SH. VIJAY KUMAR AND ORS.versusUNION OF INDIA ORS.

A                        SH. VIJA Y KUMAR AND ORS.
                                      v.
                             UNION OF INDIA ORS.

                                  APRIL 29, 1998

B     [M.M. PUNCHHI, CJI., K.T. THOMAS AND M. SRINIVASAN, JJ.]


         Essential Commodities Act, 1955 : Section 2(a)(xi)

          Notification dated 28.2. 1983-Seeds specified therein-Declaration as
C   essential commodity-Validity of Notification.

         Seeds (Control) Order, 1983-Va/idity of

         Constitution of India, 1950: Article 32.

D         Writ-Maintainability-Notification issued under Essential Commodities
    Act-Validity upheld by this Court earlier-Writ challenging the Notification
    Held as the question has already been decided nothing survives in the
    present writ petition.

          In exercise of its power under Section 2(a)(xi) of the Essential
E   Commodities Act, 1955 the Central Government issued a Notification dated
    28.2.1983 declaring the seeds specified therein as essential commodities. In
    cases initiated by associations of farmers, seed growers and merchants, a
    Division Bench of this Court upheld the validity of the Notification and the
    Seeds (Control) Order, 1983. The petitioners who were probably waiting for
    over ten years for the result in these cases filed the present petition
F   challenging the validity of the Notification and the order on the ground that
    they were unconstitutional, ultra vires and illegal. They also sought a
    declaration that Entry 33 of List Ill to the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution
    of India does not empower either the Union Legislature or the State
    Legislature to make laws in respect of "seeds".
G
          Relying upon a judgment of the Constitution Bench of this Court** it
    was contended that the seeds dealt with by them were not edible and as such
    they were not foodstuffs in any sense of the term as contemplated by Entry
    33 of List III.

H         Dismissing the writ petition, this Court
                                           94
                  VJJA Y KUMAR v. U.0.1. [SRINIVASAN, J.]                        95
      HELD : 1. The contention that the ruling of the Division Bench in                A
Reghu Seeds & Farms Case* runs counter to the judgment of the Constitution
Bench in Firm Girdhar Mal Kapur Chand case is not maintainable. There
is no circumstance whatever warranting the exercise of jurisdiction under
Article 32 of the Constitution of India by this Court in a matter which has
already been decided in batch of cases. The petitioners have not made out a            B
case for reconsidering the question which has been decided by this Court
in Raghu Seeds & Farms case*. Consequently nothing survives in this writ
petition and it has to fail. (98-B-C)

        *Raghu Seeds & Farms & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors., (1994] l SCC
278, affirmed.                                                                         C
    **Firm Girdhar Kapur Chandv. Firm Dev Raj Madan Gopa/, (1964]
1 SCR 1995, distinguished.

        CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (C) No. 434 of
1994.                                                                                  D
        (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.)

        Soli J. Sorabjee, Gopal Jain and K.J. John for the Petitioners.

      V.C. Mahajan, Sr. Ms. Binu Tamta and D.S Mehra for the Respondent                E
No. I.

        Jasbir Malik for Prem Malhotra for the Respondent No. 4.

        R.S. Sodhi for the Respondent No. 5.

        The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                                     F

       SRINIV ASNAN, J. By the first two prayers in this pet1t10n, the
petitioners are challenging the validity of Notification dated 28.2.83 issued by
the Central Government under Section 2 (a)(xi) of the Essential Commodities
Act 1955 declaring seeds specified therein as essential commodities for the            G
purpose of the said Act and the Seeds (Control) Order 1983 issued by the
Central Government under Section 3 of the said Act on the ground that they
are unconstitutional, ultra vires and illegal. There is a third prayer for declaring
that Entry 33 of the List III to the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of
India does not empower either the Union Legislature or the State Legislature
or make laws in respect of "seeds". In fact, the third prayer is the crux of the       H
    96                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [1998] 3 S.C.R.

A   argument of the petitioner.

           2. The very same prayers and the contentions were raised by some
    persons in writ petitions filed in this court in 1984 and in some High Courts.
    The cases filed in the High Courts were transferred to his Court and heard
    along with the writ petitions filed in this Court. By judgment dated 28.10.93,
B   a Bench of Two Judges upheld the validity of the Notification and the order
    and dismissed the petitions and transferred cases, vide Raghu Seeds & Farms
    & Ors. v. Union ofIndia & Ors., [1994] l S.C. 278. The petitioners who were
    probably waiting for over ten years for the result in the said cases filed this
    writ petition in May I 994. In fact, the petitioners filed Writ Petition (Civil) No.
C   303 of 1994 containing a prayer to declare the judgment of this Court to be
    invalid. However, they withdrew it on 25.4.94 stating that they would file a
    properly drafted writ petition.

