SAMAJ PARIVARTANA SAMUDAYA & ORS.versusSTATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS.

                       (2017] 14 S.C.R. 409



         SAMAJ PARIVARTANA SAMUDAYA & ORS.                            A
                                 V.

                STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS.
(Interlocutory Application Nos. 270, 271,273, 56562, 76163, 76167 &
                               103342)                                B
                                In
                (Writ Petition (C) No. 562 of2009)
                      DECEMBER 14,2017
    [RANJAN GOGOi, ABHAY MANOHAR SAPRE AND                            C
                NAVIN SINHA, JJ.]
       Mining - Illegal extraction of iron-ore - Regulation of -
Absolute ban imposed by the Supreme Court on the mining activities
in three districts of Karnataka. i.e., Bellary, Chitradurga and Titmkur
to prevent and protect the huge ecological and environmental D
degradation caused by illegal mining in aforesaid districts -
However. to ensure that a minimum quantity of iron ore is available.
the Supreme Court permitted limited mining activity by permitting
I 8 leases in Category 'A· and 63 in catego1y 'B ·mines for extraction
of iron ore with cap/ceiling on maximum production - Interlocutory
applications filed seeking modification of the said orders on ground E
of significant change in circumstances after the orders imposing
the cap were passed - Propriety of - Held: The cap fixed by the
Court was in a situation where there was virtually no control or
effective regulatory measures as to the maximum output that could
be generated by a particular mine - There was no scientific study F
of the iron ore reserves allocated to a particular mine in the lease
granted - Resultantly, there was rampant and illegal mining with
encroachments into forest land - This led to environmental and
ecological depredation that necessitated judicial intervention to
resolve a situation which in the normal course may have fallen within
executive domain - Fixing cap upon extraction of mineral ore is the G
business of the Executive branch of the Central Government and
not of the Court - In instant case, it is on basis of the intervention
by the Court that Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan ("R & R"
plan) have been prepared for each mine by an expert body, ICFRE,
                                                                      H
                                409
410          SUPREME COURT REPORTS                     [2017] 14 S.C.R.


A based on a scientific study of various parameters including mining
  reserves - However. various features of the current scenario on the
  ground as highlighted in the report of the Central Empowered
   Committee (CEC) deserve a close look/consideration - Assessment
  of reserves has also changed over the years - Consequently, all
B I.As disposed of by accepting the recommendations made by CEC
  for category 'A ' and 'B' mines, subject to the conditions so far as
  category 'C' mines are concerned.
          Disposing of all the l.A.s, the Court
        HELD: 1.1 The cap fixed by the C.ourt Orders was in a
c situation where there was virtually no control or effective
  regulatory measures as to the maximum output that could be
  generated by a particular mine. There was no scientific study of
  the iron ore reserves allocated to a particular mine in the lease
  granted. As a result, it was virtually a free for all exercise designed
  to achieve the maximum profit within the shortest possible time
D frame. There was rampant and illegal mining with encroachments
  into forest land, particularly for use as overburdened dumps
  resulting from excessive mining. This had led to environmental
  and ecological depredation ·to an extent that necessitated judicial
  intervention to resolve a situation which is the normal course
E may have fallen within the executive domain. It is on the basis of
  the intervention by the Court that Reclamation and Rehabilitation
  Plan ("R&R" plan) have been prepared for each mine by an
  expert body, ICFRE, based on a scientific study of various
  parameters including mining reserves. R&R Plans have been
  drawn up specifying a particular/permissible limit for each mine
F on the basis of limitations of reserves, dumping areas, available
  infrastructure etc. Accordingly, recommendations have been made
  for increase of Maximum Permissible Annual Production (MPAP)
  for 13 different category 'A' mines and also for increase of MPAP
  in respect of 2 leases held by the public sector lessee, i.e., NMDC.
G Similarly, to mines arc anticipated to undertake operations within
  a short time. [Para 16)(422-B-E]
          1.2 The solution offered by the Court has to be realistic .
  . Therefore, it is the various features of the current scenario on
    the ground as highlighted in the report of the Central Empowered
 H Committee (CEC) that would deserve a close look/consideration.
       SAMAJ PARIVARTANA SAMUDAYA v. STATE OF                          411
                    KARN ATAKA

