ROOPENDRA SINGHversusSTATE OF TRIPURA & ANR.

                             (2017] 1 S.C.R. 930



A                          ROOPENDRA SINGH
                                      v.
                       STATE OF .TRIPURA & ANR.
                      (Criminal Appeal No. 690of2017)
B                              APRIL 11, 2017
     [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL AND UDAY UMESH LALIT, JJ.]
           Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973:
           ss. 372, 378(4) - Acquittal ull's. 342, 376(2j(b) and 506 !PC
c   - Appeal thereagainst by the victim uls. 3 72 - Objection raised that
    unless leave was granted u!s. 378(4), appeal could not be admitted
    - Petition u/s. 482 by victim treating the said criminal appeal u/s.
    3721378 - High Court held that no leave was required for the victim
    to file such appeal - On appeal, held: Though Amicus Curie
    suggested that in view of anomalies in Satya Pal Singh's case, it needs
D
    reconsideration, such course ought not to be adopted - Special
    leave petition is pending for last 5 years - Since the victim had
    already filed an application to treat the appeal initially filed uls.
    372 to be one uls. 3721378, the leave ought _to be granted- Pending
    appeal to be considered on merits by the High Court.
E           ss. 372, 378(4) - Acquittal of accused for the offences
    punishable u!ss. 302, 201134 IPC-Appeal u!s. 372 by the informant-
    widow of the deceased, rejected - As also leave to appeal against
    acquittal not granted to the State - On appeal, held: s. 372 confers
    upon a victim a substantive and independent right to maintain an
F   appeal against acquittal - Widow of the deceased comes within the
    definition of 'victim' - Merely because leave to appeal was not
    granted to the State, the appeal preferred by victim-informant ought
    not to have been rejected by the High Court summarily - Said order
    passed by the High Court set aside - Matter remit1ed to the High
    Court for fresh consideration, in the light of Satya Pal Singh 's case.
G
          Satya Pal Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh 2015 (15) SCC
    613 - referred to.
                             Case Law Reference
    2015 (15) sec 613                referred to             Para4
H
                                   930
     ROOPENDRA SINGH v. STATE OF TRIPURA & ANR.                                931



       CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal                         A
No. 690 of2017.
       From the Judgment and Order dated 06.06.2012 of the High Court
ofGauhati atAgartala Bench in Crl. Misc. Appl. No. 253 of2011 in Crl.
Appeal No. 23of2011
                                  WITH                                          B

       Crl.A. Nos. 691-692 of2017.
       Shekhar Naphade, Sr. Adv. (A.C.)
       Bijan Kumar Ghosh, Nishant Singla, Rauf Rahim, Advs. for the
Appellant.                                                                      C
      Gopal Singh, Rituraj Biswas, Ms. Yarsha Poddar, Ms. Nidhi,
Nishant Ramakantrao Katneshwarkar, Advs. for the Respondents.
       The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
       UDAY UMESH LAUT, J. I. Leave granted 111 both the                        D
matters.
I    Criminal Appeal @out of SLP (Crl.) No.7014 of 2012)
         2. The appellant was tried in Sessions Trial No.22 (WT/K) 2010
in the Court of Additional Sessions Judge, Khowai, West Tripura for
                                                                                E
having committed offences punishable under Sections 342, 376(2)(b)
and 506 IPC and was acquitted of all the charges leveled against him
vide judgment of the Trial Court dated 28.04.2011. Respondent No.2,
i.e. the victim challenged the acquittal by filing Criminal Appeal No.23
of 2011 in the Gauhati High Court, Agartala Bench. This appeal was
filed under Section 372 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 ('Cr.P.C.'          F
for short). When the appeal was listed for admission, an objection was
taken that unless "leave" was granted under Section 378(4) ofCr.P.C.,
the appeal could not be admitted. At this juncture, a petition under Section
482 of Cr.P.C. was filed by Respondent No.2 for treating said criminal
appeal under Section 372 read with Section 378 Cr.P.C.
                                                                                G
       3. The matter was contested .. The High Court by its judgment
and order dated 06.06.2012 concluded that there was an unfettered right
conferred upon the victim by Section 372 Cr. P.C. and that no leave was
required for the victim to file such appeal. Consequently, the High Court
observed that there was no necessity for converting the appeal to one
                                                                                H
932               SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2017] I S · !C



