Holding

Conviction under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC and Section 323/34 IPC is justified where a common intention to kill is established, even if the fatal blow cannot be individually identified.

Summary

The appellants Mangu Khan, Sirdar Khan and Subedar Khan attacked an informant, his father and brother over a dispute concerning a bund, using lathis, farsi and tanchia. The father and brother were killed on the spot while the informant sustained injuries. The trial court convicted all five accused under Sections 148, 302/149 and 323/149 IPC; the High Court acquitted two of them but upheld conviction of the three appellants under Section 302 read with Section 34 and Section 323/34. The appellants appealed to the Supreme Court, contending that the High Court could not convict under Section 302/34 after a lower court acquittal, that discrepancies in the evidence and unexplained injuries to the accused should create reasonable doubt, that post‑mortem rigor mortis timing undermined the prosecution story, and that a plea of private defence or a charge under Section 304 was appropriate. The Supreme Court held that the evidence established a common intention to kill, that Section 34 applies where the fatal blow cannot be ascribed to a particular accused, and that unexplained minor injuries to the accused do not vitiate the prosecution case. Consequently, the Court dismissed the appeals and affirmed the convictions under Section 302 read with Section 34 and Section 323/34.

Issues considered

The validity of convicting the appellants under Section 302 read with Section 34 when the trial court had acquitted them under Section 302 simpliciter.
Whether the alleged discrepancies in the evidence and the failure to explain minor injuries to the accused create reasonable doubt warranting acquittal.
Whether the post‑mortem findings on rigor mortis can be used to disprove the prosecution's timeline of the offence.
Whether a plea of private defence in respect of property and person is available to the accused.
Whether the offence should be punished under Section 304 IPC instead of Section 302 IPC.

Legislation cited

Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 148, s. 149, s. 302, s. 304, s. 323, s. 34

Subjects

murdercommon intentionSection 34 IPCprivate defenceevidentiary appraisalpost‑mortemrigor mortisconvictionappeal

Judgment

A MANGU KHAN AND ORS.
v.
STATE OF RAJAS THAN

FEBRUARY 24, 2005

B . [K.G. BALAKRISHNAN AND B.N. SRIKRISHNA, JJ.]

Penal Code, 1860-Sections 302 read with section 34, section 148, 3021
149 and 3231149-Murder of two persons and injury caused to other over a
C dispute-Conviction under sections 148, 3021149 and 3231149-High Court
convicting under Section 302 !PC read with Section 34 and under Section
323134 !PC-Justification of-Held: Evidence showing formation of common
intention to commit offence on the spot and the manner in which complainant
party was attacked and were done to death, though not possible to identify
and ascribe particular injury to particular accused-Hence, conviction under
D Section 302 !PC read with Section 34 justified-Also no discrepancies and
inconsistencies in the evidence-Evidence Act, 1872.

Constitution of India, 1950-Artic/e 136-Re-appreciation of evidence
by Supreme Court-Scope of-Held: When courts below concurrently accept
E the evidence to sustain charges, meticulous analysis of evidence cannot be
gone into.

According to the prosecution, appellants attacked informant, his
father and brother with weapons on account of a dispute over construction
of a bund. Father and his son died on the spot and the brother, the
F complainant sustained injuries. Complainant lodged FIR. Appellants were
convicted and sentenced under section 148, section 302/149 and section
323/149 IPC. High Court convicted and sentenced the appellants under
section 302 IPC read with section 34 IPC and also under section 323/34
IPC. Hence, the present appeals.

G Appellant - accused contended that since the Sessions Court had
acquitted the appellants of the charge under Section 302, High Court could
not convict ·them under Section 302 r/w SectiQn 34; that even if they were
guilty they should be convicted only under Section 304 Part I and not
under Section 302; that the evidence could not have been accepted at all
H for convicting the appellants since there are some discrepancies and
368
MANGU KHAN v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 369
inconsistencies in the e\•idence; that the injuries sustained by appellant Nos. A
I and 2 had not been explained by prosecution; that High Court erred in
not appreciating that the ocular evidence was inconsistent with the medical
evidence; and that the right of private defence was available to the accused
both in respect of their property and their person.

Dismissing the appeals, the Court B
HELD : l. Trial Court and High Court having concurrently accepted
the evidence to sustain the charge, meticulous analysis of the evidence
cannot be gone into. (372-D)

Harshadsingh Pahelvansingh Thakore v. State of Gujarat, I 1976) 4 SCC C
640, referred to.

