Holding

The detention orders are valid because the grounds were communicated in a language the detainees understood, sufficient independent material existed to justify detention, and procedural safeguards under Article 22(5) were complied with.

Summary

The petitioners challenged the preventive detention of Venilal Mehta, his daughter Pragna Mehta and son Bharat Mehta under the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974, alleging that the grounds of detention were not communicated in a language they understood, that their retracted confessional statements were ignored, and that procedural safeguards under Article 22(5) of the Constitution were violated. The Court examined whether the grounds had been effectively communicated, whether the detaining authority must consider retractions, and whether the Advisory Board’s advice was mechanically followed. It held that the grounds were communicated in English, a language the detainees understood, and that the presence of other independent material justified the detention even if the confessions were retracted. The Court also found that the detainees were given an opportunity to be represented before the Advisory Board and that the detaining authority had independently considered their representations. Consequently, the petitions were dismissed, upholding the validity of the detention orders.

Issues considered

The grounds of detention must be communicated in a language understood by the detainee under Article 22(5).
Whether the retraction of statements made under Section 108 of the Customs Act should be considered by the detaining authority.
Whether there was undue delay in serving the grounds of detention.
Whether the detainees were afforded a proper opportunity to be represented before the Advisory Board.
Whether the detaining authority merely followed the Advisory Board’s advice without independent consideration.

Legislation cited

Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974s. 3(1)(iii), s. 3(1)(iv), s. 8(3), s. SA
Constitution of Indias. Article 22(4), s. Article 22(5)
Customs Act, 1962s. 108
Gold Control Act, 1960

Subjects

preventive detentionArticle 22grounds of detentionlanguage of communicationretraction of confessionAdvisory Boardsmugglingforeign exchangeconstitutional safeguards

Judgment

697

PRAKASH CHANDRA MEHTA

v. B

CO'vlMISSlONER AND SECRETARY
GOVERNMENT OF KERALA & ORS.

12th April, 1985 c
[S. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, A. VARADARAJAN AND SABYASACHI
MUKHARJI, JJ.]

Constitution of India 1950, Ait, 22. c/J. (4) & (5)-Preventive detention-
PermisJibilityof-Safeguards to be followed by the detaining authority-Rights of D
detenu-What are-"Grounds" for detention-What are.

Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities
Act 1914, SS. 3 and 5A-Detentlon-G,rounds of detention-Communication in a
language understood by the deteml at the earliest-Afford the detenu an opportunity
to 111 ake a representation-Co11fession statementJ under s. 108 of the Customs Act E
/962-Retraction by detenu-Non-consideration by detaining authority but consi-
dered hy AdVisory Board-Whether vitiates detention.

Words & Phrases -Meaning of:

"Grounds"-Content of in detention order-Nat 1nere factual inferences but
F
factual in]erences plus factual »Jaterial-Constitution of India, 1950, Article
22(5). '

The petitioner in his three -writ petitiono; under Art. 32 cha11e_nged the
detention orders made against his father, sister and brother under the Conserva-
tion of Foreign -Exchange and Prevenlion of Smuggling Activities Act,
1~ G

On the ba<::is of intelligi!nce rePorts, the customs officials searched the
room of the Hotel where father and daughter-Vcnilal D. Mehta and Pragna
Mehta were staying. The search led to the recovery of 60 gold biscuits of
Foreign origin from the suit case belon!.;,ing to the daughter. Since both of thetn
}lad no Vfl.lid' document'! to prove ihe natur..: Qf import of the e;old biscuits to Q
698 SUPREME COURT 1EPORTS (1985] 3 S.C.R.
A India and for their tegal possession, thC're was contravention of the Customs
Act, 1962 and the Gold Control Act, 1960, and, therefore, liable for confisca.
tioti. Both were arrested and statements recorded.

In the meanwhile Bharat Mehta, another son of the father,-detenu \\'ho
had come from Calcutta to arrange for bail was arrested on 4th May 1984 by
the Central Excise and Customs Officials after his room in the Hotel, was sear·
ched and Indian currency notes amounting to Rs. 24,865 were seized, which he
allegedly had brought for meeting the legal expenses for securing release of his
father and sister on bail. All the three were remar.ded to jail custody. They
retracted their staten1ents made before the Central Excise and Customs Officers
alleging that they were made a t·the dictates of the customs officers.
c
Pragna Mehta w2s served with a detention order under the Conservati.on
of Eoreign Exchange and ·Prevention of. Smuggling Activitit:s .Act 1974 under
s. 3(1) (iii) on 20th June 1984 and was serv:d with the grounds of detention in
English language. Hindi translation of the grounds of detention was served on
30th June. 1984. Venilal Mehta and his son Bharat Mehta were served wi.th
detention orders under s. 3(1) (iii) and (iv) of the Act on 20th June, 1984 and on
D 25th June, 1984 the ground.:; of detention were also served on them. The
grounds of detention were in English language . while some of the 11ccqmpanying
documents were in Malayalam. Th~ detenus made representations for the revo~
cntion of their detention. They appeared before the Advisory Roard on 6th
Augu')t, 1984. The Advisory Board reported that th·~re was sufficient cause for
detention of the detenus and accordingly the Govt. confirmed their detention
Orders on 13th August, 1984.
E
All the three detention orders have been challenged contendihg : (J) that
the grounds were not communicated to the detenus in a language understood
by them, (2) that the retraction of the confessions or 'statements made under s.
108 of the Custom" Act, 1962 had not been taken into consideration, (3) that
there was delay in serving the grounds upon the detenus, (4) that the detenus
F were not allowed to be represented properly before the Advisory Board, (5) that
the fact of retr.ilction of the confessions having not been taken into oonsidera-
tion the proceedings were vitiated, and (6) that the detaining authcirity did not
independently con<:ider the repr!~!'lt:.ttions of the d-:t!nu'i but mechanically
fo11owe_d the advice of the Advisory Board.

Dismissing the Petition.;,
G
HELD : t. The pro;~jnr,11 s1f:gu ir;!s hlve h"en complied with as
far as practicable. There are n1 m~rits in th! fa11~ied grievances of the
detenus .[732]

2. Article 22 of th>! Co11)titution ensure~ protection against arrest and
l JJ detentiQn e~cept iQ certain pr~sqrjbed circu!'Q~tanc~'> and c1nditions, Art. 22(4)
,

P.C. MEHTA v. Kl!RALA GOVT. 699
stipulates ·that no law providing for preventive deterltion shall authorise the A
detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless (a) Advisory
Board has repJrtel b:fore · th: e~:li ration of the said period of three months
'that there is in its opinion sufficient cau,e for such detention and (b) such
· person is detained in accordance with the provision of any Jaw made by the
or
Parliament under sub-els. (a) and (b) cl. (7). [618D-G J

Clause (S) of Art. 22 provides that the grOunds of detention must be
communicated to the detenu ai soon as may be and that he should be 'afforded B
the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order. There-
fore. it must follow as an imp~rative that the grounds mu'it b: communicated
ina langu1gJ u1l:rit>>I IJf t'1: o:ri'll c.J-i~:r,1el soth1t be can make an
I effectiverepreientatio:l. [719; 7209-C]

Harikisan v.. The State o/ .\t1r11r;is!11Ta & Others. [t96!J 2 Supp~ s~R 918.
c
I In the instant case, the facts revealed that the detenu Vaoi1a1 Mehta was

~
conc;tantly accomoanied and was in the comp1ny of his daughter as well a!
hiS son-both of ~honl knew English. very well. Th~ f~ther ·signed his mercy
petition, in Gujarati wh!ch w1s written in English; accepting the guilt or his
Involvement in smuggti~g. Th~re is no rul! of law th1t c.:>mmon sense should
b~ 'p\lt iri cold storage while con-;idering co~stitution1l provisions for safeguards

, ag1inst mi~use of powers by authorities thouih these con'ititutional provisio'as
D
should b;: strictly construed. He wa! in any event given by 30th June. 1984,
the Hindi tra1slatio:i or rhe grounds or which he claimed ignorance. The gist
or annexure! which were given in Malayalam language had .been stated in the
ground!. That h: doe! not k:now.1nythin3 exce;>t Gujarati is merely ipse dixit
offath!r-detenll and is not the Jast word and the Court is not denuded to its
powers to eitam!ne thC truth The Court is not the pl1c: where one ca.a sell E
all tales. The d'!taining authority cam' to the conctu:;ion that be knew both
1-lindi and Engliih. It hac; b..:en stat~d Sr) in the counter-affidavit. The circum-,
stances indicate that fath~r-dl!tenu wac; merely f:igning ignorance of English
(720C-H; 720 A-BJ

,n the instant case, th= grou-iJ~ w.::re giv~1_on 25th. fLl'le, 1931- following
the search and seizure of gold bis:aits fro n r..>.Jn. of detenu Venilal Mehta in F
the Hotel in bis presence and in the bickground of the m:rcy petition. he was
in constant _ touch with his daughter and son\ and th,re is no evidence that
these peopt~ did not know Hindi or English. Indeed they knew English as well
as Hindi. It is difficult to accept the positiqn that in the p.:culiar facts of this
ca,e. the grounds were not communicated iri th'! seil•·.:: the grounds of detention
w.Jre n>t c..:>nv~yed to the d.:tenu Venih.1. Whether grounds were communi-
G
CJted or not de~!nd U?.J,.1 th:: fd::ts. a 1J circum·nanc:s of each c1s~. [722 D·F]

