Holding

Article 174(1) governs only a live Assembly and is not subject to Article 324; the Election Commission alone determines the election schedule, is not bound by Article 174, and must conduct free and fair elections, generally within six months of dissolution, but no mandatory time‑limit is prescribed.

Summary

The President referred three questions to the Supreme Court concerning the interplay of Article 174(1) (which mandates that six months shall not intervene between the last sitting of a state legislature and its next session) and Article 324 (which vests the Election Commission with the superintendence, direction and control of elections). The Court held that Article 174 applies only to a live, functional Legislative Assembly and does not govern the timing of elections after a premature dissolution; that the power to fix the election schedule rests exclusively with the Election Commission and is not subject to Article 174; and that while the Constitution does not prescribe a specific time‑limit for holding elections after dissolution, the scheme of the Constitution and the Representation of the People Act requires elections to be held within six months of dissolution, with the Commission duty‑bound to conduct free and fair elections using all necessary resources. The Court also ruled that Article 356 is not triggered merely by non‑compliance with Article 174.

Issues considered

Whether Article 174(1) is subject to the decision of the Election Commission under Article 324 and applies to a dissolved Legislative Assembly.
Whether the Election Commission may frame an election schedule on the premise that any breach of Article 174 can be remedied by invoking Article 356.
Whether the Election Commission has a constitutional duty to carry out the mandate of Article 174 by drawing upon Union and State resources to ensure free and fair elections.
Whether any period of limitation for holding elections after premature dissolution is prescribed in the Constitution or the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Whether Article 356 becomes applicable when the six‑month interval prescribed by Article 174 is not observed.

Legislation cited

Constitution of Indias. Article 109, s. Article 110, s. Article 111, s. Article 123, s. Article 164(4), s. Article 172, s. Article 174(1), s. Article 213, s. Article 324, s. Article 327, s. Article 328, s. Article 356
Government of India Act, 1919s. Section 21(1), s. Section 8(1)
Government of India Act, 1935s. Section 18, s. Section 19(1), s. Section 60, s. Section 61, s. Section 62(1)
Representation of the People Act, 1951s. Section 14, s. Section 15, s. Section 30, s. Section 73, s. Section 73(2)

Subjects

Article 174Article 324Election Commission of IndiaLegislative Assembly dissolutionSix‑month rulePresident's RuleArticle 356Representation of the People ActConstitutional interpretationAdvisory reference

Judgment

A SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002

OCTOBER 28, 2002

(B.N. KIRPAL, CJ., V.N. KHARE, K.G. BALAKRISHNAN,
ASHOK BHAN AND ARIJIT PASAYAT, JJ.]
B

Constitution of India, 1950:

Arti~les 174(1) and 324-Applicability of-Held, Art. 174(1) is applicable
to an- existing and funCtional Legislative Assembly and not to a dissolved
C Assembly -It neither relates to elections nor provides any outer limit for
holding elections for constituting Legislative Assembly-The superintendence,
direction and control of the preparation of electoral roll and conduct of
holding elections for constituting Legislative Assembly is in the exclusive domain
of the Election Commission under Article 324-Hence, Article 174(/) and
D Article 324 operate on different fields-Neither Article 174(1) is subject to
Article 324 nor Article 324 is subject to Article 174(1).

Articie 324-Whether there are limitations on the powers of Election
Commission to frame Schedule for holding elections-Held, plenary powers of
the Election Commission cannot be taken away by law ji-amed by Parliament-
E If Parliament makes any such law, it would be repugnant to Article 324-
Ho/ding periodic, free and fair elections by the Election Commission are part
of the basic structure-However, the power of superintendence, direction and
control of election are subject to law made either by Parliament or by the
State Legislature, as the case may be provided the same does not encroach
F upon the plenary powers of the Election Commission-Article 327 rlw Entry
72 of List I of VII Schedule, Article 328 rlw entry 37 of List II of VII Schedule
and Article 324.

Article I74(1),172(1), 123, 213, 109, I JO and I I JI Representation of
People Act, 1951-Sections 14 and 15-Premature dissolution of Legislative
G Assembly-:-Conducting fresh election for constitution of new Assembly-
Whether any period of limitation provided for holding election in such case-
He/d, no period of limitation has been prescribed-However, in view of the
scheme of the Constitution and the Act, the elections should be held within six
months for constituting Legislative Assembly from !he date of dissolution of
the legislative Assembly.
H
366
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 367
Articles 324 and 356-Fixation of the election schedule-For holding A
election to Legislative Assembly-Declaration of state of emergency-
Applicability of-Held, declaration of emergency has no relevance for.fixation
of election schedule.