 The assessment of reserves has also changed over the years A
 and today the iron-ore reserves across the State of Karnataka,
 comprising of haematite and magnetite reserves, is to the tune
 of 10.071 BMT (Billion Metric Tonnes). All these reasons impel
  acceptance of the recommendations of the CEC for enhancement
. of the cap for category A and B Mines in the 3 district of Bellary, B
  Tumkur and Chitradurga as well as the recommendations with
  regard to MPAP of NMDC and MML, with the further direction
  that all pending proposals for enhancement of MPAP shall be
  decided without delay, naturally, subject to the cap as above. [Para
  16)[422-G-H; 423-A]
        2. Insofar as category 'C' mines arc concerned, the
                                                                       c
 recommendation made by the CEC deserves acceptance. The
 operation of the mines already auctioned and such auctions that
.may take place in the future ought not to be jeopardized by
 including the said mines, which are covered under a different
  legal and business regime, to come within the cap fixed for D
  categories 'A' and 'B' mines. The operations of such mines
  (earlier category 'C' mines) are likely to commence within a
  period of about 18 to 21 months. By that time, some of the current
  leases (7 in number) are also likely to expire (2020). Presently,
, the MPAP of 5 of the newly auctioned 'C' mines have been worked
  out. The remaining proposals have not yet been finalized. Io the E
  above circumstances, no separate cap for category 'C' mines need
  to be stipulated at this stage except that such an exercise may be
  performed at an appropriate time and a separate cap for such
  mines (newly auctioned) will be worked out, independent of the
  cap revised by this order for the 3 districts. While doing so the F
  infrastructure and other relevant parameters for mining and
  evacuation of mined material, that may become ready and available .
  at that relevant point of time, will naturally be considered.[Para
  17](423-B-E]
       3. Consequently, all the I.As. disposed of by accepting the     G
 recommendations made by the CEC for category A & B mines,
 subject to the conditions stated above so far as category 'C' mines
 are concerned. [Para 18)[423-F)
       Common Cause v. U.0.1. & Ors. (2017) 9 SCC 499 -
       referred to.                                                    H
412            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2017] 14 S.C.R.


A                             Case Law Reference
            (2017) 9 sec 499             referred to         Para 10
            CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Interlocutory Application
      Nos. 270, 271, 273, 56562, 76163, 76167 & 103342 in Writ Petition (C)
      No. 562 of2009.
B
            Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.
        Ranjit Kumar, SG, Maninder Singh, ASG, S. S. Shamshery, AAG,
  Shyam Divan (A.C.), Raju Ramchandran, Huzefa Ahmadi, Fali S.
  Nariman, Krishnan Venugopal, Kapil Sibal, Chander Uday Singh, Sr.
c Advs., A.D.N. Rao (A.C.), Siddhartha Chowdhury (A.C.), Prashant
  Bhushan, Govind Jee, 0. Kuttan, K. Raghavacharyulu, Kailash Pandey,
  Gaichangpou Gangmei, Ms. Anitha Shenoy, Ms. Srishti Agnihotri, Ishwar
  Mohanty, Raj iv Nanda, R Balasubramanian, P.K. Dey, M.K. Maroria,
  Ms. Vimla Sinha, Nalin Kohli, Ms. Asha Gopalan Nair, K.K. Karhail,
  Raj Bahadur, Prabhas Bajaj, Anicit Roy, Akshay Amritanshu, Sarad Kumar
D Singhania, GS. Mak.ker, Ms. Aarti Sharma, Mrs. Anil Katiyar, K.N.
  Phanindra, Ninad Laud, Karan Mathur, Anjuman Tripathy, Jayant Mohan,
  Aditya Narayan, Rohit Sharma, Kumar Dushyant Singh, Sunil Dogra,
  Vivek Vishnoi, Abhishek Sharma, Subhash Sharma, Uday Tiwary, A.
  Raghunath, Vikas Mehta, Balaji Srinivasan, Ms. Vaishnavi Subrahmanyan,
E Ms. Pratiksha Mishra, Prakash Kumar Singh, Aakash Bajaj (for MIS.
  Khaitan And Co.), Dinesh Kumar Garg, Ms. Rachna Gandhi, Guntur
  Prabhakar, Ms. Prema Singh, Bhavanishankar V. Gadnis, D.K. Garg,
  Mohan Jayant, Amit Sharma, Sandeep Singh, Anicit Raj, Ms. Ruchi Kohli,
  Ajay Singh, Dr. Sushi! Balwada, Kuna! Chatterji, Chanchal K. Ganguli,
  Advs. for the appearing parties.
F
            The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
          RANJAN GOGOi, J. l. Two lessees, i.e., Mis Sandur
   Manganese and Iron Ores Ltd. and M/s MSPL Ltd. (who have been
   classified in Categories 'A' and 'B' respectively by this Court in its
G ·previous Order) have instituted futerlocutory Application Nos. 270 and
   271 essentially seeking modification ofthis Court's Orders dated 5.08.2011
   and l.09.2014 so as to enable the applicants to extract iron ore in
   accordance with the Maximum Permissible Annual Production ("MPAP"
   for short) approved by the Monitoring Committee in respect of the leases
   held by them.
H
 '.· .   ~

             SAMAJ PARIVARTANA SAMUDAYA v. STATE OF                              413
                  KARNATAKA [RANJAN GOGOI, J.]

