MADHAVRAO JIWAJI RAO SCINDIA & ANR. ETC.versusSAMBHAJIRAO CHANDROJIRAO ANGRE & ORS. ETC.

A        MAD HAVRAO JIWAJI RAO SCINDIA & ANR. ETC.
                            v.
                                                                                   ,
       SAMBHAJIRAO CHANDROJIRAO ANGRE & ORS. ETC.                                      "

                              FEBRUARY 9, 1988
B
                  [RANGANATH MISRA, G.L. OZA AND


                                                                                   ~
                      MURARI MOHON DUTT, JJ.)

           Criminal Procedure Code, 1973: Section 482-Prosecution at the
    initial stage-Quashing of-Test to be applied by Court-Whether
    uncontroverted allegations establish a prima facie offence-Whether
c   expedient in interest of justice to permit prosecution to continue.
                                                                                  ~·
           Indian Penal Code, 1860: Sections 34, 120-B, 406, 467-Alle-
    gation that officers of Trust in collusion with trustee created tenancy in
    respect of trust flat-Whether case of breach of trust-Whether amounts
    to a criminal offence or only a civil wrong.
D
          Indian Trusts Act 1882: Section 53-Lease of trust property-
    Allegation that officers of Trust in collusion with trustee created tenancy
    in respect of flat of trust-Prosecution under Section 406, 467 I. P. C.-
    Whether maintainable.
E
                                                                                   r
          A trust with the settler, her son and two others, as trustees was
    created. Part of the trust property included a large house.

        Respondents in Criminal Appeal No. 658 of 1986, were employed
  as Secretary and Manager of the trust between 1976 and June, 1981. On
  a complaint filed in the court of the Metropolitan Magistrate by one of
F
  the trustees alleging that these two officers, in conspiracy with one of the
  trustees, son of the settler, and his wife, had created documents show·         _y
  ing tenancy in respect of a flat of the large house, forming part of the
  trust property, in favour of the aforesaid trustee's wife, summons were
  directed to be issued against the aforesaid four accused for offences
  punishable under sections 406 and 467 read with section 34 and 120B of           •
G the IPC.
                                                                                   y
          The accused persons challenged the proceedings before the High
    Court which quashed the proceedings against two of the accused, but
    sustained the order of the Magistrate against the other two accused,
    appellants in Civil Appeal No. 657 of 1986.
H

                                       930
                                    M.J. RAO v. S.C. ANGRE                       931
,,., '\
                 Appeals against the aforesaid order were filed in this Court both
    ~
                                                                                         A
            by the two accused, whose prosecution was not quashed, as also the
   >        complainant.

                  On behalf of the accused-appellants, it was contended that the
            trust-deed authorised the trustee to look after the affairs of the trust,
            but the tenancy in favour of the trustee's wife could not be considered as   B
            creating an interest in favour of the trustee as the wife was an indepen·
        t   dent person having her own income, that there was no mens rea in·
            volved for initiating criminal proceedings and, at the most it amounted
.'          to a civil wrong, and that the court machinery should not be permitted
            to be utilised for private vengeance as the mother and the son had fallen
            out.                                                                         c
     r·           On behalf of the complainant it was urged that in view of s. 53 of
            the Indian Trusts Act, it was a clear case of breach of trust and that
            every breach of trust would simultaneously be a civil wrong and a
            criminal offence, and an opportunity should be given to the complain-
            ant to establish his case by leading evidence, and that no objection could   D
            he taken at the preliminary stage.

                  Allowing the appeal of the accused and dismissing the appeal of
            the complainant, the Court,

    '>(           HELD: When a prosecution at the initial stage is asked to be E
            quashed, the test to be applied by the court is as to whether the uncon·
            troverted allegations, as made, prima facie establish the offence. It is
"           also for the court to take into consideration any special features whkh
    .       appear in a particular case to consider whether it is expedient and in the
            interest of justice to permit a prosecution to continue. This is so on the
            basis that the court cannot be utilised for any oblique purpose and F
            where in the opinion of the court chances of an ultimate conviction is
     X..    bleak and, therefore, no useful purpose is likely to be served by allow·
            ing a criminal prosecution to continue, the court may while taking into
            consideration the special facts of a case also quash the proceeding even
            though it may be at a preliminary stage. l934G·H; 935A]
        '                                                                              G
                   A case of breach of trust may be both a civil wrong and criminal
     y      offence. But there would be certain situations where it would predomin·
             antly be a civil wrong and may or may not amount to criminal offence.
            The instant case is one of that type where, if at all, the facts may
             constitute a civil wrong and the ingredients of the criminal offence are
             wanting. [935B·Cl                                                         H
     932                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS            11988) 2 S.C.R.

