Supreme Court of India
SANDHYA PANTversusDEEPAK RUWALI & ORS.
- Citation
- 2022 INSC 823
- Decided
- 11 August 2022
- Disposal
- Dismissed
- Bench
- INDIRA BANERJEE
Holding
The Supreme Court held that the High Court did not err in disposing of the PIL without hearing the appellant or deciding her impleadment application, and that the shebait rights must be determined in a civil suit.
Summary
The case concerns a dispute over the shebait (hereditary managerial) rights of the Chitai Golu Devta Temple in Almora. Respondent No.1 filed a public interest litigation seeking a court‑ordered trust or society to manage the temple. The Uttarakhand High Court disposed of the PIL without hearing the appellant, Sandhya Pant, and without deciding her pending application for impleadment. The appellant contended that the order was erroneous and that the shebait rights should be determined in a civil suit, not through a writ. The Supreme Court examined whether the High Court erred in proceeding without the appellant’s participation and whether the matter could be decided by a writ. It held that the High Court had not committed any error, that the shebait dispute is a civil matter requiring a suit, and that the state may regulate the non‑religious affairs of a public temple. Consequently, the appeals were dismissed.
Issues considered
- The High Court may dismiss a PIL concerning temple management without hearing an interested party and without deciding a pending impleadment application.
- Whether shebait rights and internal temple management disputes can be adjudicated under Article 226 (writ jurisdiction) or must be resolved in a civil suit.
- Whether the State has authority to regulate the non‑religious affairs of a temple deemed a public temple in the absence of a specific governing statute.
Legislation cited
Subjects
shebait rightstemple managementpublic interest litigationimpleadmentreligious institutioncivil suitstate controlpublic temple vs private temple
Judgment
[2022] 18 S.C.R. 407 407
SANDHYA PANT A
v.
DEEPAK RUWALI & ORS.
(Civil Appeal No. 5238 of 2022)
AUGUST 11, 2022 B
[INDIRA BANERJEE AND J. K. MAHESHWARI, JJ.]
Trust and charities: Shebait rights of the temple – Appellant
and respondent nos 7 to 10-descendant/founder of the Chitai Golu
Devta, discharging the duties of the shebait of the temple – Writ
C
Petition by respondent no 1 seeking direction to the respondent
authorities to constitute a registered society or trust for management
of the temple – Disposed of, without hearing the appellant and
without deciding the appellant’s application for impleadment –
Interference with – Held: Not called for – Chitai Golu Devta Temple
is administered by the appellant and the respondents – It is not D
clear as to which heirs of the family are entitled to shebaitship rights
in respect of the Chitai Golu Devta Temple and there appears to be
disputes in this regard amongst family members – Furthermore, no
specific statute governing the Chitai Golu Devta Temple – As regards
the issue of impleadment, the Courts attention was not drawn to the
E
pending impleadment application of the appellant – Appellant could
have appeared and made submissions if she had so chosen, even
without being added as party – In any case, other members of the
family including the respondent Nos.7 to 10, who, according to the
appellant were in the Mandir Samiti of which the appellant claims
to be Vice President were duly given an opportunity of hearing – F
Thus, the High Court did not commit any error in passing the
impugned order – Impleadment.
Dismissing the appeals, the Court
HELD: 1.1 There is a difference in the traditional mode
and manner of management of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple at G
Thiruvananthapuram in respect of which the right of management
is vested with the Ruler of Travancore and the Chitai Golu Devta
Temple administered by the Appellant and the Respondents. Be
that as it may, even in the case of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple,
the Court vested the Temple Committee constituted in terms of H
407
408 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 18 S.C.R.
A its order, with all the powers of management of the Ruler of
Travancore. [Para 42][424-A-B]
1.2 In the instant case, it is not exactly clear as to which
heirs of the Pant family are entitled to shebaitship rights in respect
of the Chitai Golu Devta Temple and there appears to be disputes
B in this regard amongst members of the Pant family. there is no
specific statute governing the Chitai Golu Devta Temple. [Para
43, 45][424-C; 425-H]
1.3 The High Court has not committed any error in passing
the impugned order. The only question is, whether the order
C should have been passed in the absence of the Appellant, without
deciding the Appellant’s application for impleadment. On a perusal
of the judgment and order, it does not appear that anyone drew
the attention of the Court to pending impleadment application of
the Appellant. The Appellant could have appeared and made
submissions if she had so chosen, even without being added as
D party. In any case, other members of the Pant family including
the Respondent Nos.7 to 10, who, according to the Appellant
were in the Mandir Samiti of which the Appellant claims to be
Vice President were duly given an opportunity of hearing. The
judgment and order impugned is not interfered with. [Para
E 46][426-A-C]
Goswami Shri Mahalaxmi Vahuji v. Ranchhoddas
Kalidas and Ors. (1969) 2 SCC 853 : [1970] 2 SCR
275; Jagdish Prasad v. Mahant Tribhuwan Puri (1987)
Supp SCC 482 : 1987 (4) JT 509; Sri Marthanda Varma
F Anr. v. State of Kerala & Ors. (2021) 1 SCC 225 : [2020]
9 SCR 974; Guruvayoor Devaswom Managing
Committee and Another v. C. K. Rajan and Others
(2003) 7 SCC 546 : [2003] 2 Suppl. SCR 619 – referred
to.