           2. In proceedings registered and numbered as Writ Petition (C)        A
   No. 562 of 2009 titled as "Samaj Parivartana Samudaya & Ors. vs.
   State ofKarnataka & Ors.", an absolute ban on mining activities in
   three districts of Kamataka, i.e, Bellary, Chitradurga and Tumkur was
   imposed by this Court by Orders dated 29.07.2011and26.08.2011. It is
   on the basis of the principle of intergenerational equity and to prevent      B
   and protect the huge ecological and environmental degradation following
   the rampant illegal mining in the aforesaid three districts ofKarnataka
   that this Court had passed the aforesaid orders. However, to ensure that
   a minimum quantity of iron ore is available.• through permissible and legal
   mining, byOrder dated 5.08.2011, a public sector lessee, namely, Mis
   National Mineral Development Corporation ("NMDC" for short) was               C
   permitted to extr~ct iron ore to the tune of 12 Million Metric Tonne
   ("MMT" for short) per year. Thereafter, by Order dated 13.04.2012,
   this Court had accepted the recommendations of the Indian Council of
.' Forestry Research and Education ("ICFRE" for short) and fixed a ceiling

   of 25 MMT as the maximum production of iron ore from all the mining           D
   leases in the district of Bellary and 5 MMT in respect of the mining
   leases in the districts of Chitradurga and Tumkur. By Orders dated
   3.09.2012 and 28.09.2012, this Court had permitted resumption ofmining
   activities in Kamataka in a limited manner by permitting 18 and 63 leases
   in Categories 'A' and 'B'respectively to resume their activities subject
   to strict observance of the Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan ("R&R         E
   Plan" for short) in respect of each of the leases as approved by the
   Monitoring Committee.
            Pursuant to the aforesaid orders of this Court, Mis Sandur
    Manganese and Iron Ores Ltd. and Mis MSPL Ltd. resumed the mining
    operations. The Monitoring Committee had fixed MPAP of Mis Sandur F
    Manganese and Iron Ores Ltd. at 0.74 MMT and Mis MSPL Ltd. at
    0.91 MMT respectively. Thereafter, the Central Empowered Committee
    ("CEC" for short) by Order dated 18.03.2016 recommended the
    enhancement ofMPAP of Mis Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Ltd.
    to 1.60 MMT and that of Mis MSPL Ltd. to the tune of 1.80 MMT.
    The said recommendation of the CEC was approved by the Monitoring G
. . CGinmittee.
        3. Notwithstanding the above, the lessees, i.e., Mis Sandur
  Manganese and Iron Ores Ltd. and .Mis MSPL Ltd. have not been fully
  ablcto exploit and operate to the extent of their approved MPAP of 1.60
                                                                                 •.T
                                                                                 1.
414            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                        [2017] 14 S.C.R.



