RAM AVTAR AND ORS.versusTHE STATE OF U.P.

                         RAM AVTAR AND ORS.                                       A
                                      v.
                           THE STATE OF U.P.

                          NOVEMBER 20, 2002

               [Y.K. SABHARWAL AND H.K. SEMA, JJ.]                                B

      Penal Code, 1860; Sections 224, 225, 302 r!w 149 and 307 r!w 149:

       Murder-Injuries to both parties-Right to private defence-
Commencement of-Held, Testimony of eye-witnesses clearly shows that danger        C
to the life and liberty of accused did not exist-Under the circumstances, right
to private defence not available to them.

       Injuries sustained by accused-Non-explanation thereof by the
prosecution-Effect of-Held, since prosecution evidence clear, cogent and          D
credit-worthy, it could not be rejected solely on the ground of non-explanation
of injuries by the prosecution.

      According to the prosecution, PWl, brother of the deceased, lodged
an FIR that two constables of GRP came to the house of his deceased
brother enquiring whereabouts of one of the accused-appellant in E
connection with his arrest in some matter, These constables stayed with
him and on the next morning they went along with PW!, his three brothers
and others to a Chaupal where they found accused and held him. On
raising alarm, relatives of accused came there equipped with weapons and
assaulted the two constables and others resulting in the death of one of
the brother of PW! on the spot and other at the hospital. Trial Court found F
8 accused persons guilty of committing offences under Sections 224, 225,
302 r/w 149 and Section 307 r/w Section 149 !PC and convicted and
sentenced them accordingly. On appeal, High Court affirmed the
conviction and sentence, except the conviction and sentence under Sections
224 and 225 !PC. Hence these appeals by the convicted accused.                    G
      Dismissing the appeals, the Court

      HELD: I. On reappraisal of the testimony of eye-witnesses PWs. 1,
4, 7 & 8, High Court came to the finding that the accused party have
exceeded the right of private defence because right of private defence will       H
                                     247
    248                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A   remain limited to the extent it could have been available against a private
    individual. Relying upon the evidence of PWI that one of the deceased
    was found lying dead outside a Baithak, High Court held that if
    prosec1;1tion witnesses had gone to the B~ithak where accused was present,
    the accused already came out and the danger to his life had ceased to exist.
B   It also appears from the testimony of PWs.1,4, 7 and 8 that the two
    constables had withdrawn themselves immediately of an assault on their
    person. This will clearly show that the so called danger to the life and
    liberty of accused had ceased to exist. [250-G, H; 251-A-B)

          2. The complainant party received as many as 40 injuries including
C   the injuries sustained by the two deceased persons, whereas the accused
    party sustained only 7 injuries. The deceased also sustained injuries. With
    regard to the injuries sustained by one of the deceased, the prosecution
    evidence is that he was first assaulted by lathis and when he was running
    away he was fired upon by fire arms. The injuries sustained by the
    deceased were first medically examined by Medical Officer-PW2, who was
D   of the opinion that there were six lathi injuries and two gun shot injuries
    on the person of the deceased. And that the nature of the gun shot injuries
    shows that they could have probably been caused at the time when the
    deceased was running away. [250-D-F]

E         3. The Jaw is well settled on the subject that where the prosecution
    evidence is clear, cogent and credit-worthy, mere fact that injuries are not
    explained by the prosecution cannot by itself be a sole basis to reject such
    evidence and consequently the whole case. As noticed, in the instant case,
    the prosecution evidence is clear, cogent and credit-worthy and admits no
    ambiguity. [252-E, F)
F
         CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
    613 of 645 of 1994.

         From .the Judgment and Order dated 16.9.1993 of the Allahabad High
    Court in Crl. A. No. 2426, 2427and 2433 of 1979.
G
         Salman Khurshid, Imtiaz Ahmed, Ms. Naghma Ahmed, Yunus Malik
    and Lakshmi Raman Singh for the Appellants.

         Arvind K. Shukla, Rasheed Saeed and Pramod Swarup for the
H   Respondent.
                   RAMAVTAR v. STATEOFU.P. [H.K. SEMA, J.]                    249

         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                                   A
          SEMA, J, These appeals have been preferred by eight appellants, who
    had been convicted by the learned Vlll Additional Sessions Judge, Fatehgarh
    which had been confirmed by the High Court. The High Court, while
    confirming the sentence and conviction of the appellants under Section 302
    IPC with the aid of Section 149 !PC and Section 307 !PC with the aid of           B
    Section 149 !PC set aside their conviction and sentence under Sections 224
    and 225 IPC.