G Case Law Reference
[1970] 2 SCR 275 referred to. Para 34
[2020] 9 SCR 974 referred to. Para 40
[2003] 2 Suppl. SCR 619 referred to. Para 44
H
SANDHYA PANT v. DEEPAK RUWALI & ORS. 409
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5238 A
of 2022.
From the Judgment and Order dated 19.11.2020 of the High Court
of Uttarakhand at Nainital in WP (PIL) No. 131 of 2018.
With B
Civil Appeal No. 5239 of 2022
Nidhesh Gupta, Sr. Adv., V. K. Shukla, Sugam Mishra, Jayanta
Bhattacharyya, Ms. Saket Gautam, Miss Beena, Satish Kumar, Advs.
for the Appellant.
C
Ms. Rachana Srivastava, Ms. Vanshaja Shukla, Ashutosh Sharma,
Advs. for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
INDIRA BANERJEE, J. D
Leave granted.
2. These appeals are against a final judgment and order dated
19th November 2020 passed by the High Court of Uttarakhand in a
Public Interest Litigation being Writ Petition (PIL) No.131 of 2018 E
without hearing the Appellant and without deciding the Appellant’s
application being CLMA No.7758 of 2020 for impleadment, pending
before the High Court.
3. According to the Appellant, Chitai Golu Devta Temple in Almora
was constructed in 1919 by late Pandit Keshav Dutt Pant and late Bhola F
Dutt Pant. As per a Report prepared by the Village Pradhan of Gram
Sabha, Chitai Khasparja Tehsil Almora, the original rights in the temple
vested with late Jaikishan Pant. The Appellant is the daughter-in-law of
late Chaturanan Pant, a descendant of the said Jaikishan Pant. The
Appellant claims to be the Vice President of the Mandir Samiti which
was formed in 2012. A translated copy of the said Report of the Village G
Pradhan of Gram Sabha, Chitai dated 8th September 1976 is enclosed to
the Paperbook.
4. According to the Appellant, the shebait rights of the Chitai Golu
Devta Temple are as under:
H
410 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 18 S.C.R.
A
B
C
D
5. In compliance of Ordinance No.16 issued by the Government
of Uttar Pradesh on 6th October 1986, extending the UP Hindu Public
Religious Institutions (Prevention of Dissipation of Properties) Act 1962,
Chaturanan Pant, since deceased made an application for registration of
E the Chitai Golu Devta temple in the statutory form. In the said form it
was stated that the Chitai Golu Devta temple not being a public temple,
the provisions of the said Act may not apply to the Chitai Golu Devta
temple.
6. On or about 29th October 1985, all the three main idols of the
F temple were registered under the Antiquities and Art Treasures Rules,
1973 in the name of late Chaturanan Pant, father-in-law of the Appellant.
7. The Appellant has stated that, after the death of late Chaturanan
Pant, his son Nalin Pant, since deceased, husband of the Appellant took
over the management of the temple along with other family members,
G that is, the Respondent Nos. 7 to 10, who are sons of late Damodar
Pant. After the death of her husband Nalin Pant, the Appellant stepped
into his shoes.
8. On 5th June 2015, the Appellant and Respondent Nos.7 to 10
opened a Saving Bank Account in the IDBI Bank in the name of Golu
H
SANDHYA PANT v. DEEPAK RUWALI & ORS. 411
[INDIRA BANERJEE, J.]
Devta Mandir Samiti, Chitai, Almora. It is claimed that an amount of A
Rs.8.56 lakhs is lying in deposit in the said account.
9. The Respondent No.1, Deepak Ruwali, an Advocate and a
resident of Nainital engaged in social work, filed a Writ Petition in public
interest, being W.P. (PIL) No.131 of 2018, seeking a Writ of Mandamus
directing the Respondent Authorities to constitute a registered society or B
trust for management of the temple.
10. According to the Appellant, Ashutosh Pant, Smt. Lajja Pant,
Sh. Paritosh Pant and other family members of the Appellant got the
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) filed through the Respondent No.1 for
oblique reasons. According to the Appellant, an application made by the C
Appellant along with the Respondent Nos.7 to 10 for registration of the
Golu Devta Mandir Samiti has been kept pending because of the Public
Interest Litigation.