A  MMT and 1. 80 MMT respectively. This, according to the lessees, is on
   account of the two orders of this Court. The first is dated 5.08.2011 by
   which, as already noticed, the public sector lessee, i.e., NMDC was
   pem1itted to extract iron ore to the tune of 12 MMT per year. As the
   said NMDC was not able to do so, by Order dated 1.09.2014 this Court
 B had permitted another public sector lessee Mis Mysuru Minerals Ltd.
   ("MML" for short) to make good the shortfall of NMDC and had
   increased the MPAP of the said MML by 3 MMT without, however,
   modifying its earlier Order dated 5.08.2011 in respect ofNMDC. As a
   result of the aforesaid two orders, the MPAP of NMDC and MML
   together is 16.06 MMT though the R&RPlan approved by the Monitoring
 C Committee for NMDC restricts its MPAP to 9.45 MMT and that of
   MML to 1.06 MMT. As the total MPAP permitted in favour of all the
   mining leases in Bellary district including the MPAP of 16.06 MMT in
   favour ofNMDC and MML works out to the tune of26.157 MMT and,
   therefore, in excess of the cap imposed by this Court (25 MMT), the
 D CEC by Order dated 2.12.2016 had directed the Monitoring Committee
   to reduce the MPAP of other mining leases on a pro rata basis so that
   the cap fixed by this Court (25 MMT for Bellary district) is maintained.
   Accordingly, the Monitoring Committee had fixed the MPAP of Mis
   Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Ltd. and Mis MSPL Ltd. at 1.17
   MMT and 1.355 MMT respectively as against 1.60 MMT and 1.80
 E MMT respectively, as approved. It is in these circumstances that M/s
   Sandur Manganese and Iron Ores Ltd. and Mis MSPL Ltd. have filed
   the I.As. seeking appropriate modification of the orders of this Court
   dated5.08.2011 and l.09.2014respectively.
            4. The issues raised being relatable to the fixation of cap/ceiling
 F    on maximum production, the matters were heard along with other similar
      matters raising the issue as to whether the cap should be maintained,
      modified or lifted.
             5. I.A. No. 273 of2017 is instituted by Mis Karnataka Iron and
      Steel Manufacturers Association ("KISMA") whereas I.A. No. 56562
 G    is filed by Federation of Indian Minerals-Southern Region ("FIMI-
      South"). I.A. Nos. 76163 and 76167 have been instituted by Chitradurga
      Sustainable Mining Forum seeking impleadment and directions.
            6. So far as I.A. No. 273 of 2017 instituted by Mis KISMA is
      concerned, it is stated that the State ofKamataka notified for auction 14
 H    mining leases which were earlier declared by this Court to be in Category
        SAMAJ PARIVARTANA SAMUDAYA v. STATE OF                                415
             KARNATAKA [RANJAN GOGOI, J.]

'C' and which leases stood cancelled by the Order of this Court. A
Thereafter, such leases have been put up for auction in a phased manner
and till date 7 such leases have been successfully auctioned. M/s JSW
Steel Ltd., one of the members ofM/s K.ISMA, is the successful bidder
in respect of 5 of the mining leases having a collective MPAP to the tune
of 4.063 MMT per year. According to Mis K.ISMA, the total cap of 30
                                                                             B
MMT fixed by this Court in respect ofall the three districts, i.e., Bellary,
Chitradurga and Tumkur has been virtually allotted to the categories 'A'
and 'B' mines and there is no room within the said cap to take care of
the earlier category 'C' mines which have now been auctioned in
accordance with the orders of this Court. In these circumstances, Mis
KISMA seeks an order from this Court that a separate cap of 10 MMT c
be allotted to earlier category 'C' leases, independent of the 30 MMT
fixed for the three districts. ln fact, M/s K.ISMA on behalf of one of its
members, Mis JSW Steel Ltd, has stated before this Court that its
members are prepared to construct closed-pipe downhill conveyor belt
system; railway sidings and railway sub-lines as per the R&R Plans D
approved by the Monitoring Committee.
         7. The said prayer ofM/s KISMA is supported by FIMI-South in
·its I.A. No. 56562 of2017. The specific prayer ofFIMI-South is that as
 the active MPAP of mining leases in the three districts as on date is over
 35 MMT, the annual cap of 30 MMT be vacated and each lessee should
 be allowed to extract iron ore as per its approved R&R. Plan.                E

       8. On the other hand, Ml s Chitradurga Sustainable Mining Forum
which is a registered society consisting of category 'A' and 'B' leases
operating in the district ofChitradurga has joined withM/s KISMA and
FIMI-South to seek vacation of the order of this Court fixing an annual
cap and for further orders allowing each lessee to operate and extract        F
iron ore as per its approved R&R Plan.
       9. The State of Karnataka, on the other hand, also submits that
keeping in view the increased demand of iron ore across the country, the
cap fixed by this Court may be raised from 30 MMT to 40 MMT. In this
regard the State of Kamataka has also pointed out that apart from its G
involvement in the Comprehensive Environmental Plans for the Mining
Impact Zone ("CEPMIZ" for short), significant improvements in the
infrastructure has taken place warranting a relook at the issue and an
appropriate modification(s) of the cap/ceiling imposed by this Court earlier
may now be made. In fact, the State Government suggests that the H
416              SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2017) 14 S.C.R.


