MADAN LALversusSTATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

                                     MADAN LAL                                        A
                                            v.
                        STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

-'lo
                                   AUGUST 6, 1997

                       [G.N. RAY AND G.B. PATTANAIK, JJ.]                             B

             Indian Penal Code, 1860 :

              Section 376 read with Section 511-Attempt to commit rape-Order of
       acquittaf-Interference by appellate court-When-Held, there is no /imitation C
       on the part of the appellate court to review the evidence upon which an order
       of acquittal is founded-Appellate Court should interfere on being satisfied
       that the view taken by the trial court is unreasonable-If two views are possible
       on a set of evidence, the appellate court should not disturb the order of
       acquittal-Criminal Proce<fure Code, 1973, Section 386.                           D
              Section 376-0ffence of attempt to commit rape-Completion
       of-When-Accused failed to penetrate the erected penis into vagina but
       ejaculated upon robbing the private part of the victim-Held, the accused
       must have gone beyond the stage of preparatio11-Vnder the facts and cir-
       cumstanc~s. the offence of an attempt to commit rape has been clearly E
       established.

              Criminal Triaf-Sections 376 read with 511 !PC-Attempt to commit
       rape-Testimonial potency of victim's version-Assessment of-Held, the
       human psychology and behavioural probability must be looked into-No             p
       woman of honour would falsely accuse a person of committing rape since she
       sacrifices thereby what is dearest to her.

              Criminal Triaf-Sections 376 read with 511 !PC-Attempt to commit
       rape-Evidence of prosecutrix-Evaluation of-Held, the whole evidence has
       to be looked into and it cannot be examined by picking one statement in the G
       cross-examination to find out whether she is a trnthful witness or 1101.

             Appellant - accused was the Head Master of a School and was
       charged under Sections 376/511 I.P.C. read with S.342 for the commission
       of offence of "attempt to commit rape" of the prosecutrix, a student of the    H
                                          337
    338                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A same school. It was alleged that the appellant sent to prosecutrix and two
  other girls students, PWs 1 and 2, to his residence at about 9 A.M. for
  cooking his meal. The appellant came home between 10 A.M. and 11 A.M.
  and directed PWs 1 and 2 to leave but detained the prosecutrix for cleaning
  the utensils. Thereafter the appellant forced the prosecutrix for illicit
B sexual intercourse and allowed her to go home at 3 P.M. The mother of
  the prosecutrix, came only in the evening and the prosecutrix immediately
  narrated the incident to her mother, who accompanied by PWs 17 and 23
  gave a written report early morning on the next day to the police and a
  case was registered against the accused under Section 376/342 I.P.C. The
C Doctor who examined the prosecutrix found the hymen of the p~secutrlx
  intact and opined that no definite opinion could be given regarding the
  attempt of sexual intercourse.

          Trial Court acquitted the appellant ·accused of the said charges on
    the ground that the two material witnesses, PWs-1 and 2, have not sup-
D   ported the prosecution case; that the prosecutrix and PWs 1 and 2 were
    absent from the school on the relevant day after 9 A.M. has not been
    established and even if their absence is assumed, the said circumstance
    cannot be an incriminating evidence against the accused; that the accused
    was present in the school till 1 P.M. as per the evidence of 3 school
E   teachers; that the evidence of the Doctor, has shaken the credibility of the
    prosecution version; that the presence of semen on the salwar of the
    prosecutrix has not been estabiished to be that of the accused and there
    is no explanation for the delayed seizure of salwar in question; that the
    evidence of mother was rejected as she was influenced by PWs 17 and 23,
F   who had accompanied her to the Police Station, as they were partisan and
    had animus with the accused; and that since the testimony of the
    prosecutrix did not inspire confidence, it is unworthy of acceptance and is
    contradicted by the medical evidence itself.

        State appealed to the High Court against the order of acquittal. The
G Division Bench of the High Court reversed the order of acquittal and
  convlcti!d the appellant in respect of the said charges on the ground that
  the entire approach of the trial court in the matter of appreciation of
  evidence lacked objectivity; that the circumstances proved by the prosecu-
  tion evidence corroborated the version of the prosecutrix and made her
H statement acceptable and believable, the circumstances being • (i) the
                           MADANLALv. STATE                               339
absence of the prosecutrix and PWs 1 and 2 as well as the accused from A
the school after recess, (ii) the presence of semen on the salwar of the
prosecutrix, and (iii) the statement of the prosecutrix to her mother about
the incident when her mother reached home in · the evening; that the
medical evidence was not appreciated in the proper context as the basic
approach of the trial court was erroneous as it failed to notice that the B
accused was facing trial for the offence of "attempt to commit rape" and
not for the offence of "rape"; that there was absolutely no animus between
the prosecutrix and accused; and that the statement of the prosecutrix was
convincing and did not require any corroboration. Against the order of
conviction by the High Court, the appellant has filed the present appeal.
                                                                                 c
        The appellant contended that the Trial court's view was a reasonable
  view on the materials on record and the High Court was not justified in
  interfering with an order of acquittal by re- appreciating the entire
  evidence; that the evidence of the prosecutrix was wholly unreliable and
  inconsistent with the medical report; that the presence ,of semen on the
  salwar of the prosecutrix has not been established to be that of the accused   D
. and there has been no explanation of the delayed seizure of the salwar;
  that the evidence of the prosecutrix and her mother should have been
  weighed from the admiUed animus between the accused and PWs 17 and
  23; and that the accused should have been at the most charged with an
  offence of indecent assault under Section 354 I.P.C. as the hymen of the       E
  prosecutrix was found intact by the doctor, instead of the offence of an
  attempt to commit rape.

