Holding

The payment of gratuity to the transferee company was an expenditure wholly laid out or expended for the purpose of the business and is an allowable deduction.

Summary

W.T. Suren & Co. Ltd transferred its distribution unit to Rallis India Ltd, terminating the employment of the unit's staff. Employees were offered similar jobs with continuity of service; those who did not join received gratuity directly, while the assessee paid the gratuity due to those who joined to Rallis, which held the amount in trust for the employees. The assessee claimed this payment as a deduction under Section 10(2)(xv) of the 1922 Income‑Tax Act (equivalent to Section 37(1) of the 1961 Act). The tax officer disallowed the claim, the High Court upheld the disallowance, but the Tribunal allowed it. The Supreme Court held that the payment was an expenditure wholly laid out for the purpose of the business and therefore allowable, setting aside the High Court judgment.

Issues considered

Whether the gratuity amount paid by the assessee to the transferee company on behalf of the employees is deductible as a business expenditure under Section 10(2)(xv) of the Income‑Tax Act, 1922 (or Section 37(1) of the 1961 Act).

Legislation cited

Income Tax Act, 1922s. 10(2)(xv)
Income Tax Act, 1961s. 36(1)(ii), s. 37(1), s. 40A(7)

Subjects

gratuitybusiness expendituretax deductiontransfer of businesstermination of employmentSection 37(1)Section 10(2)(xv)trust accountcontinuity of service

Judgment

MIS W.T. SUREN AND CO. LTD. A

COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, BOMBAY

FEBRUARY 23, 1998

[SUJATA V. MANOHAR AND D.P. WADHWA, JJ.] B
+

Income Tax Act, 1922 : Section J0(2)(xv).

Income Tax--AY 1960-61-Business Expenditure-Gratuity-Payment
of-By assessee to the transferee-company on tranifer of a part of its business- C
Deductability of-A.ssessee, a private limited company, stopped and traniferred
the activities of its distribution unit to the transferee-However, other business
of assessee continued-Assessee terminated sen1ices of the employees of that
distribution unit-Transferee offered these employees similar employment
with continuity of sen1ice and assured payment ofgratuity due to them under
it together with that accrued to them on the date of their termination if the D
amount thereof was higher than that calculated under the transferee's
scheme- -Assessee paid gratuity to those who did not join the transferee-
company-Ho11'ever, the assessee, not of its own accord but at the instance
and on behalf of the employees who joined the transferee, paid to the
transferee-company the amount ofgratuity due to such employees-Transferee
put the amount in trust in a separate account exclusively for paying the same E
to such employees with the further gratuity due on account ofservice rendered
with the transferee-Held: In the circumstances of the case, the amount of
gratuity paid by the assessee to the transferee-company is an expenditure
wholly laid out or expended for the purpose of business and thus an
allowable expenditure-Income Tax Act, 1961, S.37(1). F
The appellant-assessee, a private limited company, stopped the activities
of its distribution unit which business was taken over the transferee-company.
However, the other business of the assessee continued. The employees working
in the said distribution unit became surplus resulting in termination of their
services. The transferee-company offered these employees similar G
employment with continuity of service and right to receive gratuity due
under it together with that accrued to them on the date of their termination
.l if the amount thereof was higher then that calculated under the scheme of
the transferee-company. The assessee paid gratuity directly to those
employees who did not join the tran~feree-company. However, the assessee,
not of its own accord but at the instance and on behalf of the employees who H
1069
1070 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] l S.C.R.

A ,joined the tramferee-company, paid to the transfercc-com1iany the amount
due to these employees. Transferee-company put this amount in trust in a
se1iarate account exclusively for paying the gratuity to these employee with
further gratuity due on account of sen•ice rendered in the transferee-
com1iany.

B In its income tax return for the assessment year 1960-61 the assessee
claimed the amount of gratuity paid to the transferee-company as deduction
under Section 10(2)(xv) of the Income Tax Act, 1922. The h1come Tax Officer
disallowed the claim of deduction. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner
upheld the view of the Income Tax Officer. The Income Tax Appellate Tribunal
C allowed the appeal filed by the assessee. The High Comi allowed the appeal
field by the respondent-Revenue. Hence this appeal.

Allowing the appeal, this Court
HELD : 1. In the present case, the amount of gratuity which was paid
to the transferee-company on behalf of the employees was not on account
D of tran~fer of the distribution unit of the assessee but on account of stopping
of that business and the employees working in that unit becoming surplus
resulting in termination of their sen•ices. Other business of the assessee
continued. Payment of gratuity amount to the transferee-company was not
made by the assessee of its own but at the instance of and on behalf of the
E employees whose services though terminated in the assessee-company were
taken over by the transferee-company with the promise of continuity of
service in the transferee-company. As far as the assessee is concerned, it
was bound to make payment of gratuity to the employees whose sen·ices were
terminated, and in fact, the employees who did not join the transferee-
company were directly were paid gratuity. Instead of those employees getting
F the gratuity amount directly, got that amount paid to the transferee-company
who put that account in trust in a separate account for the exclusive use of
the transferred employees and payable to them after their services in the
transferee-company terminated includini; the gratuity due on account of
service rendered in the transferee-company as per the scheme relating to
G gratuity of that company. Payment of amount of gratuity to the transferee-
company was made as per the scheme of the assessee and it was not an ex-
gratia or some isolated payment. It was never disputed and, in fact, no
question raised if the services of the employee~ of the assessee were not
terminated and that being the position, the obligation of the assessee to make
payment of gratuity to its employees was an obligation in praesenti. Therefore,
H
W.T. SUREN AND CO. LTD. v. C.l.T. (D.P. WADHWA, J.] 1071
the payment of gratuity by the assessee to the transferee-company in the A
circumstances of the case was an expenditure wholly laid out or expended
for the purpose of the business of the assessee and was an allowable deduction.
(1088-A-H; 1089-A)
C/Tv. Standard Furniture Co. Ltd., (1979) 116 ITR 751 (Ker), C!Tv.
Sarada Binding Works, (1985) 152 ITR 520 (Mad) and CJTv. Salem Megnesite B
Pvt. Ltd., (1991) 189 ITR 154 (Born), approved.

