RADHASOAMI SATSANG, SAOMI BAGH,AGRAversusCOMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX

A            RADHASOAMI SATSANG, SAOMI BAGH,AGRA
                                      v.
                   COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX

                           NOVEMBER 15,1991

B        [RANGANATH MISRA, CJ., AND KULDIP SINGH, J.)

        Income Tax Act, 1961-Sections 11 and 12~adhasoami Satsang -
    Property-Income of-Whether entitled to exemption.

          The then Satguru of the appellant-Creed was assessed for the
C   assessment years 1937-38, 1938-39 for the first time. He was a re-
    tired Govt. servant. His pension as well as the income from the
    institution were assessed together.
          On appeal, the Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax confirmed
    the assessments made by the Income-tax Officer.
D
          The Income-tax Commissioner under reference made under
    section 66(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1922 held that the offerings
    made to the assessee-Satguru were offerings· as held in trust and
    same were exempted under section 4(3)(1) of the Act.

          When an application under Section 35 of the Act was made for
E   ratification, whether the offerings received by the assessee consisted
    of interest income, property income, and income derived from sale
    of books and photographs etc. to be excluded, the Commissioner               ~~- -

    directed deletion thereof.
         For the year 1939-40, though the Income-tax Officer did not         I
F   allow exemption u/s.4(3)(1) of the Act, the Appellate Assistant Com-     \
    missioner allowed exemption.

         Till 1963-64 the appellant was not taxed and its refund appli-      l
    cations were accepted by the respondent-Revenue.
G        For the assessment years 1964-65, 1965-66, 1966-67, 1967-68,
    1968-69, 1969-70, the assessee-appellant was assessed, treating it to
    be an association of persons, and held that the donations and contri-
    butions received voluntarily had limited religious use.

         When the appellant-assesses appealed, the appellate authority
H   upheld the assessme~ts.

                                     312
                      RADHASOAMI SATSANG v. C.I.T.                    313

         Against the orders of the Appellate authority the assessee ap-      A
    pealed before the Income-tax Tribunal. The Tribunal allowing the
    appeals of the assessee, held that the assessee was entitled to the
    exemption claimed under Section 11 of the Income-tax Act, 1961.

          On the question, referred to the High Court by the Tribunal,
    "Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the           B
    Tribunal was justified in holding that the income derived by the
    Radha Swami Satsang, a religious institution, was entitled to ex-
    emption under Sections 11 and 12 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 ?",
    the High Court answered the question in favour of the Revenue-
    respondent, holding that the trust deed was revocable and the con-
    ditions for exemption under Sections 11 and 12 of the Act were not       C
    satisfied .

•        Allowing the appeals of the assessee, this Court,

         HELD: 1.01. Assessments are quasi judicial. Each assessment
    year being a unit, what is decided in one year may not apply in the D
    following year but where a fundamental aspect permeating through
    the different assessment years has been found as a fact one way or
    the other and parties have allowed that position to be sustained by
    not challenging the order; it would not be at all appropriate to
    allow the position to be changed in a subsequent year. (320H, 321
    A-BJ                                                                E

         1.02. No formal document is necessary to create a trust. The
    conditions which have to be satisfied to entitled one for exemption
    are : (a) the property from which the income is derived should be
    held under trust or legal obligation, (b) the property should be so
    held for charitable or religious purposes which enure for the benefit    F
    oHhe public. [317 E-GJ

         1.03. The property was given to the Satguru for the common
    purpose of furthering the objects of the Sat Guru. The property was
    therefore subject to a legal liability of being used for the religious
    or charitable purpose of the Satsang. (319 E, F)                         G

         1.04. The Tribunal was justified in holding that the income
    derived by the Radhasoami Satsang was entitled to exempti9n under
    Sections 11 and 12 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. (321 DJ

         Patel Chhotabhai and Ors. v. Jnan Chandra Bask and Ors., AIR        H
    314                SUPREME COURT REPORTS              [1991] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A   1935 Privy Council 97; Acharya Jagdish-Warmiand Avadhuta & Ors. v.
    Commissione~ of Police, Calcutta & Anr., (1983] 4 SCC 522; The Secre-
    tary of State for India in Council v. Radha Swami Sat Sang, 13 ITR 520;
    All India Spinners' Association v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay,
    12 ITR 482; T.MM Sankaralinga Nadar & Bros. & Ors. v. Commis- ·
    sioner of Income-tax, Madras, 4 ITC 226; Hoystead & Ors. v. Commis-
B   sioner of Taxation, 1926 A.C. 155 and Parashuram Pottery Works Co.
    Ltd. v. Income-tax Officer, Circle I, Ward A Rajkot, 106 ITR 1 at p.10,
    referred to.

        CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 10574-
    10583of1983.
c
         From the Judgment and Order dated the 7.7.1980 of the Allahabad
    High Court in l.T.R. No. 948of1975.

          V.Gourishanker, B.V. Desai, S.K. Aggarwal and Ms. Vinita Gharpade
    for the Appellants.
D
          · S.C. Manchanda, B.B.Ahuja, Manoj Arora and Ms. A. Subhashini
    (N.P.) for the Respondent.

          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

E         RANGANATH MISRA, CJ. Radhasoami Satsang, an assessee un-
    der the Income Tax Act in these appeals by special leave assails the
    decision of the Allahabad High Court on reference under Section 256 of
    the Income tax Act, 1961. The following question had been referred by
    the Tribunal to the High Court:

F               "Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the
               Tribunal is justified in holding that the income derived by the
              _.Radha Swami Satsang, a religious institution, is entitled to
               exemption under sections 11 and 12 of the Income Tax Act,
                1961?" .                                                       .
G         The ambit and purport of the question would not be properly appre-
    ciated unless the background is indicated. The assessee is the Radhasqami
    Satsang, Agra. This sect was founded by Swami Shiv Dayal Singb in
    1861. The tenets of this faith, inter alia, accept the position that God is
    represented on earth by a human bemg who 1s called the Sant Satguru.
    The first of such gurus was the founder himself and he was popularly
H   known as 'Soamiji Maharaj' The second Satguru (1889-1898)_ was Rai
               RADHASOAMI SATSANG v. C.I.T.           [MISRA, CJ.]          315

  Bahadur Salig Ram and he was known as 'Bazoor Maharaj'. the third                A
  sant Satguru was Pandit Brahma Shanker Misra (l 898-1907) and was
  widely known as 'Maharaj Sahib'. These three Satgurus have been re-
  garded as the real exponents of the creed. Out of donations and offerings
  made to the Satgurus, large funds were built up and properties were ac-
  quired over the years. During the time of the third Satguru, in 1902, the
  members of the creed at a largely attended convention established a Cen-         B
  tral Council and the right, title and interest of.all the properties - movable
  and immovable-which had by then been collected were vested in the
  Council under. the directions of Maharaj Sahib. In June, 1904 the constitu-
  tion and bye-laws of the Central Council of Radhasoami Satsang were
  drawn up in a formal way and a body by the name 'Radhasoami Satsang
  Trust' was set up. A trust deed was executed by some members of the              C
  Central Council in October, 1904. A set of bye-laws were also framed.

         On the death of third Satguru which took place in October 1907, the
  cread split into two and came to be known as Swami Bagh Sect and the
  Dayal Bagh Satsangis respectively. Disputes arose as to the management
  of the shrines and the administration of the properties which had vested in      D
  the trustees under the Trust Deed of 1904. The Dayal Bagh Satsangis
  claimed that all the properties were held in a trust for a public purpose of
  a charitable and religious nature and prayed for a decree by going to the
- Civil Court. The litigation had started in the form of an application under
  section 3 of the Charitable and Religious Trusts Act, 1920 but was con-
  verted into a regular suit and eventually ended with the decision of the         E
  Privy Council in the case of Patel Chhotabhai and Ors. v. Jnan Chandra
  Bask and Ors.. AIR 1935 Privy Council 97. The Judicial committee re-
  versed the decision of the High Court and held that even if the trust came
  into existence it was difficult to hold that it was of a public, charitable or
  religious character as contemplated by the Charitable and Religious Trust
  Act, 1920.                                                                       F

