Holding

The alleged mistake in the prospectus does not amount to defamation and no vicarious liability attaches to the bank’s directors; therefore the complaint does not disclose an offence and the application under Section 482 CrPC is maintainable.

Summary

The appellant, a director of Nagami Nicotine Pvt. Ltd., alleged that Dena Bank had inserted false information in its prospectus for a public issue, claiming a pending suit before the Debt Recovery Tribunal instead of the City Civil Court. He filed a criminal complaint alleging defamation and other offences against the bank and its directors, leading the magistrate to order a police investigation. The bank moved the High Court under Section 482 of the CrPC to quash the complaint and investigation, which the High Court allowed. On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the erroneous statement was a bona‑fide mistake, did not amount to defamation, and no personal liability could be attached to the bank’s directors in the absence of a statutory provision for vicarious liability. Consequently, the complaint did not disclose an offence and the application under Section 482 was proper, leading to dismissal of the appeal.

Issues considered

Whether a statement in a prospectus that incorrectly names the forum of a pending civil suit constitutes defamation actionable under the IPC.
Whether the directors and managing director of a bank can be held vicariously liable for alleged false statements made by the bank in the absence of a specific statutory provision.
Whether the magistrate correctly exercised jurisdiction under Sections 156(3) and 200 CrPC in directing a police investigation based on the complaint.
Whether the High Court was justified in exercising its power under Section 482 CrPC to quash the criminal complaint and the ensuing police investigation.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 156(3), s. 200, s. 482
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 120B, s. 177, s. 188, s. 191, s. 192, s. 425, s. 500

Subjects

defamationprospectuspublic issuevicarious liabilitycorporate liabilitySection 482 CrPCmagistrate jurisdictioncriminal complaintdebt recovery tribunalcivil suit

Judgment

MAKSUD SAIYED A
v.
STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS.

SEPTEMBER 18, 2007

(S.B. SINHA AND HARJIT SINGH HEDI, JJ.) B

Penal Code, 1860-ss. 120B, 425, 191, 192, 177, 188 and 500-
Transaction between a Bank and a Company-Suit in Civil Court by company
against Bank for recovery of certain amount-Floating ofpublic issue by the C
Bank vide a prospectus-Prospectus wrongly stating pendency of suit to be
before Debt Recovery Tribunal-However other particulars of the prospectus
were correct-Criminal complaint by Director of Company-Against the
Bank, its Directors and Managing Director-Alleging false information in
the prospectus-Judicial Magistrate finding case of defamation directing
Police Investigation-Application for quashing complaint and Police D
Investigation-Allowed by High Court-On appeal, held: Mentioning of
pendency before a Court wrongly, being a bonafide mistake, does not give
rise to a cause ofaction for filing a complaint petition-No case ofdefan:::ition
is made out-The acts of omission and commission on the part of Bank
would, at the most, give rise to tortuous liability and statutory violation-
Vicarious liability could not be attached to the Managing Director and E
Directors of the Bank because no such provision exists in this behalf in the
statute-Hence they are not liable-Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973-s.
482.

Code of Civil Procedure, 1973-s. 482-Jurisdiction under-Scope F
of-Held: The Court, under such jurisdiction should not enter disputed
question of fact-It may, however, take note of allegations in complaint
petition vis-a-vis conduct of the parties.

Appellant was Director of a Company. Respondent No. 2 was the
Chairman-cum-Managing Director of a Bank. Respondent Nos. 3 to 11 were G
Directors of the Bank. The company took loan from the Bank. As the
Company did not repay the loan, the Bank filed a recovery application before
Debts Recovery Tribunal. There were also transactions between the Bank and
the Company. Company filed a Civil Suit against the Bank for recovery of a

1113 H
1114 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 9 S.C.R.

A certain amount which allegedly the Company suffered due to negligence and ,_
deliberate fraudulent acts of the Bank.