CITv. W. T Suren & Co. Ltd., (1982) 138 ITR 91; (Bom), Stanes Motors
(South India) Ltd. v. CIT, (1975) 100 ITR 788 (Mad) and CJTv. Salem Bank
Ltd., (1979) 109 (TR 224 (Mad), overruled.
c
CIT v. Grmini Cashew Sales Corporation, (1967) 65 ITR 643d, held
inapplicable.

Calcutta Co. Ltd. v. CIT, (1959) 37 ITR 1 and CJTv. Sri Venkateswara
Bank Ltd., (1979) 120 ITR 207 (Mad), referred to.
D
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 479 of
1985.

From the Judgment and Order dated 29.4.81 of the Bombay High Court
in I. T. R. No. 146of1971.
E
Joseph Vellapally, Dinesh Mathur for .M/s. JBD & Co. for the Appellant.

T.L.V. Iyer, Ms. Shashi Kiran, (Harish Chandra) for B.K. Prasad for the
Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by F
D.P. WADHWA, J. This is assessee's appeal against judgment dated
April 29, 1981 of the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court on a reference
under Section 66(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1922 (1922 Act, for short) on the
following question:
G
"Whether on the facts and in the circums,ances of the case, the
payment of gratuity in the sum of Rs. 4,08,622/- which the assessee
made to Mis. Rallies India Ltd., was an allowable deduction?"

The High Court answered the question in favour of the revenue and
against the assessee. H
1072 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1998] \ S.C.R.

A As to how the reference arose, we may notice a few facts. The assessee,
a private limited company, was wholly owned subsidiary of Rallis India Ltd.
One of its activities was the distribution of the products of Mis. Taddington
Chemical factory Private Ltd. which was also another wholly owned subsidiary
of the Rallis India Ltd. With effect from May I, 1959 the assessee closed its
B unit for distribution of the products of Taddington Chemical Factory Private
Ltd. which business was taken over by Rallis India Ltd. On April 22, 1959,
the assessee wrote letters to employees working in the unit dealing with
distribution stating that arrangements had been made for the business
conducted by the assessee to be taken over by Rallis India Ltd. and that the
transfer would take effect from May 1, 1959. By this letter the employees were
C further informed that arrangements had also been made whereby all the
employees of the assessee of the distribution unit would be offered similar
employment with Rallis India Ltd. on and from May 1, 1959. The employees
were, therefore, informed that their employment was to cease on and from
April 30, 1959. The employees were further told as under:

D "(A) If , for any reason, any member of the staff does not wish to
accept employment with Rallis India Ltd., retiring gratuity on the
normal scale will be paid to him on the close of his service with us
as also one month's salary in lieu of notice.

(B).. .
E
(C)... .

(D) You will see that, in their offer ·Of employment, Rallis India Ltd.
undertake that, if you accept service with them from !st May, I 959,
it shall be assumed that there has been no break or interruption in
F your employment and they undertake to assume liability to pay on
that basis any retrenchment compensation that may become payable
in the event of any subsequent retrenchment."

By separate letter of the same date Rallis India Private Ltd. also informed
the employees of the assessee offering employment with that company from
G May I, 1959 on the following terms and conditions:

"I. The General terms and conditions, grades and rates of pay are set
out in the terms of services of which a copy is attached.
+
2. Your actual work and position in the office will remain as it has been
H herebefort:.
W.T. SUREN AND CO. LTD. v. C.I.T. [D.P. WADHWA, J.] 1073
3.... A
4....

5. As mentioned by W.T. Suren and Co. Private Ltd. In their separate
letter to you of today's date, we confim1 that your past service with
W.T. Suren and Co. Private Ltd. shall count as continuous with future B
service with Rallis India Limited and that the change of employment
on !st May, 1959 shall not constitute a break in or intenuption of
employment and we hereby assume liability to pay on that basis any
retrenchment compensation that may become payable in the event of
any subsequent retrenchment.
c
If you accept this offer of employment, will you please sign and return
to us immediately the letter of acceptance which is attached."

Some of the employees of the assessee did accept the offer given by
Rallis India Ltd. and some did not. On May I, 1959 Rallis India Ltd. issued
a circular No.1/59/60 to all the members of the staff. A part of the circular D
concerned payment of gratuity to the employees who had come from the
assessee and this was to the following effect:

"Re : Gratuity.

In order to dispel any doubt which might have arisen from our letter E
of appointment dated 22nd April, 1959, we wish to make it clear that
continuity of service will operate in all respect, including the
computation of gratuity. In this respect, as there may be certain cases
in which there will be difference between the gratuity accrued in the
service ofW.T. Suren and Co. Private Ltd. and the gratuity as calculated F
under our gratuity scheme, it is understood that any members of the
staff so affected will, on leaving the company be paid the gratuity
accrued to them in the service ofW.T. Suren and Co. Pvt. Ltd. as at
30th April. 1959, if it is higher than the gratuity as calculated under
our scheme." G
1-- The assessee had announced a gratuity scheme for its employees on
August 31, 1953. It is as under :

"The Management have pleasure in announcing a gratuity scheme for
the members of the staff as under :- H ·
1074 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] 1 S.C.R.

A No. of completed For each year of service
Years of service. Gratuity equivalent to:-

5, 6, and 7....... Half-a-month's basic salary.

8 and 9 3/4 month's basic salary.
B
IO and above ........ I month's basic salary with
a maximum of 15 month's or
Rs. 15,000 which is lower.