Article 143-Reference under-Scope and maintainability of-Held,
Court cannot go into disputed questions of fact in its advisory jurisdiction- B
It is within jurisdiction ofSupreme Court to advise the President in a reference,
if the questions referred are likely to arise in future or are ofpublic importance
or there is no decision of Supreme Court which has already decided the
question referred
·c
Interpretation of Statute:

To discern the intention behind enacting a provision of the Constitution
and to interpret the same is to look into the Historical Legislative Development,
Constituent Assembly Debates or any document preceding enactment of the
Constitutional provision. D
On premature dissolution of Legislative Assembly of Gujarat,
Election Commission took steps for holding fresh elections. Election
Commission in its order acknowledged that though Article 174(1) of the
Constitution of India is mandatory and applicable to a dissolved Assembly
and hence fresh elections must be held within six months of the last session E
of the dissolved assembly, but it was not in a position to hold first elections
within six months from the last sitting of the Assembly, and so on non-
observance of provisions of Article 174(1 ), Article 356(1) may be resorted
to.

Since doubts arose with regard to the Constitutional validity of the
F
order of the Election Commission, President of India referred following
questions for opinion of Supreme Court in exercise of his power conferred
under Article 143(1) of the Constitution :-

I. Is Article 174 subject to the decision of the Election G
Commission of India under Article 324 as to the schedule of
elections of Assembly?

2. Can the Election Commission frame a schedule for the
elections to an Assembly on the premise that any infraction
of the mandate of Article 174 would be remedied by a resort H
368 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A to Article 356 by the President?

3. Is Election Commission under a duty to carry out the mandate
of Article 174, by drawing upon all the requisite resources of
the Union and State to ensure free and fair elections?

Answering the questions referred to it, the Court
B
HELD: Per V.N. Khare, J. (For himself, B.N. Kirpal, CJ. and Ashok
Bhan, J.),

I.I. It is well within the jurisdiction of Supreme Court to answer/
C advise the President in a reference made under Article 143(1) of the
Constitution oflndia if the questions referred are likely to arise in future
or such questions are of public importance or there is no decision of this
Court which has already decided the question referred. [393-C]

The Kera/a Education Bill 1957, [1959] SCR 995; Re: Special Courts
D Bill, (1978) Special Reference No. 1 of 1978 [1979] l sec 380 and Keshav
Singh, Special Reference No.I of 1964 (1965] I SCR 413, relied on.
I,
All~cation ofLands and Buildings (1943) FCR 20.and Re: Levy ofEstate
Duty, 1944 FCR 317, referred to.

E 1.2." The legal premise on which the order of Election Commission
was passed raises questions of public importance and these questions are
likely to arise in future. It is not disputed that there is no decision of this
Court directly on the questions referred and further a doubt has arisen
in the mind of the President of India as regards the interpretation of
F Article 174(1) of the Constitution. Under such circumstances, it is
imperative that this reference must be answered. [393-G-H; 394-A, Bl

Re: Presidential Poll, (1974] 2 SCC 33, referred-to

2.1. Question No.I proceeds on the assumption that Article 174(1)
G is also applicable to a dissolved Legislative Assembly. The provision of
Article 174(1) of the Constitution stipulates that six months shall not
intervene between the last sitting in one session and the date appointed
for its first sitting in the next session is mandatory in nature and relates
to an existing and functional Legislative Assembly and not to a dissolved
Assembly whose life has come to an end and ceased to exist. Further,
H Article 174(1) neither relates to elections nor does it provide any outer
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 369

limit for holding elections for constituting Legislative Assembly. The A
superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral,roll
and conduct of holding elections for constituting Legislative Assembly is
in the exclusive domain of the Election Commission under Article 324 of
the Constitution. In that view of the matter, Article 174(1) and Article 324
operate on different fields and neither Article 174(1) is subject to Article B
324 nor Article 324 is subject to Article 174(1) of the Constitution.
[427-B-E]

2.2. Intention of the framers of the Constitution was that the
provisfons contained in Article 174 were meant for a living and existing
Legislative Asse:nbly and not to a dissolved Legislative Assembly. From C
the debates of Constituent Assembly on the draft Articles 69 and 153 which
correspond to Article 85 and 174 of the Constitution, it is very much
manifest that Articles 85 and Article 174 were enacted on the pattern of
Sections 19(1) and 62(1) of the Government oflndia Act, 1935 respectively
which dealt with the frequency of sessions of the existing Legislative
Assembly and were not intended to provide any period of limitation for D
holding elections for constituting new House of the People or Legislative
Assembly in the event of their premature dissolution. Further, the
suggestions to reduce the intervening period between the two sessions to
three months from six months so that Parliament could sit for•longer
duration to transact the pµsines~ shows that it ~as intended for existing E
Houses of Parliament and not dissolved ones, as a dissolved House cannot
sit and transact iegislative business at all. [404-D; 403-E, F]