11. On 11th September 2018, Ashutosh Pant and other family
members filed objections before the Registrar of Societies, Almora and D
District Magistrate, Almora, hereinafter referred to as the “District
Magistrate”, stating that objections should be considered before
registration of the Mandir Samiti and other persons may be included in
the Mandir Samiti.
12. On 18th September 2018, the District Magistrate constituted a E
Five Member Committee for inquiry with regard to the complaint made
by Ashutosh Pant and others. On 1st October, 2018, the Members of the
Committee constituted by the District Magistrate called for a meeting to
look into the issues raised by Ashutosh Pant in his complaint. According
to the Appellant, only Ashutosh Pant, Paritosh Pant, Vasudha Pant and
Lajja Pant were called to the meeting. The Appellant states that the F
Appellant and the Respondent Nos.7 to 10 who were discharging the
duties of shebait of the temple were not called for the meeting.
13. On 8th October 2018, the District Magistrate allowed the
representation of Ashutosh Pant and others for constitution of a temple
committee like the Jageshwar Temple Committee. G
14. On 30th November 2018, the District Magistrate filed his reply
in the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the High Court. On 7th January
2020, Vasudha Pant, wife of Ashutosh Pant filed an intervention
application in the PIL which was numbered CLMA No.285 of 2018.
The application was allowed by an order dated 10th January 2020. H
412 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 18 S.C.R.
A 15. On 27th February 2020, the Respondent No.1 moved an
application for impleadment of the Respondent Nos.7 to 10 but excluded
the Appellant who claims to be Vice President of the Mandir Samiti.
16. According to the Appellant, a copy of the Writ Petition filed by
the Respondent No.1 was served on the Respondent Nos. 7 to 10 on 1 st
B March 2020. However, by an order dated 4th March 2020, the High
Court disposed of the PIL, without giving the Respondent Nos. 7 to 10
any opportunity to file their response. The High Court directed the
Respondent No.6 to consider the report of District Magistrate and take
decision for the constitution of an independent Managing Committee for
administration of the non-religious activities of the temple.
C
17. On 26th June 2020, the Appellant, as daughter-in-law of late
Chaturanan Pant filed a Review Application being MCC No.257 of 2020
in the High Court, seeking review of the said order dated 4th March
2020 passed in the PIL. While the Review Application was pending on
4th July 2020, the District Magistrate constituted a new Management
D Committee of the temple on 9th July 2020.
18. On 14th July 2020, the Appellant filed an independent Writ
Petition (M/S) No.1096 of 2020 before the High Court. According to the
Appellant, the Writ Petition was filed in view of some observations made
by the High Court when the Counsel mentioned the Review Application,
E which had not been called on for hearing on 9th July 2020, though it had
been listed on that day. The Single Bench of the High Court however,
dismissed the Writ Petition on the ground that an independent committee
had been constituted in compliance of the order of the Division Bench
dated 4th March 2020 and the Appellant should move an application before
F the Division Bench. On 5th August 2020, the Appellant filed a Special
Appeal No.140 of 2020 against the order dated 27 th July 2020 passed by
the Single Judge dismissing the Writ Petition (M/S) No.1096 of 2020.
19. By an order dated 16th September 2020, the Division Bench
allowed an Application being CLMA No.4534 of 2020 filed by the
G Respondent Nos.7 to 10 and recalled its order dated 4th March 2020. In
view of the order dated 16th September 2020, Special Appeal No.140 of
2020 filed by the Appellant became infructuous and was accordingly
disposed of on 18th September 2020. The Review Application being MCC
No.257 of 2020 filed by the Appellant was, however, dismissed on the
ground that it had been filed by a third party, who was not party to the
H proceedings.
SANDHYA PANT v. DEEPAK RUWALI & ORS. 413
[INDIRA BANERJEE, J.]
20. The Appellant submitted that the judgment and order dated 4 th A
March 2020 had been recalled on 16th September 2020 before the District
Administration could take over the management of the temple. The Chitai
Golu Devta Temple is being managed by the Mandir Samiti in existence
since 2011-2012.
21. On 22 September 2020, the Appellant filed an application for B
impleadment being CLMA No.7758 of 2020 in the PIL filed by the
Respondent No.1. The said application for impleadment was listed on
diverse dates in September, October and November, 2020, but the same
was not heard or decided. By the impugned judgment and order dated
19th November 2020, the Division Bench disposed of the PIL without
C
deciding the application for impleadment filed by the Appellant.
22. By the impugned judgment and order, the Division Bench
disposed of the Public Interest Litigation, directing the Managing
Committee constituted pursuant to the order of the High Court dated
04.03.2020 to continue, observing that there were serious disputes with
D
regard to shebait rights in the temple. According to the Appellant, the
impugned judgment and order was passed without hearing the Appellant.