Gratuity will not be payable to those staff members who have been
C dismissed for misconduct, etc. The above Scheme is being introduced
as from 1-9-1953."

In respect of the employees whose services had been terminated and
who had accepted the offer to join Rallis India Ltd. with continuity of service
as offered their gratuity amounting to Rs. 4,10, 177.75 was paid over by the
D assessee to Rallis India Ltd. on April 30, 1959. This amount was held by Rallis
India Ltd. on trust for the benefit of the staff of the assessee and a declaration
was made to the effect that Rallis India Ltd. had no beneficial interest in the
said sum of Rs. 4, 10, 177.75 or any part thereof. Though a part of the business
of the assessee was closed and taken over by Rallis India Ltd. the other
E business of the assessee continued. In its return of income for the assessment
year 1960-61 the assessee claimed the amount of Rs.4,08,622 as deduction.
The Income-tax Officer was, however, of the view that the correct procedure
was that Rallis India Ltd. alone would be entitled to claim the amount when
paid by them to the employees of the assessee at the time of their respective
retirement. He, therefore, declined to allow the claim of deduction of gratuity
F to tl1e assessee. Being aggrieved the assessee appealed to the Appellate
Assistant Commissioner contending that payment of gratuity to Rallis India
Ltd. should be held to be an allowable deduction on the ground that the
assesses had a liability to pay such amount on the date when the employees
of the assessee were transferred to Rallis India Ltd. It was also the contention
G ·of the assessee that the amount of gratuity was actually paid to trustees of
Rallies India Ltd. and that, therefore, the payment of the gratuity to the
trustees should be treated as the discharge of the liability of the assessee.
The Appellate Assistant Conunissioner concurring with tl1e Income-tax Officer
held that there was no actual termination of the services of tile employees and
the discharge of the liability in question was capital in nature and he also
H rejected tile claim of tile assessee. The appeal was then taken by tile assessee
W.T. SUREN AND CO. LTD. v. C.I.T. [D.P. WADHWA,J.] 1075

to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal where again the assessee asserted that A
the payment of the amount to Rallis India Ltd, had been necessitated by
business considerations viz., to keep the employees contented and satisfied
and, therefore, the amount should be allowed as a deduction. It was also
submitted that the assessee had addressed a letter dated April 23, 1959 to its
employees about ceasing of their employment on and from April 30, 1959.
According to assessee this letter terminated the services of the employees B
and the assessee was bound to pay gratuity till that point of time. It, therefore
could not be said that there existed no liability to pay any gratuity. It was also
submitted that if the assessee had not paid the gratuity amount to Rallis India
Ltd. the employees were well within their legal right to claim it from assessee.
Revenue on the other hand asserted that the employees had waived their C
claim with the assessee in regard to their gratuity and, t11erefore, no liability
survived in tl1e hands of t11e assessce. Revenue also submitted that the
payment made to Rallis India Ltd., was in pursuance of an arrangement with
the assessee who was ceasing to carry on its main business activities which
formed the structure of the assessee and thus this was nothing but in tl1e
nature of transfer of business by the assessee to Rallis India Ltd. According D
to the revenue, t11erefore, payment was rightly treated as not deductible from
the business income of the assessee company. After considering rival
contentions of the parties, Tribunal allowed the appeal in favour of the
assesses. Tribunal held that there was termination of employment of the
employees from the service of the assessee and also that there was valid E
discharge of the payment of gratuity; that assessee was still functioning and
payment of gratuity amount was rightly claimed as deduction. At the instance
of the revenue, the Tribunal referred t11e' aforesaid question to the High Court
for its opinion. No question if there was termination of the services of the
employees of assessee was sought to be referred or that if tlle assessee was
still functioning. High Court in the impugned judgment answered the question F
in favour of the revenue and against t11e assessee holding that the amount
paid by the assessee to Rallis India Ltd. could not be considered as a
payment of gratuity to the employees of the assessee and could not, therefore,

- be held to be an allowable deduction for the purpose of Section 10(2)(xv) of
t11e Income-tax Act, 1922. High Court said that since the employees had been G
given the benefit or continuity of employment, in law, there was no retirement
from employment of the assessee giving rise to the right in favour of the
employees to claim gratuity from the assessee. In this circumstances, it was
of the view that the amount paid to Mis. Rallis India Ltd. by the assessee
could not be considered as a payment of gratuity to the employees and could
not, therefore, be held to be allowable deduction for the purpose of Section H
1076 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] l S.C.R.

A 10(2)(xv) of the 1922 Act. High Court referred to a number of judgments of
other courts but it was t11e judgment of tl1is Court which fom1ed ilie base for
t11e impugned decision and tl1at was Commissioner ofIncome Tax. Kera/av.
Gemini Cashew Sales Corporation, (1967) 65 ITR 643. This judgment
considered the question if retrenclunent compensation payable under Section
25FF of ilie Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 constituted allowable deduction
B which was answered in negative, in favour of tl1e Revenue. High Court, '-·
however, granted certificate of fitness to appeal to iliis Court under Section
261 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (for short, '1961 Act') as in its opinion ilie
question involved in the present case was a substantial question of law of
general importance which needed to be decided by iliis Court. The impugned
C judgment is reported in (1982) 138 ITR 91.

Before we consider t11e rival contentions, we may note down t11e relevant
provisions of law botl1 in 1922 Act and 1961 Act.

I. T. ACT. 1922
D
"10 - Business. (1) The tax shall be payable by an assessee under t11e
head "Profits and gains of business, profession or vocation" in respect
of ilie profits and gains of any business, profession or vocation
carried on by him.