A     under Section 372 read with 378 Cr.P.C. The following observations
      are noteworthy:-
                    "The proviso to Section 3 72 has created a right to appeal
                unfett"ered of any leave or sanction and it shall automatically lie
                to the forum where an appeal ordinarily lies against the order of
B               conviction of such court ifthe said appeal against the judgment
                and orderofacquittal is filed by the victim as defined in Section
                2 (wa) of Cr.P.C.
                      For the reasons as stated above, this court is of the view
                that even though the right to appeal for the victim has been created
                by the proviso to Section 372 of Cr.P.C, the said proviso itself is
c               a comprehensive provision, not fettered by any leave or sanction
                as required for the categories of appeals as depicted in Section
                378( I), 3 78(2) and 378( 4) ofCr.P.C. No leave is required for the
                victim to file an appeal as against the order of acquittal under the
                proviso to Section 372 ofCr.P.C."
D
              4 .. The correctness of the decision of the High Court is questioned
      by the appellant-accused. By order dated 13.08.2014, Mr. Shekhar
      Naphade, learned Senior Advocate was requested to assist the Court as
      Amicus Curiae and the matter was directed to be listed for final hearing.
      In the meantime a decision was rendered by this Court on 06.10.2015 in
E     Satya Pal Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh'. Paras 14, 15, 17 and
      18 of the decision are as under:-
                "14. Thus, from a reading of the above said legal position laid
                down by this Court in the cases referred to supra, it is abundantly
                clear that the proviso to Sectic.1372 Cr.P.C. must be read along
 F              with its main enactment i.e. Section 3 72 itself and together with
                sub-section (3) of Section 378 Cr.P.C. otherwise the substantive
                provision of Section 372 Cr.P.C. will be rendered nugatory, as it
                clearly states that no appeal shall lie from any judgment or order
                of a criminal court except as provided by Cr.P.C.

G                15. Thus, to conclude on the legal issue:
                 "whether the appellant herein, being the father of the deceased,
                 has statutory right to prefer an appeal to the High Court against
                 the order of acquittal under the proviso to Section 3 72 Cr.P.C.

       1
           2015 (15) sec 613
H
     ROOPENDRA SINGH v. STATE OF TRIPURA & ANR.                                933
              [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.]

       without obtaining the leave of the High Court as required under          A
       sub-section (3) of.Secti~n 3(8 Cr.P.C.?" .
       this Court is of the view that the right of questioning the
       correctness of the judgment and order of acquittal by preferring
       an appeal to the High Court is conferred upon the victim including
       the legal heir and others, as defined under Section 2(wa)Cr.P.C.,        B
       under the proviso to Section 372, but only after obtaining the
       leave of the High Court as required under sub-section (3) of
       Section 3 78 Cr.P.C. The High Court of M.P. has failed to deal
       with this important legal aspect of the matter while passing the
       impugned judgment and order·
                                                                               c
       17. Hence, the impugned judgment and order of the High Court
       is not sustainable in law and the same is liable to be set aside by
       this Court and the case is required to be remanded to the High
       Court to consider for grant of leave to file an appeal by the
       appellant as required under sub-section (3) of Section 378 Cr.P.C.
       and thereafter proceed in the matter.                                    D

       18. For the reasons stated supra, this appeal is allowed by setting
       aside the impugned judgment and order of the High Court. The
       case is remanded to the High Court to hear the appellant with
       regard to grant of leave to file an appeal as the appellant ·is legal
       heir of the victim as defined under Section 2(wa) Cr.P.C. and            E
       dispose of the appeal in accordance with law in the light of
       observations made in this order as expeditiously as possible.
       5. The decision in Sutyu Pu/ Singh shows that reliance was
placed on a Full Bench decision of High Court of Delhi in Rum Plwlv.
Stute u11d others', according to which the right to prefer an appeal      F
conferred upon a victim by virtue of proviso to Section 372 Cr.P.C. is an
independent statutory right and there is no need for the victim to seek
leave of the High Court. Said decision of the Full Bench of the High ·
Court ofDelhi was not found to be legally correct by this Court in Satya
Pal Singh.                                                                G
        6. When this matter came up for final hearing, the learnedAmicus
Curiae submitted that the decision of this Court in Satya Pal Singh
required reconsideration. It was submitted that proviso to Section 372
Cr.P.C. is an independent provision conferring a substantive right on the
'2015 sec Online Delhi 9802~2015 221 DLT I                                      H
934             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2017] I S.C.R.