Eiaiibandhu DaJ v. District Magistrafe, Cuttack & Aflr. [1969) I SCR
2rt, Nainmal P"tap Ma/ Shah v. U•ion of lnJia anl o,, [19 lOJ 4 SCC 427 and
.f.!!!ahim Ahm1'1 8.llli v. SW! of G·1/a•at & On. [1983) I SCR 540 distin- •
guished.·

H.
--------------------------

\

700 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] 3 s_C,R,

A 4. Artich: 22(5) of the Constitution h.J.s two elem~nts (i) communication.
or
of the grounds on which the order detention has be~n made. and (ii) oppor· ,
tunity of making representation against the order of detention._ Communica ..
tion of the ·grounds pre-supposes the formulation of th: grounds and formula ..
tion of the- ground , requires :ind ensures the application of ihe mind of the ..
detaining autho_rity to the facts and materials before it that is ·to say, to perti... ,
nent and proximate matter:i in reg1rd to each individual c.io;: and e~cludes the
B element of arbitrarines~ and automatism. [725E-G]:,

·s.
The &•grOund\" undei- ..\rt. 22(5) of the Constitution do not r'nean
mere f.lctu1t inferencl!s but ·m~ 111 fa.:tu1I infl!rences plu:i. fac1u1l material which
led to. such . factu 11 infer.:nce-.. The CO'.lcept of .. grounds.,; thereforec has to
receive an interpretation which will keep it m!anin~ful!y in tun! with lhe con..
temporary notiono; of the re11iti::s of th' so::iety and t~:: purp::>se of the Act in
que!ltion in the light or CO'lcePt~ Or liberty and rund:imental freedom1 guaran·
teed by Ar!. 19(1), 21 and 22 of the Constitution.[725-H; 726,A·BI

Smt. Sha/ini Soni Etc. v. Union of lmfo & o,.. [1931 I 1 SCR 962, relied
upon.:
D I' . . . . - .·. .
6. · A democratic Cono;titution is not to be interpr..:ted merely from a
Jexicographer·s angle but with a r..:Jlis:ition th1t it i1 an embodiment of I he
Jiving thoughts and. aspiration. of a. frc.! p.:ople. The concept of ugrOunds••
u,eJ in the conte:t.t of detention in Art. -22(5) of th.: C.Jnditution 3.nd in sub·s.
(3) ofS.3 ofCOFEPOi.\ th!rerore. has to receive an interpretation which will
keep-it meaningfully in tu~e with a c"nt!!n'lor.lry n lti lll. Whil.J . the expres.
sion ..grounds•• r..,r that matter includ.:s ll'Jt only conclu<;ion of facts but also
E.1 all the '"basiC facts 90 on which th,:>~c conclu~ion:; werl!· f0undi!d, they are dHTe- ·
rent from Subsidiary facts or further particulars or thl! basic r~cts. [726C·E]

flasmukh S/o B!Jagwanji Al. Pate/ v. The State o/G11}arat &: OtherJ, [1981]
l SCR 353 ietied upon.
< ·, .. •
F
· Iii the instant ca!le. the grounds of J!tention i!I the sltisfaction of the
dela:inin& atitho~itY that with a view to preventing the detenu from ·acting in
any manner pr.!juJidal · t;J · th~ ciJnscrvation or augmentatior1 of foreign ex.
charige or with a 'view to pri!vl!nting th::: d.:t~nu fro:n, inter a/i.i, dealing in
smuggled C:xid, otherWise thin by engaging in tr<;1-11 p:Jrting or concealing· or
keeping 'he sinuggleJ iO'Jd' or e'lg1.o:ing in transporting or concealing or keeP:"'
G
in"" sffiUggled goods the detention or ihe detenu is ncces"ary. This satisfaction
w:s arrived at as inf!rences fr.:Jm several factors. One or them is that the ret.
· raction from,th~ statem!nts ml~~ in the conrl!5o;io:l or statements under s. 108
of the .Cu~tomo; .Act JiJ.d not b.!en taken in_t.J consideration by the' detaining
authority. whil: pa--ising d.::tcntion order. The: question is whether even if the
facts stated in the confe<>sion are completely ignor~d. then the: inferences can
still be drawn frQm other indepznden.t and objective facts ntentiQned ia this
.ff'

l
P.C. MEHTA v. KERALA aovr. 701
case, namely, the fact of seizur~ of 60 gJ!d biscuits from the suitcase of the A
daughter in the presence of the father which indubitably belonged to the father
and admitted by him to belong to him for which no e11tp1anation has ibeen givet;t.
and secondly the seizure of the papers connected with other groups -and organi..
sations to whom gold has been sold by the father are relevant groiJnds from
which a,n inference can reasonably be drawn for the satisfaction of the detaining
authority for detaining the de ten us for the purpose of Sec. 3(1) (iii) and 3( l)(iv)
The impugned order canrrot be <;:hallenged merely by the rejeCtion of the infe- B
rence drawn from confession. [726E-H; 727A-C] ·

7. (i) The Court is not concerned with the sufficiency of the grounds.
It is concerned •whether there arc rdevant materials on which a r~asonab!e
belief or conviction could have be::n entertained by the detaining authority on
the grounds mentioned ins. 3(1) of the Act. Whether other grounds shou!d
have been taken into cono;ideration or riot is not relevant at the stage of the
c
passing of the detention order. If that is the position then in view of s. SA of the
Act there was sufficient materia 1 to sustain this ground of detention. [7270-E]

(ii) When detention under s. 3 of the Act is only for the purpose of pre-
vention of smuggling and all the grounds, whether there are one or more, would
be relatable only to various activitii:s of smuggling and no other separate ()
ground which could deal with rilatters other than smuggling could be conceived
of because the act ofsmJg~ling cov.!rej 'i~l"eral activities each forming a sepa-
rate ground of detention and the A::t dealt with no other act except smuggling.
Whenever allegations of .smuii!ing were made ae:ain'it a person who was
sought to be detained for preventing further smug11:1ing there is bound to be
one act or several acts with the con1mon.object of smuggling: goods which was
sought to be prevented by the A,;t. It would, therefore, not be correct to say E
that the obje,ct of the Act constituted the ground for detentiorI. In the instant
case, however, the authorities concerned came to the concJusion that the dete-
nus were engaged in'smuga:ling, in support of the same they relied on several
factors namely: (1) the search and ~eizu!'e and recovery of 60 gold biscuits, (2)
the fact that the importation of the 60 gold biscuHs could not be explained by
the detenu Venilal, (3) the secretive manner in which the said gold biscuits
were kept and (4) the connection with th: various dealers and the ~tatements F
of the employees of the dealers that the father and the sons used to. come with
gold bars. These materials were in additi<?n to the statements and consessions
made under s. 108 of the Customs Act by ~he father, the sons and the daughter.
So even if the statements made by the·n are ignored and obliterated, the other
facts remain and these ar• good enou&h materials to come to prima facie
belief that dotentiea of thi d1tenus was ~ecessary.

State of Gujarat v. Cha111anlal Manjibhai Soni [1981] 2 SCR 500 G
followed.

In the instant case, there was no request for consultatio!1 with the Advo·
cate. There is nO case of non-production of the detenu inspite of intimation
by the Advocate to the Customs Officers before a Magistrate. The confessional
statement was not the only fact-upon which the detaining authority had passed
an order. In the premises even if the confessional statements which were ~et· H
702 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19S5] 3 S.C.R

racted as such could not be taken into consideration, thCre are other facts
indei)cndent of the confessional statement which can rea5onablJ lead to the
satisfaction that the authorities had come to. [729E-G]

Alhadevl, wife of Gopa/ Cherma/ Mehta (Detenu) v. K. Shivera}, Add/.
B Chief Secretary to the Government of Gujarat & Anr., [1979] 2 SCR 215, distiil·
guished.
)-
In the instant case, there was no delay in serving the grounds upon the
detenus. The father·detenu was detained on 20th June, 1984. As required
under. s.8 (3) of the Act, the case of the detenu was referred to the Advisory
c Board on 18th July, 1984. The representations submitted by the~ deteou w¢re
also forwarded to the Advisory Board for consideration. The services of two
per~ons were utilised by the Board in understanding the statement of the
detenti and deciphering the representation in Gujarati submitted by dctehu
Venita I Mehta to the .State Government which was also forwarded to the Board.
Therefore, it cannot be said that detenus have not been given proper facility to
be represented before the Adviiory Board. The allegation that the detainjng
D authority did· not independently consider the representation of the detenu but
mech:ini~ally followed the opinion of the Advisory Board cannot be sustained
in view of the facts and circumstances of this case.[759H; J30 A-D[

CRIMINAL ORiGINAL JURISDICflON; Writ Petition (Criminal)
E Nos. 1721;1722 and 1724 of 1984.

Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.

P. Govindan Nair, G.L. Sanghi, Farook M. Razaak and H.K.
Puri for the Petitioners.
F
T.S. Krislmamoorthy Iyer and E. M.S. Anam for Respon,dent
Nos. land 2.

N.C. Talulcdar and, R,N. Poddar for the Respondent No. 3.
G
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

SAnYASACHI MuKHARJI, J. One allegedly Venilal D. Mehta
is the father. Miss Pragna Mehta is the daughter and nharat
Mehta is the son. They all have been detained under the Pro-
visions of Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of
H
Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 (hereinafter referred to as the
'Act'), by virtue of an order dated J9th June, 1984.

"
P.C. \!Ef{fA v. ICERALA aovr. (S. Mukharji, J.) 703

Their detentions are challenged in three writ petitions under
Article 32 of the Constitt~tion, filed by Prakash Chandra Mehta,
another son of Venilal D. Mehta and brother of Miss Pragna
Mehta and Bharat Mehta.

