N.R. DONGRE AND ORS.versusWHIRLPOOL CORPORATION AND ANR.

                    N.R. DONGRE AND ORS.                                             A
                             v.
               WHIRLPOOL CORPORATION AND ANR.

                              AUGUST 30, 1996
                                                                                     B
               [J.S. VERMA AND K. VENKATASWAMI, J.1.)

       Trade Marks Law :

      Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 : Order 39 Rules 1, 2 and 4.
                                                                                     c
       Tempormy i11junctiow-Passing off action-Trade mark 'Whirlpool'-
Registratio11 of-Granted i11 favour of defe11dants-Suit in the nature of
passing-off action brought by plai11tiffs to restrai11 defenda11ts from manufac-
twing, selli11g, adve1tising or i11 ally way using trade mark 'Whirlpool' in their
washi11g machine deceptively or co11fusingly-High Court found mark/name              D
 'Whirlpool' 1011g associated with plaintiffs who acquired trans-border reputa-
tion ill respect of same, that there was no reliable evidence of defendants
having marketed their washing machines ill that name for a co11siderable
length of time, that i1Teparable injury would be caused to plaintiff'~-reputation
and goodwill because washing machines of defendants bearillg that mark were
11ot of same sta11dard and quality as those of plaintiffs' machines, whereas         E
no illjwy would be caused to defendallts by grant of injunction as their
machines could be sold just with removal or replacement of label
'Whirlpool'-Accordingly, tempormy injunction was gra11ted by High Court ill
favour of plailltiffs-Held : injunction was based on equitable priw-
ciples-Conclusion reached by High Court reasonable a11d based Oil relevant           F
material-Hence, Supreme Court's illteiference by reassessment of material
not called for at the stage of second appeal-Constitution of India, 1950,
Article 136-Trade and Marchandise Marks Act, 1958, Sections 46 and 56.

      Torts:
                                                                                     G
       Passing-off action-Ullfair trading activities-Trade mark, being used
by a company, was registered by another company through false repre-
sentation to obtain economic benefit of reputatioll established by the other
compally- Held : passing-off action was maintainable in law even against
registered owner of trade mark.                                                      H
                                     369
    370                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A         The respondent-plaintiffs filed a suit in the High Court seeking
    temporary injunction against the appellants-defendants which was granted
    by the Single Judge and affirmed on appeal by the Division Bench of the
    High Court. The finding of the High Court were :

          (i) Long prior user of the name of 'WHIRLPOOL' by plaintiff No.
B   1 and a transborder reputation and goodwill extending to India to the use
    of that name :

          (ii') Prior registration of that name even in India from 1956-57 to
    1977 against the earliest claim by the defendants from 1986 (the date of
C   application for registration) :

          (iii) Grant of registration to the defendants on 12.8.1992, only on
    the ground of proposed user instead of actual user, which was opposed by
    the plaintiffs and is subject to the outcome in the pending appeal :

D         (iv) No reliable evidence of the defendants having marketed their
    washing machines for any considerable length for time prior to grant of
    the interlocutory injunctions :

          (v) Irreparable injury to the plaintiffs' reputation and goodwill with
    whom the name of 'WHIRLPOOL' is associated, because of the washing
E   machines of the defendants not being of the same standard and quality of
    performance as the plaintilrs machines :

          (vi) On the other hand, no injury to the defendants by grant of the
    injunction inasmuch as the defendants' washing machines can be sold
    under the other names used earlier, with the removal and replacement
F   only of the small metallic strip which bears the offensive trade mark/name
    which includes 'WHIRLPOOL'; and

           (vii) There is no justification to accuse the plaintiffs of culpable
    delay, acquiescence and !aches or abandonment so as to disentitle them
G   from the relief of injunction.

           It was also held by the High Court that there was no plausible
    explanation offered by the defendants for recently adopting the mark
    'WHIRLPOOL' when business in washing machines was being carried out
    earlier in other names, which is supportive of the plea of unfair trading
H   activity in an attempt to obtain economic benefit of the reputation estab-
                     N.R. DONGREv. WHlRLPOOLCORPN.                          371

    lished by the plaintiff No. 1, whose name was associated with the mark         A
    'WHIRLPOOL'. The plaintiffs' conduct in opposing the defendants' ap-
    plication for registration as soon as it was notified and persisting in the
    opposition by filing an appeal against the Registrar's order and then an
    application for rectification of the entry in the register on grant of the
    certificate and also filing the suit without delay was referred by the trial
                                                                                   B
    court as sufficient to suggest that there was no abandonment of the mark,
    acquiescence or !aches by the plaintiffs. Being aggrieved the appellants-
    defendants preferred the present appeal.

