, however, honest and truthful a witness may be.
Material discrepancies are those which are not normal, and not expected of
a normal person. Courts have to label the category to which a discrepancy
may be categorized. While normal discrepancies do not corrode the credibility
of a party's case, material discrepancies do so. These aspects were highlighted
in Krishna Mochi and Ors. v. State of Bihar etc., JT (2002) 4 SC 186. E
l 0. The residuary plea relates to the applicability of Exception 4 of
Section 300 IPC, as it is contended that the incident took place in course of
a sudden quarrel. ·

11. For bringing in its operation it has to be established that the act was F
committed without premeditation, in a sudden fight in the heat of passion
upon a sudden quarrel without the offender having taken undue advantage
and not having acted in a cruel or unusual manner.

12. The Fourth Exception of Section 300 IPC covers acts done in a
sudden fight. The said exception deals with a case of prosecution not covered 0
by the first exception, after which its place would have been more appropriate.
The exception is founded upon the same principle, for in both there is
absence of premeditation. But, while in the case of Exception I there is total
deprivation of self-control, in case of Exception 4, there is only that heat of
passion which clouds men's sober reason and urges them to deeds which H
806 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007) 9 S.C.R.

A they would not otherwise do. There is provocation in Exception 4 as in
Exception I; but the injury done is not the direct consequence of that
provocation. In fact Exception 4 deals with cases in which notwithstanding
that a blow may have been struck, or some provocation given in the origin
of the dispute or in whatever way the quarrel may have originated, yet the
subsequent conduct of both parties puts them in respect of guilt upon equal
B footing. A 'sudden fight' implies mutual provocation and blows on each side.
The homicide committed is then clearly not traceable to unilateral provocation,
nor in such cases could the whole blame be placed on one side. For if it were
so, the Exception more appropriately applicable would be Exception I. There
is no previous deliberation or determination to fight. A fight suddenly takes
C place, for which both parties are more or less to be blamed. It may be that
one of ·them starts it, but if the other had not aggravatea it by his own
conduct it would not have taken the serious turn it did. There is then mutual
provocation and aggravation, and it is difficult to apportion the share of
blame which attaches to each fighter. The help of Exception 4 can be invoked
if death is caused (a) without premeditation, (b) in a sudden fight; (c) without
D the offender's having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual
manner; and (d) the fight must have been with the person killed. To bring a
case within Exception 4 all the ingredients mentioned in it must be found. It
is to be noted that the 'fight' occurring in Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC is
not defined in the IPC. It takes two to make a fight. Heat of passion requires
E that there must be no time for the passions to cool down and in this case,
the parties have worked themselves into a fury on account of the verbal
altercation in the beginning. A fight is a combat between two and more
persons whether with or without weapons. It is not possible to enunciate any
general rule as to what shall be deemed to be a sudden quarrel. It is a que'Stion
of fact and whether a quarrel is sudden or not must necessarily depend upon
F the proved facts of each case. For the application of Exception 4, it is not
sufficient to show that there was a sudden quarrel and there was no
premeditation. It must further be shown that the offender has not taken undue
advantage or acted in cruel or unusual manner. The expression 'undue
advantage' as used in the provision means 'unfair advantage'.
G 13. Where the offender takes undue advantage or has acted in a cruel
or unusual manner, the benefit of Exception 4 cannot be given to him. If the
weapon used or the manner of attack by the assailant is out of all proportion,
that circumstance must be taken into consideration to decide whether undue
advantage has been taken. In Kikar Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR (1993)
H SC 2426 it was held that if the accused used deadly weapons against the
KULESHMONDALv.STATE[PASAYAT,J.] 807
unarmed man and struck a blow on the head it must be held that giving the A
blows with the knowledge that they were likely to cause death, he had taken
undue advantage.

14. Considering the background facts in the light of the principle set out
above, the inevitable conclusion is that Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC is
applicable and the offence is relatable to Section 304 Part I and not Section B
302 IPC. That being, so the conviction is altered. Custodial sentence of I 0
years would meet the ends of justice.

15. The appeal is allowed to the aforesaid extent.

B.B.B. Appeal partly allowed. C