A     victim to prefer an appeal against the judgment of acquittal, conviction
      for lesser offence or inadequate compensation. It was further submitted
      that appeals under Sections 373, 374, 377, 379 and 380 in Chapter XXIX
      of Cr.P.C. constitute one category of appeals which can be presented
      without obtaining leave of the appellate court while appeals under Section
      378 whether by the State Government, Central Government or by the
B
      Complainant against the order of acquittal constitute another category
      of appeals which are circumscribed by the requirement of obtaining leave
      of the High Court. In his submission, the appeal under proviso to Section
      372 falls in the first category of appeals and as rightly observed by the
      High Court ofGauhati in the present case, no leave of the High Court
c     was required. The learned Amicus Curiae then traced the legislative
      history and submitted that in the 1898 Code of Criminal Procedure as
      originally enacted no right was conferred on the Complainant to file an
      appeal against acquittal, which forthe firsttime was introduced in Section
      4 I 7 of the I 898 Code in the year 1955. He further submitted that though
      the Law Commission in its 41" Report had rejected the suggestion of
D
      permitting the victim to file appeals against orderofacquittal, in its I 54'"
       Report the Law Commission had relied on the 1985 Union Nations
      Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for victims ofcrimes and abuse
      of power. The Report of the Law Commission noted that the victims
       were the worst sufferers in the crime and needed to be given certain
 E     rights and compensation. The learned Amicus Curiae then stated that
       these developments led to the constitution of Malimath Committee which
       recommended that the victims should have the right to file appeal against
       acquittal and that is how the proviso to Section 372 came to be inserted
       by Amendment Act of2008. He laid emphasis on following portion from
       the Objects and Reasons which weighed with the Parliament while
 F
       inserting the proviso:-
                     "At present, the victims are the worst sufferers in a crime
               and they do not have much role in the court proceedings. They
               need to be given certain rights and compensation, so that there is
               no distortion of the criminal justice system."
 G
              He submitted that the Statement of Objects and Reasons clearly
      stressed that the administration of Criminal Law has tendency to distort
      and therefore the victims are the worst sufferers and as such the
      Parliament had given an unrestricted right to the victim to prefer appeal
      against acquittal.
 H
     ROOPENDRA SINGH v. STATE OF TRIPURA & ANR.                                935
              [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.]

       7. In his written submissions the learned Amicus Curiae sought .        A
to bring out the anomalies in the decision of this Court in Satya Pal
Singh in following tenns:-
       "( I) This Hon'ble Court in Satya Pal Singh's case has missed
       out the significance of the word "conviction" used in the proviso
       to S. 372 Cr. P.C. Under the code, against a conviction, an·            B
       appeal does not necessarily lie to the High Court. Section 374
       lays down different foras for preferring an appeal against
       conviction.
       i If a per~on is convicted 'in a trial held by the High Court in its
       extraordinary original criminal Jurisdiction, an appeal lies to the     c
       Supreme 'court:
       ii Any person convicted by the Sessions Judge or the Assistant
       Sessions Judge, an appeal lies to the High Court.
       iii If a person is convicted by any Court in which the sentence of
       Imprisonment for more than 7 years is passed he may appeal to            D
       the High Court.
       iv Any person convicted in a trial held in the Court of a
       Metropolitan Magistrate or Assistant Sessions Judge or
       Magistrate of the first class or second class, his appeal will lie to
       the Court of Sessions.                                                   E
       v If any person is sentence by the aforesaid Judicial authorities
       i.e. Metropolitan Magistrate, Assistant Judge, Sessions Judge
       and sentenced under Section 325, an appeal lies to the Court of
       Sessions.
                                                                                F
       vi Any person convicted and sentenced by the Magistrate u/S
       360 an appeal lies to the Court of Sessions.
       (2) The Proviso to Section 372 not only deals with filing of
       appeal by the victim but it also provides for Forum. The Forum
       of such appeals is same as in case of appeals against conviction.
       Section 374 shows that some appeals against conviction lie               G
       before Session Court. Therefore, some appeals of the victim
       against acquittal would lie before the Sessions Court. In respect
       of such appeals there is no question of obtaining leave. This
       creates serious anomaly.
                                                                                H
936             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2017] I S.C.R.