      The respondent State contended that the evidence of the prosecutrix
has to be appreciated bearing in mind that an inexperienced young girl
not aware of the ingredient. of the offence of rape is making her statement;     F
that there is absence of any animosity between the prosecutrix and the
accused; and that evidence of the prosecutrix is truthful and there are no
material contradictions and it is. supported by the circumstances of the
case.
                                                                                 G
       Dismissing the appeal, the Court

      HELD : 1. There is no limitation on the part of the appellate court
to review the evidence upon which an order of acquittal is founded. The
appellate court should consider every matter on record and the reasons
given by the trial court in support of the order of acquittal. In deciding H
    340                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A appeals against acquittal the court of appeal must examine the evidence
    in a particular case; must also examine the reasons on which the order of
    acquittal was based: and should interfere on being satisfied that the view
    taken by the arqultting judge Is unreasonable. If two views are possible on
    a set of evidence then the appellate court need not substitute its own view       <..
B   in preference to the view of the trial court who has recorded an order of
    acquittal. In other words, if an order of acquittal Is based on proper
    appreciation of evidence then the same cannot be reversed. But when the
    acquittal by the Sessions Judge is found to be against the evidence or in
    disregard of the evidence or in violation of the principles of criminal
    justice then the appellate court will be fully justified in interfering with an
C   order of acquittal since it is the duty of the court to convict a person when
    the guilt is established beyond reasonable doubt. If the sessions Judge
    acquits an accused by giving undue importance to minor discrepancies and
     making a suspicion on evidence based on conjectures then the High Court
    will be fully justified In interfering with the order of acquittal. But all the
D   same while reversing an order of acquittal the High Court must give
     sufficient grounds for holding that the appreciation of evidence by the trial
    court is unsupportable. The High Court must consider the' reasons ad-
     vanced by the trial Judge in recording the order of acquittal and Indicate,
    while reversing the same, the grounds of reversal. If however, the appellate
     court finds the conclusions established by the lower court are based on
E    evidence and are plausible then it will not substitute its views on the
     evidence and interfere with an order of acquittal. The High Court cannot
     be said to have exceeded the parameters indicated for interference with an
     order of acquittal. [348-C-H; 349·A·B]

p          State of U.P. v. Krishna Gopal and Anr., [1988] 4 SCC. 302, Harichand
    v. State of Delhi, [1996] 9 SCC 112; Beta/ Singh v. State of M.P., [1996] 8
    SCC 205, Tallurri Venkaiah Naidu v. Public Prosecutor, High Court of A.P.,
    [1996] 11 sec 355, relied on.


G        2. In assessing the testimonial potency of the victim's version, the
    human psychology and behavioural probability must be looked into. The
    inherent hashfulness and the feminine tendency to conceal the outrage of
    masculine sexual aggression are factors which are relevant to improbabilise
    the hypothesis of false implication. In the present case a young girl was
    subjected to sexual harassment by her own Head Master inside a closed
H   room of that Head Master and one can well imagine her trauma after being
                          MADAN LAL v. STATE                               341
subjected to such sexual harassment. It must be remembered that no woman          A
of honour will falsely accused a person of committing rape since she
sacrifices thereby what is dearest to her. It has to be borne in· mind that the
Sessions Judge discarded the evidence of the mother of the prosecutrix on
the ground that she was influenced by PWs 17 and 23 who had an axe to grind.
against the accused. It is indeed unthinkable that the mother just to oblige      B
her friends 'like PWs 17 and 23 would make serious allegations of sexual
assault by the accused against her daughter. (351-C·F]

      Krishan Lal v. State of Haryana, [1980) 3 SCC 159, referred to •
                                                                       •
       3. It is apparent from the entire reading of the prosecutrix evidence      C
that the accused had rubbed his penis with vagina of the prosecutrix and
tried to pei,tetrate but could not succeed in penetrating and ultimately got
himself discharged and the hot semen fell on the thighs of the prosecutrix.
The statement by the prosecutrix regarding penetration into her vagina
might have been made on account of the innocence of the young girl who            D
was being subjected to sexual harassment for the first time and the same
cannot be read in isolation bereft of what she stated earlier. The
prosecutrix evidence cannot be examined by picking one statement in the
cross-examination to find out whether she is a truthful witness or not. The
evidence of the prosecutrix is that of truthful witness, which gives an
account of the incident that happened to a rustic girl who was traumatized        E
on account of sexual harassment meted out to her by none other than her
own school Head Master. [353·B·Dl

