Holding

A person not charge‑sheeted may be summoned under Section 319 when evidence shows his involvement, and the alibi must be proved at trial by the accused; reliance on inadmissible Section 161 statements to quash the summons is a manifest error.

Summary

The case arose from a murder in which the first informant, Rajendra Singh, alleged that Kapil Dev Singh (respondent No.2) participated. Although the charge‑sheet named only the co‑accused, the Sessions Court summoned Kapil Dev Singh under Section 319 of the CrPC based on the informant’s statement. Kapil Dev Singh filed a petition under Section 482 claiming alibi, relying on statements recorded under Section 161 and copies of affidavits, and the High Court quashed the summons. The Supreme Court held that the Sessions Court was correct to invoke Section 319, that the High Court erred by treating Section 161 statements as substantive evidence and by accepting an alibi without trial evidence, and that the burden of proving alibi lies on the accused under Section 103 of the Evidence Act. The Court also ruled that the conclusion of the co‑accused’s trial does not invalidate the Section 319 order. Consequently, the appeal was allowed, the High Court judgment set aside, and the Sessions Court order restored.

Issues considered

The power of a court to summon a person not charge‑sheeted under Section 319 CrPC based on evidence.
Whether statements recorded under Section 161 CrPC can be used as substantive evidence to grant alibi and quash a Section 319 order.
Who bears the burden of proving an alibi under Section 103 of the Evidence Act.
Whether the conclusion of the trial of a co‑accused affects the operability of a Section 319 order.
Whether a finding on alibi can be recorded for the first time in a petition under Section 482 CrPC.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 161, s. 162, s. 169, s. 193, s. 319, s. 319(4)(b), s. 482
Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 103
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 302

Subjects

Section 319 CrPCSection 482 CrPCAlibiBurden of proofInadmissible evidenceSection 161 CrPCMurderCriminal procedureSummoning of additional accused

Judgment

A RAJENDRA SINGH
v.
STATE OF U.P, AND ANR.

AUGUST 6, 2007

B [G.P. MATHURANDP.K. BALASUBRAMANYAN, JJ.]

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973-ss. 319, 161and482-Murder by
two persons-Allegation of-'-Charge-sheet only against one person -Accused
C (not charged) called by trial court to face trial in view of eVidence offirst
informant-Application thereagainst u/s 482-Plea of alibi by the accused
placing reliance on the statements u/s 161-High Court quashing the order
of trial court-On appeal, held: Jn view of the evidence of the first informant,
the accused, even though not chargesheeted was rightly called to face the
D trial-The statement u/s 161 being wholly inadmissible in evidence could not
have been taken into consideration by High Court-A finding on a plea of
alibi cannot be recorded for the first time in a petition uls 482-Criminal
Law-Alibi.

s. 319-Jurisdiction under-Scope of-Discussed
E Evidence Act, 1872-s. 103-Burden of proof-To prove alibi-Held:
It is on the person who takes such plea-The same can be proved by leading
evidence at trial and not by filing some affidavits before High Court.

Judgment-Ratio decidendi-The ratio of a decision is generally
F secundum subjectam materiam.
It was alleged by prosecution that respondent-accused alongwith the co-
accused caused death of one person. The motive for killing was that the
deceased was a prime witness in a triple murder case against the respondent-
accused alongwith others. The accused were threatening him not to give
G evidence in the triple murder case. When the deceased did not agree, the
accused killed him. Charge-sheet was submitted only against the co-accused
and not against the respondent-accused. The First informant in his deposition
specifically stated about the presence of the respondent-accused and the ro.le
played by him. The application u/s 319 Cr.P.C. for summoning the respondent-
H 834
t

RAJENDRASINGHv. STATEOFU.P. 835
accused was allowed by Sessions Court. A
Respondent-accused filed a petition u/s 482 Cr.P.C. for quashing the
order of Sessions Judge. He took the plea of alibi relying on statements of
six witnesses recorded by Investigating Officer u/s 161 Cr.P.C. High Court
\ allowed the petition relying on the statements. Hence the present appeal.
) B
In the meantime, trial of the co-accused concluded, acquitting him.
'
J

Criminal revision was filed thereagainst by the appellant-first informant.

Respondent-accused inter-alia contended that order of acquittal of co-
accused has rendered the judgment calling the respondent-accused to face
trial as infructuous.
c
Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: Per G.P. Mathur, J.