          During the pendency of· the appeals, three accused, namely, Saddan
    s/o Shri Banni (appellant No. 2), Sonpal s/o Shri Punni (appellant No. 3) and     C
    Net Ram s/o Shri Parasad (appellant No. 6) expired. Their appeals, therefore,
    stand abated. These appeals are survived in respect of Ram Avtar s/o Rohan
    Lal (appellant No. I), Shambhu s/o Shri Rohan Lal (appellant No. 4), Shivaji
    s/o Shri Rohan Lal (appellant No. 5), Nek Ram s/o Fauzdar (appellant No.
    7) and Kailash s/o Shri Ram swarup (appellant No.8).
                                                                                      D
          In these cases, the accused are related. The complainant group is also
    related among themselves. Accused Net Ram and Rohan are brothers being
    the sons of Parasad. Accused Ram Avtar, Shambhu and Shivji are sons of
    Rohan. Similarly, accused Subhash Chandra and Mool Chand are sons of
    Devi Shankar. Among the injured persons, Raj Narain, Prem Narain, Bhoop
    Narain, and Brij Narain are brothers. The other injured, namely, Rakesh,          E
    Shashi Kant and Vipin are sons of Raj Narain, while Mukesh is the son of
    Prem Narain.

            Briefly stated the prosecution case is that PW-I Brij Narain lodged the
    first information report (exh. Ka 17) that two constables from GRP Kaimganj,
    namely, Mahtab Singh and Lal Hans had come to the house of his brother            F
•   Shoop Narain in the evening of22.l l.76 and disclosed that they had warrant
    of arrest of accused Ram Avtar S/o Rohan. They sent Bhoop Narain to
    ascertain the availability of Ram Avtar but he returned with negative
    information. Next morning, the two constables who had stayed with Bhoop
    Narain, were informed by Bhoop Narain that Ram Avtar was sitting in the           G
    Chau pal of Son Pal Kahar warming himself near the fire. After receipt of the
    said information, two constables together with Brij Narain Hardwai, Puttu
    Lal, Bhopal Singh, Rishi Pal, Shoop Narain, Raj Narain, Prem Narain and
    Reeti Mal went to arrest Ram Avtar. After pointing out to Ram A vtar, the
    two constables held him. Saddan and Son Pal were sitting by the side of Ram
    Avtar. On being held, Ram Avtar raised an alarm calling his father Rohan.         H
      250                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

·-A Thereupon, Rohan along with his two sons Shambhu and Shivji and brother
      Net Ram and others, namely, Nek Ram, Amar Nath, Kailash, Subedar, Har
      Narain, Devi Shankar, Moo! Chand and Subhash Chand arrived. Out of these
      Har Narain was holding his licenced gun while Net Ram and Subhash Chand
      had illicit guns and Moo! Chand and Amar Nath had Tamancha. Rohan,
  B   Shambhu, Shivji, Nek Ram, Devi Shankar Kailash and Subedar had Iathis.
      They assaulted the two constables resulting in injuries in their head. Ram
      A vtar was, thus rescued. Saddan and Son Pal also brought Tamancha from
      their house. They all began to make fire from their guns and started assaulting
      with the help of lathis, resulting injuries to different persons and death of
      Bhoop Narain at the spot. Injured Prem Narain was removed to the hospital
  C   where he died.

            During the trial, there was practically no dispute about the factum of
      scuffle that had taken place except certain variations about the time. Both the
      courts below have accepted the eye-witness account of PW- I Brij Narain,
      PW-4 Raj Narain, PW-7 Bhopal Singh and PW-8 Constable Mahtab Singh.
  D
            In the instant cases, from the evidence on record, it appears that the
      complainant party received as many as 40 injuries including the injuries
      sustained by the_ deceased Bhoop Narain and Prem Narain, whereas, the
      accused party sustained only .7 injuries. The deceased Bhoop Narain and
  E   Prem Narain sustained eight injuries. With regard to the injuries sustained by
      the deceased, Prem Narain, the prosecution evidence is that he was first
      assaulted by lathis and when he was running away he was fired upon by fire
      arms. The injuries sustained by Prem Narain, deceased, were first medically
      examined by Dr. R.P. Gupta PW-2 of the District Hospital, Fatehgarh. Dr.
      Gupta was of the opinion that there were six lathi injuries and two gun shot
  F   injuries on the person of the deceased Prem Narain. He further opined that
      the nature of the gun shot injuries shows that they could have probably been
      caused at the time when the deceased was running away. According to him,
      'injury No. 7 is a gun shot wound ; 1/.i" x '-114" x muscle deep present over the
      back of right forearm upper 3rd part.'