          Dismissing the appeal, this Court
                                                                                   c
          HELD : 1. Admittedly, passing off action in maintainable in law even
    against a registered owner of the trade mark and, therefore, the fact that
    the defendants have obtained a registration (subject to the outcome of a
    pending appeal) is by itself not sufficient to render the suit not main-
    tainable. [383-B-C]                                                            D

           2.1. A mark in the form of a word which is not a derivative of the
    product, points to the source of the product. The mark/name
    'WHIRLPOOL' ·is associated for long, much prior to the defendants'
    application in 1986 with the Whirlpool Corporation-plaintiff No. 1. In         E
    view of the prior user of the mark by plaintiff No. 1 and its trans-border
    reputation extending to India, the trade mark 'WHIRLPOOL' gives an
    indication of the origin of the goods as emanating from or relating to the
    Whirlpool Corporation-plaintiff No. 1. The High Court has recorded its
    satisfaction that use of the 'WHIRLPOOL' mark by the defendants indi-
                                                                                   F
    cates p1ima f acie an intention to pass-off defendants' washing machines as
    those of plaintiff's or atleast the likelihood of the buyers being confused
    or misled into that belief. The fact that the cost of defendants' washing
    machine is 1/3rd of the cost of the plaintiffs' washing machine itself
    supports the plaintiffs' plea that the defendants' washing machines are not
,
    of the same engineering standard and are inferior in quality to the washing    G
    machines of the plaintiffs'. In addition, it has been rightly held that the
    grant of interlocutory injunction would cause no significant injury to the
    defendants who can sell their washing machines merely by removing the
    small metallic strip bearing the offensive trade mark/name which includes
    'WHIRLPOOL'. On the other hand, refusal of the interlocutory injunction        H
    372                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A would cause irreparable injury to the plaintiffs' reputation and goodwill
    since the trade mark/name 'WHIRLPOOL' is associated for long (because
    of prior user and even otherwise) with the plaintiff No. I-Whirlpool
    Corporation. These factors which have been relied on for grant of the
    interlocutory injunction by the trial court indicate that the exercise of
B   discretion was in accordance with the settled principles of law relating to
    the grant of interlocutory injunctions in a passing-off action. The allir-
    mance of the trial court's order by the Division Bench on an appeal
    reinforces the trial court's view. [386-D-H; 387-A-B]

             2.2. Injunction is a relief in equity and is based on equitable prin-
C ciples. On the concurrent findings of the courts below, the weight of equity
    at this stage is in favour of the plaintiffs and against the defendants. The
    concurrent findings, on which the grant of interlocutory injunction in
    favour of the plaintiffs is based is, to say the least, a reasonable conclusion
    on the relevant material available at this stage. It is not for this court at
D   the stage to second appeal to reassess the material and reach an inde-
    pendent conclusion thereon for the first time and it has only to be seen
    whether the conclusion reached by the trial court was reasonably possible on
    the material. Moreover, even on a reassessment, it appears that the con-
    clusion reached by the trial court in favour of the plaintiffs is the one more
    probable and reasonable on this material. (386-C-D; 385-G-H; 386-A-B]
E
          Wander Ltd. & Anr. v. Antox India (P) Ltd., (1990] Supp. SCC 727,
    relied on.

         P1inters (Mysore) Plivate Ltd. v. Pothan Joseph, (1960] 3 S.C.R. 713
    and Folder & Co. Ltd. v. 0. & G. Rushton, (1903) 20 RPC 477, cited.
F
             CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 10703 of
     1996.

             From the Judgment and Order dated 21.4.95 of the Delhi High Court
G in F.A.O. No. 262 of 1994.                                                          '
         Kapil Sibal, Harish N. Salve, N.K. Anand, Amarjit Singh, Pravin
     Anand, Maninder Singh and Ms. Pratibha M. Singh for the Appellants.

             Soli J. Sorabjee, S.S. Rana, C.M. Lall, Gopal Jain, Ms. B. Rana and
H Ms. Niti Dikshit for the Respondent No. 1.
          N.R. DONGRE v. WHIRLPOOL CORPN. [J.S. VERMA, J)                 373

     AR. Lall, S.S. Rana, Ms. B. Rana, S.S. Rana & Co. for the Respon-           A
dent No. 2.

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

       J.S. VERMA, J. This appeal by way of special leave is by the
defendants against whom a temporary injunction was granted by the                B
learned Single Judge of the Delhi High Court in an Original Suit by order
dated 31st October, 1994, which has been affirmed on appeal by the
Division Bench by its order dated 21.4.1995. The suit is a passing off action
brought by the plaintiff-respondents to restrain the defendant appellants
from manufacturing. selling, advertising or in any way using the trade mark      C
'WHIRLPOOL' in any other trade mark deceptively or confusingly similar
to the trade mark of 'WHIRLPOOL' in respect of their goods. The subject
matter of this appeal is the manufacture, sale and advertisement of washing
machines by the defendants-appellants using the mark 'WHIRLPOOL' as
a part of the name by which they had recently commenced marketing the
washing machines manufactured by them. In short, the claim of the plain-         D
tiff-respondents is based on prior user of the mark 'WHIRLPOOL' and a
trans-border reputation indicating that any goods marketed with the use of
the mark 'WHIRLPOOL' gives the impression of it being a goods
marketed by the plaintiffs; and the washing machines manufactured, sold
and advertised by the defendants give that impression resulting in confusing     E
the intending buyers with the impression. In this suit, the plaintiffs sought
a temporary injunction which has been granted by the learned Single Judge
and affirmed by the Division Bench of the High Court.