E (2) Such profits or gains shall be computed after making ilie following
allowances, namely:-

xxx xxx xxx

(x) any sum paid to an employee as bonus or commission for services
F rendered, where such sum would not have been payable to him as
profits or dividend if it had not been paid as bonus or commissions:

Provided iliat ilie amount of ilie bonus or commission is of a reasonable
amount witl1 reference to:-

G (a) ilie pay of tl1e employee and tl1e conditions of his service,

(b) ilie profits of tl1e business, profession or vocation for t11e year in
question; and

(c) ilie general practice in similar business, professions vocations;
H xxx xxx xxx
W.T. SUREN AND CO.LTD. v. C.J.T. [D.P. WADHWA,J.] 1077
(»"V) any expenditure not being an allowance of the nature described A
in any of the clauses (i) to (xiv) inclusive, and being in the nature of
capital expenditure or personal expenses of the assessee laid out or
expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of such business,
profession or vocation."

l.T. A.CT, 1961 B
"36.(1) The deductions provided for in the following clauses shall be
allowed in respect of the matters dealt with therein, in computing the
income referred to in Section 28-

Q) .............................. .. c
(ii) any sum paid to an employee as bonus or commission for services
rendered, where such sum would not have been payable to him as
profits or dividend if it had not been paid as bonus or commission.

37. (1) Any expenditure (not being ex'Penditure of the nature described D
in sections 30 to 36 and not being in the nature of capital expenditure
or personal ex'Penses of the assessee), laid out or expended wholly
and exclusively for the purposes of the business or profession shall
be allowed in computing the income chargeable under the head "Profits
and gains of business or profession"
E
It may be noticed that provisions where no deduction shall be allowed
in respect of any provision made by the assessee for the payment of gratuity
to his employees on their retirement or on termination of their employment for
any reason was made in the Income Tax Act, 1961 by Section 40A(7) introduced
by the Finance Act w.e.f. April 1, 1973.
F
It was submitted by Mr. Vellapally that High Court went wrong in
holding that there was no termination of the services of the employees of the
assessee. He said the High Court wrongly addressed itself to this· question
of termination of services of the employees of assessee which had never been
referred to it and the consequent error committed by the High Court when the
High Court did not in effect refer to the question referred to it. Commenting G
on the decision of the Supreme Court in Gemini Cashew Sales Corporation
(Supra) Mr. Vellapally said it was distinguishable and submitted that
retrenchment compensation payable to an employee was not the same thing
as gratuity. While right to gratuity accrue year after year and is payable at
the termination of employment voluntarily or otherwise except when it is on H
1078 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998) l S.C.R.

A account of misconduct, the right to retrenchment is not always by reason of
closure of the unit or otherwise termination of employment. If the employees
did not suffer any disadvantage on being taken over by Rallis India Ltd. it
was the affair of the transferee company but it could not be said that there
was no termination of services of the employees of the assessee. Mr. Iyer,
learned counsel for revenue, did not dispute the fact that there was valid
B termination of services of the employees of the assessee. It was submitted
by the assessee that the amount in question was certainly business expense
and it was the liability of the assessee in praesenti and was discharged by
making over the payment to Rallis India Ltd., on behalf of the employees. If
we consider the balance-sheet of Rallis India Ltd. the amount in question did
C not form part of its profits and loss account. It was not a revenue receipt. It
entered in the balance-sheet as trust amount. Mr. Vellapally said as to how
the amount is received and utilised by Rallis India Ltd., the transferee, is also
a relevant consideration. If the service of the employee is terminated, he
would become entitled to the payment of gratuity as per the scheme of the
assessee and instead of getting the amount directly it was paid to Rallis India
D Ltd. which created trust for tl1at amount for the employees so transferred from
assessee to it. This amount could not be forfeited by the transferee company
even if an employee transferred from assessee is ultimately dismissed on the
ground of alleged misconduct. He may in that case forfeit his right to get
gratuity from Rallis India Ltd. accruing to him after May 1, 1959 while in the
E service of Rallis India Ltd. Mr. Vellapally, in support of his submissions, relied
upon a Full Bench decision of Kerala High Court in Commissioner ofIncome-
Tax. Kera/av. Standard Furniture Co. Ltd., 116 ITR Kerala 751; Commissioner
ofIncome-Tax, Tamil Nadu-JII v. Venkaeswara Bank Ltd., (1979) 120 ITR Mad
207; Commissioner ofIncome-Tax v. Sarada Binding Works, (1985) 152 ITR
F (Mad) 520 and Commissioner of Income-Tax v. Salem Magnisite Pvt. Ltd,
(1991) 189 ITR (BOM) 154.

Mr.. Iyer in response said the amount was not paid for carrying on the
business of the assessee and rather it was for closing its business and
therefore could not be business ell.-pense deductible under Section 10(2)(xv)
G of the old Act. It was submitted that the arrangement of payment of amount
to Mis. Rallis India Ltd. by the assessee was between these two parties and ~
the employees of the assessee were not to fall back upon it for payment of
gratuity. There was, therefore, no liability existed for the assessee to pay the
gratuity to the employees. In suppcrt of his submissions he relied on three
H judgments of the Madras High Court in Stanes Motors (South India) Ltd. v.
+-
W.T. SUREN AND CO. LTD. v. C.I.T. [D.P. WADHWA, J.] 1079