       4. The difference between preparation and an attempt to commit an
offence consists chiefly in the greater degree of determination and what is F
necessary to prove for the commissi.on of an offence of an attempt to
commit rape is that the accused has gone beyond the stage of preparation.
If an accused strips a girl naked and then making her flat on the ground
undresses himself and then forcibly rubs his erected penis on the private
part of the girl but fails to penetrate the same into vagina and on such
rubbing ejaculates himself then it is difficult to hold that it was a case of G
merely assault under Section 354 l.P.C. and not an attempt to commit rape
under Section 376 read with Section 5111.P.C. In the facts and circumstan·
ces of the present case the offence of an attempt to commit rape by accused
has been clearly established and the High Court rightly convicted the
accused. [354-A-C]                                                            H
    342                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A         5. Apart from the trustworthy evidence of the prosecutrix herself
    there are several circumstances as found by the High Court which cor-
    roborates the evidence of the prosecutrix and makes her statement wholly
    reliable. There are - the evidence of several class mates of the prosecutrix
    which support her version that the accused, the prosecutrix as well as PWs
B   1and2 were absent from the school on the relevant date after 9. A.M.; the
    presence of semen on the salwar of the prosecutrix even though it has not
    been established that the semen is that of the accused; the statement of
    the mother of the prosecutrix to the effect that the prosecutrix narrated
    the enyre episode immediately when she arrived home; and the evidence
    of the prosecutrix which does not run counter to the evidence of the
C   teachers of the school that the accused was in the school .till 1 P.M., upon
    which the trial court heavily relied, as according to the prosecutrix she was
    confined to the house of the accused till 3 P.M. (354-D-H; 355-A-C]

          CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
D 503 of 1993.
         From the Judgment and Order date<t 2.3.93 of the Jammu & Kashmir
    High Court in 10-Acquittal Appeal of 1988.

          R.K. Jain, Anees Ahmad and R. Sasipiabhu for the Appellant.
E         Jagdev Singh Manhas for the Respondent.

          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

          PATTANAIK, J. This appeal is directed against the judgment of the
p   High Court of Jammu and Kashmir dated 2.3.1983; convicting the appellant
    under Section 376 read with 511 l.P.C. and sentencing him to undergo
    rigorous imprisonp1ent for a period of 5 years and pay a fine of Rs. 2,000
    in default a further simple imprisonment for 6 months, after setting aside
    the order of acquittal passed by the Sessions Judge, Udhampur, in Sessions
    case No. 12 of 1986.
G
          The appellant who was the Head Master of Middle School, Khun, in
    Tehsil Ram Nagar at the relevant point of time stood charged for the
    offence of "attempt to commit rape" under Section 376/511 l.P.C. of the
    prosecutrix Mst. Rajni, a student of the same school. It was alleged by the
H   prosecution that on 21.5.1986 at about 9 a.m. the appellant sent the
                MADANLALv. STATE[PATIANAIK,J.)                        343

prosecutrix Mst. Rajni, PW-18 and two other girl students Mst. Sunita, A
PW-1 and Mst. Krishna, PW-2 to his residence for cooking his meal as the
Head Master was living without his family. The appellant then came home
between 10 a.m. and 11.00 a.m. and on reaching the home directed PWs .1
and 2 to leave the house but detained the prosecutrix, PW-18 with the
understanding that she can leave the house only after cleaning the utensils. B
Thereafter the appellant forced the prosecutrix for illicit intercourse and
ultimately allowed her to go home at 3 p.m. The prosecutrix reached her
house but did not find her mother who return only in the evening. She
immediately narrated the incident to her mother, PW-19, who in turn also
informed a friend of her PW-17. The father of the prosecutrix was not there C
at home. Next day, early morning, PW-19, mother of the prosecutrix
accompanied by PW 17 and PW-23 give a written report at the Police Post
Mahalta which was treated as F.I.R. in the Police Station, Ramnagar and
a case was registered under Section 376/342 I.P.C. The police then started
investigation and a charge-sheet was filed in the Court of Sub Judge, D
Judicial Magistrate, 1st Class, Ramnagar for the commission of offence
under Section 376/5111.P .C. read with 342. The accused denied the allega-
tions. The prosecution examined as many as 24 witnesses of whom PWs 1
and 2 were supposed to have gone with the prosecutrix to the house of the
Head Master for cooking food but they did not, however, during trial E
support the prosecution case. PW-3, PW-4 and PW-5, teachers of the
school, also did not support the prosecution during trial inasmuch as they
stated that on the relevant date the accused had not left the school during
the recess period and they were also dedared hostile and were cross-
examined by the prosecution. PWs 8, 9, 10 and 11 are the students of the F
school where the prosecutrix was studying and they also did not support
the prosecution and on the other hand· stated in their evidence that the
prosecutrix was present in the school through out the day on the date of
occurrence, accordingly they were also declared hostile and were cross-ex-
amined by the prosecution. PW-13 and PW-14, however, two other students G
of the same sc~ool who were studying in the same class where the
prosecutrix was studying, supported the prosecution case to the extent that
on the relevant date PW-1, PW-2 and PW-18 were absent from the school
after 9 a.m. PW-15, another classmate of the prosecutrix did support the
prosecution case to the effect that PW-1, PW-2 and PW-18 had left the H
    344                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A   school after the recess period and PW-1 and PW-2 had told her that the
    Head Master had sent them earlier to his house for cooking food for him.
    PW-17 is a teacher by profession and according t.o her evidence on the
    morning of 22.5.1986 prosecutrix - PW-18, her mother, PW-19 and PW-23
    came to her house and told that accused had raped on PW-18 and they
B   also requested her to lend support on behalf of 'Mahila Manda!'. There-
    after, she went with them to the Police Station to lodge the F.I.R. The
    prosecutrix, PW-18 gave a detailed account of what had happened to her
    on the fateful day of 21.5.1986. PW-19, the mother of the prosecutrix stated
    to the effect that she came home late on 21.5.1986 when she found her
C   daughter Mst. Rajni in a depressed mood. Seeing her, Mst. Rajni started
    weeping. On being enquired, Mst. Rajni narrated the incident. She also
    stated during her evidence that Mst. Rajni was examined by the lady
    doctor, the said doctor while examining her expressed the opinion that this
    is a false case and on this score PW-19 requested the police to get Mst.
D   Rajni medically examined from another doctor but that request was not
    acceded to. PW-21 was a Gynecologist in the District Hospital Udhampur.
    On 23.5.86 at 10.30 a.m., on police requisition, she examined Mst. Rajni,
    PW-18, and found that secondary sex characters were not well developed
    on her body. She had also taken the vaginal smear and sent for chemical
E   examination and opined that no definite opinion could be given regarding
    the attempt of sexual intercourse. She had also stated in the evidence that
    the hymen of the prosecutrix was intact and a small penetration in case of
    a girl of 13 years old could rupture as well as injure the hymen. PW-22 was
    the investigating officer and PW-23 was the other lady who had accom-
F   panied the prosecutrix and her mother to the Police Station on 22.5.1986.