The facts of these cases basically more or less are the same B
with ce.rtain minor variations which would be noticed.

On the 2nd May, 1984, the father and daughter Venilal D.;
Mehta and Pragna Mehta were arrested by the officers of the
Central Excise and Customs, Cochin .on an accusation of having
in their possession 60 gold biscuits alleged to bo of foreign origin ..
c
After their arrest, !lie father and his daughter were taken to the
office of the Centr.al Exdse and Customs, Cochin where statements
were made on their behalf. It is, however, the allegation of the
petitioner that such statements were obtained by use of third
degree method, molestation of _the daugter, threat and intimi- D
dation. We are not concerned with the truth or otherwise of
such allegation for the purpose of this application. The statements
of the daughter as well as the father were written by the daugh-
ter. It is further alleged in the petition that the.statement .was
written by the daughter as dictated by the officers concerned.
The father, Venilal D. Mehta put his signature in English as E
'Balvant Shah'. It must be noted that statement in English was
written by the daughter. . It is alleged that the father and the
daughter told the officers concerned that the correct name of the
father was Venilal Mehta. It is the case of the father in the
petition on his behalf that he does not understand, read or speak
or write English but he can only sign his name in English: After F
the said statement, the father and the daughter were taken to the
Hotel Dwarka where they .were kept in separate rooms under
the guard of the officers. It is alleged on b'half of the father and
the daughter that no legal assistance was allowed in spite of
repeated requests.
G

On the next day, the father and the daughter were brought
to the office of the Central Excise and Customs, Cochin, where
once again, the daughter wrote a statement on her behalf and on
behalf of her father. Ii is alleged that neither the said statement
was explained to the father nor a copy was supplied. After the H
snid recording of the statement, both the father and the daughter
704 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] 3 s.c.1<

A were kept detained at the Custa.ms Department,

In the meanwhile one Bharat Mehta, another son of the·
father Venilal Mehta who had come from Calcutta to arrange for
bail was brought under arrest by the officers of the Central Excise
B in the presence of the father and was asked to identify the father
and his sister whereupon Shri Bharat Mehta identified Shri Venilal
D. Mehta as his fa\IJer and Miss Pragna Mehta as his sister. Upon
such identification, Miss Pragna Mehta wrote down a third state-
ment-one on behalf of her father and one on her own behalf. It is
alleged that such statements were dictated by the officers of the
c Central Excise.

Bharat Mehta also wrote down a statement on his behalf
which is similarly alleged to have been written as dictated by the
officers. Then all the three aforesaid persons Venilal D. Mehta,
D Miss rragna Mehta and Bharat Mehta were produced before the
Acting Chief Judicial Magistrate on 5th May, 1984 at 8. 30 P.M.
at his residence at Vanala and were rem10ded to jail custody ..

So far as Bharat Mehta is concerned, on 2nd May,
1984, he was in Calcutta and he was informed by his
E
brother from Bombay that his father Venilal Meht~ and
his sister Pragna Mehta had been arr,:·;ted and upon hearing
that he left for Bombay and arrived in Bombay liy the
evening ftight. On the following day i. r.. on 3rd May. 1984, Bharat
Mehta left on the. morning ftight for Cochin for arranging b,ail for
his father and sister. At the Cochin Airport, he was apprehended by
the officers of the Central Excise who desired to i·nteirogate him and
was thereupon brought to the office of the Central Excise and was
interrogated about his complexity in the smuggling of gold.
According to Bharat Mehta, as he had nothing to do with the smug-
gling of· gold, he denied having any connection with the same.
G
Thereafter he was allowed to go. On 4th May, 1984 the room in the
Indian Airlines Hotel. Ernakulam where he was staying was sear-
ched by the officers of the Central Excise and Custom;. Though
Bharat Mehta states that nothing incriminating was found, the
Custom Authorities lud scizeJ Indian. currency notes amounting to
Rs. 24,865 which sum, he alleged to have brought for meeting the
IJ kg:tl expemcs. Thereafter, he was arrcste<l and taken to identify his
1>.c. MEHTA v. KERALA aovT. (s. Mukharjl, J.) io5
father and sister· as mentioned hereinbefore. A
When all the three were remanded to jail custody, the father,
the daughter and ·the son retracted their statinents. T hey made
complaints to the Collector of Central Excise and Customs about the
manner in which their statements· were obtained. Application for
bail was moved on 7th May, 198• before the learned Acting Chief B
Judicial Magistrate. Miss Pragna Mehta was allowed interim bail
till 7th May, 1984. On 8th May, 1984 the bail application was
rejected. After the cancellation of her bail application, Pragna
Mehta movod an application under section 439 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 before the Kerala High. Court and the
High Court was pleased to grant bail on certain conditions. She c
was served with the detention order on 20th June, 19g4, and the
detenu was served with the grounds of detention in English.language.
Hindi translatio1i of the grounds of detention was served on~the
detenu on 30th June, 1984.
D
The father's bail application was, however, rejectad by the
Kerala High Court. The father was transferred on 24th May, 1984
from sub-jail, Erna~ulam. to the General Hospital, Ernakulam
because he had become ill. He was thereafter admitted in the
General Hospital.
E
· The .son's bail application was also rcjec.ted by the High Gourt
of Kerala and he was also transferred to the General, Hospital,
Ernakulam because he became ill. Thereafter on 6th June, 1984,
application for grant of bail was moved on behalf of the father and
the son before the Sessions Judge and the said application was
rejected on 12th June, 1984 in respect of both of them. · F

. Both Bharat Mehta and Venilal Mehta were transferred to
the Medical College Hospital, Kottayam for treatment. On 20th June
1984, the father and the son while in custody and undergoing
treatment in Medical College Hospital were served with the deten-
tion orders uhder the said Act Thereafter they were transferred to G
the Central Prison, Trivandrum.

On 25th June, 1984, the grounds were served on-;ll~hree of
th~m: It is alleged that the said grounds were served nearly at
m1dmght and said grounds served were written in English while H
706 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] 3 S.C.R.

A some of the accompanying documents about six in number were in
Malayalam.

On 25th July, 1984 Miss Pragna Mehta made an application
praying, inter alia that the order of detention by revoked and she
may be set at liberty. On 4th August, 1984, she wrote a letter to the
B Chairman, Advisory Board seeking the assistance of a legal practi-
tioner or a friend during the Advisory Board proceedings. It is
alleged that on or about 6th August, 1984, she was informed at
9.00 A.M. for the first time that she had to appear before the
Advisory Board at 10.00 A.M.
~.·
c
It is her case that she appeared without being given an oppor-
tunity of being assisted by any friend. She further alleges that she
being the only lady detenu in solitary confinement, after coming
back from the Advisory Board meeting made a ·representation to
the detaining authority for certain jail facilities namely, facility of
home cooked food, reading and writing materials, frequent inter-
D views with relations and friends, facility of writing letters to mother
in Gujarati language, sewing and embroidery·materials and hygienic
toilet facility.

She made a representation to the Central Government on 9th
August, 1984 for revocation of her detention order.
E
On 11th August, 1984, a letter was received by her from the
Commissioner and Secretary to Government, Government of Kerala
respondent No. 1 that there was no provision for home cooked
food and there was no solitary confinement, that interviews, and all
outgoing and incoming letters are required to be censored and no
F
special restriciions have been imposed upon her. She alleges that
on 13th August, 1984, she came to know from the jail authorities
that the Advisory Board had confirmed the detention of her and of
brother and father for one year and that the opinion of the Advisory
G Board was published in the local newspaper Mothrubhumi on 13th
August, 1984.

On 23rd August, 1984 she received a letter that her represen-
tation dated 25th July; 1984 had been rejected. On 24th August,
1984 she received a letter from the Under Secretary to the Govern-
H roent of India in t~rms whereof she was informed tbat her repre-
J>.c. MEHTA v. KBRALA GOVT, (S. Mukharji, J.) 707

sentation dated.9th Angus!, 1984 addressed to the Central Govern- A
ment bad been rejected.

On 23th August, 1984, she was served with an order issued by
respondent No. 1 whereby she was informed that the Advisory B·oard
in its report had expressed that there was sufficient cause for deten- • B
lion of the detenu and accordingly,·the Government confirmed the
order of detention for a period of one year.

So far as father, Venilal Mehta is concerned, it is his ·case
that Hindi translation of grounds of detention was served on him
on 30th June._ 1984. While suppiying the Hindi translation of c
the gronnds, the annexures being annexure Nos. I. 6, 8, 27, 38 and
47 of the list of documents were supplied in Malayalam. It is the
case of the father that he does not know how to read, write or
speak English or Hindi or Malayalam. He can only sign his name
in English. But thereafter on 27th May, 1984 he made. a represen-
D
tation in Gujarati to the detaining authority praying that he· was
unable to read, write either English or Hindi or Malayalam. and
the grounds of detention may be given to him duly translated
in Gujarati.

On 5th August, 1984, be was informed by a letter dated 4th 'E
August, 1984 that his representation could only be examined after
the same was translated into English. On 5th August, 1984 he made
a representation to the detaining authority praying that his -detention
order may be revoked. He was informed on 6th August, 1984 at
9. 15 A. M. that he would have to appear before the Advisory
Board at 10.00 A.M. He appeared before the Ad.visory F
Board and the Advisory Board had confirmed his order. of
detent.ion on 13th August, 1984. He reeived a letter on 25th August,
1984 that his request for supply of grounds of dcntent.ion and
connected documents . was not consi-dered necessary by , the
Government. The representation dated 9th August, 1984 was
rejected and the same was communicated to him by a letter
G
dated 28th August, 1984, and he was informed on· 31st August,
1984 that the Advisory Board was of the opinion tJ:iat there
was sufficient ground for detention. He was also informed
by a Jetter dated 10th August, 1984 that his represe!ltation dated
5th August, 1984 had been rejected. ,H
More or less similar is the case of the son except that he
708 SUPREME COURTS REPORTS (1985] 3 S.C.R.