The Bank floated a public issue vide a prospectus mentioning therein
about pendecy of a suit by the Company before Debts Recovery Tribunal; the
nature of claim and amount of claim against the Bank. Appellant-Director of
B the Company filed a criminal complaint alleging false information in the
Prospectus. Directors and Chairman-cum-Managing Director were made
accused as they were actively involved in preparation of the prospectus and
were linked with day to day affairs of the Bank. Magistrate directed police
investigation on the basis of the complaint. Respondents filed an application
C u/s 482 Cr.P.C. for quashing the complaint and the investigation. High Court
allowed the application. Hence the present appeal. ·

Dismissing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1. The court may not enter into determination of a disputed
D question of fact at the stage of exercising jurisdiction u/s. 482 Cr.P.C for
quashing an FIR. It may, however, take note of the allegations made in the
complaint petition vis-a-vis the conduct of the parties. It is not disputed .that
the bank had filed an original application before the Debts Recovery Tribunal
and a civil suit was filed by the Company. Prospectus issued by the Bank for
the purpose of Public issue mentioned that a suit by the Company was pending
E before Debts Recovery Tribunal. It also mentioned the amount claimed and
nature of claim against the Bank. It is not in dispute that in the year 2003,
the matter was pending before the City Civil Court Other relevant facts stated
in the prospectus were not incorrect. Throughout the complaint petition, no
allegation had been made as against any of the respondents herein that they
had any thing to deal with personally either in discharge of their statutory or
F official duty. In the prospectus, a bona fide mistake had been committed. The
fact that such a mistake had been committed stands accepted. In any event,
the statement that the matter was pending before the ORT instead and in place
of the City Civil Court, per se, cannot be said to be defamatory as the fact that
a suit was pending for recovery of the huge amount is neither denied nor
G disputed. Whether such a suit was maintainable and/ or is ultimately to be
decreed or disposed of is a question which has to be gone into in the suit
itself. A criminal court cannot even take that factor into consideration.
(Paras 6, 7 and 14] [1117-C-E; ll 18~A; 1121-F-H; 1122-AI

Pepsi Foods Ltd. and Anr. v. Special Judicial Magistrate and Ors.,
H
MAKSUD SAIYED v. STATE 1115
[1998) 5 sec 749, referred to. A
2. Chief Judicial Magistrate proceeded on the basis that the respondents
are Managers and Branch Managers of the Bank. There has, thus, been a
total non-application of mind on the part of the Chief Judicial Magistrate.
Allegations contained in the complaint petition, as noticed by the Magistrate,
may give rise to tortuous liability on the part of the Bank. Principal allegations B
were made against the bank. Who had acted on behalf of the bank was not
disclosed. The acts of omission and commission on the part of the bank, if
any, by withholding export bills of the bank may give rise to a statutory violation
on its part but the respondents were not personally liable therefor.
[Paras 10 and 11) {1120-A, B; 1121-E, FJ C
Saroj Kumar Poddar v. State (NCT of Delhi) and Anr., (2007) 2 SCALE
36; Everest Advertising Pvt. Ltd v. State, Govt. ofNCT of Delhi and Ors., JT
(2007) 5 SC 529 and S.MS. Pharmaceuticals Ltd v. Neeta Bhalla and Anr.,
(2007) 3 SCALE 245, referred to.
~ D
3. Where a jurisdiction is exercised on a complaint petition filed in
terms of Section 156(3) or Section 200 Cr.P.C. the Magistrate is required to
apply his mind. Indian Penal Code does not contain any provision for attaching
vicarious liability on the part of the Managing Director or the Directors of
the Company when the accused is the Company. The Magistrate failed to pose
unto himself the correct question viz. as to whether the complaint petition, E
even if given face value and taken to be correct in its entirety, would lead to
the conclusion that the respondents herein were personally liable for any
offence. The Bank is a body corporate. Vicarious liability of the Managing
Director and Director would arise provided any provision exists in that behalf
in the statute. Statutes indisputably must contain provision fixing such F
vicarious liabilities. Even for the said purpose, it is obligatory on the part of
the complainant to make requisite allegations which would attract the
provisions constituting vicarious liability. [Para 13) (1121-C, D, E, F)

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 1248 of
2001. G
From the Judgment and Order dated 09.01.2006 of the High Court of
Gujrat at Ahmedabad in Crl. Misc. Application No. 5389 of 2005.

