RAJ KUMAR@ RAJUversusSTATE (NCT OF DELHI)

                            [2017] I S.C.R. 462



A                         RAJ KUMAR@ RAJU
                                     v.
                        STATE (NCT OF DELHI)
                     (Criminal Appeal No.1460 of201 I)
B                           JANUARY 20, 2017
            (RANJAN GOGOi AND ASHOK BHUSHAN, JJ.]
           Penal Code, 1860: s.302 rlw s.34, s.411 - Conviction based
    on circumstantial evidence - Last seen theory - On the fateful
    afternocn, the deceased was found dead and her ornaments were
c   missing -Appellant and other accused were present in the house of
    the deceased in the morning - Prosecution witnesses deposed that
    on the same day, appellant and other accused were seen moving
    around in the neighbourhood looking perplexed - Appellant was
    apprehended after few days and ornaments belonging to deceased
D   were recovered from him - Conviction of appellant uls.302 and 392 -
    Held: The circumstance that the accused persons were seen in the
    vicinity of the neighbourhood of the crime little before the same
    was committed, by itself, would not lead to any condusion consistent
    with the guilt of the accused - The said circumstance, if coupled
    with the recovery of the ornaments of the deceased from the
E
    possession of the accused, at best, create a highly suspicious
    situation; but beyond a strong suspicion nothing else in the absence
    of any o~her circumstances to suggest the involvement of the accused
    in the offences alleged - Even with the aid of the presumption u/s.114
    of the Evidence Act, the charge of murder cannot be brought home
F   unless there is some evidence to show that the robbery and the
    murder occurred at the same time i.e. in the course of the same
    transaction - Courts below erred in holding the accused guilty for
    the said offence - However, on the basis of the presumption
    permissible under Illustration (a) of s.114 of the Evidence Act,
    conviction of appellallf uls.392 is well founded - Conviction uls.392
G
    is upheld while conviction u/s.302 is set aside - Evidence Act, 1872 -
    s.114, Illustration (a).
          Partly allowing the appeal, the Court
         HELD: 1.1 There are two material circumstances which
H   were proved by the prosecution. Firstly, that in the night prior to
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       RAJ KUMAR @ RAJU v. STATE (NCT OF DELHI)                         463


the incident i.e. on 11'" September, 1991, the ·accused were             A
present in the house; and secondly that on 16" September, 1991
from the possession of the accused persons recovery of gold
ornaments was made which belonged to the deceased. Such
possession was not uplained by the accusecj. Even if the court
is to accept the evidence of P.W.12 that in the morning of the day
                                                                        B
of the incident the witness had seen the accused in the
neighbourhood in a perplexed state, notwithstanding the
contradictions and inconsistencies in the said evidence at the
highest, another circumstance could be added to the above two,
namely, that the accused persons were seen in the neighbourhood
in the morning of the incident. In this regard, P.W.S and P.W.7         c
deposed that they had last seen the accused person in the early
morning of the date of the occurrence and that they were going
away to some other place. Even if the evidence of P. W.12 is to· be
accepted, all it can be said is that the evidence of the said witness
read with the evidence of P. W.S and P. W. 7 disclose that t-he
                                                                        D
accused persons were seen in the vicinity of the neighbourhood
of the crime little before the same was committed. By itself, the
said circumstance cannot lead to any conclusion consistent with
 the guilt of the accused. [Paras 9, 11) [466-E-F; 467-F-G)
      1.2 The said circumstance, if coupled with the recovery of
the ornaments of the deceased from the possession of the accused,        E
at best, create a highly suspicious situation; but beyond a strong
suspicion nothing else would folio~ in the absence of any other
circumstance(s) which could suggest the involvement of the
accused in the offence/offences alleged. Even with the aid of tbe
presumption under Section 114 of the Evidence Act, the charge            F
of murder cannot be brought home unless there is some evidence
to show that the robbery and the murder occurred at the same
time i.e. in the course of the same transaction. No such evidence
is forthcoming. However, on the basis of the presumption
permissible under Illustration (a) of Section 114 of the Evidence
Act, it bas to be held that the conviction of the accused appellant      G
und<;r Section 392 IPC is well founded. Consequently, the
prosecution failed to bring home the charge under Section 302
IPC against the accused and be is acquitted of .the said offen\!e.
[Paras 12, 13) (467-G-H; 468-A-B, DJ
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464            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2017] 1 S.C.R.