       In view of the fact that the trial of the suit has yet to conclude and
the final decision of the suit is awaited, it is appropriate that the question   F
of temporary injunction is decided only on the basis of undisputed facts
and the material which can legitimately be taken into account at the
interlocutory stage. For this reason reference is confined by us only to such
material which can be of significance at this stage.

       The Whirlpool Corporation, plaintiff No. 1 is a multi-national incor- G
porated in U.S.A. TVS Whirlpool Ltd., plaintiff No. 2 is a limited company
incorporated in India in which the plaintiff No. 1 a majority shareholder.
The plaintiff No. 2 has been licensed by the plaintiff No. 1 to use the trade
mark and trade name 'WHIRLPOOL'. The defendants Nos. 1 and 2 are
the trustees of Chinar Trust; and defendants Nos. 3 and 4 are the trustees H
    374                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A   of Mansarovar Trust also trading as USHA-SHRIRAM (India). Usha
    International Ltd., the defendant No. 5 is a company incorporated under
    the Indian Companies Act. The defendants have registrations in respect of
    trade marks such as 'USHA-SHRIRAM' and USHA-LEXUS'.

B         According to the plaintiffs, they have an established business in the
    manufacture, sale, distribution and servicing of washing machines of all
    kinds and the plaintiff No. 1 is the surcessor of a trade mark
    'WHIRLPOOL' since 1937. By 1957 'WHIRLPOOL' was a leading trade
    mark and name in the United States and Canada in relation to washing
    machines. By 1986 the 'WHIRLPOOL' was registered in relation to wash-
C   ing machines and dryers in class 7 as well as for appliances in classes 9 and
    11 in more than 65 jurisdictions around the world including most of the
    commonwealth countries. In 1956-57, the plaintiff No. 1 obtained registra-
    tion for the trade mark 'WHIRLPOOL' in India in respect of clothes
    dryers, washers, dish washers and some other electrical appliances. These
D   registrations were renewed periodically. However, in 1977, the registrations
    in India lapsed on account of failure to apply for renewal. In 1987 plaintiff
    No. 1 formed a joint venture with the plaintiff No. 2. On 15.7.1988 applica-
    tions were moved by the plaintiffs with the Registrar of Trade Marks for
    registration of the trade mark 'WHIRLPOOL' for certain goods including
    washing machines. The washing machines are being marketed by plaintiff
E   No. 2 in India under the TVS brand using the phrase 'in collaboration with
    Whirlpool Corporation'. Prior user of the mark 'WHIRLPOOL' for such
     goods is claimed by the plaintiffs. The plaintiff allege that in July, 1994 they
     came across an advertisement of defendants soliciting dealers for
     'WHIRLPOOL' washing machines. In short, this is the basis on which the
F    plaintiffs claim to restrain the defendants from using the mark
     'WHIRLPOOL' for the goods manufactured by the defendants.

        On the other hand, the defendants filed an application on 6.8.1986
  with the Registrar for registration of the trade mark 'WHIRLPOOL'. On
  16.10.1988 it was advertised in the trade mark journal. On 16.1.1989 plain-
G tiff No. 1 filed a notice of opposition. On 12.8.1992 the Registrar passed
  an order dismissing the opposition and allowing the defendants' application
  for registration on the ground of proposed user only. On 30.11.1992 the
  registration certificate was granted to the defendants to date back from
  6.8.1987, the date of the application. Against the Registrar's order dated
H 12.~.1992 the plaintiff No. 1 has preferred an appeal on 7.11.1992 in the
         N.R. DONGRE v. WHIRLPOOLCORPN. [.T.S. VERMA,J.]               375

Delhi High Court which is still pending. After grant of the certificate of A
registration to the defendants, on 4.8.1993 plaintiff No. 1 filed a petition in
the Delhi High Court under Sections 46 and 56 of the Trade and Marchan-
dise Marks Act, 1958 (for short the 'Act') for rectification by expunging
the registration granted to the defendants. That matter is also pending in
the High Court. The present suit was then filed on 4.8.1994 for the reliefs B
indicated earlier.

     The learned Single Judge, by order dated 31.10.1994, granted a
temporary injunction in favour of the plaintiffs as under :

        "For all the foregoing reasons IA 7657/94 is allowed. The defen- C
        dants, their partners, trustees, agents, representatives and assig-
        nees are hereby restrained from manufacturing, selling, advertising
        or in any way using the trade mark 'WHIRLPOOL' or any other
        trade mark deceptively or confusingly similar to the trade mark
        Whirlpool in respect of their goods. The plaintiffs shall within 4 D
        weeks from today place on record an undertaking in the place on
        record an undertaking in the shape of affidavits sworn in by their
                                ' or representative/s undertaking to in-
        duly constituted attorney/s
        demnify the defendants from any loss or damage which the defen-
        dants may incur on account of these proceedings and determined
        in this suit or any other duly constituted legal proceedings in the E
        event of the plaintiffs being held not entitled to the relief sought
        for in the suit.