A             (3) The proviso to S. 372 deals with the rights of the victim to file
              an appeal against the following order:
              i. against acquittal
              ii. against conviction for a lesser offence and

B             :ii. against imposition of inadequate compensation
                   As far as imposing inadequate compensation. is concerned,
              the Government has no role to play. Once it is laid down that a
              right of appeal under the proviso is controlled by Section 378 (3)
              Cr. P.C. then such a stipulation would apply to appeals against
c             all the three orders."
              8. Though the learned Amicus Curie has suggested that these
      matters be referred to larger Bench to reconsider the decision of this
      Court in Satya Pal Singh, we do not think that such course ought to be
      adopted in the present matter.The special leave petition has been pending
      in this Court for last 5 years. In any case, in the present matter the
D
      victim had preferred an· application to treat the appeal initially filed under
      Section 372 to be one under Section 372 read with Section 378 Cr.P.C.
      Though the High Court observed that no such leave was necessary, the
      matter now assumes different complexion in the light of the decision in
      Satya Pal Singlt. However, since there was already an application on
E     behalf of the victim to treat the appeal under Section 3 72 read with
      Section 378 Cr.P.C., in our considered view the leave ought to be granted,
      which we presently do. The pending appeal shall now be considered on
      merits by the High Court. This appeal, thus, stands disposed of.
      II Criminal Appeals arising out ofSLP{Crl) Nos.8316-17 of2012
 F
            9. These appeals, at the instance of the original informant question
     the orders dated 20.06.2012 and 28.06.2012 passed by the High Court
     of Judicature at Bombay, Nagpur Bench, Nagpur. By order dated
     20.06.2012 Criminal Application No.399 of2012 preferred by State of
     Maharashtra seeking leave to appeal against the judgment and order
 G   dated 04.02.2012 passed by the Extra Joint Ad-hoc Additional Sessions
     Judge, Kelapur in Sessions Trial No.6 of201 I acquitting the accused of
     the offences punishable under Section 302, 201 read with Section 34
   · !PC was rejected by the High Court. The appeal under Section 3 72
     Cr.P.C. preferred by the Informant, who also happens to be the widow
     of the deceased was rejected in the light of the earlier rejection dated
 H
      ROOPENDRA SINGH v. STATE OF TRIPURA & ANR.                               937
               [UDAY UMESH LAUT, J.]

20.06.2012. It appears that State of Maharasthra did not challenge the         A
rejection of their application seeking leave to appeal. This Court issued
notice in the aforesaid matter on 12.10.2012 and the matter was thereafter
tagged with SLP(Crl) No. 7014 of2012, namely, the earlier matter arising
out of the judgment of the Gauhati High Court.
        10. Section 3 72 Cr.P.C. has conferred upon a victim a substantive     B
and independent rightto maintain an appeal against acquittal. The widow
of the deceased in the present matter comes within the definition of
"victim" as incorporated in Section 2(wa). Merely because leave to
appeal was not granted to the State to prefer an appeal against acquittal,
the appeal preferred by the victim Informant ought not to have been
rejected by the High Court summarily. We, therefore, set aside the             c
order dated 28.06.2012 passed by the High Court rejecting Criminal
Appeal preferred by the appellant and remit the matter to the High Court
for fresh consideration. It will be open to the High Court to consider the
matter for grant of leave to appeal to the appellant in the light of
paragraphs 17 and 18 of the decision of this Court in Satya Pal Singh.          D
         11. These appeals are thus allowed in the aforesaid terms.
       12. Before we part, we must express and record our sincere
appreciation for the assistance rendered by the learned Amicus Curiae.
The Court is deeply grateful to him.
                                                                                E

Nidhi Jain                                                  Appeals allowed.