A     annual cap upon iron ore extraction could be gradually increased to 50
      MMT, subject to successful implementation of the major items of the
      CEPMIZ, as approved by this Court.
          10. I.A. No. 103342 of2017 is filed by the Ministry of Mines,
  Government of India. It is stated that the National Mineral Policy 2008
B is being rclooked into and a revised National Mineral Policy is under
  way. It is asserted in the I.A. that fixing a cap upon extraction of minerals
  ought to be left to the discretion of the Executive branch and, in fact, in
  an Order dated 2.08.2017 in Common Cause vs. U.0.1. & Ors. 1, this
  Court has mentioned that fixing a cap upon extraction_ofmineral ore is
  really the business of the Executive branch of the Central Government
C and not of this Court. The Ministry of Mines, therefore, has submitted
  that till the National Mineral Policy is finalized, as an interim measure,
  the recommendations made by the CEC for enhancement of the cap,
  details and particulars of which will be noticed subsequently, may be
  accepted and further that the revised cap ought to be independent of the
D mining operations by the newly auctioned category 'C' mines which
  lessees should be allowed to extract iron ore as per their approved R&R
  Plans.
              11. We will now take notice of what has been recommended by
      the CEC in its report dated 14.07.2017 read with the Explanatory Note
 E    thereto dated 4.10.2017. The MPAP in respect of mines whose R&R
      Plans have been approved, (both, operating mines and not operating
      mines) stood at 25. 1867 MMT for Bellary district and 5.7227 MMT for
      Chitradurga and Tumkur districts totaling 30.9094 MMT. In addition,
      two public sector units viz. NMDC and MML (in Bellary district) were
      utilizing the additional production facility of 5.62 MMT. The CEC points
 F    out that it has already been observed by this Court in its judgment dated
      18.04.2013 in Writ Pctition(C) No. 562 of2009thatpermissible annual
      production would be subject to review/ modification depending upon:
               (a) change in the assessed mineral reserves because of subsequent
                   exploration;
 G
               (b) identification of additional area for the disposal of the over
                  burden/waste dump; and
               (c) creation of additional physical infrastructure to remove/reduce
                   transportation bottlenecks.
 H    1
          2011 (9) sec 499
        SAMAJ PARIVARTANA SAMUDAYA v. STATE OF                                    417
            \:URNATAKA [RANJAN GOGOI, J.]
                     \
         12. In addition, the CEC has pointed out that in respect of 13           A
mining leases of' N and 'B' categories changes visualized by conditions
(a), (b ), (c) above have occurred entitling the said leases to a consideration
for enhancement of permissible annual production by 4.125 MMT. In
fact, the Government of Kamataka had on 22.08.2017 submitted for
approval of the CEC, proposals for enhancement of production levels in            B
respect of the said 13 mining leases.
        That apart, the CEC has further stated that it is in receipt of a
communication dated 18.09.2017 from the ICFRE relating to
enhancement of annual production in the two mines of NMDC totaling
15.96 MMT as against the current permissible MPAP of 9.38 MMT
(increase of6.58 MMT). The aforesaid proposal is under process and it             c
is stated that, if approved, will lead to enhancement of permissible annual
production in Bellary district to 32.5695 MMT and in respect of other
two districts to 8. 924 7 MMT thus totaling 41.4942 MMT against what
has been fixed by this Court i.e. 30 MMT.
       The CEC in its report and explanatory note has further given D
details of the availability of the additional infrastructure consisting of
new road constructions which have been completed by different lessees;
construction of railway sidings at Nandihalli with track lane of 13 .6 kms.
by Mis JSW Steel Ltd. and installation of downhill conveyor belt with an
annual capacity of 5 MMT by NMDC. It has been further reported by E
the CEC that out of the R&R Plan approved for leases, in 48 cases
production is limited by "reserves"; in 34 cases production is limited by
"dump area"; in 9 cases production is limited by "road infrastructure",
and in 3 cases the "EC limit" is found to be actually less than what is
arrived at in the R&R Plan. Accordingly, the CEC has suggested that
with the change of position on the ground level and the fact that R&R F
Plans are available for a large number of mines, inter" alia, fixing
permissible production limits on consideration of scientific and technical
parameters and also after taking into account mining reserves, dumping
areas and evacuation infrastructure, ideally, the "production cap" fixed
for each of the mining leases based on R&R Plan should be the basis for G
the ideal overall cap.
      Insofar as category 'C' mines are concerned, the CEC has reported
that they have been auctioned under a different regiine with firm
commitments in terms of the order of this Court dated 30.07.2015; the
clauses of the bid document etc. In view of the above and also because H



            ·-. __
                         --._ ·--
418             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2017] 14S.C.R.