A did not plead ignorance of any language English or Hindi.

As mentioned hereinafter, all the three detention ord.ers have
been challenged by Prakash Chandra Mehta, the son of Venilal
Mehta and brother of Bharat Mehta and Pragna Mehta by these
three separate writ petitions.
B
The father had on or about 30th June, 1984 made a representa-
tionfor mercy. It was written in English but signed in Gujarati. It
is the c' se of the father that his son brought this representation
prepared by his wife and without understanding he signed the repre-
sentation for. forwarding the same to the proper authorities. The __/ .
c detenus Venilal Metha, the father and Bharat Mehta, the son, were ____.'\
detained on grounds mentioned in section 3 (I) (iii) and 3 (iJ (iv)
of the Act and the detenu Miss Pragna Mehta, the daughter was
detained on grounds mentiond in section 3. (i) (iii) of the said Act.
The said orders were dated 19th ) une, 1984 were served on 20th
D June, 1984 alongwith the grounds in English. It was further men-
tioned in the communications containing the said ground~ .that the
said grounds were being communicated to them for the purpose of
Article 22 (5) of the Constitution and they were given opportunities
to make representation against the said grounds.

E
The grounds of detention stated that on the basis of intelli-
gence received a search of room No. 316 of Dwaraka Hotei at M.G.
Road, Ernakulam, was conducted and after being indentified it
was stated that the Customs authorities had reason to believe that
gold of foreign origin was kept in the room in the custody: of B.V.
F
Shah in contravention of the provisions of the Custl,ms Act,
1962 and Gold Control Act, 1960. The occupants of the room,
· the father and the daughter had informed that they were not having
any such articles. Thereafter the Superintendent and .the party
made a thorugh search in the presence of the independent
G witnesses, the occupants and the accountant of the hbtel, Mr.
Jayaprakash. In addition to the furniture in the room there
were three suitcases and one vanity bag ·inside the room. On
enquiry, the father informed that two of the suitcases belonged to
him and the third suitcase and the vanity bag belonged to his
daughter. The Superintendent requested the daughter to identify
her suitcase and accordingly she identified a brown coloured
ff suitcase marked Aristocrat and vanity bag as hers. The two
P.C. MEHTA v. KERALA GOVT. (S. Mukharji, !.) 709

suitcases claimed to be of the father were examined by the A
Superintendent. There were no gold or incriminating documents
in the suitcases. The Superintendent asked the daughter to open
her suitcase and accordingly she opened the suitcase by taking a
key from her vanity bag: When she opened, the suitcase was found-
H
to contain one inft1ted air pillow and certain personal clothings-
' Beneath the air pillow and the personal clothings, there was some-
thing warped in a turkish towel. When the turkish towel was remo-
ved three paper packets with abnormal weight were found. The
Superintendent enquired of the daughter about the contents of the
three packets and she had remained silent. Immediately the· father
disclosed that the packets contained gold biscuits of foreign origin . C·
. )..___ When the Superintendent as~ed about the quantity. .the father
•
informed that the three packets totally contained 60 gold biscuits,
with 25 gold biscuits each in two bigger p'.lckets and 10 gold
biscuits in the small packet. All the three jl"ackets were covered
with paper bearing printed English letters. The three. packets
were opened and examined and found to contain 60 gold biscuits, ·o
with 25 gold biscuits each in two pack-ots and 10 gold biscuits in
the third packet. All the 60 gold biscuits were thorouhly. examined,
weighed and purity tested by a cerified goldsmith. Each gold
biscuits was found to be of 24 carat purity with a weight of
116. 5 grams. The total weight and other particulars of the said
gold biscuits and other particulars of certain other materials E
found were mentioned. It is unnecessary to. set these out in
detail. The persons of both the father and the daughter were
searched. Nothing incriminating was found from the daughter,
but certain documents which are noted as incriminating were found
from the person of father, the particulars of the said documents
'
_, have also been set out in the grounds. It is not relevant for our F
present purpose to set these out in detail. ·

The Superintendent asked the daughter and the father
whether they were having any valid documents to prove· the
nature of import and prove the legal possession of the 60 gold G
biscuits of foreign origin recovered from the suitcase claimed to
be of the daughter. She replied that she did not have any such
document and that she carried the above said gold biscuits
from Bombay to Cochin as directed by her fathar. The father
also said that he had no valid documents to prove the nature of
import of the 60 gold biscuits to India and for the possession of H
110 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (198S] j S.C.R.
A
the same and that the daughter carried the gold biscuits from
Bombay to Cochin as directed by him.

In the premises it was stated that there was reasonable
belief that 60 gold biscuits were smuggled into India and acquired
B and possessed and dealt with in contravention of the Customs Act,
1962 and the Gold Control Act, 1960 and hence were liable for
confiscation.

The show cause notice further stated that the entire articles in
the suitcase from which the gold biscuits w,re recovered. the key of
c the suitcase and the documents r~covered from the vanity bag of
Miss Pragna Mehta and from the shirt pocket of Venilal M:ehta
(B. V. Shah) were al•o seized for further necessary action. The value
of the gold biscuits-seized came to round about Rs. 14 lakhs. B.V.
Shah alias Venilal Mehta, Miss Pragna Mehta and the independent
witnesses have signed on the documents and on the mahazar. Mr.
Jayaprakash accountant of Dwaraka Hotal had also appended his
signature in the mahazar. A copy of the mahazar was also given to
B.V. Shah alias Venilal Mehta and his acknowledgement was
obtained on the original.

E Ground I (b) stated about the search on intelligence report
of Hotel Airlines at M.G. Road, Ernakulam. It is not necessary
to set out in detail the documents and the currency notes seized,
particulars whereof were stated in the said show cause .

.In Ground I (c), the search and S\'izure of Swastic Society,
Bombay have been set out. Certain telephone numbers are noted.
The documents seized from this place included telephone bills
installed at the residence of Venilal Mehta and two other telephone
numbes noted in the paper. Other details of the ground and
facts of the search need not be set out in detail.

G In Ground I (d), it was stated that the Superintendent of
Customs searched premises. of· R.D. Mehta & Co. and certain
particulars of telephone numbers and other documents recovered
were stated therein.

In Ground I (e), it was stated that the Superintendent
H searched the silver refinery controlled by Shri Partap Sait. Certain
P.c. MEHTA v, ksRAi.A GOVT. (S. Mukharji, J.) .111
A
diaries and documentsw ere seized. The telephone of the refinery. is
37144. In the documents and diaries seized from the silver refinery,
phone number 625768 - the phone number of the residence of
Venilal Mehta was found entered.

In Ground I (fl, it was mentioned that certain documents B
were recovered from Sadasiva Sail, the particulars whereof are
mentioned therein in'. the grounds. As a result of search IO foreign
made gold biscuits weighing I 16.500' grams each, 8 primary gold
bars weiglling 1714 gms. and one gold piece weighing 95 gms .. were
recovered from the office room. It is further stated in the show
-·~
7 . cause notice in ground II (iii) that during the sight seeing trip to c
Cochin with family in January, 1983 Venilal Mejita had contacted
different jewellers in Cochin. Shri · Pratap Sa it of Shalimar
Jewellery, Cochin alone responded to the business of Venilal Mehta.

These were entered into in the statement signed by ·Miss
Pragna Mehta which of course, she had retracted thereafter. D

From different searches at different places telephone number
37144 of Pratap Sait (at the silver refinery of Pratap Sait) was
found in various documents.

· In Ground II (c), the statements recorded under section 108 E
of the Customs Act by Venilal Mehta and others were mentioned.
It is not necessary in view of the fact that these statements have
been retracted, to refer and set out the said grounds in detail.

In Ground II (f), the interrogation of Bharat Mehta is set out.
Here also the same cannot be set out because he has also F
retracted.

In Ground Ill, it is mentioned that Venilal Mehta, Miss Pragna
Mehta and Bharat Mehta were arrested and produced before the then
Chief Judicial Magistrate who granted permission to interrogate
Sbri Venilal Mehta and Shri Bharat Mehta in the pr~sence of Jail G
Superintendent. Ther.eafter Bharat Mehta was interrogated and the
result of such interrogation is mentioned in Ground lV. The same
again cannot be relied on because these have been retracted.

In Ground V(l), it was stated that Shri Pratap Sait of H
712 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] 3 s.c.R

A 'Mahadev Parvathy House' was interrogated under section 108 of
the Customs Act. He denied having 'seen Venilal Mehta or B.V.
Shah. He also denied any dealings with B.V. Shah regarding the
gold biscuits.

