Supreme Court of India
MUNICIPALCOUNCIL, KOTA, RAJASTHANversusTHE DELHI CLOTH AND GENERAL MILLS CO. LTD.
- Citation
- 2001 INSC 132
- Decided
- 2 March 2001
- Disposal
- Appeal(s) allowed
- Bench
- V N KHARE
Holding
The dharmada levy is, in substance, an octroi tax permissible under Section 104(2) of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act and does not constitute prohibited double taxation.
Summary
The Municipal Council of Kota levied a "dharmada" tax on goods entering its limits under a 1968 notification issued pursuant to Section 104(2) of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 1959. Delhi Cloth & General Mills Co. sought an injunction restraining the levy, arguing that dharmada was not an octroi and thus unauthorized and amounted to double taxation. The High Court held that Section 104(2) only covered obligatory taxes like octroi and barred dharmada, granting the injunction. The Supreme Court examined the nature of the levy, emphasizing that the pith and substance of dharmada is identical to octroi—tax on entry of goods for consumption, use or sale—within the legislative competence of the municipality. It held that the nomenclature is irrelevant, the levy is not double taxation, and the High Court’s decision was erroneous. Consequently, the appeals were allowed, setting aside the injunction and refund orders.
Issues considered
- The true character and nature of the dharmada levy – whether it is an octroi within the scope of Section 104(2) of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act.
- Whether the dharmada levy amounts to illegal double taxation.
- Whether the municipality had legislative competence to impose dharmada under Entry 52 of List II of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.
Legislation cited
- Constitution of Indias. Article 265, s. Article 277, s. Entry 52 List II Seventh Schedule
- Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 1959s. 101, s. 102, s. 104(2), s. 105, s. 98, s. 99
Subjects
octroidharmada taxdouble taxationmunicipal taxationlegislative competencepith and substanceRajasthan Municipalities ActEntry 52 List IIconstitutional law
Judgment
MUNICJPALCOUNCIL, KOTA, RAJASTHAN A
v.
THE DELHJ CLOTH AND GENERAL MILLS CO. LTD.
MARCH2, 2001
[V.N. KHARE AND DORAISWAMY RAJU, JJ.] B
Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 1959: Section 104(2).
Octroi-Dharmada Tax-Notification authorised levy of 'dharmada' tax
on entry of goods into municipal limit-Suit restraining municipality from
collecting 'dharrnada' tax dismissed-But High Court held that S. 104(2) only c
dealt with obligatory taxes like octroi which did not include 'dharmada' tax-
Validity of-Hfld: the levy imposed and collected under the name of'dharrnada'
is by way of octroi which the municipality is entitled to collect-Further, such
- ~ imposition of'dhannada' tax does not amount lo double taxation-Hence, levy
of 'dharmada' tax is legal-Constitution of India, 1950, Entry 52 List II D
Seventh Sch.
Wora'.< and Phrases :
"Double Taxation" -Meaning of
The appellant-Municipality sought to levy "dharmada" tax, as a E
form of octroi on the goods imported by the respondent-company into the
municipal limits pursuant to a notification issued by the State Government
under Section 104(2) of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 1959.
The respondents filed a suit restraining the appellant from collecting
F
'dharmada' tax. The trial court dismissed the suit, which was confirmed
by the appellate court. The High Court held that Section 104(2) of the Act
only dealt with the obligatory taxes like octroi and did not include
'dharmada' tax and, therefore, the State Government could not have
authorised the appellant-Municipality to collect 'dharmada' tax. Hence
this appeal. G
Allowing the appeal, the Court
·~ HELD : 1.1. The scheme underlying the notification issued in exer-
cise of the powers under Section 104(2) of the Rajasthan Municipalities
H
287
288 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] 2 S.C.R.
A Act, 1959 seems to be to provide for an additional levy and collection of
octroi on certain class or category of goods, under the nomenclature of
Dharmada or Nirkhi, indicative more of the specific purpose or object of
the demand so made but again only on goods brought within the limits of
the Municipality for consumption, use or sale demonstrating thereby that
the collection under the name ofDharmada as well as Nirkhi is also by way
B
of an octroi, the levy being on the very and only incidence of the entry of
the goods and animals within the municipal limits for consumption, use or
sale therein. (302-G-H; 303-A]
•
1.2. Whenever a challenge is made to the levy of tax, its validity may
C have to be mainly determined with reference to the legislative competence
or power to levy the same and in adjudging this issue the nature and
'~haracter of the tax has to be inevitably determined at the threshold. It is
equally axiomatic that once the legislature concerned has been held to
possess power to levy the tax, the motive with which the tax is imposed -I-·
becomes immaterial and irrelevant and the fact that a wrong reason for
D
exercising the power has been given also would not in any manner dero-
gate from the validity of the tax. (303-B·CJ
1.3. It is not the nomenclature 11'ed or chosen to christen the levy
that is really relevant or determinative of the real character or the nature
E of the levy, for the purpose of adjudging a challenge to the competency or
the power and authority to legislate or impose a levy. What really has to be
seen is the pith and substance or the real nature and character of the levy
which has to be adjudged, with reference to the charge viz., the taxable
event and the incidence of the levy. The levy sought to be imposed and
recovered as 'Dharmada' being only on the goods brought within the
F
municipal limits for consumption, use or sale therein the same in truth,
reality and substance is only an 'octroi' for the purpose of carrying out the
several public charitable objects statutorily enjoined upon the Municipal
Board and enumerated in SectiOns 98 and 99 and those undertaken pursu-
ant to the stipulations contained in Sections 101 and 102 of the Act. The
G mere fact that it is called by a different name (all the more so when the
word 'octroi'itself is not found used in Entry 52 of List II of the seventh
Schedule) for historical reason and administrative needs or exigencies hy
the draftsmen of the notification does not in any manner either undermine ;._. -
the nature and character of the levy or render, if any, the less a levy
H envisaged under Entry 52 of List II of the seventh, Schedule. The various
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL. KOTA, (RAJ.) v. DELHI CLOTH & GENERAL MILLS CO. 289
charitable objects and ameliorative schemes and projects for which the A
taxes realised under the classified head of 'Dharmada' are claimed to be
spent cannot, as the provisions of the Act stand enacted, he said to be
either unauthorised or 'vithout the sanction of law. That, apart, the irregu-
larity or illegality, if any, involved in spending the sum after collection
cannot have any impact on, or adversely affect, the otherwise competency B
of the Authority concerned to impose a levy, well within its legislative
competence and further not shown to be violative of any provisions of the
Constitution of India. [305-B-GI
Burmah-Shell Oil Storage and Distributing Co. of India Ltd, Belgaum v.