The High Court observed and held:
“11. The claim of respondent nos.5 to 8 cannot be said to be
a mere bald assertion or a pleading, not backed by facts.
E
They have produced substantial material to prove their interest.
The material produced by them date back to more than 100
years. Whether these documents are valid, appropriate or not,
cannot be decided in a proceeding under Article 226 of the
Constitution of India. These are material that have to be tested
and proved in an appropriate civil court. Therefore, it is suffice F
to hold that the claim of respondent nos.5 to 8 are prima facie
backed by material and, therefore, cannot be brushed aside.
The material produced by the respondents, require to be
proved by them in a court of law.
12. Therefore, considering the rival contentions and the G
material available, we are of the considered view that these
are not matters that could be determined in a public interest
litigation under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. There
are serious rights which have to be agitated before an
appropriate forum. The rights of the parties cannot be H
414 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 18 S.C.R.
A determined merely through affidavits filed before this Court.
The plea of the writ petitioner that a selected family is misusing
its powers and conducting the Pooja etc. the hereditary rights,
as claimed by respondent nos.5 to 8 based on the various
documents produced by them as well as the stand of the State
with regard to the status of the land etc., are serious matters
B
of dispute of right and interest. The same can only be
determined before an appropriate civil court through
adequate evidence, or otherwise. It is for anyone to establish
the fact that it is they who have an interest or a right in the
temple. It is, therefore not proper for this Court, to record any
C finding, based on the affidavit filed, not only by the petitioner
but even by respondent nos.5 to 8 as well as the State to hold
that the land belongs to the State or not, whether respondent
Nos.5 to 8 have a shebait right or not, whether the temple
funds have been misused or not, etc. These are all issues to
D be determined only through a full fledged trial.
13. The fact of the magnitude of the number of devotees who
are attracted by this temple, cannot be overlooked. It is not a
temple that has been created recently. It is undisputed by all,
that this is a very ancient temple which attracts lakhs of
devotees every year. Unimagined faith is deposed in the deity,
E
Public sentiments are also issues to be considered delicately
by the Court. These are not just matters of interpretation of
law that is called for. The sensitive rights of the devotees vis-
à-vis the rights of persons to exercise the shebait rights etc.
have all to be considered minutely. It is therefore just and
F appropriate, that this Court refrains from granting any
declaration as to who is the actual person who has a right to
exercise the shebait rights or not etc. Therefore, we leave open
the question for determination before an appropriate civil
court. Whichever party claims its rights over the shebait rights
G or any other right, pertaining to the temple or any other right
relatable to the temple, is entitled to approach the civil court
for necessary relief. They would have to establish and succeed
before the trial court to obtain any decree in their favour.”
23. A Counter Affidavit has been filed on behalf of the Respondent
State wherein it is stated that pursuant to the High Court’s direction
H
SANDHYA PANT v. DEEPAK RUWALI & ORS. 415
[INDIRA BANERJEE, J.]
and the findings of the Inquiry Committee, the District Magistrate A
proposed to form a Temple Management Committee with the following
members :-
(i) District Magistrate, Almora as the Chairman
(ii) Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Almora as the Deputy Chairman
B
(iii) Chief Treasurer, Almora as the Ex-officio Member
(iv) District Tourism Development Officer as Ex-officio Member
(v) Prabandhak/Manager, Chitai Golu Devta Mandir Samiti as
a member
C
(vi) A representative of the priest as a member
(vii) A specially invited member.
24. It is stated that a detailed criteria of eligibility was laid down
for non-government members. The order stated that the Committee would
make bye-laws for development of the temple and for sharing the D
donations with the priests. The Committee would also work to develop
religious tourism by developing facilities relating to health, education,
electricity, drinking water and hygiene in or around the temple precincts.
25. It is further stated that the State has set up the Committee
only to manage the non-religious affairs of the temple. The Pant family/ E
the Appellant and the Respondent Nos.7 to 10 are continuing to conduct
‘Pooja’ in the temple, as per their rites, tradition and internal arrangement.
26. By an order dated 15th June 2020, the Secretary, Tourism,
Government of Uttarakhand being the Respondent No.6, in compliance
of the order of the High Court dated 4th March 2020, directed the District F
Magistrate to constitute the Committee of the Chitai Golu Devta Temple
in line of Jageshwar Temple Management Committee.
27. On 4th July 2020, a Trust Deed was executed by the District
Magistrate for constituting the Temple Management Committee for the
purpose of management, administration and governance of the temple. G
The Trust Deed was duly registered with the office of the Sub-Registrar
Office, Almora.
28. On 6th July 2020, the District Magistrate convened a meeting
of members of the Temple Management Committee where it was
decided:
H
416 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 18 S.C.R.