A     of the fact that the said mines have been auctioned through a transparent
      system, the CEC has submitted that if the cap is not to be lifted and
      raised it will affect the operations of the already auctioned and also
      jeopardize the future auction of any further mines in the earlier category
       'C', if any. It is further stated that out of the 7 category 'C' mines which
      have been auctioned till date, MPAP of the 5 leases auctioned in favour
B
      ofM/s JSW Steel Ltd. is to the tune of3.623 MMT whereas in respect
      of other two leases proposals for fixing production limit have not been
      received by the CEC. So far as the additional production by NMDC and
      MML is concerned, the CEC in its report and explanatory note has
      suggested that though presently MPAP in respect of the two mines of
 C    NMDC is 9.45 MMT as per its approved R&R Plan, there is a proposal
      for revision/increase of the same by taking into account the new
       infrastructure available, including the railway sidings and the conveyor
      belt system which have been installed by NMDC and also on the basis
      of reassessment of reserves and dumping space available. Accordingly,
 D    the CEC suggested that NMDC may be allowed to continue with its
       capacity at 12 MMT for the present financial year and from 2018-2019
      onwards NMDC is to operate strictly adhering to such MPAP, as may
       be re-fixed. So far as the MML is concerned, it has been reported that
       the working of MML is "highly stressed" due to shortage of space for
       stocking besides inadequate infrastructure. The CEC, therefore, has
 E     suggested that the production limit of 4.06 MMT now available to MML
       should be reduced to 2 MMT forthe year2017-2018 and further brought
       down to the level of approval as per the R&R Plan available during the
       year 2018-2019.
               It is also stated by the CEC that production from the category 'C'
 F     mines will not be likely to start for some time and, in fact, such production
       may more or less commence around the time of the expiry of certain
       leases (07 numbers having MPAP of 1842 MMT). Accordingly, CEC
       has suggested as follows:
             "(i) With regard to Category 'A' & 'B' mining leases for 'District
             Bellary'' the annual production cap for the district may be enhanced
 u
             by 3 MMT to 28 MMT and wherein NMDC and MML will operate
             with maximum annual production ceiling of 12 MMT and 2 MMT
             for the year 2017-18 respectively and thereafter from 2018-19
             these will also operate at the MPAP limit as per the approved
             R&R Plans subject to the overall limit of annual production fixed
 H           for the district, until further orders;
       SAMAJ PARIVARTANA SAMUDAYA v. STATE OF                                 419
            KARNATAK.A [RANJAN GOGOI, J.]

      (ii)The existing ceiling of5 MMT fixed for' N & 'B' mining leases       A
      for Districts Tumkur and Chitradurga may be enhanced by 2 MMT
      to 7 MMT, until further orders; and             ·
      (iii) With regard to Category 'C' mining leases which have been
      e-auctioned to the end users, the production cap ofindividual mining
      leases be regulated through the limits approved in the R&R Plan         B
      without reference to the general cap fixed for the District
      concerned."
      13. Shri M.K. Jiwrajka, former Member Secretary of the CEC,
who has assisted the Court at its request, has also filed a note offering
suggestions in the matter as sought for by us.                                C
       According to Shri Jiwrajka the following facts are not in dispute.
Out of total 166 leases that were categorized by this Court in 'A', 'B'
and 'C' categories, 115 leases are in categories 'A' and 'B'; one lease
has been suspended. R&R Plans have been prepared for 96 leases, out
of which 36 are operating whereas for another 36 leases implementation D
of the R&R Plan is satisfactory. Further, in respect of 11 leascs, R&R
Plan implementation is poor and whereas forthe remaining 13 preparation
of R&R Plan has not started. He has further stated that out of the 36
leases in respect of whom implementation of R&R Plan has reached
satisfactory progress, as per the report of the Monitoring Committee, 10
of such leases are likely to become operational shortly. The sum total of E
the suggestions offered by Shri Jiwrajka arc as follows. For categories
'A' and 'B':
      "l. A consolidated cap of 30 MMT for production by all the
         operating mining leases excluding auctioned leases (preferably
         only those auctioned leases for which the lessees have agreed        F
         to install the conveyor systems) in Districts Bellary, Chitradurga
         and Tumkur together may be prescribed.
      2. The additional production permissible in 2 leases ofMML may
          be reduced from 3 MMT to 1.5 MMT for the year 2017-2018
          and discontinued from 2018-2019 onwards.                            G
      3. The production in 2 leases of NMDC Ltd. may be permitted to
         be regulated, after the proposal regarding the enhancement of
          the MPAP's in their leases is decided or w.e.f. 2018-2019,
          whichever is earlier, as per their prescribed MPAP's."
                                                                              H
420            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2017] 14 S.C.R.