Belgaum Borough Municipality, Belgaum, AIR (1963) SC 906, Jullundur C
Rubber Goods Mcmufacturers' Association v. Union of India, AIR (1970) SC
1589 and (Morris) Leventhal v. David Jones Ltd, AIR (1930) PC 129, re-
ferred to.
CIT (Central), Delhi, New Delhi v. Bijli Cotton Mills (P) Ltd,, Hathras,
District Aligarh, [1979) 1 SCC 496, held inapplicable. D
Governor-General in Council v. Province of Madras, AIR (1945) PC
98,cited.
2. Though taxation of the same thing under different names is none-
theless 'double taxation' in popular sense, the expertise exposition of the E
topic seems to also lean in favour of the revenue, in that the legislature has
been considered to possess the power to levy one or more tax or rates of tax
on the same taxable event and since in these areas large latitude and "ide
discretion has always been allowed to the State to choose its own method or
kind of tax or mode and purpose of levy and recover, unless there is any F
prohibition in the Constitution or the very law enacted by the legislature
itself prevents such a thing happening, no infirmity can be said to vitiate
such a levy. Wherever the taxes arc imposed by different legislatures or
authorities or where one of the two alone is a tax or where it is for
altogether different purposes or when it is indirect rather than direct,
there is no scope even for making any grievance of double taxation, at all. G
In the absence of any impediment specifically created in the Constitution
of a country or the legislative enactment itself, the desirability or need
' ...J.
otherwise to avoid such levies has been held to pertain to areas of political
'visdom of policy making and adjusting of public finances of the State, and
not for the Law Courts, though Courts would, unless there is clear and H
290 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] 2 S.C.R.
A specific mandate of law in favour of such multiple levies more than once,
in construing general statutory provisions lean in favour of an
interpretation to avoid double taxation. So much are the principles or
statement of law governing a challenge to any levy on the ground of
Double Taxation. [307-D-H]
B .Jain BIVs. v. Union of India, AIR (1970) SC 778; ATVinder Singh v.
State of Punjab, AIR (1979) SC 321; Sri Krishna Das v. Town Area Commit-
tee, Chirgaon, [1990] 2 SCC 645 and Radhakishan Rathi v.Additional Collec-
t01; Durg, [1995] 4 SCC 309, referred to.
,
In Re: Western India Theatres AIR (1954) Born. 261 andStevensv. The
c Durban Rodderpomt Gold Mining Co. lld., (1909) 5 Tax Cas 402, cited.
3. The levy is specific, definite and positive in terms, with a definitely
disclosed object leaving no room for any doubts or any exercise to clear
such assumed doubts. The rates of the levy under challenge have been
notified as part and parcel of one and the same Schedule to the said
D Notification and not by any different or more than one Schedule and that
too by means of a simultaneous exercise of powers under Section 104(2) of
the Act and not on different occasion or time, Though it is seen that some
of the classified items or commodities enumerated in various Entries over-
lap those found in the other Entries under different captions including
E Dharmada, they are not mere mechanical repetitions in toto, viewed either
from their classification, enumeration or determination of the rates as well
as the measure or quantity with reference to which the actual levy is to be
made and collected. Therefore, the mere stipulation of plurality of rates in
respect of some or the other of the commodities/goods under different
classified groups for different purpose by itself will not render it to be
F
dubbed or castigated as 'Double Taxation' for spearheading a challenge on
them. The Notification under consideration cannot be said to involve the
imposition of any double tax and the High Court has gone wrong in
proceeding upon such an erroneous assumption and declaring thereby the
levy for Dharmada purposr.s to be bad and illegal. [308-A-E]
G
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 4152of1991.
From the Judgment and Order dated 29.07.1991 of the Rajasthan High
Court in S.B. CSA No. 20 of 1982.
WITH
H
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, KOTA, (RAJ.)'· DELHI CLOTH & GENERAL MILLS CO.(RAJU,J.] 291
Civil Appeal Nos. 4153/91, 2994/1984 & 2842/1989. A
Altaf Ahmed, Additional Solicitor General, Dr. A.M. Singhvi, Shanti
Bhushan, Sushi! Kumar Jain, AP Dhamija, Ms. Anjali Doshi, Saif Mahmood,
Prashant Bhushan, Sanjeev Kapoor, Narinder Kr. Verma, P.S. Sudheer and
K.1. Johu for the appearing parties.
B
The following Judgment of the Court was delivered :
RAJU, J. These appeals involve for consideration an interesting ques-
tion as to the nature and character of the levy of 'Dharmada', as it is called in
the form of an octroi by the Municipal Council, KotainRajasthan State, which,
according to respondents, is not really an octroi, but the levy and demand of C
'dharrnada tax' as such on the goods imported by the respective respondent-
companies into the municipal limits of Kota It is necessary to trace the origin
of this levy in this part of the State of Rajasthan.
From the records and materials placed before us, it transpires that in 1860
A.D. the late Ruler of Kota, claimed to be the Sovereign Authority to make even D
laws, imposed, though on the basis of also a volition expressed by the traders
in the locality to pay one such, the levy of dharmada on the traders of 'Nandgaon'
(the ancient name of Kota city), as a compulsory levy by the authority of the said
law made by the Ruler. The Schedule of rates of dhannada, so imposed, was said
to have continued till 1894 when it came to be sanctioned also by the Resolution
dated 6.11.1894 of the Municipality Committee. This seems to have in succes- E
sion followed by another Schedule of octroi dated 22.11.1922 issued by the
Superintendent of Custom and Chief Excise Officer, Kota State, revised subse-
quently in 1923. It is also disclosed that prior to 1929 cases ofevasion of Chungi/
Dharmada were entertained and decided in the Court of Magistrate, Ko ta State,
under Sectivn 106 of the Customs Act, then in force and evasion of octroi and F
dhannada were said to have been made even as a penal act punishable under the
said Act. In the year 1929, the Kota State Chungi Act was said to have been
passed empowering the levy and collection of dham1ada by the Municipal Board,
Kota. In 1959, the Rajas than Municipalities Act saved the operation of the Chungi
Act, 1929. G
The Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 1959 (hereinafter called the "Act")
enacted a scheme of taxation for imposition of various categories of taxes by
. ~ _,,. the local authorities classified as "obligatory taxes" in Section 104 and other
taxes that may be imposed in Section 105, besides making provisions for levy
of property tax, etc. Section 104, as it stood at the relevant point of time, H
292 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] 2 S.C.R.