1. Sub-section (1) of Section 319 Cr.P.C. says that where in the course
of aiJy enquiry into, or trial of, an offence, it appears from the evidence that D
any person not being the accused has committed any offence for which such
person could be tried together with the accused, the Court may proceed against
. such. person' for the offence which he appears to have committed.
fPara 5) 1841-C-D)

· 2. If the evidence tendered in the course of any enquiry or trial shows E
that any person not being the accused has committed any offence for which
he could be tried together with the accused, he can be summoned to face trial
even though he may not have been charge sheeted by the investigating agency
or may have been discharged at an earlier stage. fPara 5) (842-F)

Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Ram Kishan Rohtagi, 1983 1 SCC F
1; Joginder Singhv. State ofPunjab, (1979) 1.SCC 345; Kishun Singh v. State
of Bihar, (1993) 2SCC16, relied on.

3. The High Court has basically relied upon the statements of six
witnesses which had been recorded by the investigating officer under Section
161 Cr.P.C. to record a positive finding that the respondent could not have G
been present at the scene of commission of the crime as he was present in a
meeting. A statement under Section 161 Cr.P.C. is not a substantive piece of
·evidence. In view of the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 162 Cr.P.C., the
statement can be used only for the limited purpose of contradicting the maker
thereof iii the manner laid·down in the said proviso.Therefore, the High Court H
836 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 8 S.C.R.

A committed a manifest error of law in relying upon wholly inadmissible
evidence in recording a finding that respondent No. 2 could not have been
present at the scene of commission of the crime. (Para 6) (842-G-H; 843-A)

4. The plea taken by respondent No. 2 in his petition under Section 482
Cr.P.C. was that of alibi. Section 103 of the Evidence Act says that the burden 1~
B of proof as to any particular fact lies on that person who wishes the Court to (
believe in its existence, unless it is proved by any law that the proof of that
fact lie on any particular person. Section 103 makes it obvious that the burden
\-
of establishing the plea of alibi set up by the respondent No. 2 in the petition
file_d by him under Section 482 Cr.P.C. before the High Court lay squarely
C upon him. (Para 7) (843-B, CJ

Gurcharan Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR (1956) SC 460; Chandrika
Prasad Singh v. State of Bihar, AIR (1972) SC 109 and State of Haryana v.
Sher Singh, AIR (1981) SC 1021, relied on.

D 5. The alibi could be proved by leading evidence in the trial and not by
filing some affidavits before the High Court. In such a case the prosecution
would have got an opportunity to cross-examine those witnesses and
demonstrate that theii- testimony was not correct. As it was pleaded that in
fact no affidavits were filed in the High Court but what was filed were copies
of two or three affidavits which were given by some persons before the
E Superintendent of Police, Allahabad. Thus, there was absolutely no legal
evidence in support of the plea of alibi of respondent No. 2 which the High
Court chose to rely upon and accept for the purpose of quashing the order
passed by the Sessions Judge. (Para 7) (843-D-E]

6. The mere fact that trial of co-accused has concluded cannot have the
F effect of nullifying or making the order passed by the Sessions Judge as
infructuous. Sessions Judge trying the case of co-accused seems to have been
swayed by the fact that the High Court had not only set aside the order passed
by the Sessions Judge under Section 319 Cr.P.C. by which the respondent
No. 2 was summoned to face trial but had also recorded a finding in his favour
G that he was present in a meeting. Since the order of the High Court is set ~.-

aside, the aforesaid finding of the learned Sessions Judge would automatically
go and cannot stand. (Paras 10 and 11) [845-F-H; 846-A)

Shashikant Singh v. Tarkeshwar Singh, (2002) 5 SCC738, relied on~

H 7. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case and in the
RAJENDRASINGHv. STATEOFU.P. 837
interest of justice, it is desirable that the criminal revision filed by the A
appellant herein against the acquittal of the co-accused should be heard by
the High Court as expeditiously as possible. (Para 12) (846-BJ

Per P.K. Balasubramanyan,J. (Supplementing)