 A         Having regard to the relevant documents, including the trust·deed
     and the correspondence following the creation of the tenancy and
     taking into consideration the natural relationship between the settler
     and the son and his wife and the fall out and the fact that the trustee's
     wife does not claim any interest in the tenancy, the criminal case should
     not be continued. The criminal proceedings against the appellants-
 B   accused are quashed. [934F; 935C·D I

           CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal                       t



c
     Nos. 657-58 of 1986.

          From the Judgment and Order dated 13.2.1986 of the High
     Court of Bombay in Criminal Application No. 120 of 1984.
                                                                                      -
           Dr. L.M. Singhvi, Ram Jethmalani, Dalveer Bhandari, Mrs.
     Madhu Bhandari, S.S. Khanduja, A.M. Khanwilkar and A.S. Bhasme
                                                                                 -i
     for the Appearing parties.

D          The Judgmeht of the Court was delivered by

           RANGANATH MISRA, J. Both the appeals are by special
     leave and are directed against the same judgment of the Bombay High
     Court on an application under section 482 of the Code of Criminal
     Procedure. The High Court by the impugned decision quashed the
E    prosecution against two of the four accused persons. The two accused
     persons whose prosecution has not been quashed are appellants in
     Criminal Appeal No. 657 of 1986 while the complainant assails the
     decision of the High Court quashing the prosecutiort of the two
     accused persons in Criminal Appeal No. 658 of 1986.

F        Rajamata Sm!. Vijaya Raje Scindia of Gwalior created a trust on
   23rd of February, 1966, known as "Srikrishna Madhava Trust" with four
   trustees in all including the settler, the other three trustees being Mr.
   Madhavrao Jiwajirao Scindia, Col. Eknath Trimbak Patil and Kumar
   Shanbhajirao Chandrojirao Angre. Madhavrao is the son of the settler
   while the other two, though residents of Gwalior, are not members of
G the family. 'Vijay Vilas' a large house located in the Bombay city
  .constituted a part of the trust property. Russi Homi Awary and
   Damodar Rangrppa Shenoy, respondents in Criminal Appeal No.·658                y
  of 1986, were employed as Secretary and Manager respectively of the
   Trust between 1976 and 1982. Flat No. 15 of 'Vijay Vilas' was in the
   occupation of the Sushiladevi Kathait on tenancy basis. In June, 1981,
H the said tenant surrendered the tenancy and on 9th of June, 1981, thy
                                M.J. RAO v. S.C. ANGRE [MISRA. J.[                933

               Secretary issued a certificate to the effect that the tenancy had
               terminated. On 31st of March, 1982, the said Secretary issued another     A
               certificate to the effect that the aforesaid tenancy terminated with
               effect from lst April, 1980, after the entire rental liability had been
               liquidated. On the allegation that the two officers of the Trust in
               conspiracy with trustee Madhavrao and his wife Smt. Madhavi had
               created documents showing tenancy in respect of that flat in favour of    B
...;:;,   ·t Smt. Madhavi, a complaint was filed by trustee Angre in the Court of
               the Metropolitan Magistrate, 28th Court, Esplanade, Bombay on 27th
               July, 1983. Summons were directed to be issued against the four
               persons referred to above for offences punishable under sections 406,
               467 read with sections 34 and 120-B of the Indian Penal Code. The
               accused persons challenged the proceedings before the High Court by
          "'r- filing an application under section 482 of the Code and prayed for        c
          1 quashing of the criminal case. By the impugned order dated 13th
          ·    February, 1986 the High Court quashed the proceedings so far as
               accused Nos. 2 and 4 were concerned but sustained the order of the
               Metropolitan Magistrate in regard to the remaining two accused
               persons. Hence these appeals have been filed as already stated.           D