A obligated every Municipal Board by a mandak of law lo levy "at such rate and
from such date as the State Government may in each case direct by Notification
in the Official Gazette and in such manner as is laid down in this Act and as
may be provided in the rules made by the State Government in this behalf, the
following taxes, namely-(!) ................................................... ; (2) Anoctroi on
goods and animals brought within the limits of the Municipality for consump-
B
tion, use or .sale therein. "
Coming to the Notifications issued stipulating the rates, it may be stated
t '
at this stage that after the coming into force of the Constitution of India,
several Notifications came to be issued from time to time such as, i.e.,
C Notification No.F.2(150)LSG/50 dated 21.8.1950; Notification published in
the Official Gazette dated 17.12.1951; Notification No.F.!50LSG/60 dated
1.2.1962 successively one after the other, in supersession of the earlier one.
It is seen that subsequently the Government has issued another Noti-
fication dated 13.5.1968 under Section 104(2) of the Act authorising the
D Municipal Council, Kata, to levy octroi under three sub-heads for different
and specific purpose and objects, namely, (!) Octroi proper; (2) Dharmada;
and (3) Nirkhi, as follows:-
"Rajasthan Gazette
E Extraordinary
Jaipur, May 13, 1968
Notification Tax F.144(2) D.L.B. 161 :-
F In supersession of current rates of octroi of Kata Municipal
Board, the State Government in exercise of power conferred by Sec-
tion 104(2) of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 1959 (Rajasthan Act
No.38/1959) hereby directs that the o.ctroi will be levied on goods and
animals brought within the limits of Kota Municipality for use, con-
sumption or sale at the rates specified in the following Schedule from
G the date of publication of the Schedule:
Schedule
Name of Goods Specified rate Per quantity
H Serial Nos. 1 to IOI
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, KOTA, (RAJ.) v. DELID CLOTH & GENERAL MILLS CO.[RAJU, J.] 293
DHARMADA A
I. Grains all types 0.02 nP per Qntl.
Upto Serial No.18
ANIMALS AND BIRDS, ETC.
B
Serial Nos.19 to 31
INFUMABLE & CLEANING MATERIALS FOR USE AS
FUEL, ETC.
Serial Nos.32 to 40 c
BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Serial Nos.41 to 49
MEDICINES, CHEMICALS, PERFUMES, COSMETIC D
MATERIALS,ETC.
Serial No.50
- . SHAHARNAMA N!RKHI, MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, KOTA
Grains all types 1.00 per two
quintals.
E
Tukham Roghan O.Gl "
xx xx xx
F
By the order the Governor
Sdl- P.N. Seth
Deputy Secretary(Admn.)"
We shall now advert to the history of the present litigation and the stage
at which it has been brought to this Court in the above appeals with particular
G
reference to the facts in C.A. No.4152191. The respondent-company in C.A.
No.4152/91 filed Civil Snit No.51179 in the Court of the Additional Mnnsif
and Judicial Magistrate, First Class No.2, Kota (South), seeking for a pro-
hibitory relief against the appellant that it should not raise any demand of
dhannada tax on any of the goods imported by the company or take up any H
r
••
r
r,
294 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001) 2 S.C.R. ~
A other proceedings for the recovery of the same and the appellant should
neither impcse nor realise any Dharmada tax on the raw materials enumerated ,..
in the plaint. when brought by the company within the Municipal limits of s
~
Kota and for a consequential permanent injunction to that effect. The sum
and substance of the claim of the respondent-cm_npany was that Section '
104(2) enabled the State Government to authorise and as a consequence
B
thereof, empower the appellant to levy the octroi tax, the kind of which
envisaged in Entry 52 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution
of India and that the Notification dated 13.5.1968 insofar as it empowered f
the appellant to levy and collect Dharmada is illegal, unauthorised, unaccept-
able, unreasonable and, therefore, null and void. In justification of the said ,.
c plea, it was urged that there is no provision in any of the Entries contained
in List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution for imposing dharmada
tax and in the absence of any specific law made by the State Legislature, there
can be no legal basis for the levy of dhai:mada tax by the municipality.