.2.3. The parliamentary debate in the First Amendment Bill with
regard to the proposed amendment of Article 85 and Article 174 were
concerned only with the current session and working of the existing House F
of the People. The proceedings of the debate further show that the entire
debate revolvec! around prorogation and summoning. There was no
discussion as regards dissolution or Constitution of the House at all and
the amendment was sought to remove the absurdity which has crept into
the original Articles 85 and 174. For these reasons Art.174(1) is
inapplicable to a dissolved Assembly. [407-C-D] G

2.4. The expression 'date appointed for its first sitting in the next
session' in Article 174(1) cannot possibly refer to either an event after the
dissolution of the house or an event of a new Legislative assembly meeting
for the first time after getting freshly elected. When there is a session of H
370 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A the new Legislative Assembly after elections, the new Assembly will sit in
its "first session" and not in the "next session". The expression 'after each
general election' has been employed in other parts of the Constitution and
one such provision is Article 176. The absence of such phraseology 'after
each general election' in Article 174 is a clear indication that the said
B Article does not apply to a dissolved Assembly or to a freshly elected
Assembly. Further, Article 174(1) uses expressions i.e. 'its last sitting in
one sessio~', 'first sitting in the next session'. None of these expressions
suggest that the sitting and the session would include an altogether
different assembly i.e. a previous assembly which has been dissolved and
its successor Assembly that has come into being after elections. Again,
C Article 174 also employs the word 'summon' and not 'constitute'. Article
174 empowers the Governor to summon an Assembly which can only be
an existing Assembly. The constitution of an Assembly can only be under
Section 73 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 and the
requirement of Art. 188 of the Constitution suggests that the Assembly
comes into existence even before its first sitting commences.
D [407-F-H; 408-A, Bl

2.5. Article 174 contemplates a session, i.e. sitting of an existing
Assembly and not a new Assembly after dissolution and this can be
appreciated from the expression 'its last sitting in one session and its first
E sitting in the next session'. Further, the marginal note 'sessions' occurring
in Articles 85 and 174 is an unambiguous term and refers to an existing
Assembly \vhich a Governor can summon. When the term 'session or
sessions' is used, it is employed in the context of a particular assembly or
a particula~ House of the People and not the legislative body whose life is
terminated after dissolution. Dissolution ends the life of legislature and
F brings an end to all business. The entire chain of sittings and sessions gets
broken and there is no next session or the first sitting of the next session
after the House itself has ceased to exist. Dissolution of Legislative
Assembly ends the representative capacity of legislators and terminates
the responsibility of the Cabinet to the members of the Lok Sabha or the
G Legislative Assembly, as the case may he. [408-C-E[

2.6. Conceptually, Article 174 deals with a live legislature. The
purpose and object of the said provision is to ensure that an existing
legislature meets at least every six months, as it is only an existing
legislature that can be prorogued or dissolved. Thus Article 174 which is
H a complete code in itself deals only with a live legislature. [408-G, H]
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 371
2.7. Article 174(1) shows that it does not provide that its stipulation A
is applicable to a dissolved legislature as well. Further, Article 174 does
not specify that interregnum of six months period stipulated between the
two sessions would also apply to a new legislature vis-a-vis an outgoing
legislature. If such be the case then there was no need to insert the proviso
to Article 172(1) and insertion of the said proviso is rendered meaningless
and superfluous. 1409-A, Bl
B

2.8. Further, if Article 174 is held to be applicable to a dissolved
House as well, it would mean that Article 174(2) is controlled by Article
174(1) inasmuch as the power has to be exercised under Article 174(2) in
conformity with article 174(1). Moreover, if the House is dissolved in 5th C
month of the last session, the election will have to be held within one month
so as to comply with the requirement of Article 174(1) which would not
have been the intention of the framers of the Constitution. [409-CI

2.9. Each Legislative Assembly after Constitution is unique and
distinct from the previous one and no part of the dissolved House is carried D
forward to a new Legislative Assembly. Therefore, Article 174(1) does no1
linl< the last session of the dissolved House with the newly formed one.
1409-DI

2.10. A perusal of Articles 172 and 174 would show that there is a
distinction between the frequency of meetings of an existing Assembly a.nd E
periodicity of elections in respect of a dissolved Assembly wllich are
governed by the aforesaid provisions. As far as frequency of meetings of
Assembly is concerned, the six months rule is mandatory, while as far as
periodicity of election is concerned, there is no six months rule either
expressly or impliedly in Article 174. Therefore, it cannot be held that F
Article 174 is applicable to dissolved House and also provides for period
of limitation within which the Election Commission is required to hold
fresh election for constituting the new Legislative Assembly. 1409-E-GI