        The question of assessing the income for the first time arose in the
  assessment year 1937-38. The Income Tax Officer relied upon the obser-
  vations of the Privy Council and completed assessments for two years
  being J937-38 and 1938-39 treating the then Satguru, Sri Madho Prasad
  Sinha as the assessee. He was a retired Assistant Accounts Officer and           G
  was earning a pension. His pension as also the income from the institution
  were tagged together for assessment. The Appellate Assistant Commis-
  sioner confirmed the assessments. Assessee then filed applications under
  section 66(2) of the Income-tax Act of 1922 for reference. The Commis-
  sioner took the view that the offerings though made to the Satgurus were
  not used for their personal benefit and held that even though no fonnal          H
     316                SUPREME COURT REPORTS                (1991) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A    trust had been created by the donors in respect of offerings, the guru
     impressed the offerings with trust character at the time of receipt, and
     treated the offerings as held in trust. He was, therefore: of the view that
     such offerings were exempt under section 4(3)(1) of the Income-tax Act,
     1922 and directed that the offerings be deleted from the assessment for the
     two years. He accordingly held that no reference under Section 66(2) was
B    necessary to be made. an application under section 35 of the Act was later
     filed for ratification by pointing out that offerings received by the Satgurus
     consisted of interest income, property income, and income derived from
     sale of books and photographs etc. and the same should also be excluded.
     On 8.12.1945 the Commissioner directed deletion thereof.

c          For the year 1939-40, the income-tax Officer did not grant exemp-
     tion under section 4(3)(1) of the Act but the appeal challenging the assess-
     ment was accepted by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner in Septem-
     ber, 1947 upholding the assessee's claim of exemption.

           Nothing substantial happened until the assessment year 1963-64.
D    During this period refund applications of the Satsang were accepted by the
     department on the basis that the income was exempt and as tax had been
     deducted at soUI'ce the same was refundable. For the first time claim for
     refund in the years 1964-65, 1965-66 and 1966-67 was not allowed and
     the assessee was treated as an association of persons and taxed; subse-
    quently for the assessment years 1966-67, 1967-68 and 1968-69 and 1969-
E   70 assessmepts were also completed. The Income-tax Officer did not ac-
    cept the assessee's claim of exemption and proceeded to .hold that the
    donations and contributions had. been received voluntarily and had been
    limited to religious use buf there was. no obligation to do so. The assessee
    appealed but the appellate authority upheld the assessments for the years
    referred to above. The assessee then appealed to the Tribunal. The Tribu-
F   nal examined the matter from various aspects and held:

               "So far as the Radhasoami sect is concerned its properties
               were held only for the furtherance of the object ofthe Sats~mg
               and this object was to propagate the religion known by the
               name of Radhasaomi. This was a purely religious purpose as
G              held by the Privy Council and therefore the objects of the
               assessee are clearly religious objects."
         While the Tribunal did not accept that the words 'held under trust'
    merely meant a consideratio.li~ the factual position and that if thf in-
    come had been applied for religious purpose it was unnecessary tq find
H   out whether in law a trust had been created or not. But the Tribunal WJlS of
                      RADHASOAMI SATSANG v. C.I.T.        [MISRA, CJ.)           317

                                                                                        A
      the opinion that the words legal obligation were much wider and the
      activities of the Satsang could be brought within the purview of that
      expression. It finally held that the assessee was entitled to the exemption
      claimed under s.11.

             The High Court did not accept the conclusions of the Tribunal. by          B
      heavily relying· upon ·the revocability of the trust as clearly specified in
      the document and accepting the stand of the Revenue that exemption
      under s.11 was subject to the provisions of ss.60 to 63 of the Act and. on
      the finding that the trust was revocable it upheld liability, Section 11 (1) of
      the Act, as far as relevant, provides:

                    "Subject to the provisions of sections 60-63, the following
                                                                                        c
                    income shall not be included in the total income of the previ-
                    ous year cf the person in receipt of the income:
                     (a) income derived from property held under trust wholly for
                           charitable or religious purposes, to the extent to which
                          such income is applied to such purposes in India; and         D
                    (b) where any such income is accumulated or set apart for
                        application to such purposes in India, to the extent to
                         which the income so accumulated or set apart is not in


-                       excess of25% of the income from such property; .. "
      The conditions which have to be satisfied to entitle one for exemption,
      therefore, are:
                                                                                        E


                    (a) the property from which the income is derived should be
                        held under trust or other legal obligation.
-1;
                    (b) the property should be so held for charitable or religious      F
                        purposes which enure for the benefit of the public.
               It is well-settled .that no formal document is necessary to create a
      trust.