Though, as noticed earlier, in the jndgment of the Division Bench, the English -,t.-
translation of the Notification issued in 1962 has been extracted, reference
D
is also made in the plaint to the Notification dated 13.5.1968 with a brief
mention of the contents thereof by stating that under the said Notification the
appellant bas been authorised to levy octtoi tax on goods brought within the
Municipal limits for sale, consumption and use at the rates specified in the
Schedule to the notification from the date of its publication in the Official
E Gazette and that so far as 'dharmada' is concerned, below the caption of the ~-
word 'dharmada' various articles have been enumerated and found divided
into 14 categories and in every such category not only the names of the
articles bnt the rate of dharmada on each category of those goods are also
specified therein. It is also one of the objections of the respcndent - plaintiff
F · that on the same goods on which octroi tax is payable, dharmada tax cannot
be imposed at all with two different names. The stand taken by the appellant
before the Civil Court was that dharmada is not separate from tbe octroi levy
but on the other hand is part and parcel of the same levy for a specific purpcse
. and recovered along with the octroi and, therefore, was well within the power
and competency of the appellant to levy by virtue of the statutory Notification
G issued under Section 104(2) of the Act. Reliance was also placed on Article
!);.';
277 of the Constitution of India in addition to relying upon the Kota State
Cbungi Act, 1929 and Section 2 of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act for the
continued authority to levy the same. ... -
H The learned Trial Judge by bisjndgment and decree dated 26.11.1979
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, KOTA. (RAJ.) i: DELHI CLOTII & OEJ\."ERAL:rvtILLS CO.[RAnJ,J.J 295
"' held that dhannada levy is also octroi and justified nnder Section 104(2) of A
+ tl1e Act. Aggrieved, the respondent-companies pursued the matter in appeal
in Civil Regular Appeal No.District Judge/12/80 and the learned Additional
Civil Judge, Kota, by his judgment dated 8.9.81 concurred with the conclu-
sion of the learned Trial Judge and dismissed the appeal. Thereupon, the
matter has been pursued before the High Court. The learned Single Judge,
B
placing reliance upon the earlier decision of a Division Bench in D.B. Special
Appeal No.154173, which is the subject-matter of Civil Appeal No.2994 of
1984 before us, allowed the claim of tl1e respondent-company. It may be
pointed out at this stage that the Division Bench sustained the challenge to
the levy at the instance of the respondent-companies by holding that Section
104(2) of the Act only dealt with the obligatory taxes like octroi and cannot c
be held to include 'dharmada tax' and, therefore, the State Government could
not have authorised the appeHant-Municipality to collect dharmada on the
entry of goods IW'ithin the municipal li1nits of Kota. ll1ough the J)ivision
-~
Bench \\ hile sustaining lhe claim of the company therein not only issued a
1
perpetual injunction restraining the appellant from levying and collecting any D
dharmada tax on the goods brought by the company within the limits of the
Municipal Collllcil, but also granted a decree, though not specifically prayed
and sought for as required in law, directing refund of collections made, the
learned Single Judge in the case dealt with by him tl10ugh upheld the claim
-+ for prohibitory relief, yet applied the doctrine of undue enrichment and on
the view that tlie respondent-companies have already realised the dharmada E
tax paid by passing over the same to the customer, the company also ought
not to be allo_.;ed to retain tl1e same and consequently instead of ordering
reflllld to the company directed reflllld of the amollllts collected (within six
months) to the State of Rajasthan with a furtl1er direction as to the manner
in which such amount has to be utilised by the State. It is in such circum- F
stances these appeals have been filed before this Court by the Mllllicipal .
Cow1cil, Kota.
Mr. Altaf Ahmad, learned Additional Solicitor General appearing for
the appellant, strenuously contended that whatever be the nomenclature in
G
substance, the levy and collection llll<ler the heading of dhannada being a levy
on the entry of goods brought within the limits of the Municipality for
'"' ... consumption, use and sale therein, it is essentially an 'octroi' covered by
Entry 52 of List-II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India and
the mere fact that for historical reasons and administrative purposes, different
names and/or labels were given to the levy would not change the nature and H
296 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001) 2 S.C.R.
A character of the tax to render it any the less an octroi or different in content
and character than the one which really is octroi. Placing reliance on the
historical origin of the levy, it is also contended tliat the collections from the
dharmada are being specifically earmarked for carrying out the charitable
objects and obligations such as for feeding and clothing of the poor and the
needy; for giving financial aid to educational institutions for maintaining
B
Gaushalas and providing fodder to animals and rearing destitnte cows; for
talcing care of stray dogs; for performing the last rites of unclaimed dead-
bodies; for running Anshdhalyas, Dharamshalas, water hnts; for distribution
of books to poor boys and clothes and blankets to poor people; for giving
subsidies to School, arranging sports, providing aid; for extension of hospitals
c and supplying medical instrnments for the same and even so many such
charitable schemes and objects. It is claimed that the levy thus came to be
made as dharmada, though it was well .not only open but within the com-
petency and jurisdiction of the State Legislature as well as the Government
to authorise the Municipality to levy and collect for all those purposes under
D the specific category of octroi itself. The levy otherwise made under various
headings such as octroi proper, dharmada and Nirkhi are stated to be only
to continue the long established practice of maintaining the distinction based
upon the different purposes for which the octroi was being levied under
different categories or names. Argued the learned counsel further that in the
absence of any specific prohibition or restriction in any law governing the
E particular levy, the State is entitled to a larger area of discretion and latitnde
in fashioning its own scheme, pattern, method or class of fiscal measures
designed in the best possible manner that suits its financial and budgetary
exigencies and necessities. As long as, in pith and substance, the levy satisfies
the character of octroi, it is asserted, tliat how and in what form and manner
F and for what purposes the octroi or portions of the octroi are collected or
utilised should be left to the discretion of the State. It is also contended that
as a matter of principle, there is nothing illegal or unlawful and unconstim-
tional even to levy more than one tax or rates of tax on the same taxable
event as long as all such levies or rates put together is not shown or
G substantiated to be either expropriatory or irrational.
Dr. A.M. Singhvi, learned senior counsel for the appellant in C.A.No.
4152/91, apart from adopting the submissions of the other senior counsel, ......
noticed supra, fm1her contended that as long as the levy satisfied the
ingredients of the tax authorised to be imposed, it is irrelevant as to by what
H name the same is called or identified and that the dharmada levy in question
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, KOTA, (RAJ.)'· DEUII CLOTH & GENERAL MILLS CO.[RAJU, J.) 297
having had its origin iJ pre-constitution laws at any rate is also saved and A
protected by virtue of Article 277 of the Constituti.on of India as well as
Section 2 of botl1 the 1951and1959 Act. Reliance has also been placed on
Section 105 (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) to justify the levy in question. Botl1 the
learned counsel appearing for the appellants also relied upon the doctrine of
prospective over-ruling by contending that the High Court ought not to have
B
interlered with the levy and collections made for the period prior to the
declaration of law by the Court and, at any rate should not have ordered for
the refund of the tax already collected and spent on various charitable objects
by the Municipal Council, either to the respondent-companies or to the
Government, particularly when in the normal course of events the respondent-
companies would have necessarily passed on the sanie to the consumers with c
the cost price of the products ma.'!ufactured and sold by them.