In Ground V (2), it was stated that Mr. ·Prakash Krishna
II Yadav, an employee of the s.ilver refinery was inetrrogated under
section I 08 of the Customs Act. He stated that his normal work
in the refinery was purifying silver. He used to purify the gold
from Shalimar Jewellery also. He knew Bharat Mehta, Venilal
Mehta and Rashmi Mehta. They used to come to the refinery.
They used to meet the younger brother of Pratap Sa it, Shri Suresh.
c They were doing wme secret business. Suresh used to entrust him,,.-"'-'\~
with certain bundles of notes to be handed over fo Veriilal Mehta
or his sons. This he used to do. The documents ieized from
the 'fefinery contained the accounts of agriculture and grapes were
written by Pratap Sail. ·Some times Venilal Mehta, Bh~rat Mehta
and Rashmi Mehta used to stay at Hotel Blue Diamond and he had
0 met them while they were there. The telephone number of the
refinery, he stated, was 37144. His statemeRI was read over to him
and admitted to be correct. This statement was not retracted.

In Ground V (3), it was stated that one Sl!ri Suresh
Mahadeva Salunkhe S/o Mahadcv Dari Salunkhe was examined
under sc~tion 108 of the Customs Act. He has also gi.ven certain
facts about the business of Pratap Sait and others. He said that
Pratap was looking after Blue Diamond Hotel. He ·also knew
Venilal Mehta, Bharat Mehta and Rashmi Mehta. He further
stated that Venilal Mehta came to the refinery some time ago and
F thereafter as per the telephonic direction of his brp.!her, Shrk~
Pratap Sail, he received some gold biscuits from him and had f
given these to his brother. Fis brother gave a bundle <)f currency
notes. This was repeated many times.

In Ground V (4), it was stated that one Shri Sures):! S/o
G
Damodharan, was interrogated under section 108 of the Customs
Act. He also stated certain facts giving the connection and the
phone number of Venilal Mehta. These have been set out in
details in the ground. The particulars of other grounds in V (5)
need not be set out in detail.
H
P.C, MEHTA v. KERALA GOVT. (S. Mukharji, J.) 713
In Ground VI (i), it was stat~d that as a follow up action, A
the house . of Pratap Sait at Convent Junction, Cochin was
searched. No contraband goods or incriminating documents
were recovered. Shalimar Jewellery was also searched. In the
premises, it was stated, against Venilal Mehta that evidence
collected showed that Venilal Mehta had large scale dealings in
smuggled gold biscuits. A paper bit recovered from him. on 2nd B
May, 1984, which showed the details of transactioa and the parti-
culars of the writings of the paper have been set out in the show
cause notice and it is further stated that one Sadasiva Sait was
apprehended with 2974 grams foreign gol.d. biscuits and the numbers
\ _ shown against the letters 'S' in the paper mentioned hereinbefore c
'i' Telated to the gold biscuits delivered to him by Venilal Mehta
and his sons. on the dltes mentioned against eacJ:i. From this,
according to the respondent, it was evident that the other numbers
shown were also related lo gJld biscuits. As set out before,
S adasiva Sail in his statement stated that letters 'P' might be in
relation to Pratap Sait and lotter 'B' might be in relation to Bhim
Rao. D

From.the aforesaid, it was stated that it was evident that
Venilal Mehta, and in the case of the other two, son and the
daughter more or less similar grounds are made, was dealing in
smuggled· gold biscuits and that 60 gold biscuits weighing 6990
grams and valued at Rs. 14 lakhs were seized and that Venilal E
Mehta, sons Rashmi Kanth Mehta and Bharat Mehta and Miss
Pragna Mehta were actively. engaged in the business of smuggled
foreign gold biscuits. Venilal Mehta was the master brain behind
this busine8'. A list of documents was annexed. The search list
. '- .>nd the deposition and necessary dvcuments, the panchnama and.
F
i the statcinents w~rl! also annexed with the· show cau3e notice.

One of the documents which is annexed to the affidavit in
opposition of the respondents is a mercy petition which is annexure
R-l dated 30th June, 1984 addressed to the Secretary and Commis-
sioner, Home & Vigilance, Home Department, Government of G
Kcrala, Trivandrum through the Superintendent, Central Jail
Trivandrum. In that· he stated as follows:- · '

"I, Venilal M. Mehta, beg to request you to give
kindly and sympathetic attenti0n to the following few ff,
714 ' SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1985] 3 S.C.R.
)
A lines and render mercy to me.

I am an old man of 60 years. I had my peaceful
life as a business man and commanded respect in the
busine.ss circle and friends. 1 myself am surprised to
understand what prompted me to involve in such activity
B as dealing in Imported Gold. My financial and- social
)
status was unblemished during all these years of my. life.
I would not say it was a greed it was only the destiny that
played this part.

Looking to '11Y old-age and unstinted career up till
c now, I beg you to show mercy on me and t~ revoke the
order of detention under COFEPOSA. I assure you that
never in my life to come, I will indulge in any such
activity there are detrimental to the nation as a whole and
me in particular.
0
Thanking you in anticipation of your favours,

Yours faithfully,

Trivandrum, Sd/--
E 30th June, !984. (Venilal M. Mehta)"

It v.as written in English but sigr1ed in GujaratL It was
stated as mentioned before that it was signed without understanding,
as this was sent by the wife of the detenu, Venilal Mehta.

F The charges against the daughter were under sec.lion 3 (I)
(iii), and against the father, Venilal Mehta and the son, Bharat -,,_
Mehta, these were under section 3 (I) (iii) and 3 (1) (iv) of the
said Act. The relevant provisions of section 3 of the said Act
reads as follows:-

G
"3. Power to make orders detaining certain persons-
(!) The Central Government or the State Government or
any officer of the Central Government, not b e!ow the rank
of a Joint Secretary to that Government, specially em-
powered for the purposes of this section by that Government,
q or any officer of a State Government, not below tbe rank·
P.C. MEHTA v. KBRALA GOVT. (S. Mukharji, J.) 715
•
of a Secretary to that Government, specially empowered A
for the purposes of this section by that Government may,
if satisfied, with respect to any person (including a foreig·
ner), that, with a view to preventing him from' acting in
any manner prejudicial to the conservation or augmenta
tion of foreign exchange or with a view to preventing him
from- B

(i) xxxx
(ii) xxxx

c
.~.
(iii) engaging in transportin or concealing or keeping
smuggled goods, or

(iv) dealing in smuggled goods otherwise than by engaging
in transporting or concealing or keeping smuggled
goods, or
D
(v) XXXX

it is necessary so to do, make an order directing that such
person be detained,"
E
Before we consider the submissions on behalf of the .detenus
in this case, certain board facts have to· be borne in mind. Search
• of room No. 316 of Dwarka Hotel M.G. Road, Ernakulam, by
the Superintendent of the Central Excise and Customs,
Cochin stands demonstrated. It· also cannot be disputed
that the occupants of the room at the tiine of search F
~·-were Venilal Mehta alias B.V. Mehta and daughter Pragna
. Mehta. 60 gold biscuits were recovered from the suitcase belong-
ing to Miss l'ragna Mehta. Details have been mentioned in
Ground I(a), Panchnama regarding the search and seizure was
prepared and was signed by the daughter and the father and attested
by independent witness-one of being the accountant of the Hotel. G
Secondly, B.V. Shah was· interrogated and he made certain state-
ments. On 2nd May, 1984, there was search of the house of
Pratap Sait at Ernakulam. On the same day, Shalimar Jewellery
Fixed Deposit Door No. 37/8, Broadway, Cochin was searched.
The statements ofB.V. Shah or Venilal Mehta, Pragna Mehta and
Bharat Mehta under section I 08 even if these are ignored, there
716 SUPREMP. COURT REPORTS (1985] 3 S.C.R.

·A were searches and statement by one Shri S. Kumar and there was
also search on 14th May, 1984 of the residential quarters of
Venilal Mehta at Bombay where telephone having No. 625768 was
installed. This telephone number tallied with certain papers of
Pratap Sail and other houses mentioned hercinbefore.

B There was search of the premises of Venilal Mehta in the
name of R.D. Mehta & Co. Bombay. There also the telephone
numbers 339774 and 338286 were found installed. These tallied
with the telephone numbers found in the papers in other houses.
The documents r<covered f1om R.D. Mehta included telephone
bills of phone No. 625768 installed at the house of Venilal Mehta
c which showed that from the sa.id phone trunk calls were bookdc to
· Cochin telephone Nos. 37144 and 33221 Ernakulam, 37144 is the
telephone number of Silver Refinery and 33221 is the tcfophone
number of Blue Diamond Hotel controlled by Pratap Sail.

D The search of Silver Refinery owned by Pratap Sa it was made
on 21st May, 1984." Two diaries and certain documents W(fre sei-
zed. A Panchnama was prepared. In the diary seized from the
Silver Refinery, the phone No. 62576S of the residence of yenilal
Mehta was found entered.

E
Then there was statement .,f Prakash JCcislrna Yadav, one of
the employees of Silver Refinery where he had stated Venilal •
Mehta, Bharat Mehta and another son of Venilal Mehta used to
come to Refinery. He Ind further stated tint they (tlie aforesaid
named persons) used the me ·t the younger brother of Pratap Sait
and they were doing some secret brnine". Suresh use.J to entrust
him with bundle of notes to be handed over to Venilal Mehta and
his sons. These statements were made under section 108 of the
Customs Act by these persons and these statements were not
retracted. He further slated that he had met them at Hotel Blue
Diamond when they had stayed there. In the statement of Suresh
G M. Chalunka, younger brother of Pratap Sait, he established the
connection of B.V. Shah with the refinery of Pratap Sait at Ernaku·
lam. He also confirmed that they were dealing in gold biscuits.
He did not know how many gold biscuits were there. Mr. Bharat
and Mr. Rashmi, sons of B.V. Shah used to come, according to his
statement, with gold biscuits. He used to receive the gold biscuits
H and give these to bis brother Pratap Sait.
i>.c. MEHTA v. KERALA GOVT. (S. Mukharji, I.) 717

· Shri Suresh, receptionist of Blue Diamond Hotel in a statement
on 25th May, 1984 under section 108 of Customs Act had stated
that on 3rd May, 1984, Bharat Mehta contacted.him over the phone
and accordingly he and Bharat Mehta met at Oberoi Hotel. Bharat
Mehta had told him that his father and si.ster were caught with gold
B
biscuits and requested for help. On 5th June, 1984, Customs
.. Department Superintendent party arrived at the Silver Refinery, .
Trichur of Sadashiv Sail and as a remit· of the search 10 foreign
made gold biscuits, 8 primary gold biscuits and I gold piece were
recovered. Then on 5th June, 1984, Sadashiv Sait was interrogated.
Extracts from his examination have been set out hereinbefore, c
which clearly established the connection of Venilal with these trans-
actions. Some documents were recovered from B.V. Shah (Venilal)
while he was caught with 60 gold biscuits and letter 'S' has been
explained as indicated before.