A (i) Toilets would be constructed for the devotees
(ii) Parking space at the temple would be improved
(iii) a tank for rainwater harvesting would be constructed
(iv) Sub-Divisional Magistrate would initiate proceeding for
B appointment of the representative of the Priest in the Temple
Committee.
(v) Sub-Divisional Magistrate would appoint Manager of the
Temple Committee as per the procedure adopted in the
Jageshwar Temple.
C 29. On 8th July 2020, the Sub-Divisional Magistrate conducted a
public meeting at the premises of the temple which was attended by
nearly 67 people including Government Officers, Pujaris and local
residents. The Appellant and the Respondent Nos. 7 to 9 also attended
the meeting.
D 30. The minutes of the meeting were drawn up taking note of the
suggestions of those who attended the meeting for improvement of the
temple and the adjoining areas. Secondly, the suggestions were to make
arrangements for availability of water at the temple, to put up solar panels
at the temple premises, to lay down a detailed system for waste
management and to make the temple plastic free. It was also decided
E
that action would be taken to generate self-employment, particularly of
local Kumaon women, by promoting local handicrafts, sale of organic
‘prashad’ made of local sourced fruits, eco-friendly bags for carrying
‘prashad’ and also to develop a library. Thirdly, it was decided that an
arrangement would be made to set up a budget dharamshala, CCTV
F cameras, marriage hall, live telecast of the arti at the temple. Further
meeting was held on 23rd July 2020. A decision was taken with regard to
appointment of Manager of the temple and opening of bank account.
31. By the impugned judgment and order dated 19th November
2020, the High Court declined to record any finding on shebait rights or
G misappropriation of funds by those in management, based on the affidavits
filed by the parties. The High Court directed that any person claiming a
right, title or shebait rights could file a suit before May 2021. The
independent Management Committee formed pursuant to the High
Court’s order dated 4th March 2020 was directed to continue, unless an
order/interim order application was filed in any civil suit.
H
SANDHYA PANT v. DEEPAK RUWALI & ORS. 417
[INDIRA BANERJEE, J.]
32. On behalf of the State, it was submitted that, given the A
importance and sanctity of the Chitai Golu Devta Temple, and in view of
a letter alleging mismanagement received from Ashutosh Pant and various
residents of the nearby village, the District Magistrate had formed a
five-member Inquiry Committee, which had submitted its Report on 8th
October 2018, with the recommendation that a Committee similar to a
B
Committee of Jageshwar Temple be constituted to administer the Chitai
Golu Devta Temple and a detailed set of regulations should be made for
proper management of the temple. It was emphasized on behalf of the
State that priests and pujaris, the Appellant and the Respondent Nos.7 to
10 were to continue to conduct Pooja in the temple as per their rites and
rituals. The State would not interfere in the religious activities of the C
temple or the shebait rights of the shebaits.
33. On behalf of the State, it is also contended that the Chitai Golu
Devta Temple is a public temple and the State can regulate its non-
religious affairs. As noted by the High Court, the temple is visited by
thousands of people and the manner in which the non-religious affairs D
are managed are within the realm of executive control. The funds received
by the temple cannot be misappropriated and must be used for the
development of the temple and for providing amenities to those who visit
the temple.
34. On behalf of the State reliance has been placed on the judgment E
of this Court in Goswami Shri Mahalaxmi Vahuji v. Ranchhoddas
Kalidas and Ors. 1 where this Court laid down the criteria for
differentiating between a private temple and a public temple. This Court
held:
“15. Though most of the present day Hindu public temples F
have been founded as public temples, there are instances of
private temples becoming public temples in course of time.
Some of the private temples have acquired a great deal of
religious reputation either because of the eminence of its
founder or because of other circumstances. They have
attracted large number of devotees. Gradually in course of G
time they have become public temples. Public temples are
generally built or raised by the public and the deity installed
to enable the members of the public or a section thereof to
1
(1969) 2 SCC 853 H
418 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 18 S.C.R.
A offer worship. In such a case the temple would clearly be a
public temple. If a temple is proved to have originated as a
public temple, nothing more is necessary to be proved to show
that it is a public temple but if a temple is proved to have
originated as a private temple or its origin is unknown or lost
in antiquity then there must be proof to show that it is being
B
used as a public temple. In such cases the true character of
the particular temple is decided on the basis of various
circumstances. In those cases the courts have to address
themselves to various questions such as:
“(1) Is the temple built in such imposing manner that it may
C prima facie appear to be a public temple?
(2) Are the members of the public entitled to worship in that
temple as of right;
(3) Are the temple expenses met from the contributions made
D by the public?
(4) Whether the Sevas and Utsavas conducted in the temple
are those usually conducted in public temples?