Shri Shanti Bhushan, learned senior counsel appearing for the respond-
ent-company, whose submissions have been adopted by the other learned
counsel, with equal v~hemence and force, contended that the levy of tax by
D
the nanie of dharmada is unknown to law and there is no autl1ority to provide
for imposition of such a tax under the Constitution either by the State
Legislature or the Government and consequently even by Local Authority
and, therefore, the sanie has rightly been set aside by the High Court. It was
also contended that Section 104(2) of the Act empowers the Government only
to prescribe the rate and date for the levy of octroi in the manner provided E
in the Act and the Rules and, therefore, the very language of the Section
precludes any argument that dharmada could be included in the octroi in any
manner. Dharmada, it is contended, is a well-known concept and when the
sanie Notification issued by the Government advisedly stipulates levy of
octroi and dharmada separately, both cannot be claimed to be the sanie but F
instead considered as separate levies altogether. It is also furtl1er contended
that municipal fund created has to be applied in respect of various purposes
enumerated in Sections 98, 99, IOI and 102 and the sum collected could not
be sent on Gaushalas, an item totally not pennitted under law. Anything in
excess of the rates fixed as octroi cannot be said to be octroi at all, according
to the respondents, and therefore, dharmada sought to be levied over and G
above, by a separate nanie cannot also be called octroi. So far as the relief
-~ __, of refund granted is concerned, it has been contended for the respondents that
there is no material on record to show that they have passed on the tax to
the consun1ers and that a levy, which has been held to be unauthorised and
illegal, if found to have been also collected by a public authority, has to be H
r
298 SUFREME COURT REPORTS (2001] 2 S.C.R.
A refunded to the person who paid it under the coercion of law. Reference has
)
also been made to the interim orders passed by this Court dnring the pendency
of the appeals, granting leave to the appellant to recover from the companies,
half of the dharmada tax due with effect from the date of the High Court
Judgment with a further condition that in the event of the appeal being
dismissed the amonnt recovered should be refunded to the company with
B
interest at 12% per aunum. Consequently, it is contended that the appellants
must be made to refund the tax collected in terms of the orders of this Court
once their claims in the appeal fail and no plea based either on the 'doctrine
of undue enrichment' or the principle of 'prospective over-ruling' could be
pennitted to be even raised. In traversing the claim of the appellant based
c on Articles 277 and 376 of the Constitution of India, it has been nrged that
those Articles will have no relevance· or application to the cases on hand.
Reliance has been placed upon the decision reported in The Commissioner
of Income Tax, (Central) Delhi, New Delhi v. Bijli Cotton Mills (P} l.Jd.,
Hathras, District Aligarh, [1979] l SCC 496, to substantiate the stand based
D upon the natnre and character of Dharmada sought to be levied and collected.
We have carefully considered the submissions of the learned counsel
appearing on either side in the light of the case law placed before us for our
consideration. The main issue that looms large for consideration in these
appeals is as to the real character and nature of the levy sought to be imposed
E and collected under the name of Dharmada and if the answer is to be that
it is in no way different from octroi and it is one and the same it would
become unnecessary for us to advert to the other aspects of the submission
made on either sid«,
The genetic history of levy of octroi has been judicially noticed by this
F Court on many an occasion. In Burmah-Shell Oil Storage and Distributing
Co. of India Ltd., Belgaum v. Belgaum Borough Municipality, Belgaum, AIR
(1963) SC 906, a Constitution Bench of this Court not only traced the
emergence of this concept as a limb of public finance but also succinctly
noticed the successive stages of its development before it got crystallised into
G a topic of legislative power as enumerated in Entry 52 of List-II of the
Seventh schedule to the Constitution of India in the following mauner :
"14. The particular tax was 'octroi' and there was no description of the
tax. The word 'octroi' comes from the word 'octroyer' which means
'to granc' and in its original use meant 'an import' or 'a toll' or 'a town
H duty' on goods brought into a town. At frrst octrois were collected at
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, KOTA, (RAJ.)'· DEL!Il CLOTH & GENERAL MILLS CO.[RAJU,J.] 299
-
'
ports but beiug highly productive, towns began to collect them by
creating octroi limits. They came to be known as 'Town duties'. These
were collected not only on 'imports' but also on 'exports' see Beuhler:
Public Finance (3rd Edn.) p. 426. Grice in his National and Local
A
Finance p.303 says that they were known as 'ingate tolls' because they
were collected at toll gates or baniers. Normally, they were levied on
B
goods meant for consumption but in Seligman' s Encyclopaedia of
Social Sciences Volume IX page 570, 'octrois' are described without
any reference to consumption or use. This is how the editors describe
octrois:-
"As compared with the facilities of the National Government the c
possibilities of raising revenue by local bodies are quite limited.
All forms of indirect taxation are practically closed to local au-
thorities. They are unable to levy customs duties, although they
may collect the so-called octrois; that is, duties levied on goods
entering town."
D
15. It will be noticed that in the Government of India Act 'octroi' was
named but not described and now the Constitution avoids the word
'octroi', as did the Government of India Act, 1935 before, and gives
a description. In the Boroughs Act the definition of 'octroi' includes
Terminal Tax. Terminal tax, as the Indian Statutory Commission points
,j ...
out, formerly meant in Indian fiscal terminology a tax which was
E
levied at Railway Stations and collected by the Railway Administra-
tion on all goods imported or exported from the Station. It was also
collected from passengers in some muuicipalities. We also learn from
the Report that on the recommendation of a Committee appointed in
1908 terminal tax took the place of octroi in a large number of F
Municipalities at first in the United Provinces and then in others. At
first the Government of India were not in favour of such a change.
Octrois were levied on goods brought into a local area for consump-
tion, use or sale and were indirect taxes but terminal taxes were
regarded as direct. On July 6, 1917, the Government of India by a G
Resolution reversed their former polioy and agreed that the conversion
was not a change from indirect to direct taxation. Terminal taxes were
of the nature of octrois, but were not quite the same. The main
_,, differences were, that there was no system of refunds under the
Terminal Tax Rules (Terminal taxes as Findlay Shirras tells us were
sometimes known as 'octrois without refunds') and for octroi to be H
y
300 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] 2 S.C.R.
A levied the goods must be brought in for sale, use or consumption.
16. After the Scheduled-tax Rules the collection of tenninal tax was
restricted to those areas in which octroi was levied on or before July
6, 1917. Most of the municipal laws allowed collection of tenninal
taxes only if octrois were not levied. As the Taxation Enquiry Com-
B mission observes: (Vol. III Ch. IV page 401).
" ............ the most important difference lies in the requirement
peculiar to octroi that, for this tax to become leviable, the goods
must not only enter the area, but must be for the purpose of
consumption, use or sale therein. Usnally, this requirement is
c sought to be satisfied by (a) the ab initio exemption of the goods
which mcrelypa8' through the area, whether the exit is immedi-
ate or after an interval, or (b) by the subsequent refund of the tax
collected on such goods. Exemptions and refunds, therefore, are
the distinguishing features of the octroi system."