2.1. There is no doubt that father and his son were done to death by
inflicting serious injuries to the vital parts of their bodies, namely, the skull.
Appellants had a common intention to cause such injuries as they were D
waiting with arms, early in the morning, in the field. The manner in which
the complainant party was attacked and two of them were done to death
is borne out by the evidence and the High Court's findings on this issue
are justified. From the evidence, it may ~ot be possible to pin point the
person who dealt the fatal blow to each of the deceased and as such the
appellants were all acquitted of the charge under Section 302 simpliciter. E
But when the evidence indicates that the three accused had repeatedly
given blow with lathi, farsi and tanchia, and it is not possible to identify
and ascribe a particular injury to a particular accused, conviction of the
accused on the charge under Section 302 with the aid of Section 34 IPC is
justified. Furthermore, the situation was not of a free fight and the F
evidence on record indicates that the intention was to ambush, attack and
kill the persons, who were coming to protest about the unlawful
construction on the land. Therefore, the situation is covered by Section
302 and not by Section 304. (377-G-H; 378-A-C; 379-E)

B.M. Dana and Anr. v. State of Bombay, AIR (1960) SC 289; G
Harshadsingh Pahelvansingh Thakore v. The State of Gujarat, (1976) 4 SCC
640; Sukh Ram v. State of U.P. AIR (1974) SC 323 and Pipal Singh v. State
of Punjab, (20011 2 SCC 292, referred to.

2.2. It cannot be said that in every case there is an inexorable burden
upon the prosecution to explain the injuries on the body of the accused H
370 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005) 2 S.C.R.

A failing which the prosecution case must be thrown out lock, stock and
barrel. Merely because the appellan~ - accused persons sustained small
abrasions and laceration on non-vital parts of the body and they are not
explained by the prosecution, it cannot be said that the evidence, which is
otherwise acceptable, becomes suspect or that the prosecution must fail
B on that score. (374-G; 375-FJ

Hare Krishna Singh and Ors. v. State of Bihar, AIR (1988) SC 863,
relied on.

2.3. The post mortem examination was carried out at I l.OOA.M./12
Noon on 11.7.1997 and the report suggests that the death had taken place
C "within 24 hours prior to post mortem Examination". lt might have
occurred any time after 11.00/12.00 Noon of I 0. 7.1997. Developing of rigor
mortis depends on various factors such as constitution of the deceased,
season of the year, the temperature in the region and the conditions under
which the body has been preserved. The record indicates that the body
D was takeri from the mortuary. There is no cross-examination, whatsoever,
of the Doctor so as to elicit any ·of the material facts on which a possible
argument could have been ~ased.' If these are the circumstances, then the
presence of rigor mortis all over the body by itself cannot warrant the
submission that the death must have occurred during the previous night.
Acceptable ocular evidence cannot be dislodged on such hypothetical basis.
E (376-C-FJ

2.4. The accused did not raise a plea with regard to availability of
right of private defence to accused in respect of their property and their
person during the trial, nor suggested it during the cross-examination of
F prosecution witnesses. Also there is no evidence on record to suggest that
any member of the complainant party had done any act which could have
induced a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the accused of danger
to their person or to their property, or that they approached the accused
party with an intention Of causing bodily harm, for they were wholly
unarmed. [376-H; 377-A-B)
G
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 30
of 2004.

From the Judgment and Order dated 1.7.2003 of the Rajasthan High
Court in D.B.Crl.A. No. 809 of 1998.
H
MANGU KHAN v. STATE OF RA.IASTHAN [SRIKRISHNA . .I.] 371

WITH A
Crl.A. No. 31 of 2004.

S.R. Bajwa, Sushil Kr. Jain, Hemraj Gupta, H.D. Thanvi, S. Singhania,
Pratibha Jain and Ajau Choudhary for the Appellants.
B
Kumar Karti Kat and Ms. Sandhya Goswami for the ·Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

SRIKRISHNA, J. The appellants were convicted under Section 148,
Section 302/149 and Section 323/149 of the Indian Penal Code by the Trial C
Court and sentences were awarded to them consequently. Having failed in
their appeals before the High Court, the appellants are before this Court by
way of special leave.