           By way of abundant caution I would like to clarify :
                                                                              F
        (i) As stated in the earlier part of this order the defendants have
        filed only a short counter for paucity of time. Legal contentions
        have all been raised by either party and dealt with by this order.
        If the defendants bring forth any new material consisting of facts
        documents and evidence which they could not do earlier they shall
        have the liberty of moving an application under Order 39 Rule 4       G
        CPC.

        (ii) that nothing said hereinabove, shall prejudice in any manner
        the rights of either party to have their please determined on merits
        after a full-fledged trial.                                          H
    376                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A            October 31, 1994                             R.C. LAHOTI, J."

    On Appeal, the Division Bench of the High Court came to the conclusion
    that there was no reason to interfere with the discretion exercised by the
    learned Single Judge in granting the temporary injunction. Accordingly, the
    defendants' appeal was dismissed.
B
           The question now is : whether there is any cogent ground to interfere
    in this appeal with the exercise of discretion by the trial court?

           We must indicate at this stage that interference in this appeal would
C   be called for only if we reach the conclusion that the exercise of discretion
    in favour of the plaintiffs is contrary to the settled principles for the grant
    of a temporary injunction or that it is arbitrary or perverse. In Wander Ltd.
    & Am: v. Antox India P. Ltd., [1990] Supp. S.C.C. 727, the factors to be
    considered for grant of an interlocutory injunction in a passing off action
D   and the scope of interference by appellate court with the exercise of
    discretion of court of first instance, were summarised and reiterated as
    under:

             "..... In such appeals, the appellate court will not interfere with the
             exercise of discretion of the court of first instance and substitute
E            its own discretion except where the discretion has been shown to
             have been exercised arbitrarily, or capriciously or perversely or
             where the court had ignored the settled principles of law regulating
             grant or refusal of interlocutory injunctions. An appeal against
             exercise of discretion is said to be an appeal on plinciple. Appellate
F            cowt will not reassess the matedal and seek to reach· conclusion
             different from the one reached by the court below if the one reached
             by that court was reasonably possible on the material. The appellate
             court would normally not be justified in interfering with the exer-
             cise of discretion under appeal solely on the ground that if it had
             considered the matter at the trial stage it would have come to a
G            contrary conclusion. If the discretion has been exercised by the trial
             court reasonably and in a Judicial manner the fact that the appellate
             court would have taken a different view may not justify inteifere11ce
             with the trial court's exercise of discretion. After referring to these
             principles Gajendragadkar, J. in Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. v.
H             Pothan Joseph, (1960) 3 S.C.R. 713 at 721.
         N.R. DONGRE v. WHlRLPOOLCORPN. (J.S. VERMA,J.]                   377

        "......These principles are well established, but as has been observed A
        by Viscount Simo11 i11 Charles Osenton & Co. v. Jha11ato11 ' ..... the
        law as to the reversal by a court of appeal of an order made by a
        judge below in the exercise of his discretion is well established,
        and any difficulty that arises is due only to the application of well
        settled principles in an individual case'.                             B

        xxx                      xxx                              xxx

            An infringement action is available where there is violation of
        specific property right acquired under and recognised by the
        statute. In a passing-off action, however, the plaintiffs right is C
        independent of such a statutory right to a trade mark and is against
        the conduct of the defendant which leads to or is intended or
        calculated to lead to deception Passing-off is said to be a species
        of u11fair trade competition or of actionable unfair trading by which
        one person, through deception, attempts to obtain a11 eco11omic D
        be11efit of the reputatio11 which another has established for himself
        in a panicular trade or business. 17ie action is regarded as an action
        for deceit. The tort of passing-off involves a mi&representation
        made by the trader to his prospective customers calculated to
        injure, as a reasonably foreseeable consequence, the business or
        goodwill of another which actually or probably, causes damages to E
        the busin'.ess or good of the other trader. ....".

                                                           (pages 733-734)
                                                        (Emphasis supplied)
                                                                                F
      We may now indicate some of the findings recorded by the learned
Single Judge which have not been disturbed by the Division Bem:h. The
learned Singh Judge, on appreciation of the material relevant at this stage,
reached the following conclusions, namely, :

        "It cannot be denied that in so far as "Whirlpool'' is concerned, G
        plaintiff No. 1 has been the first in point of time to be in the market,
        the question of exact geographical reasons apart. The defendants'
        earliest claim to user commences in July/August, 1986, the date of
        their application for registration, though this claim is seriously
        disputed by the plaintiffs.                                              H
    378                SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A         xxx                      xxx                               xxx

          Whirlpool has been frequently advertised and has featured m
          international magazines having circulation in India.