Commissioner ofIncome-Tax, Madras, (1975) 100 !TR 341; Commissioner of A
Income-Tax, Madras-11 v. Pathinen Orama Arya Vysya Bank Ltd. (1977) 109
!TR 788; and Commissioner of Income-Tax. Tamil Nadu-Illv. Salem Bank
Ltd., (1979) 109 !TR 224. These three judgments were considered by the
Madras High Court itself in its later judgment in Commissioner ofIncome-Tax
v. Sarada Binding Works, (1985) 152 ITR 520. Mr. Vellapally pointed out that B
the impugned judgment was considered by the Bombay High Court in
Commissioner ofIncome-Tax v. Salem Magesite Pvt. Ltd, (1991) 189 ITR 154
where it was distinguished. Mr. Tyer's stress was that the ratio of judgments
cited by him was here the expense was not laid down for the business of the
assessee and so was not deductible and that it was not for conducting or
carrying on the business of th.e assessee but for closing the same. But then C
what we find is that before tlie Tribunal and in the High Court, the whole
edifice of the department was built on the stand that there was no termination
of employment of the employees by the assessee and as such no liability had
arisen and that the assessee was not liable to pay any gratuity. It was,
however, admitted that there was no dispute as to the fact that gratuity would
be allowable deduction as and when it becomes payable. The contention of D
the Revenue was that so far as the assessee was concerned, there. was no
liability for payment of gratuity to the employees directly arising as the
employees would have to look fonvard to their claim of gratuity from Mis.
Rallis India Ltd.
E
Since many a judgment of the Madras and Kerala High Courts rendered
earlier to Full Bench of the Kerala High Court and of Sarada Binding Works
of Madras High Court extensively relied upon the decision of this Court in
Gemini Cashew Sales Corporation's case, we may consider that judgment in
somewhat detail.
F
In Commissioner of Income Tax, Kera/a v. Gemini Cashew Sales
Corporation, (1967) 65 ITR 643 question before this Court \vas whether the
allowance of Rs. 141506 constituted an allowable eXpenditure in the assessment
of the firm for the year 1958-59 being retrenchment compensation payable
under Section 25FF of the Industrial Disputes Act. The facts giving rise to G
tl1e question were that there were two partners constituting the finn. One
partner died on August 24, 1957 and the partnership stood dissolved. The
business was taken over and continued by the surviving partner on his own
account. The services of tile employees of the finn were not interrupted and
there was no alteration in the terms of their employment. It was urged that
since the firm stood dissolved on August 24, 1957 and the undertaking \vas H
1080 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] l S.C.R.

A transferred, the employees became entitled to retrenchment compensation
which the fim1 was liable to pay. Though the assessee failed in its claim before
the Income-tax Officer and Appellant Assistant Commissioner, the Appellate
Tribunal held that :he firm was entitled to deduct tl1e sum of Rs. 1,41,506 in
computation of its income in tl1e assessment year 1958-59. Kerala High Court
on reference made to it at the instance of the revenue agreed with the view
B of the Appellate Tribunal and said tl1at the firm could claim as permissible
outgoing amount for which liability was incurred though no actual payment
was made to workmen since tl1e fim1 was maintaining accounts on mercantile
system,. This Court noticed the provisions of Section 25F and 25FF of the
Industrial Disputes Act and also tl1e proviso to Section 25FF which provided
C that no retrenchment compensation would be payable where there has been
a change of employers by reason of the transfer of -

"(a) the service of the workman has not been interrupted by such
transfer;
(b) the terms and conditions of service applicable to the workman
D after such transfer are not in any way less favrouable to tile workman ·<
than those applicable to him immediately before the transfer; and

(c) the new employer is, under the terms of such transfer or otilerwise,
legally liable to pay to the workman, in the event of his retrenchment,
compensation on the basis tl1at his service has been continuous and
E has not been interrupted."

This Court said:
"Liability to pay retrenchment compensation arises under Section
25FF when there is a transfer of tl1e ownership or management of an
F undertaking: it arises on tile transfer of the undertaking and not
~
before. Transfer of ownership or management of an undertaking in law
operates, except in the conditions set out in the proviso, as
retrenchment of the workmen. But until there is a transfer of the

G
undertaking resulting in determination of employment, the workmen
do not become entitled to retrenchment compensation. So long as the
ownership of the business continues with the employer, the right of
--
the workmen to claim compensation remains contingent. A workman 1
may, before the transfer of ownership of the business, himself tenninate
the employment: or he may die or he may become superannuated: in
none of these cases the owner of the business is under any obligation
H to pay retrenchment compensation to the workman. The obligation to
+
W.T. SUREN AND CO. LTD. v. C.l.T. [D.P. WADHWA,J.] 1081
pay compensation becomes definite only when there is retrenchment A
by the employers, or when the ownership or management of the
undertaking is, except in the cases contemplated by the proviso,
transferred to a new employer, and not till then. The right therefore
arises from determination of employment, or from transfer of the
undertaking: it has no existence before these events take place."
B
This Court also referred to its earlier judgment in Calcutta Co, Ltd. v.
Commissioner of Income-Tax, (1959) 37 ITR 1. It said that in that case,
expenditure which it was estimated had to be incurred to discharge an existing
and definite obligation enforceable against the assessee in praesenti was held
a pennissible deduction in the commutation of income.
c
This Court held that the amount claimed as a permissible allowance by
the assessee in its profit and loss account cannot, in its judgment, be regarded
as properly admissible either under Section 10(1) or Section 10(2)(v) of the
1922 Act. This is how the Court said:

"As already observed, the liability to pay retrenchment compensation
D
arose for the first time after the closure of the business and not
before. It arose not in the carrying on of the business, but on account
of the transfer of the business. During the entire period that the
business was continuing, there was no liability to pay retrenchment
compensation. TI1e liability which arose on transfer of the business E
was not of a revenue nature. Profits of a business involve comparison
between the state of the business at two sp.ecific dates. Normally the
liability which occurs after the last date, unless its source is in a pre-
existing definite obligation, cannot be regarded as a part of the
outgoing of the business debitable in the profit and loss account. A
deduction which is proper and necessary for ascertaining the balance F
of profits and gains of the business is undoubtedly properly allowable,
but where a liability to make a payment arises not in the course of the
business, not for the purpose of carrying on the business, but springs
from the transfer of the business, it is not in our judgment, a properly
debitable item in its profit and loss account as a revenue outgoing. G
The claim of the firm to treat it as an item in the determination of the
profits of the firm under section JO(l) of the Income-tax Act cannot,
therefore, be sustained.