Facts:
D
Sahab Khan, PW 3, made a written report (Ex. P 6) on 11. 7.1997 at
9:00 a.m. in Police Station Sadar, Alwar. According to him, between 7:00
and 7:30 a.m. on that day, he and his father, Dhandhad, and his brother, lsab,
went to their field. Mangu Khan, Appellant No. 1, Sirdar Khan, Appellant
No. 2, Subedar Khan, Appellant No. 3, (Deen Mohd, and Jamil Khan, since
acquitted), who had enmity against them on account of construction of a E
bund, were sitting on the bund duly armed with lathi, farsi, tanchia and
kattas. As soon as the informant, his father and brother approached, all the
aforesaid persons attacked them with farsi, lathi and tanchia. Consequently,
Dhandhad and his brother, Isab, fell down and died on the spot itself. He also
sustained some injuries as a result of the assault. The Police Station, Sadar, F
Alwar registered a case under Sections 147, 148, 149, 307, 447 and 302 IPC
and commenced investigation. As a result of the investigation, five of the
accused were trie~. They comprised Mangu Khan, Appellant No. I, Sirdar
Khan, Appellant No. 2, Subedar Khan, Appellant No. 3, Deen Mohd. and
Jamil Khan. Learned Additional District and Session Judge, Alwar convicted
the said accused under Sections 148, 302/149 and 323/149 of l.P.C. and G
sent.enced them to suffer two years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of
rupees one thousand in default for the offence under Section 148, rigorous
imprisonment for life and a fine of rupees five thousand with default sentence
of two years rigorous imprisonment for the offence under Section 302/149
IPC, and to suffer one year rigorous imprisonment for the offence under H
372 . SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] 2 S.C.R.

.A Section 323/149 !PC.

All the five accused appealed to the High Court. On appeal the High
Court was of the view that the charges under Sections 148, 302/149 and 323/
149 !PC against the appellants, Deen Mohd. and Jamil Khan had not been
established beyond reasonable doubt and acquitted them. The present
B Appellants Nos. I to 3 were, however, convicted by the High Court under
Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC and sentenced to suffer imprisonment
for life and fine of rupees five thousand with a default sentence of two years
rigorous imprisonment and one year's rigorous imprisonment for the conviction
under Section 323/34 IPC. The sentences were directed to run concurrently.
c The learned counsel for. the appellant invited us to go into the minute
details of the evidence to persuade us that the evidence before the Court
could not have been accepted at all for convicting the appellants. He also
tried to highlight some discrepancies and inconsistencies in the evidence.
Two courts having concurref!tly accepted the evidence to sustain the charge,
D we decline to go into the meticulous analysis of the evidence at the invitation
of the learned counsel for the appellants. We may usefully recapitulate in this
connection the dicta of this Court in Harshadsingh Pahelvansingh Thakore
v. The State of Gujarat'. '

"Judicial summitry, when the subject of dispute is reappraisal of
E evidence even on the sophisticated ground of misappreciation, has to
submit itself to certain self-restraining rules of processual symmetry.
The trial court directly sees the witnesses testify and tests their veracity
in the raw. The. appellate Court, enjoying coextensive power of
examination, exercises it circumspectly, looks for errors of probative
appraisal, oversight or omission in the record and makes a better
F judgment on the .totality of materials in the light of established rules
of criminal jurisprudence. As' the case ascends higher, forensic review
is more rarefied. Such being the restrictive, approach, the Supreme
Court cannot be persuaded, without stultifying the system of our
judicature, to go over the ground of reading the evidence,.IJlld
G interpreting it a new so as t<?liphold that which appeals to it among
possible alternative views. If there is perversity, miscarriage of justice,
shocking misreading or gross. misapplication of the rules, procedural
and substantive, we interfere without hesitation. Of. course other

H i. [1976) 4 sec 640
MANGU KHAN v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN [SRIKRISHNA, .l.] 373

- exceptional circumstances also may invoke our review jurisdiction.
These prefatory observations have become necessary since, usually,
A
appellants, hopefully slurring over these jurisdictional limitations, argue
the whole way before us as if the entire evidence is at large for de
novo examination. Such a procedure has been attempted in the present
case and, for reasons just mentioned, we are disinclined to rip open
the depositions to rediscover whether the evidence is reliable or not." B
In Paragraph 31 of the judgment under appeal the High Court has
summarized its findings as under :

"3 l. Bearing the principles propounded in the aforequottedjudgments,
in mind we now propose to consider the facts situation emerged in c
the instant case that may be summarized as under :-

(i) Deceased lsab received 7 incised wound in the head and other
parts of his body and 3 abrasions over right hand and right thigh.