1.1. The words occurring in s. 319 (1) Cr.P.C. are plain and the meaning B
clear. When in the course of the enquiry or trial, it appears to the court from
the evidence that a person, not arrayed as an accused, appears to have
committed any offence for which that person could be tried together with the
accused, the court may proceed against that person. Surely, it must appear to
the Court from the evidence that someone not arrayed as an accused, appears
to have committed an offence. Be it noted, the Court need not be satisfied that C
he has committed an offence. It need only appear to it that he has committe~
an offence. In other words, from the evidence it need only appear to it that
someone else has committed an offence, to exercise jurisdiction under Section
319 of the Code. Even then, it has a discretion not to proceed, since the
expression used is 'may' and not 'shall'. The legislature apparently wanted D
to leave that discretion to the trial court so as to enable it to exercise itsI
jurisdiction under this Section. The expression 'appears' indicates ari
application of mind by the court to the evidence that has come before it and
then taking a decision to proceed under Section 319 Cr.P.C. or not.
(Para 2) [846-F-H; 847-A)
E
1.2. There is no reason to describe the power as an extraordinary power
or to confine the exercise of it only if compelling reasons exist for taking
cognizance against any other person against whom action has not been taken.
After all, the section only gives power to the court to ensure that all those
apparently involved in the commission of an offence are tried together and F
none left out. There is no reason to curtail this power of the court to do justice
to the victim and to the society. It is left to the judicial discretion of the courl,
judicially trained, to decide to proceed or not to proceed against a person in
terms of Section 319 Cr.P.C. [Para 2) (847-A-CI

Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Ram Kishan Rohtagi and Ors., (1983) G
1 S.C.C. 1, distinguished.

1.3. The power under Section 319 of the Code is conferred on the court
to ensur~ that justice is done to the society by bringing to book all those guilty
of an offence. One of the aims and purposes of the Criminal Justice System
is to maintain social order. It is necessary in that context to ensure that rio H
838 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 8 S.C.R.

A one who aP;pears to be guilty escapes a proper trial in relation to that guilt.
There is also a duty to render justice to the victim of the offence. It is in
recognition of this that the Code has specifically conferred a po.wer in the
court to proceed against others not arrayed as accused in the circumstances
set out by this Section. It is a salutary power enabling the discharge of a court's
obligation to the society to brin~ to book all those guilty of a crime.
1;3; !Para 611848-D-FJ (
I..._
1.4. Exercise of power under Section 319 of the Code is left to the court
trying the offence based on the evidence that comes before it. The court must
be satisfied of the condition precedent for the exercise of power under Section
C 319 of the Code. There is no reason to assume that a court trained in law
would not exercise th'! power within the confines ofthe provision and decide
whether it may proceed against such person or not. There is no rationale in
fettering that power and the discretion, either by calling it extraordinary or
by stating that it will be exercised only in exceptional circumstances. It is
intended to be used when the occasion envisaged by the section arises.
D !Para 7) 1848-F-GJ

2. An authority has to be understood in the context of the facts based on
which the observations therein are made. The ratio of a decision is generally
secundum subjectam materiam. tpara 411848-AI
E ·Punjab Cooperative Bank Ltd, v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Lahore,
A.l.R. 1940 P.C. 230, relied on.

Quinn v. Leathern, 1901 A.C. 495, Earl ofHalsbury L.C., referred to.

p CRIMINAL APPELLA TE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. I019 of
2007.

From the Judgment and Order 24.4.2006 of the High Court of Judicature
at Allahabad in Criminal Misc. Application No. 6610 of2005.

G Manoj Goel, Shuvodeep Roy, Wajeeh shafiq, Gopal Verma and Brij
Bhusan for the Appellant.

S.R. Singh, T.N. Singh, V.K. Singh, C.P. Pandey and Javed Mahmud Rao
for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
H
RAJ END RA SINGH v. STATE OF U.P. [G.P. MATHUR, J.) 839
G.P. MA THUR, J. l. Leave granted. A
2. This appeal, by special leave, has been preferred against the judgment
and order dated 24.4.2006 of Allahabad High Court by which the petition filed
by the respondent No. 2 Kapil Dev Singh under Section 482 Cr.P.C. was
allowed and the order dated 26.5.2005 passed by the learned Sessions Judge,
Allahabad under Section 319 Cr.P.C. summoning him to face trial under Section B
302 IPC was set aside.