Under section 10(2) (x-v) of the Indian Income-tax Act in the
computation of taxable profits (omitting parts of the clause not material) H
-t
1082 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] l S.C.R.

A "any expenditure laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the
purpose of such business, profession or vocation", i.e., business,
profession or vocation carried on by the assesses." is a permissible
allowance. But to be a permissible allowance the expenditure must be
for the pm:pose of carrying on the business. Where accounts are
maintained on the mercantile system, if liability to make the payment
B has arisen during the time the business is carried on, it may appropriately
t
be regarded as expenditure. But where the liability is, during the whole
of the period that the business is carried on, wholly contingent and
does not raise any definite obligation during the time that the business
is carried on, it cannot fall within the expression "expenditure laid out
c or expended wholly ancl exclusively" for the pmpose of the business."

The Tribunal when decided the matter in favour of the appellant in the
present case referred to the aforesaid statement of Jaw by this Court in the
case of the same Gemini Cashew Sales Corporation and observed that facts
in the case before it were not the same as before the Supreme Court in that
D case. In our view, the Tribunal was just right.

In Stanes Motors (South India) Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax,
Madras, (1975) 100 ITR 341 (Mad), the assessee claimed deduction of Rs.
56275 under section 37 of the 1961 Act which amount represented gratuity
E payment to its employees transferred to the new company. The amount was
calculated on the basis of the scheme of the assessee and was from the
pension and gratuity reserve of the assessee. The claim of the assessee that
the amount was paid in the discharge of the liability of gratuity to the
employees transferred to the new company and hence allowable as deduction
was negatived. High Court relied on the decision of this Court in Gemini
F Cashew Sales Corporation's case. It observed as under:

"As already pointed out the liability to make payment to the employees
had not arisen during the accounting period. The liability if at all was
wholly contingent. The transfer of gratuity reserve from the assessee-
company to the new company did not also arise in the course of the
G business or for the purpose of carrying on the business but springs
from the transfer of the business. Therefore, it cannot be said the
expenditure was laid out or eiqJended wholly or exclusively for the
purpose of business or it was a properly debitable item in its profit
and loss account as a revenue outgoing. For the foregoing reasons
H we answer the first question in the negative and against the assessee."
W.T. SUREN AND CO. LTD. v. C.l.T. [D.P. WADHWA, J.] 1083
In C!Tv. Pathinen Grama Arya 1".vsya Bank Ltd., (1977) 109 ITR 788 A
(Mad) question before the High Court was whether a sum of Rs. 18931 which
formed part of the total sum transferred by the assessee to the Karur Vysya
Bank Ltd., by way of gratuity to the employees for the services rendered to
it, was admissible as a deduction. Again relying on the aforesaid decision in
Gemini Cashew Sales Corporation's case, the High Court said that the B
principle of the decision of the Supreme Court relating to retrenchment
compensation to the employees equally applied to the payment of gratuity to
the employees of an assessee whose business had been transferred to another
and where the transferee took over the employees with the benefit of continuity
of service.
In Commissioner of Income-Tax, Tamil Nadu-Illv. Sri Venkateswara
c
Bank Ltd,. (1979) 120 ITR 207 (Mad), the assessee transferred a substantial
part of its business to the Indian Overseas Bank Ltd. At the time of tl1e
transfer, tlle assessee paid a sum of Rs. 20,032 as "gratuity" to its employees
and claimed tl1e same as deduction in tlle computation· of its income. The
question before the High Court was whether on tlle facts and in circumstances D
of tlle case, the Appellate Tribunal was right in allowing the said sum as
admissible deduction under Section 36(l)(ii) or under Section 37(1) of the 1961
Act. The Income-tax Officer referred to tlle amount as "retrenchment
compensation" while tlle assessee claimed it as gratuity. The High Court said
tliat in eitlier case, tlie amount cannot be allowed as deduction under Section E
36( l )(ii). It was found tllat tlle assessee was continuing to carry on its
business. High Court observed as under:
"The point now to be considered _is whetller tlle payment of gratuity
witll reference to its employees who were found to be smplus at tlle
time of tlle transfer of a part of the business is an allowable deduction
under s.37(1). A payment made in tlle course of carrying on its F
business as gratuity cannot be equated to a terminal payment on the
closure of the business so as to be disallowed. There was no closure
on tlle facts. Therefore, such a claim cafillot .also be equated to a
payment made at the time of the transfer of the undertaking of the
assessee as in the cases cited. It is not necessary, tllerefore, to go G
into tlle decision in C/Tv. Gemini Cashew Sales Corporation, (1967)
65 !TR 643 SC and C/Tv. Pathinem Grama Arya Vysya Bank Ltd.,
(1977) 109 ITR 788 Mad. Those are cases where there had been a
cessation of tlle business or a transfer of tlle undertaking as such. On
tlle facts found, the assessee will be eligible for tlle allowance under
s.37(1). The several clauses under s.36 do not apply here. The question H
1084 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] l S.C.R.

A is, therefore, answered in the affirmative as far as allowability under
s.3 7 is concerned and in favour of the assessee."