Bishwajit Bhattacharyya, Sudarshan Rajan. Debashish Mukherjee and P.
Narasimhan for the Appellant. H
1116 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 9 S.C.R.

A P.P. Rao, Hemantika Wahi and Meera Mathur for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

S.B. SINHA, J. 1. Leave granted.

B 2. Respondent No. 2 is a former Chairman-cum-Managing Director of
Dena Bank. He is presently the Chairman and Managing Director of Bank of
Baroda, Mumbai. Respondent Nos. 3 to 11 are Directors of Dena Bank.
Appellant is a Director ofNagami Nicotine Pvt. Ltd. (hereinafter referred to
as "the Company"). He had transactions with the said Company. He had taken
loan from Dena Bank. As loans were not paid, admittedly, an original application
C was filed against him before the Debts Recovery Tribunal, Ahmedabad for
recovery of a sum of Rs. 120.13 lakhs from the Company.

3. The Bank floated a public issue of 8 crores equity shares of
Rs. l 0/- each for cash at a premium of Rs. 17/- i.e. at a price of Rs. 27 /- each.
Prospectus was published for the purpose of public issue and therein some
D false and misleading information had been given with regard to sanction
limits, the dues and export bills of the Company. It was alleged that the
Company had committed an offence punishable under Sections 120B, 425,
191, 192, 177, 181 as also 500 of the Indian Penal Code. A criminal complaint '"
was filed before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Vadodara by the appellant on
E or about 28.02.2005 alleging:

"(A) Following false, fabricated and fraudulent documents illegally
and dishonestly misused by Shri G.C. Garg in the absence of the
sanction letters of the Bank along with its stipulated sanctioned terms
and conditions for the sanctioned so called credit facilities, evidently
F acceptance of Complainant's Company for the stipulated sanctioned
tenns and conditions does not exist. Hence following false, fabricated
and fraudulent dishonestly and purposefully misused documents with
malafide intention are illegal, invalid and not maintainable. Thus, Shri
G.C. Garg solemnly affirmed and signed the verification of the aforesaid
Original Application by dishonestly making false claim under Section
G 209 by giving false and fabricated statements, information and
evidences under Sections I 77, 181, 191, I 92, 196, 199, 200, 470 and 471
ofIPC."

4. An order under Sub-section (3) of Section 156 of the Code of ).

H Criminal Procedure was passed by the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate relying
MAKSUD SAIYED v. ST ATE [SINHA, J.] 1117
on or on the basis of allegations made in the said complaint petition. The A
learned Chief Judicial Magistrate by an order dated 28.02.2005 directed the
police authorities to investigate the complaint. Respondent filed an application
under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure for quashing the complaint
and the investigation on 10.05.2005. By reason of the impugned judgment
dated 9.01.2006, the said application has been allowed.
B
5. Mr. Bishwajit Bhattacharyya, learned counsel appearing on behalf of
the appellant would submit that the High Court committed a serious error in
passing the impugned order insofar as it failed to take into consideration that
it had no jurisdiction to quash the police investigation at that stage. According
to the learned counsel, the acts of omission and commission on the part of C
the bank in causing loss· of reputation of the appellant is evident on its face.
Such an action on the part of the officers of the appellant's bank was wholly
irresponsible.

6. The jurisdiction of the High Court to quash a FIR in exercise of its
jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is well- D
known. The court may not enter into determination of a disputed question of
fact at that stage. It may, however, take note of the allegations made in the
complaint petition vis-a-vis the conduct of the parties. It is not disputed that
, the bank had filed an original application before the Debts Recovery Tribunal,
Ahmedabad. A civil suit was filed at Vadodara in the year 2003. In the
prospectus issued, it was stated: E
"Sr. Suit Name of Branch Amount Nature of claim made
No. details, the party claimed against the Bank
Date of (Rs. in
Filing lacs)
F
4 DRT, M/s. A.R.B. 993.74 The case is filed against
A'bad Nagami A'bad the Bank for non-
283.03 Nicotine submission of export
Pvt. Ltd. bills and non-releasing
of the sanctioned limits.
We have taken plea that G
since the borrower is not
clearing the dues of the
Bank, Bank has not
released the export bills
as per procedure of
UCPDC rules." H
1118 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 9 S.C.R.