3. In the morning hours between 6.30 a.m. and 7.00 a.m. on 15.12.1995,
three persons, viz., the wife, son and brother-in-law of Nigam Singh were
murdered. An FIR of the incident was lodged by Nigam Singh at 8.10 a.m. on
15.12.1995 at P.S. George Town, Allahabad. After investigation, charge sheet C
was submitted and four persons, viz., Kapil Dev Singh (respondent No. 2
herein), Suresh Singh, Sukhpal Singh and Kamlesh Singh were put up for trial.
The present incident took place on 16.3 .2002 when the trial of the aforesaid
tripple murder case was going on. According to the case of the prosecution,
the accused of the tripple murder case were putting pressure on Nigam Singh D
not to give evidence in the said case. It is alleged that at about 6.00 p.m. on
16.3.2002, the first infonnant Rajendra Singh (appellant herein) and his brother
Ajay Singh were returning after getting their field harvested. At that time,
· Nigam Singh also arrived there on a scooter: The accused in the present case,
viz., Kapil Dev ~ingh (respondent No. 2 herein) and Daya Singh stopped him
and asked him not to give evidence in the tripple murde~ case. Nigam Singh, E
however, did not agree to their suggestion not to give evidence and tried to
move ahead on his scooter: Kapil Dev Singh then instigated his brother Daya
Singh, who fired upon Nigam Singh from a country-made pistol. In spite of
·receiving the gun shot injury, Nigam Singh m'anaged to escape from there and
informed about the incident to his family members. Meanwhile, the first F
iitfonnant, Rajendra Singh, and his elder brother Ajay Singh also reached
there. However, Nigam Singh succumbed to his injuries shortly thereafter.
Thereafter, Rajendra Singh lodged an FIR of the incident at 8.30 p.m. on
16.3.2002 at P.S. Pipri. The poiice after investigation submitted charge-sheet
o'nly against Daya Sirigh and not against Kapil Dev Singh. In the trial before
the learned ·Sessions Judge, Allahabad, the. statement of the first informant, G
Rajendra Singh was recorded whe~e he specifically stated about the presence
. of Kap ii Dev Sirigh and the role played by .hirri in the incident. The prosecution·
\ then moved an application for summoning Kapil Dev Singh under Section 319
Cr.P.C. The ie·arned Sessions Judge held that Kapil Dev Singh is named in the
FIR and the first informant Rajendra Siilgh in his statement had'corroborated ·H
840 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 8 S.C.R.

A the version given in the FIR and had ·assigned the role of exhortation to him
and after taking note of the relevant law-an_ the subject, allowed the application
by the order dated 26.5.2005 and directed that Kapil Dev Singh be summoned
to face the trial.

4. Kapil Dev Singh then fil;d a petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C. for
B quashing the aforesaid order before the High Court. It appears that in the
petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C. the statements of certain witnesses who had
been examined by the investigating officer during the course of investigation
were annexed which include~ the statement ofS.L. Yadav, Vijay Kumar Singh,
Up Nagar Ayukta, Shankar Lal Jaiswal, Mukhya Nagar Adhikari and some
C other officials of Nagar Nigam, who had stated that respondent No. 2 Kapil
Dev Singh was working as Sahayak Nagar Ayukta, Nagar Nigam, Allahabad
and between 4.30 p.m. and 5.30 p.m. on 16.3.2002, he was attending a meeting
in the Nagar Nigam. After referring to the aforesaid statements, the High
Court concluded as under :

D "The statement of those witnesses do not leave any room for doubt
that the applicant was present in the meeting of Nagar Nigam at the
time of incident and could not reach the place of occurrence which
is 35 Kms. from Allahabad. The applicant is a brilliant student and has
good academic career and has also been selected in U.P. Public Services
Examination. The family of the applicant is well educated family. The
E father of the applicant was also selected in Provincial Civil Services
(Judicial) in Uttar Pradesh in 1983 but because of the animosity prevalent
in the village, he was murdered. Now the said animosity is the result
of the present case."

The High Court then referred to Municipal Corporation of Delhi v.
F Ram Kishan Rohtagi, [1983] l sec I, wherein it is observed that power under
Section 3 I 9 is really an extraordinary power which should be used very
sparingly and only if compelling reasons exist for taking cognizance against
the other person against whom action has not been taken. On the basis of
the aforesaid authority, the High Court posed the question whether compelling
G ground existed or not and whether there was no option but to summon the
accused. Thereafter, the High Court referred to the statements of six persons
which had been recorded by the investigating officer, which .;bowed that
between 4.30 p.m. and 5.30 p.m. Kapil Dev Singh was present in the meeting
..
and then observed as under :

H "No doubt, it might have been a probable defence which the court
RAJENDRA SINGH v. STATE OF U.P. [G.P. MATHUR, J.] 841

could not consider at the time of proceeding under Section 319 Cr.P.C. A
but as the power has to be exercised sparingly, the Court should have
examined all the aspects of the case."