A         According to Shri Jiwrajka auction of only 14 of the earlier
   Catf;gory 'C' mines are likely to be successful including 7 leases recently
   auctioned. The total MPAP of these leases would be around ll-13
   MMT. It has therefore been suggested that additional production upto
   16 MMT by the auctioned Category-C mining leases and Dalmia mining
 B lease (preferably wherein the lessees have agreed to install the conveyor
   systems) may be permitted subject to the following:
            "(i) the concerned lessee has agreed to install the conveyor system
                linked to railway network/ integrated conveyor system and after
                the alignment of the same is finalized;
 c          (ii) the Right of Way (ROW) and/ or the approvals under the
                Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 for the conveyor system, linked
                railway siding (ifrequired), linked railway sub-line (ifany) and
                integrated conveyor system under construction by JSW Steel
                Ltd. will be acquired/ obtained by the State Government within
                a period of maximum three months (after the alignment is
 D              finalised) at the cost of the respective lessees/ successful
                bidders/ steel plant and by treating the acquisition/ approval as
                mining related infrastructure development (and not as mining
                activities). The concerned authorities of the State Government
                and the Central Government will provide necessary assistance
 E              to expedite the process.
            (iii)the leases wherein the conveyor system is not made operational
                 within a period of2 l months (including the period for acquiring
                 the ROW), the production will be suspended and will be allowed
                 to be resumed only after the conveyor system is made
 F               operational; and
            (iv) ifthe integrated conveyor system under construction by the
                JSW Steel Ltd. is not made operational within a period of21
                months (including the period for acquiring the ROW) the
                additional production permitted for the auctioned leases will
 G              cease to be available (the production by all the leases will be
                restricted to the prescribed cap by reducing the MPAP of all
                the leases including Category-C mining leases on pro-rata basis)
                and will become available only after the conveyor system
                becomes operational."

 H
         SAMAJ PARIVARTANA SAMUDAYA v. STATE OF                                  421
              KARNATAKA [RANJAN GOGOI, J.]

        Shri Jiwrajka by giving all the relevant details in a very lucid chart A
 has stated that total MPAP in respect of35 operating leases (one lease
                       ls
 has been suspended) 24.406 MMT and the annual production beyond ,
 MPAP permitted in two NMDC and MML is 5. 55 MMT thereby totaling
 29.956 MMT.Accordingto ShriJiwrajka, if the MPAPofthe 10 leases,
 which are likely to become operational in 2017-2018 and the enhancement B
 ofMPAP of8 operating leases which are under consideration (5 leases
 in respect of whom enhancement is also under consideration happen to
 be non-operating leases) is taken into account the total works out to
 5.0087 MMTwhich will bringtheMPAPto 34.9647 MMT. ln the report
 ofShri Jiwrajka it is further mentioned that out of the 35 operating leases,
 7 mining leases with total MPAP of 1.841 MMT are due to expire on C
 31.03.2020. Shri Jiwrajka has further suggested that the production level
 ofMML be reduced for the year 2017-2018 and discontinued from the
 year 2018-2019 and also that the production level ot the NMDC leases
 should be regulated as per the MPAP prescribed as per the R&R Plan.
 Inpara4 of the report/note ofShri Jiwrajka it has been mentioned that 6 D
 lessees have agreed to install conveyor belt system at their own cost
 which will become operational from 2019-2020. Once the same is
 provided, the 6 leases would also be entitled to significant enhancement
 in their MPAP which may be to the tune of 6 MMT or more.
         14. We have considered the detailed facts and figures placed before
  this Court by the respective parties in the I.As. under consideration and E
  the contentions advanced on that basis which seems to centre the fact
  that significant changes have taken place on the ground after the orders
  of this Court imposing the cap were passed. Having regard to such
  change of circumstances, there is an imminent need to lift the cap by
  fixing the total permissible production for the three districts at a higher F
  quantum, it is urged. Separately, it has been submitted that category 'C' ~
  mines which are now being dealt with under a totally different regime
.·and by a: transparent P'.ocess of auction should· not l;>e.includeq within
  the·peimissiblc quantum of production that may be fixed/enhanced for.
  the three districts ofBellary, Chitradurga and Tumkur.
                                                                                 G
        15. We have also heard Shri Prashant Bhushan, learned counsel
 for the petitioner in Writ Petition (t) No. S62 of 2009, whose core
 submission appears to bethat having regard to the availability of iron ore
 reserves in the three districts, the cap fixed by the Court will not call for
 any modification so that intergenerational equity can be maintained and
                                                                                 H
422            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2017] 14 S.C.R.