                    The settler and the accused being mother and son, an attempt
               was made to bring about a settlement but that having failed the appeals
               have been heard on merit and are being disposed of by this common
               judgment.
                                                                                     E
                  Dr. Singhvi,, learned counsel appearing for the accused appel-
---         !ants has contended that the criminal proceedings are without any
            basis and if at all,. a civil wrong may be said to have been caused .
    .;      According to him, the trust deed authorised trustee Madhavrao to
            look after the affairs of the Trust. The flat had been tenanted at a
            particular rent when the tenant vacated; and a new tenant had to be F
    · ~ . inducted-it being the common case that the flat was intended for
      :\.._ tenancy- Madhavi wanted to be the tenant and at the rate of rent
            which the outgoing tenant was paying, a new tenancy was created.
            Under the law applicable to tenancies in Bombay, a higher rent is not
            chargeable and as such no higher amount of rent could be claimed by
            the Trust in regard to the flat. The wife of the trustee is an indepen- G
            dent person having her own income and the tenancy in favour of
      -y Madhavi cannot be considered to be creating an interest in favour of
            the trustee. Dr. Singhvi further relied upon a lawyer's notice issued on
            behalf of the trust calling upon Madhavi to surrender the tenancy in
            favour of the Trust failing which action was threatened. Madhavi
            volunteered to surrender the tenancy and thus _there was really no H
    934                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS            [1988] 2 S.C.R.

A
    justification, according to Dr. Singhvi, for initiating criminal proceed-
    ings. In the facts and circumstances of the case narrated above, the
    appellants' counsel contended that there was no mens rea for the
    offences as alleged and at the most it amounted to a civil wrong. He
    argued that the mother and the son had fallen out and on that score tM
    machinery of the Court should not be permitted to be utilised for
B   private vengeance.

          Mr. Jethmalani, appearing for the complainant, on the other Y               -
    hand, maintained that it was a clear case of breach of trust and accord-
    ing to him every breach of trust would simultaneously be a civil wrong
    and a criminal offence and if summons have been issued by the
                                                                                     ...
    Metropolitan Magistrate on the basis of the complainant's allegations,
    no objection could be taken at the preliminary stage. It is appropriate~
    that the complainant should be given an opportunity to establish his     t
    case by leading evidence. He relied upon the provisions of section 53
    of the Indian Trust Act which provides:

D                     "No trustee, and no person who has recently ceased
                to be a trustee, may, without the permission of a principal
                Civil Court of original jurisdiction, buy or become mort-
                gagee or lessee of the trust-property or any part thereof;
                and such permission shall not be given unless the proposed
                purchase, mortgage or lease is manifestly for the advantage
E               of the beneficiary."

        We have considered the relevant documents including the Trust
  deed as also the correspondence following the creation of the tenancy.
  We have also kept in view the submissions advanced on behalf of the
  parties by their respective counsel. We have furhter taken into consid-
F eration the natural relationship between the settler and the son and his
  ~~~~~-                                                                   ~
         The legal position is well_,;ettled that when a prosecution at the
  initial stage is asked to be quashed, the test to be applied by the court
  is as to whether the uncontroverted allegations as made prima facie
G establish the offence. It is also for the court to take into consideration
  any special features which appear in a particular case to consider
  whether it is expedient and in the interest of justice to permit a pro-       "(
  secution to continue. This is so on the basis that the court cannot be
  utilised for any oblique purpose and where in the opinion of the court
  chances of an ultimate conviction is bleak and, therefore, no useful
H purpose is likely to be served by allowing a criminal prosecution to
                                M.J. RAO v. S.C. ANGRE (MISRA, J.]                935
.>.

      . 1 ·continue,
      \
                      the court may while taking into consideration the special A
           facts of a case also quash the proceeding even though it may be at a
      ~        preliminary stage.

                   Mr. Jethmalani has submitted, as we have already noted, that a
            case of breach of trust is both a civil wrong and a criminal offence.
                                                                                         B
            There would be certain situations where it would predominantly .be
          i a civil wrong and may or may not amount to a criminal offence. We are
            of the view that this case is one of that type where, if at all, the facts
            may constitute a civil wrong and the ingredients of the criminal
            offences are wanting. Several decisions were cited before us in support
            of the respective stands taken by counsel for the parties. It is unneces-
            sary to refer to them. In course of hearing of the appeals, Dr. Singhvi      C
          ~ made it clear that Madhavi does not claim any interest in the tenancy.
          1 In the setting of tht: matter we are inclined to hold that the criminal
            case should not be continued.

                    Criminal Appeal No. 657 of 1986 is allowed and the criminal
               prosecution against the two appellants being Madhavrao and Russi          D
               Homi Avari is quashed. In view of what we have stated above, Crimi·
               nal Appeal No. 658 of 1986 has to fail and is dismissed.

               N.P.V.                                                Appeal dismissed.




-
           ,

          y