Ori the above facts, detailed.show cause notice was issued. It D
is true that in the said show cause, the statements of Vcnilal Mehta
on 2nd May, 1984, 3rd May, · 1984 and 4th May, 1984 were also
taken into account but Annexure 'C' to letter to the Collector
retracting the statement was not taken into account.

It has therefore to be examined that in view of the fact that E
the whole statement had been retracted, these statements should
'· have been considered along with the retraction. The fact of not
doing so will require examination. It may, however, be mentioned
that in the counter-affidavit, it has been stated that the basis of the
j detention order was not only the statement by the detenus but
also other materials which were supplied to the detenus. F

In support of these applications, the following main ·grounds
were urged namely:

(I) The grounds were not communicated to the detenus in a G
language understood by them.

(2) Th~ retraction of the confessions o~ statements made
under section 108 of the Customs Act had not been taken into
consideration.
H
718 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985) 3 s.C.R· )

A· (3) There was delay in serving the grounds upon the detenus.

(4) The detenus were not allowed to be represented properly
before the Advisory Board.

B (5) The fact that there was retraction of the confession having
not been taketi into consideration the proceedings were vitiated.

(6) The detaining authority did not independently consider
the representation of detenus but mechanically followed the advice
of the Advisory Board.
c
Preventive detention under certain prescribed circumstances
under the provisions of certain Acts is permissible in India wHh cer·
lain constitutional safeguards and the preventive detention which is
recognised and permitted by our Constitution must be resorted to
l) strictly within those constitutional safeguards,

Article 22 ensures protection against arrest and detention
except ill certain prescribed circumstances and conditions. Article
22(4) of the Constitution stipulates that no law providing for preven-
tive detention shall authorise the dotention of a person for a.longer
period than three months unless.

(a) an Advisory Board coqsisting of persons who are, or
have been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a
High Court has reported before the expiration of the said
period of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient
F cause for such detenti rn; l

. Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise
the detention of any person beyond the maximum period
prescribed by any law made by Parliament under ·sub-
G clause (b) of clause (7); or

(b) such person is detained in accordance with the
provisions of any law made by Parliament under sub-
clauses (a) and (b) of clause (7).

9ause 15 of Article 22 reads as follows:-
H
P.C. MBIHA v. KER.\LA GOVT. (S. Mukharji, J.) 719

"(5) When any person is detained in pursuance of an A
order made under any law providing for preventive. deten·
tion, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may
be, communicate to such person the grounds on which the
order has been made and shall afford him the earliest
opportunity of making a representation against the 6
order'.

Clause ( 6) provides that nothing in clause (5) shall require
the authority making any such order as is referred to in that clause
to disclose facts which such authority considers to be against the
.'.:>---tmblic interest to disclose. Clause (7) of· Article 22 ensures that the c
Parliament may make law in certain manner prescribed in that
sub-clause.

Therefore it was contended that the order. and grounds should
be communicated to the d etenus in the languages or languoge they
understood. According to the petitioner, Venilal Mehta understoou 0
nothing except Gujarati. He did not understand English or Hindi
or Malayalam. The grounds of detention were initiaily s4pplied to
Venilal Mehta in English on 25th June, 1984 i.e. within five days
of his arrest or detention. But certain accompanying documents in
Malayalam language were supplied to him namely, •item Nus. I, 6,
8, 27, 38 and 47. E

Sub-section (3) of section 3 of the 5'id Act provides as
follows:-

"For the purposes of clause (5) of Article 22 of the
)
'r- Constitution, the communication to a person detained in
pursuance of a detention order of the grounds on which
the order has been made shall be made as soon as may be
after the detention, but ordinarily not later than five days,
and in· exceptional circumstances and for reasons to be
recorded in writing. not later than fifteen days, fror.1 ihe
G
date of detention."

In the instant case it was :ubmitted that assuming that Venilal
Mah ta knew Hindi, the translated copy of the English grounds was
admittedly made available to him in Hindi language on 3Qth June,
19$4-beyond a period offive days and for which neither any excep- H
'
I

,,,,,
\
I '. : \ ':
720 . SUPRD.IE COURT REPORTS [1985] 3 S.C.R.

A tional ·circumstances existed nor an reason given. Moreover it was
urged that ·the annexures in Malayalam language retained their
places while supplying the translaied copy of the grounds of deten-
' tion in Hindi language: .Therefore it was urged that there was non-
compliance with· the provisions of the Act. ·
.' ' . '' ~ '

B It will be appropriate to deal with the first ground. Whether
. the grounds should have been communicated in the language under-
stood by the detenus ?. The Constitution requires tbatthe grounds
. miist be ·communicated. Therefore it must follow as an imperative
·that the grounds must be communicated in a language understood •
liy the person: concerned so that be can make effective representa-
c tion·. Here iile definite case of the petitioner's father is that he do.es
, not understand English or Hindi or Malayalam and does under-
stand only Gujarati language. The facts revealed that th detcnu
Venita! was "constantly accompanied and was in the company of bis
' .
daughter: as well as son both of them knew English very well.. The . •
father signed ·a ·do.cument in Gujarati which was written in English . -y·
D which is his mercy ..petition in which he completely . accepted the
guilt of the. involvement in smuggling. That document dated 30th
June, 1984. contained,· inter. alia, a statement "I myself am .
··, . surprised. to understand. what prompted me to involve in such
' actvity as dealing in Imported Gold". He further asked for mercy.
There is no rule of law that commonsense should be put in cold
E
storage while considering constitutional provisions ro·r safeguards
against misuse of powers by authorities though these constitntional
i
provisions should be strictly construed. Bearing this salutary
"· principle' in mind.and· having regard to the· conduct of the detenu •
...' ·-....venilal Mehta specially in the mercy petition. and other comm1mica-
F ti'"1s, the version of. the detenu Venilal is feigning lack of any
knowledge of English must be judged in the proper perspective. He
~
was; however, in any event given by 30th June, 1984 the Hindi
translation of the grounds of which he 1 claimed ignorance. The gist
. of the annexures which were given in Malayalam language had been
;'
stated in the grouuds. Tliat he does not know anything· except
G Gujarati is merely the ipse dixit of Venilal Mehta and is not the
lasfword and the Court is not denuded to its powers to examine
the truth. He go.es to the extent that he signed the mercy petition.
not· knowing.the· contents,· not understanding the same. merely
·because his wife sent it though he was sixty years old and he was
"' in business and he was writing at a time wJien he was .under arrest,

L
P.C. MEllfA v. KERALA GOVT. (S. Mukharji, J.) 721 ·
his room had been searched, gold biscuits had been recovered from
him. Court is not the place where one can sell all tales. The detain-
ing authority came to the conclusion that he knew both Hindi and
English. It has been stated so in the affidavit filed on behalf of the
respondent. We are of the opinon that the detenu Venilal Mehta
was merely feigning ignorance of English. B

We may here notice the first decision upon which reliance
, was placed a decision in the case of Harikisan v. The State of
Maharashtra & Others.('! this Court reiterated that the provisions
of Article 22 (5) of the Constitution required that the
grounds should be coniunicated to the detenu as soon as c
~ may be and that he should be afforded the earliest opportunity of
...,.r---~making a representation against the order. This Court reiterated
that communication meant bringing home to the detenu effective
knowledge of the facts and the grounds on which the order was
based. To a person who was not conversant with the English
language, in order to satisfy the requirement of the Constitution, D.
the detenu must be given grounds in a language which he can
understand and in a script which he can read, if he is a literate
person, in that case it was held that mere oral translation at the
time of the service' was not enough. In that case the de.tenu was
served with the order of detention and the grounds in English. ,
He did not know the language and asked for a translation in HiQtli. r E
The request was refused on the ground that the grounds had been
orally translated to him at the time these were served upon him.
, and that English was still being the official language, communica-
tion of the order and grounds in English was in accordance with the
law and the Constitution. This Court observed at pages 925-926 oL
the report as follows:-

"If the detained person is conversant with the English
language, he will naturally be in a position to· understand
the gravamen of the charge against him and the fact~ and
circumstances on which the order of detention is based. G'
But to a person who is not so conversant with the English
language, in order to satisfy the requirements of the
Constitution, the detenu must be given the grounds in a
language which he can understand, and in a script which

(I), [1982] 2 Supp. S.C.R. 918. H
122 SiJPRBMB COURTiREPORKS [1985] ~ S.C .R.
.L
A he can read, if he is a literate person.