          xxx                      xxx                               xxx
B
          Though the pleadings, documents and affidavits filed by the plain-
          tiffs positively make out a case of actual sales by the plaintiffs of
          Whirlpool products including washing machines in a number of
          geographical regions arou.nd the would, in so far as India is
          concerned, the plaintiffs No. l does. not make out a case of actual
c         sales in the markets in India. The plaintiff No. 1 has made limited
          sales to US Embassy and US ATO in India. However, the prochicts
          have been advertised in magazines having international circulation
          including in India.

          xxx                      xxx                               xxx
D
          As already noticed plaintiff No. 1 was a registered proprietor of
          the trade mark Whirlpool in India until 1977. Without expressing
          any opimon on the validity or otherwise of the reasons !issigned by
          the plaintiffs for non renewal of the registration thereafter suffice
E         it to say that inspite of non- registration of the trade mark in India,
          the plaintiff was trading in Whirlpool products in several parts of
          the world and also sending the same to India though in a limited
          circle. Whirlpool associated with the plaintiff No. 1 was gaining
          reputation throughout the would. The reputation was traveling
          trans-border to India as well through commercial publicity made
F         in magazines which are available in or brought in India. These
          magazines do have a circulation in the higher and upper middle
          Income strata of Indian society. Washing machine is a household
          appliance used by the middle and upper class of the society.

          xxx                      xxx                               xxx
G
          The plaintiff No. 1 is not one whose trading activities are confmed
          to India alone. It claims to have a worldwide trade. It did have
          registration of the trade mark in India. Non-renewal of the trade
          mark is assigned by the plaintiff to causes like import restrictions
H         and foreign trade policy of the Govt. of India. One of the causes
     N.R.DONGREv. WHIRLPOOLCORPN.[J.S.VERMA,J.]                         379

    assigned is a communication gap between the plaintiff No. 1 and A
    its trade mark attorney. The production of the goods was not
    stopped. May be in a limited section of the society but the goods
    were being marketed and they were being sent to India, inspite of
    non-registration of trade mark here in India. They were being
    exhibited and continuously advertised in such circumstances that B
    an inferences as to abandonment of the trade mark by the plaintiff
    No. 1 cannot be drawn.

       In 1986, the defendant initiated proceedings for registration of
    Whirlpool trademark so as to own the same. Opposition was
    offered by the plaint;ff No. 1. The matter has been contested             C
    throughout till the date of decision by the Assistant Registrar of
    Trade Mark. Having lost there at the plaintiffs have preferred an
    appeal which is pending. There is no question of acquiescence by
    the plaintiffs.

          xxx                    xxx                              xxx         D

    For the present the defendants have not adduced any documentary I
    evidence of their having marketed their washing machines enabling '
    a finding on the length of time. and the extent to which they have
    marketed if at all their such products. The Asstt. Registrar of the ' E
    trade mark has also not recorded any finding in favour of the
    defendants as to the actual user by them of the trade mark
.
,   Whirlpool. The findings of the Assistant Registrar quoted
    hereinabove show his having formed an opinion that the proposed
    use in future could entitle the defendants for registration. Having p
    lost before the AssistaniRegistrar the plaintiffs have preferred an
    appeal and also filed this suit. The plaintiffs cannot justifiably be
    accused of culpable delay, acquiescence and !aches or abandon-
    ment so as to disentitle them from the relief of injunction.

    xxx                    xxx
                                                                              G
                                                            xxx

    The learned counsel for the plaintiffs have rightly contended that
    in the absence of grant of injunction they are likely to suffer
    irreparable injury. It is submitted that the washing machines which
    are being manufactured by the defendants are not of the same H
    380                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A             engineering standards and do not give the same quality of perfor-
              mance as tke plaintiffs' machines do and so the marketing of the
              washing machines with WHIRLPOOL trade mark is sure to
              damage irreparably the reputation and goodwill of the plaintiffs.
              It has rightly been pointed out that the defendants are not going
              to suffer any injury inasmuch as even if they have manufactured
B             any washing machines, they have only to remove and replace the·
              small metallic strip bearing the offensive trade mark/name which,
              includes Whirlpool. The plaintiffs do not have any objection to the
              defendants manufacturing and offering for sale washing machines
              in the trade mark/name .Jf USHASHRIRAM or LEXUS or any
c             other name at the choice of the defendants so long as the trade
              mark/name adopted by the defendants is not the same or similar
              or deceptively similar to that of the plaintiffs.

              xxx                     xxx                              xxx

D             this Court has formed an opinion that the registration of the
              WHIRLPOOL as trade m.ark of the defendants was of no conse-
              quence in passing off action. This order too would not have any
              effect on the registration proceecfuigi, sub judice i.Ja appeal which
              shall be decided on its own merits."
E           The Di\'Won Bench wNle dismismg th.e defendants' appeal, stated
    thus:

                  "From the aforesaid facts including the extensive advertise-
              ments of the goods of the first respondent & its trade mark             "
F             'WHIRLPOOL' and the legal position adumberated hitherto we
              are prima facie of the opinion that the trade mark 'WHIRLPOOL'
              has acquired reputation and goodwill in this country and the same
              has become associated in the minds of the public or potential
              buyers with the goods of the first respondent. Even advertisement
              of trade mark without existence of goods in the market is also to
G             be considered as use of the trade mark. It is also not necessary
              however that the association of the plaintiff's marks with his goocli
              should be known all over the country or to every person in the
              area wltcre it is known best,. (See : Faulder & Co. Ltd. v. 0 & G.
              Rumton, (1903) 20 RFC 4TI). Besides the facts prima facie
H             deOM>AWatc thd: th.e fisst r-«ipoadent was pnor user of the trade
 N.R.DONGREv. WHIRLPOOLCORPN.[J.S. VERMA,J.)                       381

mark 'WHIRLPOOL' as it was vsing the same since 1941, while              A
the appellants themselves claim the adoption thereof from 1886.