In Commissioner of Income-Tax, Tamil Nadu-111 v. Salem Bank Ltd.
(1979) 120 ITR 224 (Mad), the assessec transferred its banking business to
the Indian Bank Ltd. and deposited a sum of Rs. 37,560 with the transferee
B bank for the purpose of ultimate disbursement to its 27 employees (who were
transferred to .the Indian Bank Ltd.) for the purpose of ultimate disbursement
to them at the time of their retirement or earlier as per the provisions of the
gratuity scheme of the assessee. The amount was claimed as expenditure
under Section 36(1) (ii) or Section 37(1) of the 1961 Act. The plea of the
C assessee of its case falling under Section 36(l)(ii) was not considered. The
Court distinguished its earlier judgment in the case of Sri Venkateswara Bank
Ltd. (1979) 120 ITR 207 (Mad) and said that Section 37(1) was not attracted
in the case and the question referred to it was answered in negative in favour
of the revenue and against the assessee. The Court observed that liability to
pay gratuity could not be said to have reason at the time of the transfer as
D a result of the assessee carrying on its business. It said that firstly there was
no present liability to pay gratuity and the amount had been deposited with
the transferee bank only in pursuance of understanding or agreement between
two and not on the basis of the liability which has accrued on the date of
transfer and that if the transfer had not taken place, the assessee's liability
E would arise as when a particular employee got a right or receive gratuity as
per the sch~:me applicable to the assessee. The court, therefore, said that a
liability which could not have been there if the business was continued in the
year of account and which arose as a result of the transaction under which
the business of the assessee had been transferred could not be said to be
an expenditure incurred for the purpose carrying on the business in the
F accounting year in question.

In C!Tv. Standard Furniture Co. Ltd., (1979) 116 !TR 751 (Ker) (Full
Bench), the question before the court was whether the ex'}Jenditure of Rs.
44,44,988 was an ex'}Jenditure incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose
of the business within the meaning of Section 37(1) of the l.T. Act 1961 as
G •
applied to the assessment year 1971-72. In this case the assessee went into
voluntary liquidation. It sold its stock and machinery to one Sudarsan Trading
Company for a consideration of Rs. 20,09,962. The purchaser agreed to take
over the services of such of the assessee's employees to whom the provisions
of the Industrial Disputes Act applied. Under a provision of law relating to
H payment of gratuity as in force in the State of Kerala, the assessee had
W.T. SUREN AND CO. LTD. v. C.l.T. (D.P. WADHWA, .I.] 1085
incurred a liability for the payment of gratuity to its workers which was A
estimated at Rs. 4,44,988. Liability of the assessee for payment of this amount
was agreed to be paid by the purchaser at a future date. The purchaser paid
the purchase price of the stock and machinery of the assessee minus the
amount of gratuity payable to the employees which arrangement was made
with the consent of the concerned employees. The High Court considered B
various judgments of the High Courts and also that of this Court in Gemini
Cashew Sales Corporation and held that the amount in question was an
expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the business
of the assessee within the meaning of Section 37(1) of the 1961 Act. It upheld
the view of the Appellate Tribunal that liability for payment to which the
employer was subject under the local Gratuity Act, to the workers was an C
expenditure wholly and exclusively laid out or expended for the purpose of
the business of the assessee. The court disagreed with the view of the
revenue that the incurring of expenditure for payment of gratuity much ahead
of the actual time for payment of gratuity could not amount to an expenditure
incurred "wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the business''.
D
r
In C/Tv. Sarada Binding Works, (1985) 152 !TR 520 Mad the High Court
struck a different note. It had the advantage of the Full Bench decision of the
Kerala High Court in Standard Furniture Company Ltd., (l 979) 116 ITR 751
Kerala. In this case the assessee, a registered firm, was doing business in the
name Sarada Binding Works as also in the name ofChandamama Publications. E
Under an agreement, the assessee gave up possession of all the assets and
liabilities in Chandamama publications. On a settlement of the assets and
liabilities as described in the schedule to the agreement, the ex'cess of liabilities
over assets came to Rs. 67,687 and the assessee paid the said sum to the
transferee who succeeded to the business of Chandamama Publications. One
of the clauses of the agreement was that all the employees in that business F
would become employees of the transferee on terms no less favourab1c to
them with continuity of service. Liabilities as worked out in the schedule
included an amount of Rs.80,309 which was a provision for gratuity due to

- the employees of the business taken over by the transferee. The assessee
claimed this amount as deduction. The question before the High Court was G
whether the appellate tribunal was right, on the facts and in the circumstances
of the case, in allowing deduction of gratuity liability of Rs. 80,309.

The Court answered the question in favour of the assessee and against
the revenue holding that in respect of the business that was transferred
though the payment under the agreement was not made directly to the H
1086 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1998) I S.C.R.

A employees as such, the amount was paid for discharging the assessee's
liability to pay gratuity to its employees for the period ending with the date
of transfer and, hence, the payment should be taken to be a payment made
to discharge the assessee's liability for gratuity and, hence, had to be allowed
as a deduction.

B In CIT v. Salem Magnesite Pvt. ltd, (1991) 189 !TR 154 (Bom) the
services of the employees in one of the departments of the assessee were
discontinued which department was taken over by the State of Tamil Nadu.
The liability of the assessee in respect of payment of gratuity to its those
employees had become due which the assessee was prepared to pay to the
C employees directly. However, the concerned employees desired that the
payment be made to the State Government as they wanted to have advantage
of continuity of service. The State Government agreed to accept the proposal
and payment was made by the assessee to the State Government on behalf
of the employees. The Court, in which one of us was a party (Sujata V.
Manohar, J.) was of the view that the Tribunal was right in holding that the
D said amount was allowable as deduction in computing the taxable profits of
the assessee. Another question which was referred in that case for decision
of the court was:

"Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the
Tribunal should not have upheld the disallowance of the said amount
E
in view of the decision of the Bombay High Court in C/Tv. W.T. Suren
Co. ltd, (1982) 138 ITR 91?"