        The learned Sessions Judge on scrutiny of the prosecution evidence
  came to the conclusion that the case hinges on the sole testimony of
  prosecutrix, PW-18. He also came to the conclusion that the prosecutrix
  and PWs 1 and 2 were absent from the school on the relevant day after 9
G a.m. which could have been a corroborating circumstance has not been
  established. The learned Sessions Judge also found that even assuming that
  PW18 and PWs 1 and 2 had absented themselves from the school on the
  relevant day after 9 a m., the said circumstance cannot be an incriminating
  circumstance against the accused with the commission of the crime. The
  learned Sessions Judge relying upon the evidence of the 3 school teachers,
H
                MADANLALv. STATE[PATIANAIK,J.]                         345

PWs 3, 4 and 20 came to hold that accused was absent from the school A
after 9 a.m. has also not been established. On consideration of the medical
evidence of the Doctor PW-21, the learned Sessions Judge came to hold
that the medical evidence instead of lending support to the prosecution
story has shaken the credibility of tlie prosecution version. So far as the
presence of semen on the salwar of the prosecutrix, the learned Sessions
Judge did not. attach any importance since the same was seized only on B
24.5.86 and there is no explanation for the delayed seizure of thi< salwar in
question. The evidence of the mother of the prosecutrix, PW-19 as well as
those of PWs 17 and 23 who had accompanied the prosecutrix to the Police
Station on the morning hours of 22.5.86 have been brushed aside on the
ground of animosity and partisan character of the two members of the C
Mahila Samiti Manda! namely PW-17 and PW-23. So far as the evidence
of the prosecutrix herself is concerned the learned Sessions Judge was of
the opinion that she has been contradicted in material particulars by the
medical evidence of Dr. Vijay Sharma, PW-21 and further she has at-
tempted to improve her version in the court regarding the commission of
rape which she has not stated under Section 161 Cr. P.C. The learned D
Sessions Judge found out some contradictions between her statement to
the police under Section 161 Cr. P.C. and ultimately came to the conclusion
that the statement of the prosecutrix does not inspire any confidence and
the said statement is unworthy of acceptance. With these findings the
learned Sessions Judge acquitted the accused of the charge leveled against
him:                                                                          E

       On an appeal being carried by the State against the said order of
acquittal,, the Division Bench of the High Court by the impugned judgment
reversed the order of acquittal and came to hold that the charge against
the accused under Section 376 read with 511 I.P.C. h<!s been proved beyond F
reasonable doubt and accordingly the accused has been convicted there-
under and has been sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a
period of 5 years with a fine of Rs. 2,000, in default, a further period of 6
months imprisonment as already stated. In setting aside the order of
acquittal the High Court came to the conclusion that the entire approach
of the trial court in the matter of appreciation of evidence lacked of G
objectivity. The High Court on scrutiny of evidence apart from relying on
the testimony of the ptosecutrix, PW-18 came to hold that the fact that the
prosecutrix narrated the story of the incident to her mother immediately
when the mother was available in the evening; and that the Salwar of the
prosecutrix which she was wearing at the time of occurrence was seized
and on chemical analysis was found to be carrying stains of semen; and H
        346                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

    A further that the prosecutrix as well as the accused were not seen in the
        school after the recess, corroborate the; prosecutrix's statement and makes
        her statement acceptable and believable. So far as the conclusion of the
        learned Sessions Judge on the medical evidence of Doctor PW-19 is
        concerned the High Court observed that the Sessions Judge committed a
        serious error in not focusing his attention to the fact that the accused was
    B   facing a trial for the offence of "attempt to commit rape" and not for the
        offence of "rape", and therefore, the medical evidence has not been ap-
        preciated in the context of the plain statement and language of the
        prosecutrix herself. The learned Judges of the High Court also took into
        account the fact that there was absolutely no animus between the
        prosecutrix and accused-respondent. So far as the evidence of prosecutrix
    C   herself is concerned the High Court after scrutinizing the same came to
        hold that'the statement of the prosecutrix was so convincing that it did not
        require any corroboration though as a fact there are sufficient circumstan-
        ces proved in the case which fully corroborate the version of the
        prosecutrix. The High Court also commented on the fact that the Sessions
    D   Judge took refuse on minor discrepancies here and there in the evidence
        of the prosecutrix and thereby landed into an error by misappreciating the
        evidence. Ultimately the High Court convicted the appellant as already
        stated, and thus the present appeal has been preferred.