    Thus, we see no reason. to differ with the finding of the learned
Single Judge that the first respondent acquired transborder reputa-
tion in respect of the trade mark 'WHIRLPOOL' and has a right
to protect the invasion thereof.                                         B
   xxx                      xxx                              xxx

     The concept and principle on which passing off action is
grounded is that a man is not to sell his own goods under the            C
 pretence that they are the goods of another man. A trader needs
protection of his right of prior user of a trade mark as the benefit
 of the name and reputation earned by him cannot be taken ad-
vantage of by another trader by copying the mark and getting it
registered before he could get the same registered in his favour.
We see no reason why a registered owner of a trade mark should           D
be allowed to· deceive purchasers into the belief that they. are
 getting the goods of another while they would be buying the goods
-of the former which they never irttended to do. In an action for
passing off if should not matter whether misrepresentation or
 deception has proceeded from a registered or an unregistered user       E
 of a trade mark. He cannot represent his own goods as the goods
 of some body else.           ·              ·

                                                             xxx

    Applying this principle & the reasons already stated we have F
prim a f acie come to the conclusion that the appellants have ac-
quired reputation & goodwill in respect of its goods bearing trade
mark 'WHIRLPOOL' in this country. Ew:n though the appellants
have no connection with the respondents, they are using the mark
'WHIRLPOOL' for tbcir products. Prima fade it appears to us
that buyers arc likely to be dcceMd or confused as to the origin G
and somce of the goods. 'I'hc:y \'till believe that the product is
                 I
~ufactured by the respondents, an impression not founded in
truth. The limitation will pass of as genuine. No one can be
permitted· to trade by ~ oi ~ ti= p3rdu::sms or
to unauthori:edly dM:rt to· itself the rcp::tctim t:nd ·goodWJ· af H
    382                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996) SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A          others. Under section 27(2) an action for passing off against
           registered user of trade mark is maintainable at the instance of a
           prior user of the same, similar or identical mark. Since such a
           remedy is available against the registered user of a trade mark, an
           interim injunction restraining him to use the mark can also be
           granted to make the remedy effective.
B
                We also do not agree with the submission of learned counsel
            for the appellants that the respondents are guilty of culpable delay;
            acquiescence and !aches which disentitle the respondents from
            claiming the relief of Injunction.
c              xxx                      xxx                              xxx

                There is no plausible & convincing explanation by the appel-
            lants as to how they came to adopt the mark 'WHIRLPOOL'. In
            absence of any satisfactory explanation by the appellants, the
D           adoption of the mark by them cannot plima f acie be regarded as
            honest and plea of delay & !aches would be of no avail to them.
            As regards acquiescences, there is nothing to show that there has
            been a tacit or express assent by the respondents to the appellant's
            using the mark. As regards the submission of learned counsel for
E           the appellants that the respondents had abandoned the trade mark
            'WHIRLPOOL' and therefore, they cannot maintain the action of
            passing off, is not well founded. As already seen, the respondents
            had been using the trade mark 'WHIRLPOOL' world wide and
            there is no reason to assume that the same was abandoned. Mere
            fact that the registration was not renewed by them in India after
F           1977, is no ground to hold that the respondents had abandoned
            the trade mark.

               xxx                      xxx                              xxx

                Having regard to the abQve discussion, we see no reason to
G           interfere with the discretionary order passed by the learned Single
            Judge dated October 31, 1994 granting the restraint order ......."

           An attempt was made at the hearing before us by the appellants to
    place reliance on some additional material produced at this stage. It is
H   sufficient to observe that this appeal has to be decided on the basis of
          N.R. DONGRE v. WHIRLPOOLCORPN. [J.S. VERMA,J.]                   383

material produced in the trial court. We may add that the trial court itself A
has referred to Order 39, Rule 4 CPC granting liberty to move an applica-
tion thereunder, if there be any significant additional material available to
invoke the jurisdiction of the trial court for the discharge or variation of
the order of temporary injunction. We may addthat the additional material
produced at this stage is also not sufficient to swing the balance in the other
direction.                      ·
                                                                                B