Observing as above, the High Court allowed the petition under Section
482 Cr.P.C. and quashed the order dated 26.5.2005 passed by the learned
Sessions Judge under Section 319 Cr.P.C. summoning the respondent No. 2 B
to face the trial.

5. We have heard Shri Manoj Goel, learned counsel for the petitioner,
Shri S.R. Singh, learned senior counsel for respondent No. 2 and have perused
the record. Sub-section {l) of Section 319 says that where in the course of
any enquiry into, or trial of, an offence, it appears from the evidence that any C
person not being the accused has committed any offence for which such
person could be tried together with the accused, the Court may proceed
against such person for the offence which he appears to have committed. The
scope of power under Section 319 Cr.P.C. was explained in Municipal
Corporation of Delhi v. Ram Kishan Rohtagi (l 983) l SCC l and it was held D
as under :

"Section 319 is really an extraordinary power which is conferred
on the Court and should be used very sparingly and only if compelling
reasons exist for taking cognizance against the other person against
whom action has not been taken. If the prosecution can at any stage E
produce evidence which satisfies the court that the other accused or
those who have not been arrayed as accused against whom
proceedings have been quashed have also committed the offence, the
court can take cognizance against them and try them along with the
other accused. The mere fact that the proceedings have been quashed
under Section 482 against some of the accused persons (respondents F
2 to 5) will not prevent the court from exercising its discretion if it is
fully satisfied that a case for taking cognizance against them has been
made out on the additional evidence led before it."

In Joginder Singh V. State of Punjab, (1979] l sec 345 it was held as G
under:

"The summoning of additional persons by the Sessions Court under
Section 319 of those who appear to be involved in the crime from the
evidence led during the trial and directing them to stand their trial
along with those who have been committed, must be regarded as H
842 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 8 S.C.R.

A incidental to the cognizance under Section 193 and part of the normal
process that follows it. Section 3 l 9(4)(b) enacts a deeming provision
in that behalf dispensing with the formal committal order against the
newly added accused.

The phrase "any person not being the accused" in Section 319
B does not exclude from its operation an accused who has been released
by the police under Section 169."

In Kishun Singh v. State of Bihar, [1993) 2 SCC 16, it was observed:

"11. On a plain reading of Sub-section (I) of Section 319 there can be
C no doubt that it must appear from the evidence tendered in the course
of any inquiry or trial that any person not. being the accused has
committed any offence for which he could be tried together with the
accused. This power, it seems clear to us, can be exercised only if it
so appears from the evidence at the trial and not otherwise. Therefore,
this sub-section contemplates existence of some ev.idence appearing
D in the course of trial wherefrom the Court can prima facie conclude
that the person not arraigned before it is also involved in the.
commission of the crime for which he can be tried with those already
named by the police. Even a person who has. earlier been discharged
would fall within the sweep of the power conferred by Sedi~n 319 of
E the Code ......................... "

It is, therefore, clear that if the evidence tendered in the course of any
enquiry or trial shows that any person not being the accused has committed
any offence for which he could be tried together with the accused, he can
be summoned to face trial even though he may not have been charge.sheeted
F by the investigating agency or may have been discharged at an earlier stage.·

6. The High Court has basically relied upon the· statements of six
witnesses which had been recorded by the investigating officer under Section
161 Cr.P.C.. to record a positive finding that the respondent could not have
been present at the scene of commission of the crime as he was present in
G a meeting ofNagar Nigam at Allahabad. A statement under Section 161 Cr.P.C ..
is not a substantive piece of evidence. In view of the proviso to sub-section
(I) of section 162 Cr.P.C., the statement can be used only for the limited
purpose of contradicting the maker thereof in the manner laid down in the said
proviso. Therefore, the High Court committed a manifest error of Jaw in relying
.H . upon wholly inadmissible evidence in recording a finding that Kapil Dev
RAJENDRASINGHv. STATEOFU.P. [G.P.MATHUR,J.] 843
Singh could not have been present at the scene of commission of the crime. A
7. That apart, the plea taken by the respondent Kapil Dev Singh in his
petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C. was that ofalibi. Section 103 of the Evidence
Act says that the burden of proof as to any particular fact lies on that person
who wishes the Court to believe in its existence, unless it is proved by any
law that the proof of that fact lie on any particular person. The sec9nd B
illustration to section I 03 reads as under :

"B wishes the Court to believe that at the time in question, he was
elsewhere. He must prove it."