          3. The Notification of Central Government dated 24.2.83 reads thus:-

D            "In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-clause (xi) of clause (a)
            of Section 2 of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 ( 10of1955), the
            Central Government hereby declares the following seeds used for
            sowing or planting (including seedling and tubers, bulbs, rhizomes,
            and other vegetatively propagated material of food crops or cattle
            fodder) to be essential commodities for the purpose of the said Act,
E           namely,

            (i)    Seeds of food-crops and seeds of fruits and vegetable.

            (ii)   Seeds of Cattle fodder and

            (iii) Jute seeds.
F
                                                                    Sd/ (I. M. Sahai)
                                                Joint Secretary to the Govt of India
                                                              (F.No. 26(7)/82- ECR)"
          4. Sub-clauses (xi) of clause (a) of Section 2 of the Essential Commodities
G   Act, 1955 empowers the Central Government to declare any class of commodity
    other than those mentioned in Section 2(a) clauses (i) to (x) to be an essential
    commodity for the purposes of the Act being a commodity with respect to
    Entry 33 of the List III to the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. The said
    Entry in the Constitution refers to foodstuffs, including edible oil, oil seeds
    and oil''. According to the petitioners the seeds dealt with in the Notification
H   will not fall within the scope of Entry 33. It is argued that in order to bring
                 VIJA Y KUMAR v. U.0.1. [SRINIVASAN, J.)                          97

seeds "within the fold of Entry 33" it should be either foodstuff or edible as          A
such seeds. According to the petitioners the seeds with which they are
dealing are not edible as such and they are not "foodstuff' in any sense of
the term.

      4. In support of the aforesaid arguments, reliance is placed on the
judgment of the Constitution Bench in Firm Girdhar Kapur Chand v. Firm                  B
Dev Raj Madan Gopal, [1964) 1 S.C.R. 1995. In that case the Court held that
forward contracts in cotton seeds were not prohibited by law as cotton and
cotton seeds were not included in the definition of 'essential commodity'. In
 the course of the discussion, the Bench observed as follows:-

        "It is clear that before the order made under rule 81 of the Defence            C
        of India Rules continues in force notwithstanding the expiration of the
        Defence of India Rules, it is necessary that the order must be in
        respect of any matter specified in S.3. Section 3 empowers the Central
        Government to make various orders but only in connection with
        essential commodities. No order can therefore be considered to be "in           D
        respect of any matter specified in S.3" unless it is in respect of an
        essential commodity.

         "Essential commodity" is defined in S.2 to mean any of the following
        classes of commodities:
                                                                                        E
         (i) foodstuffs, (ii) cotton and woolen textiles, (iii) paper, (iv) petroleum
        and petroleum products, (v) spare parts of mechanically propelled
        vehicles, (vi) coal, (vii) iron and steel (viii) mica, "Foodstuffs" was
        also defined thus: "Foodstuffs" shall include edible oil seeds and
        oils". Cotton seeds is an oilseed but it cannot be for a moment be
        suggested that it is fit for human consumption, So, clearly, it is not          F
        an oilseed which is edible. Mr. Aggarwala as a last resort argued that
        what "edible oil-seed" means is a seed from which edible oil can be
        prepared. Such an argument has only to be mentioned to deserve
        rejection. The phrase "edible oil-seed" can never mean what the
        learned counsel suggests and can and does mean only and oilseed                 G
        which is edible as oilseed. Cotton seed, not being edible , falls outside
        the class of "edible oilseed" and so is not foodstuff within the meaning
        of S.2 of the Ordinance or the Act of 1946."

     5. The aforesaid observations of the Constitution Bench cannot be tom
out of the context and used by the petitioners. The Court had no occasion               H
    98                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                     [1998] 3 S.C.R.

A in that case to deal with Entry 33 in List Ill which expressly refers to cotton
    seed and also Section 2(a) (ix) of the Essential Commodities Act which also
    refers to cotton seed. The question which has arisen before us in this case
    did not arise before that Bench. In the circumstances the contention that the
    ruling of the Division Bench in Raghu Seeds & Farms & Ors. v. Union of
B   India & Ors., [1994) I S.C.C. 278, runs counter to the judgment of the
    Constitution Bench in Firm Girdhar Lal Kapur Chand v. Firm Dev Raj
    Madan Gopal, [1964) 1 S.C.R. 1995, cannot be accepted.

          6. In such a situation, there is no circumstance whatever warranting the
    exercise of jurisdiction under Article 32 of the Constitution of India by this
C   Court in a matter which has already been decided in batch of case including
    a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution. Those cases were initiated
    by associations of farmers, seed-growers and merchants. As pointed out
    earlier, these petitioners had not chosen to challenge the validity of the
    Notification issued in 1983 for over 10 years.

D          7. Hence we are of the opinion that the petitioners have not made out
    a case for re-considering the question which has been decided by this Court
    in Rqghu Seeds & Farms & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors., (supra) . Jn that
    view of the matter nothing survives in this writ petition and it has to fail.
    Consequently the writ petition is dismissed. There will be no order as to
    costs.
E
    T.N.A.                                                      Petition dismissed.