       Shri Kapil Sibal, learned counsel for the appellants conceded fairly
at the outset that a passing off action is maintainable in law even against a
registered owner of the trade mark and, therefore, the fact that the
defendants have obtained a registration (subject to the outcome of a              C
pending appeal) is by itself not sufficient to render the suit not main-
tainable. However, he qualified this statement by adding that the existing
registration to favour of the defendants is a significant fact in favour of the
defendants even at the interlocutory stage in the suit for deciding whether
a temporary injunction should be granted against the defendants. The other
factors on which Shri Sibal relied are :                                          D
         (i) Plaintiffs filed an opposition to the defendants' application for
         registration before the Registrar which was rejected, even though
         their appeal is pending;

        (ii) A separate application date 4.8.1993 for rectification under         E
        Sections 46 and 56 of the Act has been filed by the plaintiffs, which
        too is pending in the High Court;

         (iii) Plaintiffs had registration of trade mark 'WHIRLPOOL' in
         India from 1956-57 which was allowed to lapse in 1977;
                                                                                  F
         (iv) a fresh application for registration of the trade mark has been
         made by the plaintiffs only in 1988, which is pending; and

         (v) Filing of the suit thereafter on 4.8.1994, in this background is
         delayed.                                                                 G
       Shri Sibal also submitted that the defendants are manufacturing and
selling washing machines which cost less than 1/3rd the price of the
plaintiffs' washing machine; and the full description given on the plate
affixed to the defendants' washing machine leaves no room for any con-
fusion in the mind of the buyer that the defendants' machine is goods H
    384                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A associated with plaintiffs. Shri Sibal submitted that an overall view of all
  these factors negatives the existence of a p1ima f acie case for grant of a
    temporary injunction in favour of the plaintiff. Shri Sibal also submitted
    that the washing machines marketed in India by the plaintiffs are sold by
    the joint venture with TVS and not by the plaintiff No. 1 - Whirlpool
B   Corporation itself.

          In reply, shri Soli J. Sorabjee, learned counsel for the respondents,
    contended that the defendants were earlier doing their business in the
    name of USHA-SHRIRAM, USHA-LEXUS and there is no explanation
    by them for this switch over which reveals their intent to derive unfair
C   advantage of the established name of 'Whirlpool' associated with plaintiff
    No. 1 because ot prior user, which is sufficient to support a passing off
    action. Shri Sorabjee also submitted that actual sales by the plaintiffs of
    washing machines in the name of 'Whirlpool' in India is not necessary while
    in the case of the defendants, actual user of that name by them and not
    the fact of registration of that mark is material. Shri Sorabjee relied on the
D   finding of the trial court that actual sales of washing machines using the
    mark 'Whirlpool' by defendants prior to 1994 is not shown at this stage;
    and grant of registration to defendants is only on the ground of proposed
    and not actual user. Shri Sorabjee also referred to the affidavit of the
    defendants filed in the High Court disclosing their actual sales and existing
E   stock which reveals that the business was more in names other than
    'Whil'lpool' Shri Sorabjee finally submitted that an appeal Court is not to
    interfere ordinarily with the exercise of discretion by the trial court in
    gr~ing a temporary injunction and this is more so when the discretion
    exercised by the trial court has been affirmed in the first appeal.

F        The findings of the learned Single Judge, as affirmed on appeal by
    the Division Bench, are :

             (i) Long prior user of the name of 'WHIRLPOOL' by plaint'iff No.
             1 and a transborder reputation and goodwill extending to India to
             the use of that name;
G
             (ii) Prior registration of that name even in India from 1956-57 to
             1977 against the earliest claim by the defendants from 1986 (the
             date of application for registration);

H            (iii) Grant of registration to the defendants Oil 12.8.19CJ2, only on
              N.R.DONGREv. WHIRLPOOLCORPN.[J.S.VERMA,J.)                         385

             the ground of proposed user instead of actual user, which was              A
             opposed by the plaintiffs and is subject to the outcome in the
•            pending appeal;

             (iv) No reliable evidence of the defendants having marketed their
             washing machines for any considerable length of time prior to grant
             of the interlocutory injunction;                                           B

             (v) Irreparable injury to the plaintiffs' reputation and goodwill with
             whom the name of 'WHIRLPOOL' is associated, because of the
             washing machines of the defendants not being of the same standard
             and quality of performance as the plaintiffs' machines;                    C

             (vi) On the other hand, no injury to the defendants by grant of the
             injunction inasmuch as the defendants' washing machines can be
             sold under the other names used earlier, with the removal and
             replacem!'!nt only of the small metallic strip which bears the offen-
             sive trade mark/name which includes 'WHIRLPOOL'; and                       D

             (vii) There is no justification to accuse the plaintiffs of culpable
             delay, acquiescence and !aches or abandonment so as to disentitle
             them from the relief of injunction.

    It has also been held that there is no planible explanation offered by the          E
    defendants for recently adopting ~he mark 'WHIRLPOOL' when business
    in washing machines was being carried out earlier in other names, which
    at this stage, is supportive of the plea of unfair trading activity in an attempt
    to obtain economic benefit of the reputation established by the plaintiff No.
    1 whose name is associated with the mark 'WHIRLPOOL'. The plaintiffs'               F
    conduct in opposing the defendants' application for registration as soon as
    it was notified and persisting in the opposition by filing an appeal against
    the Registrar's order and then an application for rectification of the entry
    in the r~ter on grant of the certificate and also filing the suit wit.bout
    delay is referred by the trial court as sufficient to suggest that there was        G
    no abandonment of the mark, acquiescence or !aches by the plaintiffs.