This provision makes it obvious that the burden of establishing the plea C
of alibi set up by the respondent No. 2 in the petition filed by him under
Section 482 Cr.P.C. before the High Court lay squarely upon him. There is
hardly any doubt regarding this legal proposition. See Gurcharan Singh v.
State of Punjab, AIR (1956) SC 460, Chandrika Prasad Singh v. State of
Bihar, AIR (1972) SC 109 and State of Haryana v. Sher Singh, AIR 1981 SC
1021. This could be done by leading evidence in the trial and not by filing D
some affidavits before the High Court. In such a case the prosecution would
.. have got an opportunity to cross-examine those witnesses and demonstrate
that their testimony .was not correct. Learned counsel for the appellant has
submitted that in fact no affidavits were filed in the High Court but what was
filed were copies of two or three affidavits which were given by some persons E
before the Superintendent of Police, Allahabad. Thus, there was absolutely
no legal evidence in support of the plea of alibi of Kapil Dev Singh, which
the High Court chose to rely upon and accept for the purpose of quashing
the order passed by the learned Sessions Judge.

8. Shri S.R. Singh, learned senior counsel for the respondent No. 2, has F
submitted that though the statements recorded by the investigating officer
under Section 161 Cr.P.C. are not substantive piece of evidence, but the High
Court while exercising power under Section 482 Cr.P.C. could have looked into
attending circumstances, namely, the statements and the affidavits filed by
·some of these persons before the Superintendent of Police, Allahabad. Learned G
counsel has also submitted that the summoning order itself must exhibit
special· circr·mstances warranting such a course of action and if no speeial
circumstances are demonstrated in the order, the summoning order is per se
illegal. Learned counsel has further submitted that the trial of co-accused
Daya Singh has concluded and he has been acquitted by the learned Sessions
Judge and in such circumstances it will not be a so'und exercise of discretion H
/

844 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 8 S.C.R.

A to set aside the order passed by the High Court and restore that of the learned
Sessions Judge.

9. Shri Manoj Goel, learned counsel for the appellant, has, on the other
hand, submitted that the name of Kap ii Dev Singh was mentioned in the FIR
and a specific role was attributed to him. In his statement in Court the first
B informant Rajendra Singh had corroborated the version given in the FIR and
had not only mentioned about the presence of Kapil Dev Singh at the scene
of commission of the crime but had assigned specific role to him. He has also
submitted that having regard to the background of the case, viz., the earlier
tripple murder case in which Nigam Singh was the first informant and the main
C eye-witness, the accused had a strong motive to commit his murder. Learned
counsel has thus submitted that the ingredients of Section 319 Cr.P.C. were
fully satisfied and the learned Sessions Judge had rightly exercised the power
and had summoned the accused. Shri Goel has also submitted that in the
present case, the learned Sessions Judge while acquitting the co-accused
Daya Singh in the trial which concluded much later has referred to the
D impugned order of the High Court dated 24.4.2006 at several places in t~
judgment and has observed that fifty per cent of the prosecution case has
already been disbelieved by the High Court. Learned counsel has also made
a statement that the first informant Rajendra Singh has filed Criminal Revision
No.1828 of2007 (Rajendra Singh v. Daya Singh) challenging the acquittal of
E Daya Singh which has been admitted by the High Court on l l.7.2007 and is
pending for hearing.