(5) Have the management as well as the devotees been treating
that temple as a public temple?”
E
35. The Chitai Golu Devta Temple has acquired fame, is visited
for years by thousands of devotees and may be deemed a public temple.
Devotees pray for fulfilment of their wishes and offer bells which are
hung at the temple. Furthermore, the land on which the temple is located,
as well as the land surrounding the temple belongs to the State. As argued
F on behalf of the State, the appointment of an independent Managing
Committee for managing the temple is a secular matter and can be
regulated by the State. In Jagdish Prasad v. Mahant Tribhuwan Puri2,
this Court held:-
“6. We heard counsel on both sides and also gave our anxious
G consideration to the various questions raised in this appeal.
We are of the view that the finding recorded by the High Court
that Ram Mandir is a public temple is correct and does not
call for interference. The High Court has however, not gone
2
H (1987) Supp SCC 482
SANDHYA PANT v. DEEPAK RUWALI & ORS. 419
[INDIRA BANERJEE, J.]
into the other questions raised in the suit as to the A
mismanagement of the temple and the right of the persons to
act as shebait of the temple. In the view that we propose to
take, it may not be necessary to go into all these questions.
Ram Mandir has been declared to be a public temple. There
is no deed conferring the right on any person to manage the
B
temple exclusively. There is a rival claim for the right of
management. It would be, therefore, proper to frame a scheme
for management. We therefore, direct the District Judge to
frame a scheme for proper management of the temple. In that
scheme, Plaintiff 1 since deceased by his LRs and the
defendant be given equal rights in the management. If they C
are not able to cooperate with each other, they may be given
such exclusive rights in the alternate periods of six months or
one year. The scheme also may provide the right to nominate
the successor of Plaintiff 1 and the defendant for management
of the temple. We, however, make it clear that the directions
D
given by the trial court against the defendant in regard to the
missing articles of the temple is kept undisturbed and the
defendant shall be asked to restore all the articles to the
temple. The court will also take care to see that the temple
premises or any other building appertaining thereto is not
utilised for the private use of the parties or their relations. E
These are only some of the suggestions. The District Judge
will take into consideration other aspects also while framing
a proper scheme. The scheme shall be framed within six months
from the date of receipt of this order.”
36. On the face of the averments made in the pleadings in the F
High Court and/or in this Court, it is apparent that there are inter se
disputes between members of the Pant family over the management of
the Chitai Golu Devta Temple. Prior to the formation of the Temple
Management Committee, even the non-religious affairs of the Chitai
Golu Devta Temple, such as temple upkeep, maintenance, sanitation
etc. were looked after by the Pant family members. The donations G
received from pilgrims were allegedly used by the Pant family for their
personal use and not for improving the facilities at the temple. It was
also argued that the Appellant owns and runs a marriage hall adjacent to
the temple and also runs a shop. The Appellant is, therefore, not facing
any financial hardship as such. H
420 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 18 S.C.R.
A 37. In passing the impugned order the Division Bench took note
of the following factors:
(i) The contention of the State that as per the Khatauni of
Fasli Year 1411-1416, that the land occupied by the Golu
Devta Temple at Chitai had been recorded in the revenue
B records, as Non Z.A. Khatauni Category 10(2), which is
government land;
(ii) There was a serious dispute with regard to the shebait rights
of the persons who conduct the pooja in respect of the temple.
Whether the documents produced by the Respondent Nos.7
C to 10 were valid or genuine documents, would have to be
tested and proved in an appropriate Civil Court.
(iii) The magnitude of the number of devotees is overlooked.
The temple is an ancient temple. Public sentiments are
involved.
D 38. There can be no doubt that the State has the right to control
the non-religious affairs of the temple situated on Government land and
ensure that donations received from the public are not misappropriated
or wasted.
39. It is the contention of the Appellant that the descendant/founder
E of the temple has the right to manage the temple. However, when prayers
are being conducted for generations and there are many branches of the
family, disputes inter se between the members of the family have to be
settled by institution of a civil suit. The High Court rightly held that those
claiming any right, title or any shebaits right, which would include the
F appellant, could file a suit. The interest of the appellant is protected.
40. Mr. Gupta appearing on behalf of the Appellant submitted that
when an idol is installed and a temple is constructed, shebaitship is vested
in the founder and unless the founder himself has disposed of the shebaitship
in a particular manner, or there is some usage or custom or circumstance
showing different mode, the shebaitship like any other species of heritable
G
property follows the line of inheritance from the founder; and it is not open
to the Court to lay down a new rule of succession or alter the rule of
succession. In support of his submission, Mr. Gupta cited Sri Marthanda
Varma Anr. v. State of Kerala & Ors.3.
H 3
(2021) 1 SCC 225
SANDHYA PANT v. DEEPAK RUWALI & ORS. 421
[INDIRA BANERJEE, J.]