            Mr. Jain, the learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant
    E contended that the High Court was fully unjustified in interfering with an
      order of acquittal passed by the learned Sessions Judge by reappreciating
      the entire evidence not bearing in mind the principle that the view taken
      by the Sessions Judge is a reasonable view on the materials on record and
      as such should not be interfered with. Mr. Jain further contended that the
      evidence of prosecutrix which apparently is the sole evidence on which the
    F conviction has be.en based bristles with such inconsistencies and inherent
      improbabilities that the prosecutrix can be held to be a wholly unreliable
      witness and as such no credence can be given to her statement and no
      conviction can be based on her testimony. With reference to the medical
      evidence, Mr. Jain, contended that the findings of the doctor that hymen
    G was intact and there has been no rupture or any injury to the hymen, who!ly
      improbabilises the version of the prosecutrix that the accused had com-
      mitted rape on her on two occasions and there has been a penetration of
      the private part of the accused to an extent of quarter of an inch on one
\
      occasion and one inch on the other occasion. Mr. Jain, the learned senior
      coun,sel also urged that the presence of semen on the salwar of the
    H prosecutrix cannot be said to be an incriminating piece of evidence until
                 MADANLALv.STATE[PATTANAIK,J.)                         347
and unless it is established that the semen is that of the accused. That apart A
the seizure of the said salwar two days after the occurrence and absence
of any explanation for such delayed seizure creates ample doubt in the
prosecution case. Mr. Jain also vehemently contended that the evidence of
the prosecutrix as well as her mother should be weighed from the admitted
animosity between the accused and PWs 17 and 23, the two Mahila Samiti B
Manda! members who were bent upon teaching a lesson to the accused for
some of their grievances. According to Mr. Jain conviction of the appellant,
on account of such infirmities in the prosecution case and on account of
unrealiable evidence of the prosecutrix, is wholly unsustainable, though on
a question of law there cannot be any dispute with the proposition that
conviction can be based on the uncorroborated testimony of the C
prosecutrix provided the prosecutrix can be held to be reliable.

       The learned counsel appearing for the respondent - State on the
 other hand contended that the evidence of the prosecutrix has to be
 appreciated bearing in mind that a young girl has been molested and
 subjected tci sexual assault by her own Head Master. Her evidence narrat- D
 ing the incident has to be appreciated from the stand-point that an inex-
perienced young girl is making her statement of commission of rape not
being aware of the ingredients of the offence of rape. According to the
 learned counsel the evidence of the .said prosecutrix has been properly
 appreciated by the High Court and the High Court has pointed out the E
basic erroneous approach committed. by the learned Sessions !udge and
 the conviction based on her evidence does not call for any interference by
this Court. According to the learned counsel in the absence of any
 animosity between the prosecutrix and the accused it is unimaginable that
 a young girl would subject herself to the ignoming and embarrassment in
 the society by making an allegation to the fact that her own Head Master F
 attempted to commit rape on her. According to the learned counsel a plain
reading of her evidence would unequivocally indicate that the girl has
_narrated the incident truthfully and the so called minor discrepancies·here
 and there cannot be held to be any material contradiction in her statement
so as not to rely on the same. The counsel further contended that the G
circumstances as found by the High Court have fully corroborate tire
evidence of the prosecutrix and establishes the truthfulness of the
prosecutrix's version.


      In view of the rival submission at the Bar, the questions arise for our H
    348                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A   consideration are :

          1 Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case the Higli Court
    was justified in interfering with an order of acquittal passed by the learned
    Sessions Judge?;

B        2. Whether the evidence of the prosecutrix can be safely relied
    upon?; and