(ii) Deceased Dhandhad received 9 incised wounds on the head and
other parts of the body and two bruises on the skull. D
(iii) Appellant Mangu received four abrasions on both the hands and
nose. Whereas appellant Sirdar sustained I lacerated wound on right
leg, multiple abraded bruises on right shoulder and two abrasions on
left knee.
E
(iv) The informant Sahab Khan sustained I lacerated wound on head,
bruises on left shoulder and right wrist and abrasion on left leg.

(v) Dispute regarding dividing wall of the fields was going on for the

-- last l 0-12 days prior to the date of incident between the appellant
Mangu and deceased. F
(vi) According to site plan (Dhani) place of residence of the deceased
situated towards the field of Mangu about 300 meters away from the
place of incident.

(vii) Dead bodies of lsab and Dhandhad were found lying in the field
of Mangu. G
(viii) The field of informant Sahab Khan situated just adjacent to the
field of Mangu towards its south.

(ix) The statement of Zakir Hussain (Pw. l ), Rudar (Pw.2), Sharif
Khan (Pw.4) and Riyasat Ali (Pw. 5) were recorded by the police on H
374 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] 2 S.C.R.

A July I 4, I 997 i.e. after about 3 days of the incident. As according to
Narpat Singh Rathore, 1.0. (Pw. 15) they were not available to him.
I

(x) To the cross examination Narpat Singh Rathore, 1.0. admitted
that farsi recovered at the instance of appellant Jamil was sealed and
marked as Article l-A. A slip was pasted on the article which bore
B his signatures and date July I I, I 997, but it did not bear the signatures
of Jam ii. He further stated that Jamil was arrested on July 12; 1997
and farsi got recovered after his arrest.

(xi) There are omissions, embellishments and contradictions in the
statement of Sahab Khan (Pw.3).
c (xii) The injuries sustained by appellants Mangu and Sirdar Khan had
not been explained by prosecution.

(xiii) Despite the Poliee Station fall on the way while taking the dead
bodies. The informant did not give first information to the police."
D These findings are broadly correct and must be taken as the basis for
any further critical appraisal of the judgment under appeal.

Contentions :

The first contention urged by the learned counsel is that Mangu Khan
E and Sirdar Khan had also suffered injuries, which had not been explained by
the prosecution. Consequently, it is argued that the whole of the ~rosecution
case becomes suspect and induces a reasonable doubt, the benefit of which
must legitimately go to the accused~

The injuries sustained by the deceased Isab and Dhandhad were
F
extremely serious ones on vital parts of the body, which resulted in their
death. The informant Sahab Khan had suffered a lacerated wound on the
.right side of his head and three abrasions on his right wrist and left leg .
respectively. As far as the injuries sustained by the accused persons are
• concerned, the injury report shows small abrasions and laceration on non-
G vital parts of the body, Apart therefrom, we are unable to accept the contention
that in every case there is such an inexorable burden upon the prosecution to
explain the injuries on the body of the accused failing which the prosecution
case must be thrown out lock, stock and barrel. In Hare Krishna Singh and
Ors. v. State of Bihar1 this Court, after careful analysis ofseveral judgments
H 2. AIR [ 1988] SC 863 para 8.
MANGU KHAN v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN [SRIKRISHNA, .I.] 375

cited before it as authorities for the said proposition, observed as under: (vide A
paragraph 18)

"The burden of proving the guilt of the accused is undoubtedly on the
prosecution. The accused is not bound to say anything in defence.
The prosecution has to prove the guilt of the accused beyond all
reasonable doubts. If the witnesses examined on behalf of the B
prosecution are believed by the Court in proof of the guilt of the
accused beyond any reasonable doubt, the question of the obligation
of the prosecution to explain the injuries sustained by the accused
will not arise. When the prosecution comes with a definite case that
the offence has been committed by the accused and proves its case , C
beyond any reasonable doubt, it becomes hardly necessary for the
prosecution to again explain how and in what circumstances injuries
have been inflicted on the person of the accused."

Again, thus in paragraph 20 :
D
"All the decisions of this Court which have been referred to and
discussed above, show that when the Court has believed the
prosecution witnesses as convincing and trustworthy, the Court
overruled the contention of the accused that as the prosecution had
failed to explain the injuries sustained by the accused in the same
occurrence, the prosecution case should be disbelieved and the accused E
should be acquitted. Thus, it is not the law or invariable rule that
whenever the accused sustains an injury in the same occurrence, the
prosecution has to explain the injuries failure of which will mean that
the prosecution has suppressed the truth and also the origin and genesis
of the occurrence." F
In the face of this authoritative pronouncement, we are unable to accept the
contention that merely because the appellants, Mangu Khan and Sirdar Khan
had a few abrasions and minor lacerated wounds on their bodies, the evidence
which is otherwise acceptable becomes suspect or that the prosecution must
fail on that score. G
The learned counsel next contended that the High Court had grossly
erred in not appreciating that the ocular evidence on record was wholly
inconsistent witp and inexplicable in the light of the medical evidence. In
particular, learned counsel drew our attention to the post mortem reports in
H
376 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005) 2 S.C.R.