D
17. Octrois and terminal taxes were different taxes thongh they resem-
bled in orie respect, namely, that they were leviable in respect of goods
brought into a local area. While terminal taxes were leviable on goods
'imported or exported' from the Municipal limits denoting thereby that
they were connected with the traffic of goods, octrois, according to the
E legislative practice then obtaining were, leviable in respect of goods
brought into a Municipal area for consumption or use or sale. It is not
necessary to cite the Municipal Acts prior to 1935 but a reference to
them will amply prove that such was the tax which was contemplated
as octroi.
F
18. When the Government of India Act, 1935 was enacted tenninal
taxes became a central subject, vide entry No. 58 of List 1, which
reads as follows:-
"58. Terminal taxes on goods or passengers carried by railway or
G air."
At that time, it was suggested by Sir Walter Leyton that both
octrois and terminal taxes should be provincial subjects and that it
would perhaps be possible to fuse the two. The Joint Committee, :.. -
however, recommended otherwise and terminal taxes were separated
H from octrois and included in the central list. The proceeds of the
y
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, KOTA, (RAJ.) v. DEUil CLOTH & GENERAL MILLS CO.[RAIU, l.] 301
tenninal taxes, however, were to be distributed among the provinces. A
-· In allocating 'octrois' to the Provinces, the word itself was avoided
because tenninal taxes are also octroi in a sense and instead a descrip·
lion of the tax was mentioned in entry No.49, which has been quoted
already, and which read "Cesses on the entry of goods into a local area
for consumption, use or sale". This scheme has been repeated in the
B
Constitution with the difference that the entry relative to tenninal tax
now reads "terminal taxes on goods and passengers carried by railway,
sea or air", and the word "taxes" replaced the word "cessesn in the
entry relative to octrois.
19. The history of these two taxes clearly shows that while tenninal C
taxes were a kind of octroi which were concerned only with the entry
of goods in a local area irrespective of whether they would be used
there or not; octrois were taxes on goods brought into the area for
consumption, use or sale. They were leviable in respect of goods put
to some use or other in the area but only if they were meant for such
user. When the Government of India Act, in its Scheduled Tax Rules, D
mentioned "octrois", it intended to give the power to levy taxes in this
well-understood sense, namely, on the entry of goods in a local area
for consumption, use or sale ................... "
There is no challenge in these cases to the levy of octroi as such but
what is questioned is that which is purported to be levied and collected as
E
'Dharmada' only which though tl1e appellant Municipal Conucil would
contend is only a levy of octroi for Dhannada pmposes or to meet the
obligations cast upon the council to carry out the various public charitable
objects enumerated under Sections 98, 99, JOI and 102 of the Act, is
challenged by the respondent-companies to be a different and separate tax, F
unwarranted, unauthorised and uncalled for under the provisions of the
Constitution, the Act and notification issued nuder Section I 04 (2) of the Act
and therefore, illegal. Though, strong reliance has been placed upon the
- decision reported in (1979) 1 SCC 496 (supra) to contend that a payment of
Dharmada is always understood as a gift or voluntary payment by commercial
or trading custom for charitable pmposes, in our view the said judgment
though may be of help to understand the nature of 'Dharmada' collected by
G
- -'(
traders from customers as a customarily established trade practice in certain
areas or fields can be of no assistance whatsoever for detennining the legality,
propriety and validity of the notification issued nuder Section 104 (2) of the
Act or the levy and recovery of octroi sought to be made under the heading H
302 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] 2 S.C.R.
A of Dharmada. Yet apother important fact to be noticed and firmly recorded
is that there is no challenge by the respondent-companies to the levy on the - -·
gronnd that the levy and collection of Dharmada and Nirkhi under the
Notification taken together with octroi or separately as octroi renders the levy
either expropriatory or irrational, since such issues pertaining to the consti-
tutional validity of a levy caimot be raised before ordinary civil conrts and
B
that too in a collateral manner, in a bare cuit for injunction.
Entry 52 of List-II of the Seventh schedule to the Constitution of India
enables tl1e Stale Legislatures to enact a law providing for the levy and
;
collection of taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption,
C use or sale therein otherwise known as octroi and/or authorise the local
authorities concerned to levy and collect the same.· Section 104 (2) of the Act
enables every Municipal Board to levy al such rate and from such date as
the Stale Government direct by notification in tl1e otlicial gazette and in such
manner as provided in the Act and the mies to be made by tl1e Government
an octroi on goods and animals brought within the limits of the Municipality
D for consumption, use or sale therein. TI1e levy of tax envisaged under Section
104 as a whole, has been classified as 'obligatory tax' with a duty to levy,
once notified by tl1e Government, nnless specifically got exempted from
doing so from the Government by means of a notification, therefor under the
proviso, thereto.
E
The Notification under challenge issued in the undoubted and indisputed
exercise of powers under Section 104 (2) of the Act provide a schedule
enu1nerating the class or category of goods and the rate of tax obligated to
be levied by the Municipal Board. In the said schedule apart from specifying
the levy to be made as 'octroi' provision has been made to levy also
F Shaharnama Dharmada and Nirkhi Shaharnama witl1 a specific enumeration
and description of the class or category of goods, as and when such goods
arc brought into the Municipal limits for consumption, use or sale therein and
the rates as well. The scheme underlying the notification issued in exercise
of the powers under Section 104 (2) of tl1e Act seem to be to provide for
G an additional levy and collection of octroi on certain class or category of
goods, nnder the nomenclature of Dharmada or Nirkhi, indicative more of the
specific purpose or object of the demand so made but again only on goods
brought within the limits of the Kota Mnnicipality for consumption, use or
sale demonstrating thereby that the collection under the name of Dharmada )<. -
as well as Nirkhi is also by way of an octroi, the levy being on the very and
H
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, KOTA, (RAJ.)'· DELlil CLOTII & GENERAL MILLS CO.[RAJU, !.] 303
only incidence of the entry of the goods and animals within the municipal A
limits for consumption, use or sale therein. If that be the correct position could
it be legitimately questioned or challenged on the mere ground or for the only
reason of there being a multiple rates of levy or double taxation.