           In our opinion, the above concurrent findings, on which the grant of
    interlocutory injunction in favour of the plaintiffs is based is, to say the
    least, a reasonable conclusion on the relevant material available at this
    stage. It is not for this court at the stage of second apPeal to reassess the       H
    386                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A   material and reach an independent conclusion thereon for the first time
    and it has only to be seen whether the conclusion reached by the trial court
    was reasonably possible on the material. Moreover, even on a reassessment,
    it appears to us that the conclusion reached by the trial court in favour of
    the plaintiffs is the one more probable and reasonable on this material.

B         The question now is : whether the exercise of discretion by the trial
    court is favour of the plaintiffs to grant the interlocutory injunction is in
    accordance with the settled principles of law regulating grant of inter-
    locutory injunctions or not? We think it is so.

c        Injunction is a relief in equity and is based on equitable principles.
  On the above concurrent findings, the weight of equity at this stage is in
  favour of the plaintiffs and against the defendants. It has also to be borne
  in mind that a mark in the form of a word which is not a derivative of the
  product, points to the source of the product. The mark/name
D 'WHIRLPOOL' is associated for long, much prior to the defendants'
  application in 1986 with the Whirlpool Corporation - plaintiff No. 1. In
  view of the prior user of the mark by plaintiff No. 1 and its trans-border
  reputation extending to India, the trade mark 'WHIRLPOOL' gives an
  indication of the origin of the goods as emanating from or relating to the
  Whirlpool Corporation - plaintiff No. 1. The High Court has recorded its
E satisfaction that use of the 'WHIRLPOOL' mark by the defendants indi-
  cates prima facie an intention to pass-off defendants' washing machines as
  those of plaintiffs' or atleast the likelihood of the buyers being confused or
  misled into that belief. The fact that the cost of defendants' washing
  machine is l/3rd of the cost of the plaintiffs' washing machine as stated by
F Shri Sibal, itself supports the plaintiffs' plea that the defendants' washing
   machines are not of the same engineering standard and are inferior in
   quality to the washing machines of the plaintiffs'. In addition, it has been
   rightly held that the grant of interlocutory injunction would cause no
   significant injury to the defendants who can sell their washing machines
   merely by removing tht, small metallic strip bearing the offensive trade
G mark/name which includes 'WHIRLPOOL'. On the other hand, refusal of
   the interlocutory injunction would cause irreparable injury to the plaintiffs'
   reputation and goodwill since the trade mark/name 'WHIRLPOOL' is
   associated for long because of prior user and even otherwise with the
   plaintiff No. 1 - Whirlpool C9rporation. These factors which have been
H relied on for grant of the interlocutory injunction by the trial court indicate
            N.R. DONGRE v. WHIRLPOOLCORPN. [J.S. VERMA,J.]               387

that the exercise of discretion was in accordance with the settled principles A
of law relating to the grant of interlocutory injunctions in a passing-off
action. The affirmance of the trial court's order by the Division Bench on
an appeal reinforces the trial court's view.

      Applying the settled rule indicating the scope of interference in an
appeal against exercise of discretion by the trial court to grant an inter-     B
locutory injunction, we find no ground to take a different view or to
interfere with the grant of the injunction.

       On the above conclusion reached on the facts of this case, it is
unnecessary to refer to the several decisions cited at the bar to indicate the C
settled principles of law regulating grant or refusal of interlocutory injunc-
tions and the scope for grant of such an injunction in a passing-off action
even against the proprietor of a registered trade mark. None of those
decisions lays down that in a passing-off action based on the right in
common law distinct from the statutory right based on a registered mark,
an injunction cannot be granted even against an owner of the trade mark D
in an appropriate case. It is for this reason, Shri Kapil Sibal fairly conceded
this position at the outset and relied on the fact of registration in favour
of the defendants only for the limited purpose indicated earlier. The
surviving controversy at this stage was confined only to the legality and
propriety of an interlocutory injunction granted on the facts of this case.     E

       It cannot be seriously disputed that on the findings recorded by the
trial court and affirmed on appeal by the Division Bench which appear to
us as reasonable conclusion on the relevant material, grant of an inter-
locutory injunction is the appropriate order to make and the proper
exercise of discretion by the trial court. The decision of this court in        F
Wander Ltd. & Anr. v. Antox India P. Ltd. (supra) is alone sufficient to
support this view. We may add that the trial court has taken care to protect
the defendants' interest at the interlocutory stage during the trial of the
suit in the language used for grant of the interlocutory injunction reserving
liberty to apply for its discharge or variation if additional material or       G
subsequent events justify such a course. This appeal must, therefore, fail.

         Consequently, the appeal is dismissed with costs Rs. 10,000.

v.s.s.                                                     Appeal dismissed.