In answer to this question, the High Court distinguished the impugned
judgment by saying that no right to gratuity had accrued in favour of the
F employees whose services were alleged to have been terminated. This is how
the Court considered its earlier case in W. T. Suren and Co. Ltd :

"We have been taken through our decision in CIT v. W. T. Suren and
Co. Ltd, (1982) 138 !TR 91. In this case, no right to gratuity had
accrued in favour of the employees whose services were alleged to
G have been terminated. This was so in view of the assessee' s agreement
with the transferee-company to take them up in employment with
continuity of employment. There was thus no liability to pay gratuity
to the employees as such. The assessee-company had merely made
the payment in connection therewith to the transferee-company under
H an agreement.
'
-~

W.T. SUREN AND CO. LTD. v. C.I.T. [D.P. WADHWA,J.] 1087
In the present case, the assessee-company had not only computed A
the amount payable to the employees but was also willing to make
payment to them. It was the workers who did not want to receive t11e
payment direct as they wanted continuity of service. There were
negotiations between the workers and t11e Government of Tamil Nadu.
After the agreement between them, the assessee-company paid the B
said amount of Rs.44 lakhs to the Tamil Nadu Government. Thus, even
though the workers had the benefit of continuity of service, it was not
on account of the assessee-company but as a result of a separate
arrangement/agreement between t11e workers and the Government of
Tamil Nadu. This Court's decision in CJTv. W. T Suren and Co. Ltd.
(1982) 138 ITR 91 was, therefore, rightly distinguished." c
In our view, Kerala High Court in Standard Furniture Co. Ltd. 's, case
(116 ITR 751), Madras High Court in Sarada Binding Works, case (152 ITR
520) and Bombay High Court in Salem Magnesite Pvt. Ltd. 's, case (189 ITR
154) have rightly distinguished the judgment of this Court in Gemini Cashew D
r Sales Corporation's, case. Retrenchment compensation is not the same iliing
as gratuity. In Gemini Cashew Sales Corporation's case, this Court considered
the question of payment of retrenchment compensation under the provisions
of ilie Industrial Disputes Act. That Act contains the provisions under what
circumstances a workman is entitled to retrenchment compensation. While E
Section 25F of that Act prescribed conditions precedent to the retrenchment
of workmen, Section 25FF provides for compensation to workmen in case of
transfer of undertakings. Right to claim retrenchment compensation remains
contingent and there may be varying circumstances under which employment
may cease. Yet there may not be any right to such compensation, like death, F
retirement, resignation etc. Under Jaw right to retrenchment compensation
arises when employer terminates the employment or undertaking of the
employer is transferred and in the later case that too if the case does not fall
under the proviso to Section 25FF of the Industrial Disputes Act. Those
provisions cannot certainly be applied in the case of payment of gratuity. TI1e
scheme of gratuity as applicable to the members of the staff of ilie assessee G
provided as to how much gratuity would become due and payable to an
employee for each of service except to one who is dismissed for misconduct
etc. Gratuity is, tlms, payable on the tennination of employment of the employee
on any account except dismissal and calculated on the basis of number of
years of service and at the rate prescribed in the scheme. In the present case, H
1088 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1998] 1 S.C.R.

A the amount of gratuity which was paid to Mis. Rallis India Ltd. on behalf of
).
the employees was not on account of transfer of the distribution unit of the
assessee but on account of stopping of that business and the employees
working in that unit becoming smplus resulting in termination of their seivices.
Other business of the assessee, as held by the Tribunal, continued. Payment
B of gratuity amount to Mis. Rallis India Ltd. was not made by the assessee
of its own but at the instance and on behalf of the employees whose seivices
though terminated in the assessee company were taken over by Mis. Rallis
India Ltd. with the promise of continuity of seivice in Mis. Rallis India Ltd.
As far as the assessee is concerned, it was bound to make payment of
gratuity to the employees whose seivices were terminated and, in fact, as
C noticed above, the employees who did not join Mis. Rallis India Ltd. were
directly paid gratuity. Assessee was obliged to pay gratuity to those employees
who had joined Mis Rallis India Ltd. Instead of those employees getting the
gratuity amount directly, got that amount paid to Mis. Rallis India Ltd., who
put that amount in trust in a separate account for the exclusive use of t11e
D transferred employees and payable. to them after their seivices in Mis. Rallis
India Ltd. terminated including the gratuity due on account of seivice rendered
in Mis. Rallis India Ltd. as per the scheme relating to gratuity of that company.
Payment of amount of gratuity to Mis Rallis India Ltd. was made as per the
scheme of the assessee and it was not an ex-gratia or some isolated payment.
E It was never disputed and, in fact, no question raised if the seivices of the
employees of the assessee were not terminated and that being the position,
the obligation of the assessee to make payment of gratuity to its employees
was an obligation in praesenti. Payment of gratuity amount to Mis. Rallis
India was with the consent of the employees transferred there. We are, thus,
of the view that payment of gratuity awarded by the assessee to Mis. Rallis
F India Ltd. in the circumstances of the case was an eiq1enditure wholly laid or
expended for the putpose of the business of the assessec and was allowable
deduction. It cannot certainly be said that it was an expenditure incurred
much allead of time as the seivices of the employees with the assessee were
terminated. Tribunal also found that the assessee was a going concern and
G only one of its department was closed. The assessee had not wound up all
of its affairs. Only a part of its business was closed and transferred to Mis.
Rallis India Ltd. in these circumstances, in our view, Tribunal was right in
holding that the payment of gratuity amount was not on account of closing
the business of the assessee but for the pUl]loSe of business of the assessee
H and, thus, entitled to deduction under clause (xv) of sub-section (2) of
W.T.SURENANDCO.LTD. v. C.l.T. [D.P. WADHWA,J.] 1089
Section 10of1922 Act corresponding to Section 37(1) of the 1961 Act. We, A
therefore, hold that the assessee, the appellant herein, is entitled to the
payment of gratuity amount of Rs. 4,08,622 made to Mis. Rallis India Ltd. as
an allowable deduction.

We allow the appeal, set aside the judgment of the High Court and
answer the question in affmnative in favour of the assessee and against the
revenue.

V.S.S. Appeal allowed.