A 7. It is not in dispute that in the year 2003, the matter was pending
before the City Civil Court, Ahmedabad. Other relevant facts stated in the said
prospectus were not incorrect. The stand taken by the respondents therein
as contained in Column under the Head "Nature of claim made against the
Bank" is also not incorrect as the same was subject matter of a civil suit.
B Appellant in its notice addressed to Respondent No. 2 herein through his
advocate dated 25.01.2005 stated:

"My client says and submits that the litigation you are mentioning
does not exist at DRT, Ahmedabad. On the contrary my client has filed
Special Civil Suit No. 178/2003 on 28.3.2003 and the same is pending
C for adjudication in the Civil Court Vadodara before the Hon'ble Civil
Judge (SD) Vadodara. Besides my client does not know ARB,
Ahmedabad and also not aware of its place of existence and its
whereabouts in Ahmedabad and ARB, Ahmedabad has nothing to do
with the suit."

D 8. A case of defamation was found only on that basis. It is not in
dispute that Respondent No. 2 in reply to the said notice dated 5.02.2005.
through his advocate stated:

"5. The averments made in para 3 of your legal notice are not true and
correct and are not admitted. The export bills were sent to Bank of
E Fujirah and the same were returned unpaid due to discrepancy in the
documents, and again, the said export bills were sent to HSBC Bank
but, the same were returned unpaid by HSBC bank without payment
on account of discrepancy in the Export bills L/C. There is no
negligence on the part of Bank in respect of Export bills under L/C.
F Thus, to pressurize the Bank, your client has filed the Special Civil
Suit No. 178/2003 in the Civil Court at Vadodara. In fact, in para 51 of
your client's plaint, it is claimed that the branch did not release the
CC hypothecation limit.

*** *** ***
G
7. The contents of para 5 of your notice are not true and correct and
tht same are denied by my client and there is no question of concealing
any facts in the prospectus as alleged by you.

There is no question of any concealment or suppression of facts
H
MAKSUD SAIYED v. STATE [SINHA, J.] 1119

in the prospectus. Had the notice been given in time the bank could A
have taken corrective steps in time to include the fact which was
omitted unintentionally. The public issue was closed on 29.01.2005
(Saturday) as mentioned in the prospectus.

Draft prosecectus of public issue was filed by the Bank with SEBI
on 3.12.2004 and was kept on the Website of the bank, SEBI and Lead B
Manager M/s. SBI Caps and a press note was released. Final
prospectus of the issue was filed with SEBI on 10.1.2005 and was kept
on Website of the Bank, SEBI and lead Manager M/s. SBI Caps, and
a press note was released. Statutory advertisement was published in
the newspapaer on 12.1.2005. The public issue opened on 24.1.2005 C
and closed on 29.1.2005.

My client received your notice on 27 .1.2005, but it was not readable
and hence my client informed on fax to send the same again. However,
the notice was not refaxed and instead my client received the notice
on 28. l.2005 by post. The fact that the notice was served belatedly, D
suggests that the intention of your client is to pressurize and put the
bank into uncomfortable position. Thus, there is no bonafide intention
on the part of your client except to harass my client and to avoid your
client's liability towards the repayment of the Bank's dues.

*** *** ***
E
9. In view of the above, my client has not acted with malafide intention
and has not concealed or suppressed any material facts against the
interest of the public at large and investors in particulars. The error
is by inadvertence and was not intentional.

We hope that wiser counsel shall prevail upon your client and F
advise your client to withdraw the notice forthwith. We request you
that you will desist from taking unwarranted actions against the bank.

In spite of the above if your client takes any action against my
G

'
client, my client will defend the same at the cost of your client and
, your client will be held liable and responsible for the costs and
consequences thereof."