Whenever a challenge is made to the levy of tax, its validity may have
B
to be mainly determined with reference to the legislative competence or
power to levy the same and in adjudging this issue the nature and character
, of the tax has to be inevitably determined at the threshold. It is equally
axiomatic that once the legislature concerned has been held to possess the
power to levy the tax. the motive with which the tax is imposed become
immaterial and irrelevant and the fact that a wrong reason for exercising the c
power has been given also would not in any manner derogate from the
validity of the tax. In Mis Jullundur Rubber Goods Manufacturers' Associa-
tion v. The Union of India and Another, AIR (1970) SC 1589 this Court while
dealing with a challenge to the levy of rubber cess under Section 12 (2) of
the Rubber Act, 1947 as amended in 1960 observed that the tax in the nature
D
of excise duty does not cease to be one such merely because the stage of levy
and collection has been as a matter of legislative policy shifted by actually
providing for its levy and collection from the users of rubber, so long as the
character of the duty as excise duty is not lost and the incidence of tax
remained to be on the production or manufacture of goods. Likewise, once
- .. the legislature is foWld to possess the required legislative competence to enact E
the law imposing the tax, the limits of that competence cannot be judged
further by the form or manner in which that power is exercised. In (Morris)
Leventhal and Others v. David Jones, Ltd., AIR (1930) PC 129, the question
arose as to the power of the legislature to impose 'Bridge Tax', when the
power to legislate·was really in respect of 'tax on land'. It was held therein F
as follows:
"The appellants' contention that though directly imposed by the leg-
islature, the bridge tax is not a land tax, was supported by argument
founded in particular on two manifest facts. The bridge tax does not
extend to land generally throughout New South Wales, but to a limited G
area comprising the City of Sydney and certain specified shires, and
the purpose of the tax is not that of providing the public revenue for
the common purposes of the State but of providing funds for a particu-
lar scheme of betterment. No authority was vouched for the proposi-
tion that an impost laid by statute upon property within a defined area, H
304 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] 2 S.C.R.
A or upon specified classes of property, or upon specified classes of
persons, is not within the true significance of the tenn a tax. Nor so
far as appears has it ever been successfully contended that revenue
raised by statutory imposts for specific purposes is not taxation."
[Emphasis supplied]
B
A Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court, in a decision reported
in Raza Buland Sugar Co. !J:d., Rampur v. Municipal Board, Rampur, AIR
(1962) Allahabad 83 had an occasion to consider the nature and character of t
an impost levied by the name, 'water tax'. when the power was to levy 'tax
on buildings'. The Division Bench, while applying the ratio in AIR 1930 PC
c 129 (supra) held as hereunder:
"5. 'Tax' means burden of charges imposed by the legislative power
of a State on person or property to raise money for public purposes.
The expression 'fee' connotesrecon1pense for services rendered. There
is an element of quid pro quo in the case of fee. It is not so in the case
D
of a tax. The learned counsel for tl1e petitioner pointed out that cl.(b)
of Sec.129 provides that water tax is to be imposed solely with the
object of defraying the expenses connected with construction, main-
tenance, extension or improvement of municipal water works and that
all moneys derived therefrom shall be expended on the aforesaid
E object. He argued that the fact that the money raised from water tax ... .
is to be spent only on the supply of water, introduces an element of quid
pro quo. The argument does not appear to be tenable. Sec.129 (B)
mentions the object of the tax. As tl1e maintenance of regular supply
of water and extending the supplies is one of the most beneficial public
purposes, the Section lays down that the money realised from this
F
impost is to be spent on the conslluction, maintenance and extension
of water works so that the purpose may not suffer on account of paucity
of funds. In (Morris) Leventhal v. David Jones l.Jd., AIR (1930) PC
129, their Lordships of the Judicial Committee held that there was no
authority for the proposition that revenue raised by statutory imposts
G for specific purposes is not taxation.
xx xx xx
10. It is obvious that the subject-matter of water tax is not water.
Though it is called water tax, it is not levied on its production. As
H explained by their Lordships of the Judicial Committee in Governor-
MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, KOTA, (RAJ.) v. DELHI CLOTH & GENERAL MILLS CO.[RAJU, J.] 305
General in Council v. Province of M<ulras, AIR (1945) P. C. 98, it is A
;. not the name ~fthe tax but its real nature, its 'pith and substance' as
it has sometimes been said, which must determine into what category
it falls."
[Emphasis supplied]
B
We affirm the statement of law thus made above to be correct and in our
view it is not the nomenclature used or chosen to christen the levy that is really
relevant or determinative of the real character or the nature of the levy, for the
purposing of adjudging a challenge to the competency or the power and
authority to legislate or impose a levy. What really has lo be seen is the pith
and substance or the real nature and character of the levy which has lo be c
adjudged, with reference to the charge viz., the taxable event and the incidence
of the levy. We are convinced on the indisputable facts on record that the levy
sought to be imposed and recovered as 'Dharmada' being only on the goods
.. ,. brought within the municipal limits of Kota for consumption, use or sale therein
the same in truth, reality and substance is only an 'octroi' for the purpose of D
carrying out the several public charitable objects statutorily enjoined upon the
Municipal Board and enumerated in Sections 98 and 99 and those undertaken
pursuant to the stipulations contained in Sections 101 and 102 of the Act. The
mere fact that it is called by a different name (all the more so when the word
.. • 'octroi' itself is not found used in Entry 52 of List-II of the Seventh Schedule)
for historical reason and administrative needs or exigencies by the drafts1nen
of the notification does not in any manner either undennine the nature and
E
character of the levy or render it any the less a levy envisaged under Entry 52
of List-II of the Seventh Schedule. The various charitable objects and amel-
iorative schemes and projects for which the taxes realised under the classified
head of Dharmada are claimed to be spent cannot as the provisions of the Act F
stand enacted be said to be either unauthorised or without the sanction of law.
_.._ That, apart, the irregularity or illegality, if any involved in spending the sum
after collection cannot have any impact on or adversely affect the otherwise
competency of the Authority concerned to impose a levy, well within its
legislative competence and further not shown to be violative of any provisions
G
of the Constitution of India. Neither the High Court has gone into any such
question of illegality in the matter of spending the tax realised nor are there
any materials on record placed before us to substantiate any such claim by the
..:._ ~
respondent-companies in this regard.