          3. Whether any other circumstances found in the case .corroborate
    the version of the prosecutrix?

C         Coming to the first question it may be stated that the power of the
  appellate court in an appeal against acquittal has been discussed in a
  catena of cases by this Court and it has been indicated that there is no
  limitation on the part of the appellate court to review the evidence upon
  which an order of acquittal is founded. The different
                                                      I
                                                             expressions used in
D different judgments of this Court to the effect that there must be "sufficient
  and compelling reasons" or "good and sufficiently cogr.nt reasons" for the
  appellate coui:t to alter an order of acquittal to one of conviction, by no
  manner curtail the power of an appellate court in an appeal against
  _acquittal to review the entire evidence and come to its conclusion. But in
E doing so the appellate court should consider every matter on record and
   the reasons given by the trial court in support of the order of acquittal.
  The essence of several decisions of this Court is the rule that. in deciding
   appeals against acquittal the court of appeal must examine the evidence in
   a particular case: must also examine the reason on which the order of
   acquittal was based : and shou_ld interfere on being satisfied that the view
F taken by the acquitting judge is unreasonable. If two views are possible on
   a set of evidence then the appellate court need not substitute its own view
   in preference to the view of the trial court who has recorded an order of
   acquittal. In other words, if an order of acquittal is based on .proper
   appreciation of evidence then the same cannot be reversed. But when the
G acquittal by the Sessions Judge is found to be against the evidence or in
   disregard of the evidence or in violation of the principles of criminal justice
   then the appellate court will be fully justified in interfering with an order
   of acquittal since it is the duty of the court to convict a person when the
   guilt is established beyond reasonable doubt. If the Sessions Judge acquits
H an accused by giving undue importance to minor discrepancies and making
                 MADANIALv. STATE(PATIANAIK,J.)                        349
a suspicion on evidence based on conjectures then the High Court will be A
fully justified in interfering with the order of acquittal. But all the same
while reversing an order of acquittal the High Court must give sufficient
grounds for holding that the appreciation of evidence by the trial court is
unsupportable. The High Court must consider the reasons advanced by the
trial Judge in recording the order of acquittal and indicate while reversing . B
the same the grounds of reversal. If, however, the appellate court finds the
conclusions established at by the lower court are based on evidence and
are plausible then it will not substitute its views on the evidence and
interfere with an order of acquittal. It is in this sense the expressions
"substantial and compelling reasons" or "good and sufficiently cogent C
.reasons" used by this Court while dealing with the power of an appellate
court to interfere with an order of acquittal has to be understood. This
Court in the case of State of U.P. v. Krishna Gopal and Anr., [1988] 4 SCC
302 observed that the principles relating to limitations of the appellate
court in an appeal against acquittal do not detract from the plenitude of
the power of the appellate court to review and reappreciate the evidence D
if the order of acquittal on a review of the evidence is found to be grossly
erroneous. There is, thus no immunity to an erroneous order from a strict
appellate scrutiny but it must record reasons in support. To the same effect
also is the observations of this Court in Hari Chand v. State of Delhi, (1996]
9 SCC 112, Beta/ Singh v. State of M.P., (1996) 8 SCC 205 and Tallurri E
Venkaiah Naidu v. Public Prosecutor, High Court of A.P., [1996) 11 SCC
355.

      It is not necessary to multiply authorities and the question no longer
remains res integra. Bearing in mind the aforesaid principle it would be F
necessary to examine the reasons which weighed with the learned Sessions
Judge to order an acquittal and the reasons which weighed with the High
Court in reversing the said order of acquittal. The learned Sessions Judge
came to the conclusion that there is no cogent evidence to establish that
the accused had sent the prosecutrix, PW-18 and two other classmates
PW-1 and PW-2 to his house for cooking the meal and the two material G
witnesses namely PW-1 and PW-2 not having supported the prosecution
case in this regard the evidence of the prosecutrix in that respect is not
believable. The learned Sessions Judge also came to the conclusion that
though the fact that prosecutrix and PWs 1 and 2 had absented themselves
from the school from 9 am. on the relevant day is established but the same H
    350                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A cannot be an incriminating evidence against the accused. So far as the
    absence of the accused from the school after the recess is concerned,
    relying upon the evidence of PWs 3, 4 and 20 who were the school teachers,
    the learned Sessions Judge came to hold that the accused was present in
    tli.e school till 1 p.m. So far as the contemporarious evidence of the mother
B   to whom the prosecutrix narrated the incident immediately after the
    mother reached home, the learned Sessions Judge has not given any weight
    as according to him she was fully influenced by PWs 17 and 23 who had
    an axe to grind against the accused. On the evidence of Doctor, PW-21 the
    learned Sessions Judge came to the conclusion that the medical evidence
    has. shaken the credibility of the prosecutrix version. On the question of
C   seizure of salwar of the prosecutrix and the presence of semen on the same
    the learned sessions Judge is of the opinion that since semen found thereon
    has not been established to be that of the accused the same cannot be held
    to be an incriminating evidence and finally the evidence of the prosecutrix
    has been held to be unworthy of acceptance because the same is found to
D   be replete with infirmities, improvements and contradictions and found to
    be contradicted by the medical evidence itself. It is on these reasoning the
    learned Sessions Judge recorded the order of acquittal of the accused. The
    High Court, however, on re-appreciating the evidence came to hold that
    the basic approach of the Sessions Judge was erroneous inasmuch as the
E   charge was not for "commission of offence of rape" but for the "commission
    of offence of attempt to commit rape". The High Court also considered the
    circumstances proved by the prosecution evidence and came to hold that
    those circumstances proved sufficiently and corroborates the story of the
    prosecutrix and makes the statement of the prosecutrix believable. The said
    circumstances enumerated by the High Court in its judgment are: the
F    absence of the prosecutrix and PW s 1 and 2 as well as the accused from
     the school after the recess; the· presence of semen on the salwar of the
     prosecutrix as reported by the Chemical Examiner on analysis; the state-
     ment of the prosecutrix to her mother when her mother reached home in
     the evening; and the total mis-.appreciation of the medical evidence by the
G   Sessions Judge. One of the main reasons that had influenced the Sessions
     Judge is the finding of the doctor on examining the prosecutrix that there
     has been no rupture of hymen and as such the offence of rape could not
     be said to have been established. The High Court on reading the evidence
     of the prosecutrix has come to the finding that the prosecutrix's evidence
H    was cogent and clear to the effect that there has been no penetration of
                 MADANLALv. STATE[PATIANAIK,J.]                         351

the organ of the accused into the vagina of the prosecutrix and on the other   A
hand the accused merely rubbed his digital organ as a result of which there
was discharge of hot white liquid substance which fell on the thighs of the
prosecutrix. We would examine in greater detail the evidence of the
prosecutrix and the medical evidence later but on going through the
reasoning advanced by the High Court for interfering with an order of          B
acquittal passed by the learned Sessions Judge we are of'the considered
opinion that the High Court cannot be said to have exceeded the parameter
indicated in several judgments of this Court for interference with ari order
of acquittal.