A           Sanwat Khan and Anr. v. State of Rajasthan AIR 1956
            SC 54 - relied on.
                                 Case Law Reference ·
      AIR 1956 SC 54                   relied on                Para 10
B         CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No.
      1460of2011.
           From the Order dated 30.10.2009 by the High Court of Delhi in
      Criminal Appeal No. 645 of200l.                            ·
            Ms. Sangeeta Kumar; Adv. for the Appellant.
c         Y. ·p; Adnyaru, Sr. Adv., P. K. Dey, Ms. Sushma Verma, Ajay
      Kumar Singh, B. K. Prasad, Advs. for the Respondent.
            The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
             RANJAN GOGOi, J. 1. The accused appellant had been
D     convicted by the learned trial Court for the offence punishable under
      Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC and has been sentenced to undergo
      rigorous imprisonment for life and a fine of Rs.2,000/-, in default, to
      suffer rigorous imprisonment for a period of two months more. He has
      also been convicted under Section 411 IPC and sentenced to undergo
      rigorous imprisonment for one year. Both the sentences were directed
E     to run concurrently. In appeal, while the conviction under Section 302
      IPC has been maintained along with sentence imposed, the conviction
      under Section 411 IPC has been set aside. Instead, the accused appellant
      has been convicted for commission of offence punishable under Section
      392 IPC and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for one year
 F    for commission of the said offence. Aggrieved, this appeal has been
      filed.
            2. We have heard the learned counsels for the parties.
             3. The entire case of the prosecution is based on circumstantial
      evidence. P. W.5 - Ombir Singh, the husband of the deceased in his
G     deposition has stated that he resides with his wife, three children, his
      sister Raj Bala (P.W.9) and niece Sarvesh (P.W.21 ). Accused Raj Nirmal
      Gautam @Raju (since dee.eased) was a tenant in one of the two rooms
      in their house. On 11 'h September, 1991 at around 9 .00 p.m. accused Raj
      Nirmal Gautam along with the present appellant Raj Kumar and one
H
        RAJ KUMAR@ RAJU v. STATE (NCT OF DELHI)                               465
                 [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

more person named Dharmender alias Babloo came to his hous,e and A
together they played a game of cards. After some time he went to his
room and slept. Raj Nirmal, Raj Kumar (appellant herein) and
Dharmender stayed in the room for the night and left early next morning
at about 6.30 a.m. While leaving, accused Raj Nirmal told P.W. 5 that
he wus going to his village and may not return for'the night. At around
                                                                            B
7.30 a.m., his sister Raj Bala (P.W.9) who used to reside with him, his
niece Sarvesh and the children left, for school. He also left for his
workplace at around 7.35 a.m. According to P.W. 5, at about 2.30 p.m. ·
he received a telephone call in his office informing him that his wife had
met with an accident. He, therefore, reached home by 3 .30 p.m. and
found the dead body of his wife. The almirah was found unlocked and c
all the goods therein lying scattered. A number ofjewellery items including
gold ornaments were found missing.
       4. The accused Raj Nirmal Gautam and Raj Kumar {appellant
herein) were apprehended on 16'" September, 1991 when they were
alighting from a bus. On their personal search, various jewellery items        D
were recovered from them which were duly seized by seizure memos
Ex.PW-14/C and Ex.PW-14/D. The jewellery items so recovered from
the possession of the accused were identified by P.W.5 (Ombir Singh)
to be belonging to his wife. The accused had no reasonable explanation
to offer for their possession of the jewellery items. They however claimed
that they were not guilty.                                                     E

       5. P.W. 21 - Sarvesh deposed that at around 10.15 a.m. she had
come back to the house for lunch and at that time <hP, found the accused
persons present in the house and were playing cards. Her aunt gave her
lunch and after that she again left for school. When she returned at 1.00
p.m. she saw her aunt Suman lying in the kitchen. P.W; 21 was, however,        F
disbelieved by the learned trial Court as she was found to have falsely
implicated accused Jagpal who has been acquitted by the learned trial
court.
        6. P.W.9- Raj Bala, sister of P.W.5, in her evidence had deposed
that i.1 the night of 11.09.1991 the accused persons were in the room and      G
they had left early in the morning of the next day. She has further deposed
that she is a teacher in the school and had accompanied P. W.2.I and the
two children of P.W.5 to school in the morning at about 7.30 a.m. She
has also deposed that' at about 12.00-12.30 p.m. she had sent the two
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466            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2017] I S.C .R.