           The reference itself accepts the position that the assessee is a reli-
      gious institution. There has been some amount of debate in the forums             G
      below as to whether Radhasoami Satsang is a religion. This Court in
      Acharya Jagdishwaranand Aviidhuta & Ors. V; Commissioner of Police,
      Calcutta & Anr., [1983) 4 SCC 522 while examining the claim of Anand
      Marg is to be treated as a separate religion indicated:

                    "The words 'religious denomination' in Article 25 of the Con~       H
                    stitution must take their colour from the word 'religions' and
     318                SUPREME COURT REPORTS               (1991) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A               this be so the expression religious denomination must also
                satisfy three conditions:
                (i)   it must be a collection of individuals who have a system
                      of beliefs of doctrines which they regard as conductive to
                      their spiritual well-being, that is, a common faith,
B               (ii) common organisation; and
                (iii) designation by a distinctive name."
          In that case Anand Marg was held to be a 'religious denomination'
    within the Hindu religion. It is not necessary for us to decide whether
    Radhasoami Satsang is a denomination of the Hindu religion or not as it is
C   sufficient for our purp0ses that the institution has been held to be religious
    and that aspect is no more in dispute in view of the frame of the question.

           The question of assessment to income-tax arose only following the
    decision of the Privy Council in the dispute between the two factions. The
    Judicial Committee found that the properties which were the subject-
D   matter of the suit were acquired with the moneys presented to the Sant
    Satguru in the foriil--of bhents or other contributions by the followers of
    the Radhasoami faith. The Judicial Committee found that it was almost
    inconceivable that the followers of the faith when making their gifts to the
    Sant Satguru intended to create a trust within the meaning of the Act 14 of
    1920 of which they~ the donors and the worshippers, should be the benefi-
E   ciaries. The Privy Council further also found that it could not be said that
    the donors of the gifts were the authors of the alleged public trust. The
    question was examined keeping the provisions of the 1920 Act in view.
    The requirements of s.11 of the Income Tax Act are considerably different
    from what the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was required to
    consider.
F
          We have already pointed out that after 1907 the denomination got
    divided. The claim of Dayalbagh group for exemption under the Income-
    Tax Act came for consideration before the Allahabad High Court in the
    case of The Secretary of State for India in Council v. Radha Swami Sat
    Sang, 13 ITR 520. There it was found that the offerings made by the
G   Dayalbagh Satsangis to Sahebji Maharaj and the property which had grown
    out of them and which admittedly stood in the name of the Sabha and the
    property which at all material times had stood in the name of the Sabha
    vested in the Sabha for the benefit of the Satsangis and Sahebji Maharaj
    had no beneficial or personal interest in that. What has been found for the
    Dayalbagh Satsangis on this score is fully applicable so far as the assessee
H   is concerned. There is no dispute that the properties of the. assessee are
             RADHASOAMI SATSANG v. C.l.T.           [MISRA, CJ.]          319

also recorded in the name of the Sabha (Central Council) and there is no         A
personal interest claimed by the Sant Satguru in such property. Ever the
years the Satguru has never claimed any title over, or beneficial interest
in, the properties and they have always been utilized for the purpose of
the religious community. The test applied by the Privy council in the case
of All India Spinners' Association v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bom-
bay 12 ITR 482 is indeed ;ipplicable to the facts of the present case and        B
the result would then be in favour of the assessee. We would like to point
out that even if the trust was revocable, the property was not to go back to
the Satguru on revocation. The constitution and the bye-laws on record
indicate in clause l (b):

            "l. The constitutional powers of the Central Council Radhasoarni     C
            Satsang ..................... are as below:
            (b) to collect, preserve and administer the properties movable
            and immovable that have been or may hereafter _be dedicated
            to Radhasoami Dayal or that may be acquired for or presented
            to the Radhasoami Satsang for the furtherance of the objects of      D
            the Satsang."
 This envisages that where the property was given to the Sant Satguru, it
 was intended for the common purpose of furthering the objects of the Sant
 Satguru and the Central Council had the authority to manage the property.
 Clause 9 of the document stipulated that th~ properties would vest in the
 trust and clause 25 provided that the trust shall be revocable at the discre-   E
 tion of the Council and the trustees shall hold office at its pleasure. Upon
·revocation the property was not to go back to .the Satguru and at the most,
 in place of the trust, the Central Council would exercise authority. It is on
 record that there has been no Satguru long before the period of assessment
 under consideration. As a fact, therefore, the Tribunal was justified in
 holding that the property was subject to a legal liability of being used for    F
 the religious or charitable purpose of the Satsang. This asp~ct had not
 been properly highlighted before the High Court.