The Constitution has guaranteed freedom of movement
throughout the territory of India and. has laid down
detailed rules as to arrest and detention. It has also, by
way of limitations upon the freedom of personal liberty,
B recognised .tl1e right of the State to legislate for pre-
ventive detention, subject to certain safeguards in favour of
the detained person, as laid down tn cls.(4) & (5) of Art.. 22
One of those safeguards is that the detained person
has the right to be communicated the grounds on which
c the order of detention has been made against him, in
order that he may be able to make his representation
against the order of detention. In our opinion, in the
circumstances of this case, it has not been shown that the
appellant had the opportunity, which the law contemplates
in his favour, making an effective representation against
his detention. On this ground alone, we declare his
a detention illegal, and set aside the Order of the H_igh
Court and the Order of Detention passed against him."

The principle is well-settled. But in this case it has to be borne
in mind that the grounds were given on 25th June, 1984 following
the search and seizure of gold biscuits from his room in the hotel
E in his presence and in the background of the mercy petition as we
have indicated and he was in constant touch with his daughter
and sons and there is no evit ence that these people did not know
Hindi or English. Indeed they knew English as well as Hindi. It is
difficult to accept the position that in the peculiar facts of th,is case
the grounds were not communincated in the sense the grom1ds of
F detention were not conveyed to the detenu Venilal. Whether-~ l
grounds were communicated or not depends upon the faqts and {
circumstances of each case.

As early as in 1968, in the case of Hadibandhu Dase v.
District Magistrate, Cuttack & Anr.(1) this Court was concerned with
G a case where on December JS, 1967, the District Magistrate,
Cuttack had >erved an order made in exercise of power under
section 3(1) (a) (ii) of the Preventive Detention Act direeting that

ff (2) [19691 1 s.c.R. 221.
P.C. MEHtA v. KERALA GOVT. (S. Mukharji. J.) 72:l
A
the appellant be detained on various grounds. On December 19,
1967, the appellant filed a petition in the High Court challenging
the order of detention on the grounds, inter a!ia, that the order
and the grounds in support thereof served upon the appellant
were written in the English language which the appellant did not
understand. On January 18, 1968 the District Magistrate supplied B
to the appellant an Oriya translation of the order and the grounds.
On January 28, 1968, the State of Orissa rev.oked the order and
issued a fresh order . of detention. A translation of this order in
Oriya was supplied to the appellant. The appellant thereafter
submitted a supplementary petition challenging the validity of the
order dated January 28, 1968. The High Court of Orissa rejected the
petition filed by the appellant. There was an· appeal to this Court c
by certificate. It was held that in the facts of that case, there was
no proper communication. The order ran into fourteen typed
pages. Mere oral explanation of such an order without supplying
him a translation in a script or language which he understood,
amounted to deniai' of the right of being communicated the
D
grounds and of being afforded the opportunity of making a
representation against the order. The facts in the instant case its
mentioned herein before are different.

In the case of Nainma/ Partap Mal Shah v. Union. of lntf;a
and Others (1), the detenu not conversant with the English language E
was not supplied with the translated script. It was stated in
opposition that the grounds were explained to the detenu by the
prison authorities. This Court found that who explained it was not
stated. This explanation was not correct and as such there is no
proper communication. This does not help us in the facts of this
case. F

It is submitted in the instant case before us that the accom-
panying documents were supplied to the detenu in Hi~di on 30th
June, 1984 beyond a period of five days. For this there were no
exceptional circumstances nor any reason had been recorded.
Reliance was placed on certa\n observations in the case of Ibrahim G
Ahmad Batri v. State of Gufarat & Others. (2JBut again the facts of
that case were entirely different because in the instant case all the

(I) [1980] 4s.c.c. 427.
(2) [!98311 S.C.R. S40.
124 SUPREME COURT REPORts ( 198S] ~ s.C.R. )

A factors were pointed out in the grounds in English which Venilal
understood. His mercy petition corroborates that view. There is
no dispute that the other two detenus namely Pragna Mehta and
Bharat Mehta knew English and Hindi. Indeed no point of non-
communication of the grounds was made out in respect of them.
B
It was next submitted that the detenus had retracted the
alleged statements by letters dated 5th May and 6th May, 1984 add-
ressed to the Collector, Central Excise and Customs. While the
statements made in the confession or statements before the Collector
under section 1.08 had been noted in the grounds of detention, the
c retraction had not been noted. It was submitted that the said
retraction was bound to influence the mind of the detaining
authority one way or the other whether to make or not to make
the detention order and therefore not taking this fact into conside-
ration on or about 19th/20th June, 1984, there was no application
of mind. It is true that retraction was not taken into consideration
D as it is evident from the order of detention, thought the retraction
as noted here inbefore, was considered before confirming the ordei'
of detention subsequently after the opinion of the Advisory Board.

Section SA of the said Act which was introduced by amend-
ment in 197S reads as follows:
E
·'SA. Grounds of detention severable-Where a person
,,
has been detained in pursuance of an order of detenti.on
under sub-seclion (1) of section 3 which has been
made on two or more grounds, such order of
detention shall be deemed to have been made separately
F on each of such grounds and accordingly-

(a) such order shall not be deemed to be invalid or
inoperative merely because one or some of the
grounds is or are-

.G (i) vague,

(ii) non-existent,

H (iii) not relevant,
1'.C. MEHTA v. KERALA GOVT, (S. Mukharji, J.) 725
A
(iv) not connected or not proximately connected
with such person, or

(v) invalid for any other reason whatsoever,

and it is not therefore possible to hold that the B
Government or officer making such order would
• have been satisfied as provided in sub-section (1)
of section 3 with reference to the remaining
ground or grounds and made the order of
detention; -
c
(b) the Government or officer making the order of
detention .shall be deemed to have made the
order of detention under the saidsub-.section
'(l) after being satisfied as provided in ground or
that sub-section with reference to the remaining
grounds." 0

Section SA stipulates that when the detention order has been
made on two or more grounds, : such order of detention shall be
deemed to have been made separately on each of such grounds and
accordingly that if one irrelevant or one inadmissible ground had
been taken into consideration that would not make the E
detention order bad.

Article 22 (5) of the Constitution has two clements :
(i) communication of the grounds on which the order of detention
has been made; (ii) opportunity of making a representation against F
the order of detention. Communication of the grounds pre-sup-
poses the formulation of the grounds and formulation of the grounds
requires and ensures the applcation of the mind of the detaining
authoriiy to the facts and materials before it, that is to say, to
pertinent and proximate matters in regard to each individual case
and excludes the elements of arbitrariness and automatism. G

The 'grounds' under Article 22(5) of the Constitution do not
mean mere factual inferences but mean mere factual inferences
plus facto! material which led to such factual inferences. See the
· SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1985] 3 s.c.R.. J
A observations of this Court in the case of Smt. Shali11i Soni Etc.
v. Union of India & Ors. Etc.Pl

As has been said by Benjamin Cardozo, "A Constitution
states or ought to state not rules for the passing hour, but princi·
pies for an expanding future". The concept of "grounds", has to
B
therefore, has to receive an interpretation which will keep it
mcaningfull y in tune with the contemporary notions of the realities ,
of the society and the purpose of the Act in question in the iight
of concepts of liberty and fundamental freed0ms guaranteed by
Article 19 (!), 21 and 22 of the Constitution. Reviewing several
c .decisions in the case of Hasmukh S/o Bhagwanti M. Patel v. J1ie I
State of Gujarat & Others.,( 2 ) this Court held that a democratic -~-
Constitution is not to be interpreted merely from a lexicographer's
angle but with a realisation that it is an embodiment of the living
thoughts and aspirations of a free people. The concept of 'grounds'
used in the context of detention in Article 22(5) of the Constitu·
D tion and in sub-section (3) of section 3 of COFFPOSA, therefore,
has to receive an interpretation which will keep it meaningfully in
tune with a cotemporary notions. While the expression "grom1ds"
for that matters includes not only conclusions of fact but also all
the "basic facts" on which those conclusions were founded, they
are different from subsidiary facts or further particulars or the
E basic facts.
In the instant case, the ground of detention is the satisfaction
of the detaining authority that with a view to preventing the d~tenu
from acting in any manner prejudicial to the conservation or
augmentation of foreign exchange or with a view to prevertting
F the detenu from, inter alia, dealing in smuggled goods
otherwise than by engaging in transporting or concealing or keeping
the smuggled goods, or engaging in transporting or concealing or
keeping smuggled goods the detention of the detenu is necessary.
This satisfaction was arrived at as inferences from several factors.
These have been separately mentioned. One of them is the
G
contention but this ground was taken into consideraiion without
taking note of the retraction made thereafter. But th< inference of
the satisfaction was drawn from several factors which have been
enumerated before. We have to examine whether even ifthe facts

(I) (1981) S.C.R. 962.
H (2) [1981] 1 s.C.R. ·353.
Jl.c. MEHTA v, KERALA GOVT. (S. Mukharji, i.) 121