l 0. Having considered the submissions made by learned counsel for the
partfes, we are of the opinion that the statements of the witnesses under
Seftion 161 Cr.P.C. being wholly inadmissible in evidence could not at all be
F ta~p into consideration. The High Court relied upon wholly inadmissible
evR!ence to set aside the order passed by the learned Sessions Judge. That
ap~rt, no finding on a plea of alibi can be recorded by the High Court for the
first time in a petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C. As mentioned above, the
burden to prove the plea of alibi lay upon the accused which he could do
by leading evidence in the trial and not by filing some affidavits or statements
G purported to have been recorded under Section 161 Cr.P.C. The whole procedure
1
adopted by the High Court is clearly illegal and cannot be sustained. The
other argument based upon the acquittal 'of co-accused Daya Singh has also
n~ merits. The question as to whether an order passed under Section 319
,•
Cr.P.C. would cease to be operative if the trial of the co-accused has been
H concluded, has been considered in Shashikant Singh v. Tarkeshwar Singh
RAJENDRASINGHv. STATEOFU.P.[G.P.MATHUR,J.] 845
[20021 5 sec 738. and it was held as under in para 9 of the report : A
"9. The intention of the provision here is that where in the course of
any enquiry into, or trial of, an offence, it appears to the court from
the evidence that any person not being the accused has committed
any offence, the court may proceed against him for the offence which
he appears to have committed. At the stage, the court would consider B
that such a person could be tried together with the accused who is
already before the Court facing the trial. The safeguard provided in
respect of such person is that, the proceedings right from the beginning
have mandatorily to be commenced afresh and the witnesses re-heard.
In short, there has to be a de novo trial against him. The provision C
of de novo trial is mandatory. It vitally affects the rights of a person
so brought before the Court. It would not be sufficient to only tender
the witnesses for the cross-examination of such a person. They have
to be examined afresh. Fresh examination in chief and not only their
presentation for the purpose of the cross-examination of the newly
added accused is the mandate of Section 319(4). The words 'could be D
tried together with the accused' in Section 319(1 ), appear to be only
directory. 'Could be' cannot under these circumstances be held to be
'must be'. The provision cannot be interpreted to mean that since the
trial in respect of a person who was before the Court has concluded
with the result that the newly added person cannot be tried together E
with the accused ,_.,. .o was before the Court when order under Section
~.

319(1) was passed, the order would become ineffective and inoperative,
nullifying the opinion earlier formed by the Court on the basis of
evidence before it that the newly added person appears to have
committed the offence resulting in an order for his being brought
before the Court." F
Therefore the mere fact that trial of co-accused Daya Singh has concluded
cannot have the effect of nullifying or making the order passed by the learned
Sessions Judge on 26.5.2005 as infructuous.

11. The learned Sessions Judge trying the case of co-accused Daya G
Singh seems to have been swayed by the fact that the High Court had not
(,11ly set aside the order passed by the learned Sessions Judge unc;~r Section
319 Cr.P.C. by which the respondent No. 2 Kapil Dev Singh was summoned
to face trial but had also recorded a finding in his favour that he was present
in a meeting in Nagar Nigam, Allahabad. Since we are setting aside the order H
of the High Court, the aforesaid finding of the learned Sessions Judge would
846 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 8 S.C.R.

A automatically go and cannot stand.
12. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case and .in the
interest of justice, we consider it desirable that the criminal revision filed by
Rajendra Singh against the acquittal of Daya Singh should be heard by the
High Court as expeditiously as possible. We accordingly request the High
B Court fo decide Criminal Revision No.1828 of 2007 (Rajendra Singh v. Daya
Singh) expeditiously preferably within a period of four months of presentation
of a certified copy of this order before the High Court.

13. In the result, the appeal succeeds and is hereby allowed. The
impugned judgment and order dated 24.4.2006 of the i-ligh Court is set aside
C and the order dated 26.5.2005 passed by the learned Sessions Judge,
Allahabad, summoning respondent No. 2 Kapil Dev Singh to face trial is
restored.

P.K. BALASUBRAMANY AN, J. 1. I very respectfully agree with the
reasoning and conclusion of my learned Brother. But, I would like to add a
D few words on Section 319 of the Code of Criminal Procedure with a view at
least to kindle a thought.

2. Section 319 (1), which is relevant for our purpose reads:

"319. Power to proceed against o.ther persons appearing to be guilty
E of offence- ( 1) Where, in the course of any inquiry into, or trial of, an ·
offence, it appears from the evidence that any person not being the
accused has committed any offence for which such person could be
tried together with the accused, the Court rriay proceed against such
person for the offence which he appears to have committed."