A     children of P. W.5 back home with an Aaya and on being informed by
      theAtzyc that her sister-in-law (deceased) was not available in the house,
      she e11me home to find her sister-in-law lying dead in the kitchen.
            7. P, W.12 - Dhani Ram had deposed that he had seen the accused
      persons moving around in th11 neighbourhood looking perplexed. An
B     attempt was made to discredit the said witness in view of his further
      deposition t.hat he had seen the accused in police custody on JJlh
      September, 1991 whereas, according to the prosecution; accused were
      arrested on 16"' September, 1991 when they were alighting from a bus.
      The said contention was negatived by the High Court on the ground that
      the aforesaid discrepancy is on account of wrong recapitulation and
c     confusion over the specific dates.
             8. P. W. IS - Raj Kumar, a TSR driver, also deposed that he had
      occasion to take the three persons including appellant Raj Kumar in his
      TSR at about 11.00 a.m. on 12'" September, 1991 and in the course of
      their conversation he had overheard them discussing as to whether they
D     should have killed "her" or not. P. W. was disbelieved by the High Court
      on !he grQund that the conversation attributed by him to the accused is
      opposed to normal human behavior and conduct.
           9. This is the sum total of the evidence on record. From the
    above, it transpires that there are two material circumstances which
E have be(;n proved by the prosecution. Firstly, that in the night prior to
    the incident i.e. on 11'" September, 1991 the accused were present in the
    house; and secondly that on J61h September, 1991 from the possession
    of the accused persons recovery of gold ornaments was made which
    belQDged to the. deceased. Such possession has not been explained by
F the accused. Even if the court is to accept the evidence of P. W.12 that
    in the morning ofthe day of the incidentthe witness had seen the accused
    in the r.eighbourhood in a perplexed state, notwithstanding the
    cootmdictions and inconsistencies in the said evidence as already noticed,
    at the highest, another circumstance could be added to the above two,
  · namely, that the accused persons were seen i.n the neighbourhood in the
0 morning of the incident. The question that. confronts the court is whether
    on the basis of the aforesaid circumstances the case of the prosecution
    can be taken to have been proved beyond all reasqnable doubts.
              I0. · Loamed counsel for the appellant would contend that the
      aforefll!id circumstances do not conclusively point to the involvement of
H
          RAJ KUMAR@ RAJU v. STATE (NCT OF DELHI)                              467
                   . (RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

the accused appellant in the crime. The chain leading to the sole conclusion · A
that it is the accused persons and nobody else who had committed the
crime is not established by the three circumstances set forth above,
even if all of such circumstances are assumed to be proved against the
accured. Reliance has also been placed on the decision of this Court in
the case of Sanwat Khan and Anr. vs. State of Rajasthan 1, wherein this
                                                                               B
Court had taken the view that recovery of ornaments of the deceased
from the accused or production of the same by the accused in the course
of investigation, howsoever suspicious, cannot be conclusive of the
question of the accused having committed the offence. As per Illustration
(a) to Section 114 of the Evidence Act, 1872 though recovery of the
ornaments can lead to presumption that the accused had .committed c
robbery or received stolen property, unless there are circumstances to
show that the theft/robbery and the murder took place in the same
transaction, the accused would not be liable for the offence under Section
302 !PC ..
         11. The facts in Sanwant Khan (supra) bear a striking resemblance     D
 to the facts that confront us in the present appeal. If the evidence of
 P. W.12 is to be discarded on the ground that such evidence is vague,
 (there is no mention of the date on which P.W.12 had seen the accused
 person in the neighbourhood and also as the s.aid testimony runs counter
 to the prosecution case about arrest of the accused oil 16.09.1991) the
  last seen theory built up on the evidence of P.W.5 and P.W.7 leaves a         E
 significant margin of time during which the crime could have been
 committed by somebody other than the accused. The said fact must go
 to the benefit of the accused. In this regard, it may be recollected that
 P. W.5 and P. W. 7 have deposed that they had last seen the accused
 person in the early morning of the date of the occurrence i.e. 12.09.1991      F
 and that they were going away to some other place. Even if the evidence
'of P.W.12 is to be accepted, all it can be said is that the evidemle of the
 said witness read with the evidence of P. W.S and P. W. 7 disclose that
 the accused persons were seen in the vicinity of the neighbouthood of
 the crime little before the same wa:s committed, By itself,. the said
 circumstance cannot lead to any conclusion consistent with the guilt of       G
 the accused.
     12. The above circumstance, if coupled with the recovery or the
ornaments of the deceased from the possession of the accused, at best,
 1
     AIR 1956 SC 54
468                SUPREME COURT REPORTS                        [201 7] 1 S .C.R.


A     create a highly suspicious situation; but beyond a strong suspicion nothing
      else would follow in the absence of any other circumstance(s) which
      could suggest the involvement of the accused in the offence/offences
      alleged. Even with the aid of the presumption under Section 114 of the
      Evidence Act, the charge of murder cannot be brought home unless
      there is some evidence to show that the robbery and the murder occurred
B
      atthe same time i.e. in the course of the .same transaction. No such
      evipence is forthcoming.
              13. In view of What has been found above, we do not see as to
       how the charge against the accused/appellant under Section 302 JPC
       can be held to be pr.oved. The learned trial court as well as the High
c      Court, therefore, seems to be erred in holding the accused guilty for the
       said offence. However, on the basis of the presumption permissible under
       Jllustration (a) of Section 114 of the Evidence Act, it has to be held that
       the conviction of the accused appellant under Section 392 IPC is well
       founded. Consequently, we hold that the prosecution has failed to bring
D      home the. charge. under Section 302 IPC against the accused and he is
       acquitted of the said offe11ce. The conviction under Section 392 IPC is
      . upheld. As the accused appellant, who is presently in custody, had already
       served the sentence awarded to him under Section 392 IPC, we direct
       that h,e be set at liberty forthwith.

E          14. The appeal, consequently, is partly allowed in terms of the
      above.·                     ·                                  ·
      Devika Oujral                                          Appeal partly allowed.




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