41. In Marthanda Varma (supra), this Court held:- A
“152. Consistent with the stand that the Temple is a public
Temple and that no remuneration at any stage was derived in
the past or would be aimed at in future, a suggestion was
made on behalf of the appellants in the form of a note in
response to the affidavit-in-reply filed on behalf of the State. B
In the said note, which is set out in detail in para 64
hereinabove, the appellants have suggested the composition
of an Administrative Committee, and of an Advisory Committee.
Broadly, it is suggested that the Administrative Committee be
formed comprising of five Members, the Chairperson being
a retired Indian Administrative Service Officer of the rank of C
Secretary to the Government of Kerala; the other four
members being:
(i) a nominee of the trustee;
(ii) the Chief Thantri of the Temple; D
(iii) a nominee of the Government of Kerala; and
(iv) a Member to be nominated by the Ministry of Culture, the
Government of India.
In terms of Para 8 of the note, the trustee that is to say the
E
Manager or shebait of the Temple would be guided by the
advice given by the Advisory Committee.
153. On the other hand, the suggestion made on behalf of
the State is to follow the model statutorily enacted for
Guruvayoor Devaswom, and thus the Managing Committee
F
would be of eight Members comprising of two ex-officio
members, namely, Padmanabhadasa and the Senior Thantri;
while the other six members would be nominated by the Hindus
among the Council of Ministers; one of them being member
of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes while one being
a woman, and the other being a representative of the G
employees of the Temple.
***
157. The provisions of the TC Act with respect to the
administration of the Temple are clear:
H
422 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 18 S.C.R.
A 157.1. Under Section 18(2), the administration shall be
conducted. “Subject to the control and supervision of the
ruler of Travancore, by an Executive Officer appointed by
him.”
157.2. ”Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple Committee”
B comprised of three members nominated by the ruler of
Travancore in terms of Section 20 is to advise the ruler of
Travancore in the discharge of his functions.
158. The statute has thus vested the power of appointing the
Executive Officer and of forming the Advisory Committee, in
C the ruler of Travancore. In the note, the appellants have
stated:
158.1. ”The trustee shall delegate his powers of
administration under Section 18(2)” to the Administrative
Committee which “shall administer the Temple through an
D Executive Officer to be appointed by the Committee”.
158.2. On all policy matters, the trustee shall be guided by
the advice of the Advisory Committee.
159. Having given our anxious consideration to the rival
suggestions, the composition of the Committees as suggested
E by the appellants deserves acceptance, especially in light
of the conclusions arrived at by us that the Managership or
the shebaitship of the Temple continues with the Family. As
against the administration contemplated by Chapter III of
Part I of the TC Act in the hands of the ruler of Travancore
F in absolute terms, the course now suggested by the appellants
is quite balanced. The composition of the Administrative
Committee as suggested is broadbased and would not be
loaded in favour or against the trustee. However,
considering the fact that the present interim Administrative
Committee headed by the District Judge is in seisin for the
G last more than five years, and various District Judges as
Chairpersons of the Committee conducted themselves quite
well, in our view, a minor change in the Administrative
Committee suggested by the appellants in their note is called
for. Instead of a retired Indian Administrative Service Officer
of the rank of Secretary to the Government of Kerala as the
H
SANDHYA PANT v. DEEPAK RUWALI & ORS. 423
[INDIRA BANERJEE, J.]
Chairperson of the Administrative Committee, in the interest A
of justice, the District Judge, Thiruvananthapuram shall be
the Chairperson of the Administrative Committee. Needless
to say that the present Chairperson of the Interim
Administrative Committee shall continue to be the
Chairperson so long as he holds the post of the District
B
Judge, Thiruvananthapuram. The composition of the
Advisory Committee will ensure that the administration of
the Temple is conducted in a fair and transparent manner.
160. We, therefore, accept the suggestions made by the
appellants in their note adverted to in detail in para 64
hereinabove with regard to the constitution of the C
Administrative Committee and the Advisory Committee subject
to the modification with respect to the Chairperson of the
Administrative Committee as stated in the preceding
paragraph. Appellant 1 shall file an appropriate affidavit of
undertaking within four weeks of this judgment in terms of D
Para 1 of the note and also agreeing to the modification as
stated above. The affidavit of undertaking so filed shall be
binding on Appellant 1 and all his successors.