There is no warrant or justification in Jaw for the High Court proceeding H
306 SLJPREME COURT REPORTS [2001] 2 S.C.R.
A on an assumption that permitting the levy even as 'octroi' twice over would
suffer the vice of double taxation and therefore bad in law, unmindful of the
well settled position of law in this regard, also. A Constitution Bench of this
Court in the decision reported in Mis Jain Bros. a11d Others v. The U11io11 f!f
India a11d Others, AIR (1970) SC 778 in unmistakable terms declared the
position to be as hereunder:
B
"It is not disputed that there can be double taxation if the legislature
has distinctly enacted it. It is only when there are general words of
taxation and they have to be interpreted they cannot be so interpreted
as to tax the subject twice over to the same tax (vide Channell, J., in
c Steve11s v. The Durba11-Roddepoort Gold Mini11g Co. Ltd., (1909) 5
Tax Cas 402). The Constitution does not contain any prohibitios
against double taxation even if it be assumed that such a taxation is
involved in the case of a firm and its partners after the amendment of
Section 23 (5) by the Act of 1956. Nor is there any other enactment
which interdicts such taxation. It is true that Sec.3 is the general
D charging section. Even if Section 23(5) provides for the machinery for
collection and recovery of the tax, once the legislature has, in clear
terms, indicated that the income of the firm can be taxed in accordance
with the Finance Act of 1956 as also the income in the hands of the
partners, the distinction between a charging and a machinery section
E is of no consequence. Both the sections have to be read together and
construed hannoniously. It is significant that similar provisions have
also been enacted in the Act of 1961. Sections 182 and 183 correspond
substantially to Section 23 (5) except that the old section did not have
a provision similar to sub-section (4) of Section 182. After 1956,
therefore, so far as registered firms are concerned the tax payable by
F the firm itself has to be assessed and the share of each pai1ner in the
income of the firm has to be included in his total income and assessed
to tax accordingly. If any double taxation is involved the legislature
itself has, in express words, sanctioned it. It is not open to any one
thereafter to involve the general principles that the subject cannot be
G taxed twice over."
In Arviuder Siugh etc. v. State ()f Punjab and Another, AIR ( 1979) SC
321 this Court has once again held as follows:
"A feeble plea that the tax is bad because of the vice of double taxation
H and is unreasonable because there are heavy prior levies was also
rvruNICIPALCOUNCIL, KOTA, (RAJ,) v. DELl-ll CLOTH & GENERAL MILLS CO.{RAJU, J.] 307
voiced. Some of these contentions hardly merit consideration, but have A
been mentioned out of courtesy to counsel. The last one, for instance,
deserves the least attention. There is nothing in Art.265 of the Consti-
tution from which one can spin out the constitutional vice called
double taxation. (Bad economics may be good law and vice versa).
Dealing with a somewhat similar argument, the Bombay High Court
B
gave short shrift to it in Western India Theatres, AIR (1954) Born. 261.
Some undeserving contentions die hard, rather survive after death. The
only epitaph we may inscribe is: Rest in peace and don't be re-born!
If on the same subject-matter the legislature chooses to levy tax twice
over there is no inherent invalidity in the fiscal adventure save where
other prohibitions exist." c
In Sri Krishna Das v. Town Area Committee, Chirgaon, [1990] 3 SCC
645 and Radhakis/wn Rathi v. Additional Collector, Durg & Ors., [1995] 4
sec 309 the same position is found reiterated.
D
Though taxation of the same thing under different names is nonetheless
'double taxation' in popular sense, the expertise exposition of the topic seem
-
to also lean in favour of the revenue, in that the legislature has been consid-
ered to possess the power to levy one or more tax or rates of tax on the same
,. taxable event and since in these areas large latitude and wide discretion has
always been allowed to the State to choose its own method or kind of tax or E
mode aud purpose of levy and recovery, nnless there is any prohibition in the
Constitution or the very law enacted by the legislature itself prevents such a
thing happening no infinnity can be said to vitiate such a levy. Wherever the
taxes are imposed by differeut legislatures or authorities or where one of the
two alone is a tax or where it is for altogether ditierent purposes or when it F
is indirect rather than direct, there is no scope even for making any grievance
of double taxation, at all. In the absence of any impediment specifically
created in the Constitution of a country or the legislative enactment itself, the
desirability or need otherwise to avoid such levies has been held to pertain
to areas of political wisdom of policy making and adjusting of public finances
of the State, and not for the Law Courts, though Courts would unless there is G
clear and specific mandate of law in favour of such multiple levies more than
once, in constrning general statutory provisions lean in favour of an interpre-
tation to avoid double taxation. So much are the principles or statement of law
governing a challenge to any levy on the ground of Double Taxation.
H
308 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2001] 2 S.C.R.
A Now coming to the facts and circumstances of the cases before us, we
find that the levy is specific, definite and positive in terms, with a definitely
disclosed object leaving no room for any doubt or any exercise to clear such
assumed doubts. We have carefully gone through the original Notification in
vernacular published in the Gazette dated 13.5.1968, noticed supra, and we
find that the rates of the levy under challenge have been notified as part and
B
parcel of one and the same Schedule to the said Notification and not by any
different or more than one Schedule and that too by means of a simultaneous
exercise of powers under Section I 04(2) of the Act and not on different
,
I
occasion or time. Though it is seen that some of the classified items or
commodities enumerated in various Entries overlap those found in the other
C Entries m1der different captions including Dharniada, they are not mere
mechanical repetitions in toto, viewed either from their classification, enu-
meration or determination of the rates as well as the measure or quantity with
reference to which the actual levy is to be made and collected. Therefore, the ll' -
mere stipulation of plurality of rates in respect of some or the otl1er of the
D commodities/goods under different classified groups for different purposes by
itself will not render it to be dubbed or castigated as 'Double Taxation' for
spearheading a challenge on them. The Notification under consideration
E
cannot, in our view, be said to involve tl1e imposition of any double tax and
the High Court has gone wrong in proceeding upon such an etrnneous assump-
tion and declaring thereby the levy for Dharmada purposes to be bad and
illegal.
..
For all the reasons stated above, tl1e appeals are accepted and allowed.
The judgments of the High Court allowing tl1e claims of the respondent
companies by granting injunction and refund are hereby set aside. The suits
filed by the respondent-companies shall stand dismissed. But in the circum-
F stances of tl1e case, tl1ere will be no order as to costs.
V.S.S. Appeals allowed.
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