       It will be appropriate at this stage to bear in mind that in assessing C
the testimonial potency of the victim's version, the human psychology and
behavioural probability must be looked into. The inherent bashfulness and
the feminine tendency to conceal the outrage of masculine sexual aggres-
sion are factors which are relevant to improbabilise the hypothesis of false
implication (see [1980] 3 sec 159). In the case in hand a young,girl was D
subjected to sexual harassment by her own Head Master inside a close ·
room of that Head Master and one can well imagine her trauma after being
subjected to such sexual harassment. It is in this context it would be
appropriate to extract a sentence from the judgment of this Court in
Krishan Lal v. State of Haryana, [1980] 3 SCC 159 "a socially sensitized
judge in a better statutory armour against gender outrage than long clauses E
of a complex section with all the protections writ into it". It must be
remembered that no woman of honour will accuse another of committing
rape since she sacrifices thereby what is dearest to her. It has to be borne
in mind that the learned Sessions Judge discarded the evidence of the
mother of the prosecutrix on the ground that she was influenced by PWs F
17 and 23 who had an axe to grind against the accused. It is indeed
unthinkable that the mother just to oblige her friends like PWs 17 and 23
would make serious allegations of sexual assault by the accused against her,
daughter. In our considered opinion, therefore, the High Court on review
of the evidence on record and on examining the reasons given by the
learned Sessions Judge for according an order of acquittal was fully jus- G
tified in interfering with the said order of acquittal.

      The next question that would crop up for consideration is whether
the evidence of the prosecutrix can be relied upon? The entire argument
of Mr. Jain, the learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant is that H
     352                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A the prosecutrix's evidence is wholly believed by the evidei:11;:e of the Doctor,
  and therefore, she must be held to be a wholly unbelievable witness and
  consequently no part of her statement can be acted upon. Learned counsel
  for the State on the other hand submitted that reading of the prosecutrix
  evidence would indicate that she has narrated the entire incident truthfully
  and cogently to her mother and if any part of her statement in the· course
B of narration is belied by the medical evidence the said part cati be ignored
  from consideration. The entire argument centres around her statement in
  the cross-examination to the effect"first time when the accused entered his
  penis into her vagina, it went inside about one inch. So much, the witness
  exhibited her finger which comes to some quarter of inch. The accused
C continued thrusting his penis some time into her vagina and some time
  pulled it out. When the accused after having stood up his penis again
  started rubbing it against her vagina, which he conducted about two
  minutes, even then the penis might have gone in about quarter to inch."
  The Doctor who examined the prosecutrix on 23.5.86 at 10.30 am. stated
  that there was no mark of violence· on any part of the body and on local
D examination there is no mark of violence on her private parts like vagina,
  the hynien was intact and on examination of vaginal smear no living or dead
  spurm was found on the slide and accordingly she opined that no definite ·
  opinion could be given regarding the attempt to sexual intercourse. Mr. Jain's
  c.ontention is that if the prosecutrix's statement is that that there has been
E a penetration into the vagina to a depth of quarter of one inch or one inch
  and the prosecutrix being a young girl of 13 years the hymen could not have
  been intact and thus the entire story given by the prosecution is unbeliev-
   able. We do not think that the prosecutrix evidence can be examined by
   picking one sentence in the cross-examination to find out whether she is a
   truthful witness or not. Since the order of acquittal passed by the Sessions
F Judge has been set aside by the High Court and the accused has been
   convicted, we have ourselves carefully gone through the entire evidence of
   the prosecutrix. The prosecutrix in no uncertain terms while narrating the
   act of sexual assault on her by the accused, has stated" "the accused forcibly
   laid her on the blanket and the accused forcibly opened the cord of her
   salvar and kept it apart and asked her to keep quite, he has permission
G from her mother Bholi. The accused.forcibly ride upon her. The accused
   had caught hold her head with one hand and closed her mouth with other
   hand. The accused had kept his penis qua her uterus and was doing some
   thing. The accused was trying to penetrate his penis into her uterus, but it .
   did not penetrate. The accused had gripped his penis with his hand and was
H rubbing it against her uterus. He was doing so by jumping." Even in the
                 MADANLALv. STATE[PATIANAIK,J.]           ·           353

 cross-examination just before her statement on which Mr. Jain had relied A
 it was stated "the accused thereafter stood up. He gripped his penis and
 then rubbed qua her uterus. On this second turn he conducted the said art
 in well-nigh two minutes, and then some thing like hot water oozed out
 from his penis". It is thus apparent from the entire reading to the
 prosecutrix evidence that the accused had rubbed his penis with vagina of
 the prosecutrix and tried to penetrate but could not succeed in penetrating B
 and ultimately got himself discharged and the hot semen fell on the thighs
 of the prosecutrix. '.fhe statement made by the prosecutrix on which Mr.
 Jain relied upon might have been made on account of the innocence of the
 young girl who was being subjected to sexual harassment for the first time
 and the same cannot be read in isolation bereft of what she stated C
 just previous to the aforesaid statement. Having given our anxious con·
 sideration and having. scrutinized the evidence of the prosecutrix we are in
 agreement with the High Court that her evidence is that of truthful witness,
 which gives an account of the incident that happened to a rustic girl who
 was traumatized on account of sexual harassment meted out to her by none D
 other than her own school Head Master. Her evidence can be unhesitat-
.ingly accepted by court and has rightly been accepted by the High Court
 for sustaining a conviction for the charge under attempt to commit rape.