  G         On reappraisal ofthe testimony of PW-I Brij Narain, PW-4 Raj Narain,
      PW-7 Bhopal Singh and PW-8 Mahtab Singh, the High Court came to the
      finding that the accused party have exceeded the right of private defence
      because right of private defence will remain limited to the extent it could
      have been available against a private individual. Relying upon the evidence
  H   of PW-1 Brij Narain that Bhoop Narain was found lying dead outside the
                    RAM AVT AR v. STATE OFU.P. [H.K. SEMA, J.]                  251
     Baithak of Son Pal (Kahar), the High Court had held that if the prosecution       A
     witnesses had gone to the Baithak of Son Pal where Ram Avtar and others
     were warming themselves, he had already come out and the danger to the life
     had ceased to exist. It also appears from the testimony of PWs. I, 4, 7 and
     8 that the two constables had withdrawn themselves immediately of an assault
     on their person. This will clearly show that the so called danger to the life     B
     and liberty of Ram Avtar had ceased to exist.

           As already noticed, the High Court, on reappraisal of the entire evidence
     on record, particularly of PWs. 1, 4, 7 and 8, has come to the following
     findings:

                 "It has been stated by all concerned Brij Narayan, Bhopal Singh C
             and Raj Narayan as also constable Mahtab Singh that the two
             constables had withdrawn themselves immediately of an assault on
             their person. This also means that the so called danger to the liberty
             of Ram Awatar had ceased to exist. Then again, it was shown in the
             cross-examination of PW-1 Brij Narayan that Prem Narayan got the D
             gun injury when he was in the lance behind the Baithak of Sonpal.
.r
             When a person even if he was aggressor has gone back and 'reached
             back of the house where he had gone for aggression, the right of
             private defence would not continue. This right is always limited to
             the extent that it can repell the aggressor, it is not a matter of defence
             but a matter of retaliation which cannot be permitted for looked upon E
             with an eye of approval. Even the person who made tire upon Prem
             Narayan had come out from the Baithak of Sonpal and is shown to
             have been on the Chabutra, possibly belonging to Brij Nandan, son
             of Punni. !t has also been made out in his cross-examination that


-            when Rakesh, Shashikant, Bipin and Mukesh arrived, Bhoop Narayan, p
             Revti Raman and Prem Narayan were already lying on the earth
             surrounded by the accused persons. This means that they had not
             only over powered Bhoop Narayan, Revti Raman and others but were
             in a domination situation but despite that these villagers have been
             given injuries including gun shot wounds. This simply shows that the
             incident was not limited at the stage of self defence. Even if the G
             earlier act was aggression by the complainant group, the accused
             group has not confined itself to the mere residence to save its life and
             liberty but has gone to the extent of complete retaliation, for which
             they would have no right. Further existing right of private defence
             can be at times against an individual only but it cannot form the H
    252                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A            matter of common intention at all. The situation in this case is a little
             bit abnormal. Nothing has been said as to who had, in fact acceded
             the right of private defence. The right of private defence could be
             available at best to Ram Awatar, Son Pal and Netram and may be to
             other persons who had arrived on the alarm raised by Ram Awatar or
             for any reason but then the right of every person will be limited to
B            save his own in so far as the injuries are concerned and to save the
             person of Ram Awatar from illegal arrest and by no stretch of
             imagination it can take the shape that all persons had 'a right to finish
             the aggressor group. An individual action in exceeding right of private
             defence may be tolerated but where the entire group behaves in a
C            manner acceding that right, it is a matter of aggression on their own
             part with common intention of retaliation."

          Mr. Salman Khurshid, learned senior counsel has taken pain to take us
    to the entire evidence again which, in our view, is a mere repetition of what
    has been discussed already by two courts. We are unable to persuade ourselves
D   to take the view contrary to the views already taken by two courts.

           Lastly, learned senior counsel for the appellants faintly submits that the
    injuries sustained by the accused have not been explained by the prosecution,
    which will affect the prosecution case. The law is now well settled on this
    subject that where the prosecution evidence is clear, cogent and credit-worthy,
E   mere fact that injuries are not explained by the prosecution cannot by itself
    be a sole basis to reject such evidence and consequently the whole case. As
    noticed above, in the instant case, the prosecution evidence is clear, cogent
    and credit-worthy and admits no ambiguity.

F         For the reasons aforestated, there is no merit in these appeals, which
    are accordingly dismissed. The appellants are on bail. Their bail bonds are
    cancelled. They are directed to surrender to the bail and serve out the remaining
    part of sentence.

    S.K.S.                                                       Appeals dismissed.