F As I see it, the words are plain and the meaning clear. When in the course
of the enquiry or trial, it appears to the court from the evidence that a person,
not arrayed as an accused, appears to have committed any offence for wltich
that person could be tried together with the accused, the court may proceed
.i
against that person. Surely, it must appear to the Court from the evidence that
someone not arrayed as an accused, appears to have committed an offence.
G Be it noted, the Court need not be satisfied that he has committed an offence.
It need only appear to it that he has committed an offence. In .other words,
from the evidence it neeu only appear to it that someone else has committed
an offence, to exercise jurisdiction under Section 319 of the Code. Even then,
it has a discretion not to proceed, since the expression used is 'may' and not
H 'shall'. The legislature apparently wanted to leave that discretion to the trial
court so as to enable it to exercise its jurisdiction under this section. The
RAJENDRA SINGH v. STATE OF U.P. [BALASUBRAMANYAN, J.] 847
· expression 'appears' indicates an application of mind by the court to the A
-. evidence that has come before it and then taking a decision to proceed under
Section 319 of the Code or not. With great respect, I see no reason to describe
the power as an extraordinary power or to confine the exercise of it only if
compelling reasons exist for taking cognizance against any other person
against whom action has not been taken. After all, the section only gives
power to the court to ensure that all those apparently involved in the B
commission of an offence are tried together and none left out. I see no reason
to curtail this power of the court to do justice to the victim and to the society.
It appears to me that it is left to the judicial discretion of the court, judicially
trained, to decide to proceed or not to proceed against a person in terms of
Section 3 19 of the Code.
C'
3. The decision in Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Ram Kishan
Rohtagi & Ors., [1983] 1 S.C.C. I which described the power as an extraordinary
power to be exercised very sparingly and only if compelling reasons exist
proceeded on its own peculiar facts. The broad statement contained in that
decision cannot be understood out of context. That was a case where the
very same proceeding against certain persons initially arrayed as accused, D
had been quashed. But, thereafter from the evidence, it appeared to the court
that some of them have to be tried as accused in exercise of power under
Section 319 of the Code. This Court in that context after referring to Joginder
Singh v. State of Punjab, [1979] 2 S.C.R. 306 held that ifthe prosecution can
at any stage produce evidence which satisfies the court that the other accused E
or those who have not been arrayed as accused against whom proceedings
have been quashed, have also committed the offence, the Court can take
cognizance against them and try them along with the other accused. This
Court thus upheld the power of the court to invoke Section 319 of the Code
even in. such a case. Their Lordships then added:
F
"But, we would hasten to add that this is really an extraordinary
power which is conferred on the court and should be used very
sparingly and only if compelling reasons exist for taking cognizance
against the other person against whom action has not been taken."

With respect, I understand this sentence as relating to exercise of the power G
under Section 319 of the Code in a case where the prosecution against the
person sought to be arraigned, had earlier been qua~ned by the court, but
still he is to be roped in, in exercise of power under Section 319 of the Code.

4. These observations have unfortunately led to some decisions using
these expressions, even in cases where there has not been a prior quashing H
848 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 8 S.CR.

A of the charge and a proceeding is taken in terms of Section 319 of the Code.
With respect, it appears to me that there is no warrant for such narrowing
down of the power of the court.. After all, an authority has to be understood
in the context of the facts based on which the observations therein are made.
The ratio of a decision is generally secundum subjectam materiam.

B 5. In Quinn v. Leathem, (190 I) A.C. 495, Earl of Halsbury L.C. stated:

" ........................................................... ,that every judgment must be read
as applicable to the particular facts proved, or assumed to be proved,
since the generality of the expressions which may be found there are
not intended to be expositions of the whole law, but governed and
c qualified by the particular facts of the case in which such expressions
are to be found. The other is that a case is only an authority for what
it actually decides."

The above dictum, as regards the first proposition, was quoted and adopted
by the Privy Council in Punjab Cooperative Bank Ltd. v. Commissioner of
D Income Tax, Lahore, A.LR. (1940) P.C. 230

6. The power under Section 3 19 of the Code is conferred on the court
to ensure that justice is done to the society by bringing to book all those
guilty of an offence. One of the aims and purposes of the Criminal Justice
System is to maintain social order. It is necessary in that context to ensure
E that no one who appears to be guilty escapes a proper trial in relation to that
guilt. There is also a duty to render justice to the victim of the offence. It is
in recognition ofthis that the Code has specifically conferred a power in the
court to proceed against others not arrayed as accused in the circumstances
set out by this Section. It is a salutary power enabling the discharge of a J
court's obligation to the society to bring to book all those guilty of a crime.
F
7. Exercise of power under Section 319 of the Code, in my view, is left
to the court trying the offence based on the evidence that comes before it.
The court must be satisfied of the condition precedent for the exercise of
power under Section 319 of the Code. There is no reason to assume that a
court trained in law would not exercise the power within the confines of the
G provision and. decide whether it may proceed against such person or not.
There is no rationale in fettering that power. and the discretion, either by
calling it extraordinary or by stating that it will be exercised only in exceptional
circumstances. It is intended to be used when the occasion envisaged by the
section arises. · ·:-

H K.K.T. Appeal allowed;