-'--. 9. An inadvertent mistake committed by the bank in referring to the case
being pending before DRT instead of City Civil Court cannot, in our opinion,
give rise to a cause of action for filing a complaint petition far less under H
1120 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 9 S.C.R.

A Section 500 of the Indian Penal Code particularly when the other particulars
contained therein were not found to be incorrect.

10. It is pertinent to notice that the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate in
its order dated 28.02.2005 proceeded on the basis that the respondents are
Managers and Branch Managers of Dena Bank. There has, thus, been a total
B non-application of mind on the part of the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate.
The learned Chief Judicial Magistrate noticed:

" ... As per the say of the Complainant, Dena Bank has come out with
public issue and on page no. 87 of its Prospectus, the published false
information damages the Complainant's Company and endangers credit
c of the Company. This apart, the Bank fabricated false documents .in
spite of Complainant has not taken amount under loan and in violation
of the rules and regulations of banking law and practice, the Bank
deceived the company by filing false suit before ORT, by false
submissions and producing false affidavit are the allegations of the
D Complainant. This apart, the Bank withheld export bills of the
Complainant's Company under its custody under the pretext of the
false excuses by cheating and committed criminal offence, despite no
amount of demand loan taken by the Complainant, the Bank fabricat~d
false reasons and committed offence against the Complainant's
Company are the subject matter of the Complaint and looking to this,
E if the Police investigates the present complaint, more and better
investigation is possible. Hence the present complaint is necessitated
for the investigation by the Police, therefore following order is given."

! I. Allegations contained in the complaint petition, as noticed by the
F learned Magistrate, may give rise to tortuous liability on the part of Dena
Bank. Principal allegations were made against the bank. Who had acted on
behalf of the bank was not disclosed. The acts of omission and commission
on the part of the bank, if any, by withholaing export bills of the bank may
give rise to a statutory violation on its part but the respondents were not
personally liable therefor.
G
12. In Saroj Kumar Poddar v. State (NCT of Delhi) and Anr., (2007) 2
SCALE 36, this Court held :

"Apart from the Company and the appellant, as noticed ).

hereinbefore, the Managing Director and all other Directors were also
H made accused. The appellant did not issue any cheque. He, as noticed
MAKSUD SAIYED v. ST ATE [SINHA, J.] 1121
hereinbefore, had resigned from the Directorship of the Company. It A
may be true that as to exactly on what date the said resignation was
accepted by the Company is not known, but, even otherwise, there
is no averment in the complaint petitions as to how and in what
manner the appellant was responsible for the conduct of the business
of the Company or otherwise responsible to it in regard to its B
functioning. He had not issued any cheque. How he is responsible for
dishonour of the cheque has not been stated. The allegations made
in paragraph 3, thus, in our opinion do not satisfy the requirements
of Section 141 of the Act."

[See also Everest Advertising Pvt. Ltd. v. State, Govt. of NCT of Delhi C
and Ors., JT (2007) 5 SC 529 and S.MS. Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. Neeta Bhalla
and Anr., (2007) 3 SCALE 245]

13. Where a jurisdiction is exercised on a complaint petition filed in
terms of Section 156(3) or Section 200 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the
Magistrate is required to apply his mind. Indian Penal Code does not contain D
any provision for attaching vicarious liability on the part of the Managing
Director or the Directors of the Company when the accused is the Company.
The learned Magistrate failed to pose unto himself the correct question viz.
as to whether the complaint petition, even if given face value and taken to
be correct in its entirety, would lead to the conclusion that the respondents
herein were personally liable for any offence. The Bank is a body corporate. E
Vicarious liability of the Managing Director and Director would arise provided
any provision exists in that behalf in the statute. Statutes indisputably must
contain provision fixing such vicarious liabilities. Even for the said purpose,
it is obligatory on the part of the complainant to make requisite allegations
which would attract the provisions constituting vicarious liabili.ty. F
14. It will bear repetition to state that throughout the complaint petition,
no allegation had been made as against any of the respondents herein that
they had any thing to deal with personally either in discharge of their statutory
or official duty. As indicated hereinbefore, in the prospectus, a bona fide
mistake had been committed. The fact that such a mistake had been committed G
\, stands accepted. In any event, the statement that the matter was pending
before the ORT in stead and place of the City Civil Court, Ahmedabad, per
se, cannot be said to be defamatory as the fact that a suit was pending for
recovery of the huge amount is neither denied nor disputed. Whether such
a suit was maintainable and/ or is ultimately to be decreed or disposed of is H
a question which has to be gone into in the suit itself. A criminal court cannot
1122 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 9 S.C.R.