A both the cases. In the case of deceased Isab, the post mortem report dated
11.7.1997 indicated that the body was examined at 12.00 Noon on· 11.1.97
and certified that death had occurred "within 24 hours prior to PM
Examination". The cause of death appeared to be serious injuries caused on
the head and skull resulting in wounds going deep into meninges, brain
B matter coming out through bones and scalp. In the case of the deceased
Dandhad, the post mortem report dated I l. 7 .1997 certified that his body was
examined at 11.00 AM and death had occurred "within 24 hours prior to PM
Examination". In both the cases, the post mortem report indicated "rigor
mortis present all over the body". On the basis of these two documents, the
learned counsel tried to build up a case that the prosecution story was ·
C unbelievable, that the offence had been committed during previous night in
the open field by unknown persons and the case had been falsely foisted on
the accused on account of previous enmity over the construction of a bund.
We see no basis whatsoever for this argument. In the first place, neither post
mortem report suggests that the death had taken place exactly 24 hours before
D the post mortem _was conducted. All that the post mortem reports say is that
the death had occurred "within 24 hours prior to PM Examination".
Undoubtedly, the post mortem examination was carried out at 11.00 A.M./
12 Noon on 11. 7. l 997 .. In other words, the post mortem reports suggest that
the death might have occurred any time after 11.00/12.00 Noon of 1.0.7.1997.
The contention urged by reference to text books on Forensic Medicine to
E show the time within w.hich rigor mortis develops all over the body also has
no factual basis. It depends on various factors such as constitution of the
deceased, season of the year, the temperature in the region and the conditions
under which the body has been preserved. The record indicates that the body
was taken from the mortuary. We notice that there is no cross examination,
p whatsoever, of the doctor so as to elicit any of the material facts on which
a possible argument could have been based. If these are the circumstanc~s,
then the presence of rigor mortis all over the body by itself cannot warrant
the argument of the learned counsel that the death must have occurred during
the previous night. Acceptable ocular evidence cannot be dislodged on such
hypothetical bases for which no proper grounds were laid.
G
The learned counsel then argued that the evidence on reco~d showed
that the bund had been constructed in the field of Mangu Khan about l 0-15
days prior to the date of the incident. He urged that even if it was assumed
that the bund had been constructed by trespassing upon the land of the
H deceased, since the accused were in settled possession and the complainant
MANGU KHAN v. STATE OF RA.IASTHAN [SRIKRISHNA . .I.] 377

party were attempting to forcibly reoccupy the bund, right of private defence A
was available to the accused both in respect of their property and their person.
The contention is wholly unfounded and misplaced. No such plea seems to
have been raised during the trial, nor suggested during the cross examination
of prosecution witnesses. Secondly, there is no evidence that the complainant
party was approaching the accused party with an intention of causing a bodily B
harm, for they were wholly unarmed. It is the accused party which appeared
to be armed with weapons like lathi, farsi, tanchia and katta. Further, the
evidence on record does not suggest that any member of the complainant
party had done any act which could have induced a reasonable apprehension
in the minds of the accused of danger to their person or to their property. We
are also not in a position to accept the contention of the learned counsel that C
the injuries sustained by the accused furnished such evidence'.

The learned counsel then contended that, apart from the other charges
of the five accused, the accused who had been charged under Section 302
simplicitor had been acquitted of the offence under Section 302, but convicted
of the offence under Section 302 r/w Section 34 of IPC. According to the D
learned counsel, since the Sessions Court had acquitted the appellants of the
charge under Section 302, it was not open to the High Court to convict them
under Section 302 r/w Section 34 of IPC. This, in the submission of the
learned counsel caused prejudice to the appellants, is a grave misdirection in
law and has resulted in miscarriage of justice.
E
The High Court, after reappreciating the evidence on record, took the
view that the prosecution had failed to establish charges under Secti.ms 148,
302/149 and 323/149 IPC against the accused Deen Mohd. and Jamil Khan
beyond reasonable doubt. This was the reason why they were acquitted. With
regard to the present Appellants Nos. l to 3, the High Court was of the view F
that formation of the common intention to commit the offence on the spot
was established against them. Relying on the judgment of this Court in Malhu
Yadav and Ors. v. State of Bihar3 the High Court held that although a charge
under Section 34 IPC had not been framed against the present appellants,
since the evidence showed formation of a common intention to commit the
offence on the spot, their conviction under Section 302 IPC with the aid of G
Section 34 IPC would not cause any prejudice to them.