A the availability of iron ore can be ensured for a maximum period of time
  to enable the succeeding generations to enjoy the fruits thereof.
              16. The cap fixed by this Court by Orders dated 5.08.2011 and
      1.09.2014 was in a situation where there was virtually no control or
      effective regulatory measures as to the maximum output that could be
 B    generated by a partieularmine. There was no scientific study of the iron
      ore reserves allocated to a particular mine in the lease granted. As a
      result, it was virtually a free for all exercise designed to achieve the
      maximum profit within the shortest possible time frame. There was
      rampant and illegal mining with encroachments into forest land,
      particularly for use as overburdened dumps resulting from excessive
 C    mining. This had led to environmental and ecological depredation to an
      extent that necessitated judicial intervention to resolve a situation which
      is the normal course may have fallen within the executive domain. It is
      on the basis of the intervention by the Court that R&RPlans have been
      prepared for each mine by an expert body, ICFRE, based on a scientific
 D    study of various parameters including mining reserves. R&R Plans have
      been drawn up specifying a particular/permissible limit for each mine on
      the basis oflimitations ofreserves, dumping areas, available infrastructure
      etc. Accordingly, recommendations have been made for increase of
      MPAP for 13 different category 'A' mines and also for increase ofMPAP
      in respect of 2 leases held by the public sector lessee, i.e., NMDC.
 E    Similarly, I0 mines are anticipated to undertake operations within a short
      time. Though the report of Shri Jiwrajka, requested for by this Court,
      would seem to suggest that presently the cap need not be lifted for
      reasons already noticed, we are of the view, that the suggestions offered
      by Shri Jiwrajka are based on certain presumptions which may not
 F    necessarily occur in the future. The suggestions for maintaining the cap
      is limited to the year 2017-18 though the projections contained in the
      report is well into the future. The solution offered by the Court has to be
      realistic. Therefore, it is the various features of the current scenario on
      the ground as highlighted in the report of the CEC that would deserve a
      close look/consideration. In this regard, we may also take note of the
 G    fact that the assessment of reserves has also changed over the years
      and today the iron-ore reserves across the State ofKamataka, comprising
      ofhaematite and magnetite reserves, is to the tune of 10.071 BMT (Billion
      Metric Tonnes). All these reasons impel us to accept the
      recommendations of the CEC for enhancement of the cap for category
 H
       SAMAJ PARIVARTANA SAMUDAYA v. STATE OF                                  423
            KARNATAKA [RANJAN GOGOI, J.]

A and B Mines in the 3 district ofBellary, Tumkur and Chitradurga as           A
well as the recommendations with regard to MPAP of NMDC and
MML, as mentioned in paragraph 12 hereinabove, with the further
direction that all pending proposals for enhancement ofMPAP shall be
decided without delay, naturally, subject to the cap as above.
       17. Insofar as category 'C': mines are concerned, we are again of B
the view that the recommendation made by the CEC deserves
acceptance. The operation of the mines already auctioned and such ·
auctions that may take place in the future ought not to be jeopardized by
including the said mines, which are covered under a different legal and
business regime, to come within the cap fixed for categories' A' and 'B'
mines. The operations of such mines (earlier category 'C' mines) are
                                                                             c
likely to commence within a period of.about 18 to 21 months. By that
time, some of the current leases (7 in number) are also likely to expire
(2020). Presently, the MPAP of the 5 of newly auctioned 'C' mines
have be-en worked out. The remaining proposals have not yet been
finalized. In the above circumstances, we are of the view that no separate D
cap for category 'C' mines need to be stipulated at this stage except to
reiterate the fact that such an exercise may be performed at an appropriate
time and a separate cap for such mines .(newly auctioned) will be worked
out, independent of the cap revised by this order for the 3 districts. While
doing so the infrastructure and other relevant parameters for mining and
evacuation of mined material, that may become ready and available at E
that relevant point of time, will naturally be considered.
       18. Consequently, we dispose of all the I.As. by accepting the
recommendations made by the CEC for category A & B mines, as
extracted in paragraph 12 above, subject to the conditions stated above
so far as category 'C' mines are concerned.                                    F


Ankit Gyan                                                  !As disposed of.