***
162. In terms of the note submitted by the appellants, the E
powers of “the ruler of Travancore” under Section 18(2) of
the TC Act shall stand delegated to the Administrative
Committee while the Advisory Committee shall be deemed to
be the Committee constituted in terms of Section 20 of the TC
Act. It is made clear that all the members including the F
Chairpersons of the Administrative Committee and the
Advisory Committee must be Hindus and fulfil the requirements
in Section 2(aa) of the TC Act. All the other Committees
constituted in terms of various orders passed by this Court
shall continue for four months, and it shall be up to the
Advisory Committee to consider whether the services of those G
Committees are required or not. It must also be stated that the
present security arrangements as deployed by the State
Government shall be continued, but the expenses in that behalf
shall be borne by the Temple hereafter.
H
424 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 18 S.C.R.
A 42. There is a difference in the traditional mode and manner of
management of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple at Thiruvananthapuram
in respect of which the right of management is vested with the Ruler of
Travancore and the Chitai Golu Devta Temple administered by the
Appellant and the Respondents. Be that as it may, even in the case of
the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, the Court vested the Temple Committee
B
constituted in terms of its order, with all the powers of management of
the Ruler of Travancore.
43. In the instant case, it is not exactly clear as to which heirs of
the Pant family are entitled to shebaitship rights in respect of the Chitai
Golu Devta Temple and there appears to be disputes in this regard amongst
C members of the Pant family.
44. The judgment in Guruvayoor Devaswom Managing
Committee and Another v. C. K. Rajan and Others4, cited by Mr.
Gupta was rendered in the facts and circumstances of the case of
Guruvayoor Temple. In this case, the Court held:-
D
“56. The case at hand does not fall in any of the
aforementioned categories, where a PIL could be entertained.
57. No reported decision has also been brought to our notice
where a public interest litigation was entertained in a similar
E matter.
58. We have also not come across any case so far where the
functions required to be performed by statutory functionaries
had been rendered redundant by a court by issuing directions
upon usurpation of statutory power. The right of a person
F belonging to a particular religious denomination may
sometimes fall foul of Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution
of India. Only whence the fundamental right of a person is
infringed by the State an action in relation thereto may be
justified. Any right other than the fundamental rights
contained in Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution of India
G may either flow from a statute or from the customary laws.
Indisputably, a devotee will have a cause of action to initiate
an action before the High Court when his right under statutory
law is violated. He may also have a cause of action by reason
4
H (2003) 7 SCC 546
SANDHYA PANT v. DEEPAK RUWALI & ORS. 425
[INDIRA BANERJEE, J.]
of action or inaction on the part of the State or a statutory A
authority; an appropriate order is required to be passed or a
direction is required to be issued by the High Court. In some
cases, a person may feel aggrieved in his individual capacity,
but the public at large may not.
59. It is trite, where a segment of the public is not interested B
in the cause, a public interest litigation would not ordinarily
be entertained.
60. It is possible to contend that the Hindus in general and
the devotees visiting the temple in particular are interested in
proper management of the temple at the hands of the statutory C
functionaries. That may be so but the Act is a self-contained
code. Duties and functions are prescribed in the Act and the
Rules framed thereunder. Forums have been created
thereunder for ventilation of the grievances of the affected
persons. Ordinarily, therefore, such forums should be moved
at the first instance. The State should be asked to look into D
the grievances of the aggrieved devotees, both as parens
patriae as also in discharge of its statutory duties.
***
63. The High Court should not have proceeded simply to
supplant, ignore or bypass the statute. The High Court has E
not shown any strong and cogent reasons for an Administrator
to continue in an office even after expiry of his tenure. It
appears from the orders dated 7-2-1993 that the High Court
without cogent and sufficient reason allowed the Administrator
to continue in office although his term was over and he was F
posted elsewhere. He also could not have been conferred
powers wider than Section 17 of the Act. The High Court
took over the power of appointment of the Commissioner
bypassing the procedure set out in the Act by calling upon
the Government to furnish the names of 5 IAS officers to the
Court so that it could exercise the power of appointment of G
the Commissioner.”
45. Unlike the Guruvayoor Temple which was governed by
Guruvayoor Devaswom Managing Committee constituted under the
Guruvayoor Devaswom Act, 1978, there is no specific statute governing
the Chitai Golu Devta Temple. H
426 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 18 S.C.R.
A 46. In our considered view, the High Court has not committed any
error in passing the impugned order. The only question is, whether the
order should have been passed in the absence of the Appellant, without
deciding the Appellant’s application for impleadment. On a perusal of
the judgment and order, it does not appear that anyone drew the attention
of the Court to pending impleadment application of the Appellant. The
B
Appellant could have appeared and made submissions if she had so
chosen, even without being added as party. In any case, other members
of the Pant family including the Respondent Nos.7 to 10, who, according
to the Appellant were in the Mandir Samiti of which the Appellant claims
to be Vice President were duly given an opportunity of hearing. We are
C not inclined to interfere with the judgment and order impugned.
47. The appeals are, accordingly, dismissed.
Nidhi Jain Appeals dismissed.
D
E
F
G
H
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