The contention urged by the learned counsel is unsound in law. There

3. c20021 s sec 724.
H
~--
378 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] 2 S.C.R.

A is no doubt that lsab and Dhandhad were done to death by serious injuries
to the vital parts of their bodies, namely, skull. That the three appellants 4ad
a common intention to cause such injuries is evident from their waiting with
arms, early in the morning, in the field. The evidence on record justifies the
conclusion of the High Court. The manner in which the complainant party
B was attacked and two of them were done to d~ath is borne out by the evidence
and the High Court's findings on t.his issue are justified. May be, from the
evidence, it may not be possible to pin point the person who deait the fatal
blow to each of the deceased. That is perhaps the reason why the appellants
were all acquitted of the charge under Section 302 simplicitor. But when the
evidence indicates that the three accused had repeatedly given blows with
C lathi, farsi and tanchia, and it is not possible to identify and ascribe a particular
injury to a particular accused, there would be nothing illegal in convicting the
accused of the charge of Section 30i with the aid of Section 34 IPC. As to
the object of Section 34, this Court in B.M Dana and Anr. v. State of
Bombay" observed :

D "We accept the position that we do not know which particular person
or persons gave the fatal blows; but once it is found that a criminal
act was done in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of
such persons is liable for the criminal act as if it were done by him
alone. The section is intended to meet a case in which it may be
difficult to distinguish between the acts of individual members of a
E party who act in furtherance of the common intention of all or to
prove exactly what part was taken by each of them. The principle
which the section embodies is participation in some action with the
common intention of committing a crime; once such participation is
established, S. 34 is at once attracted."
F
In fact, this precisely appears to be the role of Section 34, as this Court had
indicated in Harshadsingh Pahelvansingh Thakore (supra). In the felicitous
words of Krishna Iyer, J. the legal proposition is : ·'

"We make the legal position cleai: that when a murderous assault by
G · many hands with many knives has ended fatally, it is legally
impermissible to dissect the serious ones from the others and seek .to
salvage those whose stabs have not proved fatal. When people play
with knives and lives, the circumstance that one man's stab falls on

H 4. AIR (1960) SC 289 para 19.
MANGU KHAN v. STATE OF RA.IASTHAN [SRIKRISHNA . .I.] 379

a less or more vulnerable part of the person of the victim is of no A
consequence to fix the guilt for murder. Conjoint complicity is the
inevitable inference when a gory group animated by lethal intent
accomplish their purpose cumulatively. Section 34 IPC fixing
constructive liability conclusively silences such a refined plea of
extrication. (See Amir Hussain v. State of U.P. 5 ; Maina Singh v. B
State of Rajasthan 6.) Lord Sumner's classic legal shorthand for
constructive criminal liability, expressed in the Miltonic verse 'They
also serve who only stand and wait' a fortiori embraces cases of
common.intent instantly formed, triggering a plurality of persons into
an adventure in criminality, some hitting, some missing, some,splitting
hostile heads, some spilling drops of blood. Guilt goes with community C
of intent coupled with participatory presence or operation. No finer
juristic niceties can be pressed into service to nullify or jettison the
plain punitive purpose of the Penal Code."

In a situation when all the accused but one have been acquitted of the
charge, it is possible to convict even the solitary accused under Section 302 D
with the aid of Section 34 (See also in this connectjon Sukh Ram v. State of
U. P. 7 and Pipal Singh v. State of Punjab 8)

Learned counsel finally made a desperate appeal that if they were guilty,
the appellants could be convicted only under Section 304 Part I IPC and not
under Section 302. We are afraid, this plea is also not open. The situation E
was not one of a free fight. On the other hand, the evidence on record
indicates that the intention was to ambush, attack and kill the persons, who
were coming to protest about the unlawful construction of the bund. In our
view, the situation is covered by Section 302 and not by Section 304, as
urged.
F
We find no substance in these appeals, which are hereby dismissed.

N.J. Appeals dismissed.

5. [1975] 4 sec 247.

6. [197612 sec s21.

. 7. AIR(l974)SC323.

s. [200112 sec 292.