A
stated in the confession arc completely ingored, then the inferences
can still be drawn from other inde~endent and objective facts
mentioned in this case, namely the fact of seizure after search of
60 gold biscuits f1om the suitcase of the daughter in the presence
of the fatlier which indubitably belonged to the father and admitted
by him to belong to him for which no explanation has been given B
and secondly the seizure of the papers connected with other groups
and organisations Pratap Sitit and other> to whom gold has been
sold by the father are rekva 1t gruu.iJ; fr0m which an inference can
reasonably be drawn for the satisfaction of the detaining authority
for detaining the detenus for the purpose of seotion 3(1) (iii) and
3(1) (iv). We are of the opinio1i that the impugned order cannot be c
challenged merely by the rejection of the inference drawn from
confession. The same argument was presented in a little different
shade namely the fact or retraction should have been considered
by the detaining authority anu tho Court doe·; not know that had
that been taken into consideration, what conclusion the detaining D
authority would have arrived at. This contention ·cannot · be
accepted. We are not concerned with the sufficiency of the grounds.
We are concerned whether there are relevant materials on which a
reasonable belief or conviction could h1ve been entretaiaed by the
detaining anthority on the grounds mentioned in section 3(1) of
the said Act. Whether other ground should have been taken into E
cansideration or not is not relevant at the stage of the passing of
the detention order. This contention, therefore, cannot be accepted.
If that -is the position then in view of section SA of the Act there
was sufficient material to sustain this grand of detention,

I<
In the case of State of Clujarat v. Chaman/11/ Manjibhai Soni,( 1)
this Court maintained the order of the High Court quashing the
detention; This Court observed that detention under section 3 of
the Act was only for the purpose of preventing smuggling and all
the grounds, whether there are one or more, would. be relatable
only to various activities of sumggling and no other separate G
ground which could deal with matters other than smuggling could
be conceived of because the Act of smuggling covered several
activities each forming a separate ground of detention and the Act
dealt with no other act except smuggling, Whenever allegations of

ff
(I) [1981] 2 S.C.R. 500.
128 SUPREME COURT REPORTS tt98S) 3S.C.R.

smuggling were made against a person who was .sought to be
A
detained for preventing further smuggling there is bound to be one
act or several acts with the common object of smuggling goods
which was sought to be prevented by the Act. It would, therefore,
not be correct to say that the object of the Act constituted the
ground for detention. This view is respectfully reiterated but in
B the instant case, the authorities concerned came to the conclusion
that the detenus were engaged in smuggling, in support of the same
they relied on several factors namely :

(1) The search and seizure at room No. 316 at Dwarka Hotel
and recovery of 60 gold biscuits,
c
(2) The fact that the importation of the 60 gold biscuits could
not be explained by the detenu Veniial.

(3) The secretive manner in which the said gold biscuits were
D kept.

(4) The connection with the various dealers as mentioned
hereinbefore and the statements of tl1e empbyees of the dealers
that the father and the sons used to come with gold bars.

E These materials were in addition to the statements and
confessions made under section 108 of the Customs Act by the
father, the sons and the daughter. So even if the statements made
under section 108 by the father, the sons and the daughter are
ignored and obliterated, the other facts remain and these are good
enough materials to come to the prima facie belief that detention
F of the detenus was neceseary.

Reliance was placed in the case of Ashadevi, wife of Gopal
Ghermal Mehta (Detenu) v. K. Shiveraj, Addi. Chief Secretary to
the Government of Gujarat & Anr(1) There a detention order under
section 3(1) of the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and
G
Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 was passed by the
respondent against the detenu with a view to prevent him from
engaging in transporting smuggled gold. When the detenu was in

8 o> [19791 2 s.c,R. 21s,
P.C. MEHTA v. KER.\LA GOVT. (S. Mukharji, J.) 729

the custody of the .Cu>tC>ms Officers, his advocite. addressed a
Jetter and sent a telegram to them protesting against his detention
and illegal custody beyond 24 hours and also expressing an appre·
hension that he was being detained with a view to obtain confes- .
sional statements under duress: It was admitted that the advocate's
request for rermission to remain present at the time of interroga-.
tion of the detenu was turned down by the Customs Officers. The ' .
B
advocate was also told that the detenu would be' produced ·before a'
Magistrate on the day oC request but that was not done. He was
produced ·. on · the following day and was remanded to judicial
custody permitting further interrogation while in judicial custody, .
the detenu· refused to sign the further statements and squarely; c
resiled •. While the detenu's application for bail was pending before·
. the Magistrate, the respondent passd the impugned order. In
petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution for the issue of a writ of

- habeas corpus, the appellant contended that the order of the deta;n.
ing authority was liable to be set aside because full facts of the·
case were not intimated before the detention order was passed, and• (i

therefore, there 'was complete non-application of mind of the D
detaining authority to the attendant vital circumstances. It was
held that the impug'ned order was invalid and illegal because there
was complete non-application of the mind of the detaining authority
to the most material and vital facts. In the .instant case before us,
there was no request for consultation with the advocate. There is no E
case of non-production in spite of intimation by the advocate to the

..
•
Customs Officers before a Magistrate. The confessional statements
of course, were retiacted. But in this case the confessional statement
was not the only fact upon which the detaining authority had passed·
an order. In the premises even if the confessional statements whfoh I
were retracted as such could not be taken into consideration, there F
are other facts independent of the confessional statement as men-
.. tioned herein before which can reasonably lead to the satisfaction.
that the anthorities have come to. /

The contention on behalf of the detenus that there was delay· •"
in serving the grounds upon the detenus has been dealt with. There G
is no substance in the contention in view of what is stated
herein before.
. '.
·. So far as the ground that the detenus were not allowed to be
represented properly before the Advisory Board, from the facts ff ,
730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1985] 3 S.C. R.

A narrated in affiJavit in opposition where it ha• . been stated th1i
services of Dr. S.C. Purohit, Senior Scientist, V.S.S.C.. Thumba.'."
Trivandrum and Dr. Mrs. Pur.Jhit were available to the deteitu'to
.. translate the statements of the detenu to the Advisory Board. '.fhe.
detenu was detained on 20th June.-1984. As required u_nder section·
8(3) of the "Act; the case of the detenu was referred to the· Advisory:
B
Board in GJvernm!nt letter dated 18th July. 198t The representa· •
lions submitted by th~ detenu were aBo forw1rded to the Advisory
Board for its consideration. The sorvices of : the two ·person"&
mentioned hereinbefore were utilised by the Boudin understanding·
the statement of the dotenu and docip'.ueiog .. the r~prescotation in
·Gujarati submitted by the dctenu, Venilal..Mehta to 'the ·state'
Government which was also forwarded to the Board. Therefore, it
cannot be said that detenus hav> not been givea propir "facility to'
be ·represented before the Advisory Board. The contention that the
fact that there was retraction· of the confe>sion not having been
taken into consideration had vitiated orders has been dealt with.
,n The allegati,;n or the submission that the detaining authority did
not independently consider the representation of the detenu put
mechanically .followed the. opinion of the Advisory Board cannot
be sustained in view of the facts and circumstances of this case. ,
/

E In· this case there was evidence before the authorities
conemed that 60 gold· biscuits of foreign origin without ·any
explanation of their importation were found · in the possession
of the father:-that" is undisputed. Vcnilal ·could not give any
explanation of their being in there possession. These were smuggted.
Secondly, there was evidence in view of the subsequent other facts
.
F independent of the ·confessions of the father and the sons and the
daughter that the father was in contact with persons who were buying
smuggled gold from him and buying at high prices. Their telephone
number were found and they could be' identified from the papers
seized during the search at his hotel roo~. The detenu Venilai
made a mercy. petition.

As the statement of objects_ and reasons of 1975 Amending.
Act- state that smuggling. of forcing exchange racketeering ·and· -r
related activities have a deterious effect on the national economy
and thereby a serious adverse effect on the security of State. The
u ,aciet)' must be protected from ihat social menace b)' immobilizing
P.C. MEHTA v. KERALA GOVT. (S. Mukharji, J.) 731

the persons by detention of the persons engag~d in those operaiions A
and to disrupt the machinery established for furthering smuggling
·and foreign exchange manipulations (Statement of objects and
reasons of 1975 Act). Preventive detention unlike punitive detention
which is to punish for the wrong done, is to protect the society by
preventing wrong being done. Though such powers must be very B
cautiously exercised not to undermine the fundamental freedoms
guaranteed to our people, the procedural safeguards are to ensure
·that, yet these must be looked at from a pragmatic and commonsense
point of view. The exercise of the power of proventive detention
----- must be strictly within the safeguards provided. We are governed c
~- by the Constitution and. our Constitution embodies a particular
' 'philosophy of government and a way of life and that necessarily
requires understanding between those who exercise powers and the
people over whom or in respect of whom such power is exercised.
The purpose of exercise of all such powers by the Government
D
must be to· promote common well-being and must be to sub-serve
the common good. It is necessary to be protect therefore the
individual rights in so far as practicable which are not inconsistent
with the security and well-being of the society. Grant of power
imposes limitation on the use of' the power. There are various E
procedural safeguards and we must construe those in proper light
and from pragmatic commonsense point of view. We must
remember that observance of written law aboJ!t the procedural
safeguards for the protection of the individual is normally the high
duty of public official but in all circumstances not the highest. The
law of self-preservation and protection of the counrty and national F
security may c1ain1 in certain circumstanes higher priority.

r-
\ · As has been said by Thomas Jefferson "To lose our country by
a scrupulous adherence to written law, would be to lose itself, with
life, liberty, property and all those who are enjoying them with us, G
thus absurdly sacrificing the end to the means" (Thomas Jefferson,
Writings (Washington ed), V. 542-545 and The Constitution Between
Friends by Loutis Fisher 4 7). By the aforesaid approach both justice
and power can be brought together and whatever is just may be
powerful and whatever may be powerful may be just. ff
732 SUPREME COURT RDPORTS (1985] 3 S.C.R. J
A In the background of the facts and circumstances of this case
the procedural safeguards have been complied with as far as practi-
cable. There are no merits in the fancied grievances of the detenus.
In that view of the matter, these petitions fail and are accordingly
dismissed.

B

A.P.J. Petitions dismissed.