        In this context it is appropriate to notice an argument advanced by
 Mr. Jain, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant to the effect E
 that in the absence of any penetration into the vagina the offence of rape
 cannot be said to have been established and it will not be possible to hold
 that the accused had attempted to commit rape on the prosecutrix, and ·
 therefore, it would at the most amount to· an· offence of indecent assault
 under Section 354 l.P.C. We are unable to accept this contention. Since ,
 if the evidence of the prosecutrix is to be believed, and we do believe the F
 same, the offence committed cannot but be held to be one of attempt to
 commit rape. The prosecutrix's evidence clearly establishes the fact that
 the accused spread the blanket on the floor and forcibly laid her on the
blanket and thereupon the said accused forcibly opened the cord of the
 salvar of the prosecutrix and kept it apart and then forcibly ride upon her G
 and on that point of time caught hold of her head with one hand and closed
her mouth with the other and had kept his penis qua her uterus and was
 doing some thing and then the accused was tying to penetrate his penis but
 it did not penetrate and had gripped his penis with his hand and was
rubbing it against her uterus which he was doing by jumping.                 H
    354                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1997) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A       The difference between preparation and an attempt to commit ar.
  cffence consists chiefly in the greater degree of determination and what is
  necessary to prove for an offence of an attempt to commit rape has been
  committed is that the accused has gone beyond the stage of preparation.
  If an accused strips a girl naked and then making her flat on the ground
B undresses himself and then forcibly rubs his erected penis on the private
  part of the girl but fails to penetrate the same into vagina and on such
  rubbing ejaculates himself then it is difficult for us to hold that it was a
  case of merely assault under Section 354 I.P.C. and not an attempt to
  commit rape under Section 376 read with 511 I.P.C. In the facts and
  circumstances of the present case the offence of an attempt to commit rape
C by accused has been clearly established and the High Court rightly con-
  victed him under Section 376 read with 511 I.P.C .

        . Apart from the trustworthy evidence of the prosecutrix herself we
  also find several circumstances as found by the High Court which cor-
D roborates the prosecutrix evidence and makes her statement wholly reli-
  able. Though PWs 1 and 2 did not support the prosecution and therefore
  were cross-examined by the prosecution but Mst. Shobha Rani, another
  classmate of the prosecutrix clearly deposed that Krishna, PW-2 came and
  called Sunita, PW-1 on behalf of the accused for cooking meal at the
  residence of Head Master and even thereafter a teacher namely, Sagar
E Singh informed Sunita that she was wanted by the accused. She furtl1er
  stated that the accused as well as the prosecutrix were absent from the
  school even till when she left at 1 p.m. The so-called teacher of the school
  on whose testimony the learned Sessions Judge heavily relied upon only
  have stated that the accused was present in the school till 1 p.m. but
p according to the prosecutrix she was confined to the house of the accused
  till 3 p.m. and was subjected to sexual harassment and thus the evidence
  of the prosecutrix does not run counter to the evidence of the so-called
  teachers of the school who had narrated that the accused was in the school
  till 1 p.m. That apart the High Court has rightly relied upon the evidence
  of several other classmates of the prosecutrix like Mst. Rajni D/o Om
G Prakash, Pooran Chand S/o Nanak Chand, Manzoor Ahmad S/o. Hafiz
  Ahmad and Somavani D/o Kaku who unequivocally stated that on the
  relevant date after 9 a.m. the prosecutrix as well as the accused were absent
  from the school. This lends credence to the story of the prosecutrix that
   she was sent to the house of the accused for cooking and thereafter the
H accused came to the house and committed the sexual assault. This would
                 MADANLALv.STATE[PATTANAIK,J.]                           355
undoubtedly be a corroborating piece of evidence which the High Court           A
has rightly relied upon. Then again the salwar of the prosecutrix was seized
and had been sent to the Chemical Examiner for chemical analysis and the
Scientific Officer of the Jammu and Kashmir, Forensic Science Laboratory
after examining the said salwar reported. that chemical and microscopical
tests revealed the presence of semen/Human Spermatozoa on the said              B
salwar. This is also a strong corroborative piece of evidence to the
prosecutrix version even if it has not been established that the Human
Spermatozoa is that of the accused. The statement of the mother of the
prosecutrix to the effect that the prosecutrix narrated the entire episode
immediately when she arrived at home can also be held to be a corrobora-
tive piece of evidence which the learned Sessions Judge excluded from           C
consideration and in our view erroneously.

      In this view of the matter it must be held that apart from the reliable
testimony of the prosecutrix herself there has been sufficient corroborative
pieces of evidence on which the High Court has relied upon in setting aside
the order of acquittal passed by the learned Sessions Judge. In our view        D
on the evidence on record the conclusion is irresistible that the prosecution
has been able to establish the charge of attempt to commit rape beyond all
reasonable doubts and consequently the conviction and sentence passed by
the High Court does not require any interference by this Court.

      This appeal is accordingly dismissed. The bail bond stands cancelled      E
and the accused is directed to surrender for serving the balance period of
sentence failing which appropriate steps be taken for arresting the accused
and put him into custody for serving the sentence.

A.KT.                                                     Appeal dismissed.