A even take that factor into consideration. The High Court considered the
matter at some great details. Having analysed the materials placed before it,
it was held:

".. .It was, therefore, stated that there was no suppression or
concealment of any facts and it did not amount to criminal breach of
B trust and cheating on the part of the Bank as alleged by the
complainant. The said export bills under L/C were negotiated by the
Bank under the provisions of UCPDC 500 1995 Revision. The Bank
has also informed vide its letter dated 8.2.2005 to Mis. SBI Capital
Markets Ltd. It was stated therein that the Bank has not concealed

c or suppressed any material fact against the interest of the public at
large and investors in particular. The bonafide mis-description in
..
setting out the nature of claim was unintentional. It was further stated
that the material particulars like the amount of claim, date of filing and
name of the company was correctly mentioned. The mis-description
did not materially influence/affect the decision of the investors/
D public .. ;"

It was furthermore opined:

"It appears to the Court that the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate has
not applied his mind while passing the order under Section 156(3) of
E the Criminal Procedure Code directing the police to investigate in the
matter. The impugned order, on the face of it, reveals that he has not
gone through the complaint. He has stated in the order that the
accused Nos. 1 to 10 are Manager and Branch Manager of Dena Bank.
As a matter of fact, the accused No. 1 was the Ex-Chairman and
Managing Director of Dena Bank, and the accused No. 2 was the
F Executive Director. The accused Nos. 3 to 10 are Directors of Dena
Bank. None of these persons are Managers or Branch Manager. Despite
this, the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate has mentioned in his order
that they are Managers or Branch Managers. With regard to the
prospectus he has simply stated that the Bank has issued prospectus
G for its public issue and at page No. 87 false informations were given
so as to cause damage to the Company and to jeopardize the reputation
of the Company. Despite the fact that the litigations are pending
before the Civil Court he has mentioned about non-returning of export
bills etc. On these facts he has passed order under Section 156 (3) of
the Criminal Procedure Code, directing the PSI, Sayajiganj Police Station
H to make inquiry in the matter."
MAKSUDSAIYEDv. STATE[SINHA,J.] 1123
The approach of the High Court, with respect, is entirely correct. A
15. This Court in Pepsi Foods Ltd and Anr. v. Special Judicial
Magistrate and Ors., [1998] 5 SCC 749, held as under:

"28. Summoning of an accused in a criminal case is a serious matter.
Criminal law cannot be set into motion as a matter of course. It is not B
that the complainant has to bring only two witnesses to support his
allegations in the complaint to have the criminal law set into motion.
The order of the Magistrate summoning the accused must reflect that
he has applied his mind to the facts of the case and the law applicable
thereto. He has to examine the nature of allegations made in the
complaint and the evidence both oral and documentary in support C
thereof and would that be sufficient for the complainant to succeed
in bringing charge home to the accused. It is not that the Magistrate
is a silent spectator at the time of recording of preliminary evidence
before summoning of the accused. The Magistrate has to carefully
scrutinise the evidence brought on record and may even himself put D
questions to the complainant and his witnesses to elicit answers to
find out the truthfulness of the allegations or otherwise and then
examine if any offence is prima face committed by all or any of the
accused."

The learned Magistrate, in our opinion, shall have kept the said principle E
in mind.

16. For the reasons aforementioned, there is no merit in this appeal
which is dismissed accordingly with costs. Counsel's fee assessed at Rs.
25,000/-.
F
KK.T. Appeal dismissed.