       One of the contentions which the learned senior counsel for the
assessee-appellant raised at the hearing was that in the absence of any              I
 change in the circumstances, the Revenue should have felt bound by the          G
previous decisions and no attempt should have been made to reopen the
"question. He relied upon some authorities in support of his stand. A full
Bench of the Madras High Court considered this question in T.M.M.
Sankaralinga Nadar & Bros. & Ors. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax,
Madras, 4 ITC 226. After dealing with the concession the Full Bench
expressed the following opinion:                                                 H
    320                SUPREME COURT REPORTS               (1991) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A              "The principle to be deducted from these two cases is that
               where the que~tion relating to assessment does not vary with
               the income every year but depends on the nature of the prop-
               erty or any other question on which the rights of the parties to
               be taxed are based, e.g., whether a certain property is trust
               property or not, it has nothing to do with the fluctuations in the
B              income; such questions if decided by. a Court on a reference
               made to it would be res judicata in that the same question
               cannot be subsequently agitated."
          One of the decisions referred to by the Full Bench was the case of
    Hoystead & Ors. v. Commissioner of Taxation 1926 AC 155. Speaking for
    the Judicial Cflmmittee Lord Shaw stated:
c
               "Patties are not pennitted to begin fresh litigations because of
               new views they may entertain of the law of the case, or new
               versions which they present as to what should be proper appre-
               hension by the Court of the legal result either of the construc-
               tion of the ciocument or the weight of certain circumstances. If
D
               this were pennitted litigation would have no end, except when
               legal ingenuity is exhausted. It is a principal of law that this
               cannot be pennitted, and there is abundant authority reiterating
               that principle. Thirdly, the same prillciple - namely, that of
               setting to rest rights of litigants, applies to the case where a
               point, fundamental to the decision, taken or assumed by the
E
               plaintiff and traversable by the defendant, has not been tra-
               versed. In that case also a defendant is bound by the judgment,
               although it may be. true enough that subsequent light or inge-
               nuity might suggest some traverse which had not been taken."
          These observation were made in a case where taxation was in issue.
F
          This Court in Parashuram Pottery Works Co.Ltd. v. Income-Tax
    Officer, Circle/, Ward A, Rajkot, 106 ITR lat p.10 stated:

               "At the same time, we have to bear in mind that the policy of
               law is that there must be a point of finality in all legal pro-
G                                                                                   r-
               ceedings, that stale issues should not be reactivated beyond a       \.
               particular stage and that lapse of time must induce repose in
               and set at rest judicial and quasi-judicial controversite as it
               must in other spheres of human activity."
               Assessments are certainly quasi-judicial and these observa-
H              tions equally apply:
            RADHASOAMI SATSAN~ v. C.l.T.          (MISRA, CJ.)            321

      ~ are aware of the fact that strictly speaking res judicata does not      A
apply to income-tax proceedings. Again, each assessment year being a
unit, what is decided in one year may not apply in the following year but
where a fundamental aspect permeating through the different assessment
years has been found as a fact one way or the other and parties have
allowed that position to be sustained by not challenging the order, it
would not be at all appropriate to allow the position to be changed in a        B
subsequent year.

      On these reasonings in the absence ofany material change justifying
the Revenue to take a different view of the matter- and if there was not
change it was in support of the assessee- we do not think the questfon
should have been reopened and contrary to what had been decided by the          C
Commissioner of Income-Tax in the earlier proceedings, a different and
contradictory stand should have been "taken. We are, therefore, of the view
that these appeals should be allowed and the question should be answered
in the affirmative, namely, that the Tribunal was justified in holding that
the income derived by the Radhasoami Satsang was entitled to exemption
under ss.11 and 12 of the Income Tax Act of 1961.                               D

      Counsel for the Revenue had told us that the farts of this case being
very specil!l !iothing should be said in a manner which would have general
application. We are inclined to accept this submission and would like to
state in clear tenns that the decision is confined to the facts of the case
and may not be treated as an authority on aspects which have been de-           E
cided for general application.

     We direct the parties to bear their respective costs.

V.P.R                                                        Appeals allowed.