2.11. Under British Parliamentary system, it is the exclusive right
of the Monarch to dissolve the Parliament and the Monarch by the same G
proch1mation also provides for the election and meeting of its successor,
which is not the case under the Indian Constitution. Under the Indian
Constitution, the power has been entrusted to the Election Commission
under Article 324 to conduct, supervise, control and issue direction and,
therefore, the British convention cannot be pressed into service. In our
democratic system, the Election Commission is the only authority to H
372 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A conduct and fix dates for fresh elections for constituting new House of
People or Legislative Assembly, as the case may be. Therefore, the British
conventions cannot be said to be reflected in Article 174. Yet another
reason why the British convention for fixing a date for newly constituted
Parliament cannot. be applied in India is that under British Parliamentary
B system, there is a continuity of Parliament, whereas in India once the
Parliament gets dissolved, all the business which is to be transacted comes
to an end and the House of People cannot be revived. 1411-B-E]

2.12. There is a difference in the British parliamentary practice and
the Indian practice under the Indian Constitution as regards dissolution
C and prorogation. Under Indian Constitution dissolution brings a legislative
body to an end and terminates its life. Prorogation, on the other hand,
only terminates a session and does not preclude another session, unless it
is coincident with the end of a legislative term. In so far as the effects
following from prorogation and dissolution on pending legislative business
are concerned in England, prorogation puts an end to all pending business
D in the Parliament. whereas in India, this is not the case. Under Articles
107 and 196, there is a specific provision that mere prorogation will not
lead to lapsing of Bills pending at t.hat point of time.. It is only on dissolution
that the pending Bills lapse under Articles 107(5) and 196(5) of the
'c .
Constitution. Thus there is practically no difference in the effects following
E prorogation and dissolution in England, which differe!Jce is specifically
contemplated under the Indian Constitution. In England, dissolution does
not bring with it any special or additional consequences apart from those
that attend upon prorogation. Therefore the British convention with
respect to summoning, proroguing and dissolution of the House of'
Commons.is also .of not much relevance in the fodi;m context.
E (413-E-H; 4L4-AI.

Erskine May, Parliamentary Practice, 20tli Edition, referred to.

2.13. Article 174(1} is neither applicable to a dissolved House nor
does it provide for any period for holding election for constituting fresh
G Legislative Assembly. Wherever the Constitution makers wanted to confer
power, duties, or functions or wanted to make s'imilar provisions both for
Council of Stat~s as well as House of the People or to the State, Legislative
Council and the Legislative Assembly, they have referred both the
institutions under Part V Chapter II and Part VI Chapter Ill of the
Constitution as 'two Houses', 'each House', 'either House' & 'both
H Houses'. On the other hand, the Constitution makers, when they wanted
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 373

to confer powers, functions and duties or wanted to make similar A
provisions both for the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly,
they referred both the institutions as 'Houses', 'either House', 'both
Houses', 'each House' and where there was no Legislative Council, and
power was to give exclusively to Legislative Assembly, it is referred as
Legislative Assembly. The expressions "Houses", "both Houses" and
"either House" and "the House" are used synonymously with the B
institutions known as Council of States and House of the People and are
interchangeable expressions. (414-A, B; 415-B, C; 417-CJ

2.14. There is no distinction between the 'House' and 'Legislative
Assembly'. Wherever the Constitution makers wanted to make similar C
provisions for Legislative Council as well as Legislative Assembly, both
together have been referred to as Houses and wherever the Constitution
makers wanted to make provisions exclusively for the Legislative
Assembly, it has been referred to as Legislative Assembly. For the
aforesaid reasons it is concluded th.1t the expressions "The House" or
"either House" in clause (2) of Art.I 74 of the Constitution and Legislative D
Assembly are synonymous and are interchangeable ei:pressions. The u~e
of expression "the House" denotes the skill of Draftsman using appropriate
phraseology in the text of the Constitution of India. Further the
employment of expressions "the House" or "either House" do not refer
to different bodies other than the Legislative Assembly or the legislative E
Council, as the case may be, and have no further significance. (419-F-H(

3. l. Neither under the Constitution nor under the Representation·-of
the People Act, any period of limitation has been prescribed for holding
election for constituting Legislative Assembly after premature dissolution
of the existing one. However, in view of the scheme of the Constitution F
and the Representation of the People Act, the elections should be field·
within six months for,constituting Legislative Assembly from the date of
dissolution of the Legislative Assembly. Under the Constitution, the power
to frame the calendar or schedule for elections for constituting Legislative
Assembly is within the exclusive domain of the election Commission and
such a power is not subject to any law either made by Parliament or State G
Legislature. (426-F, G)

3.2. Since the entire matter relating to the elections was entrusted
to the Election Commission, it was found to be a matter of.no consequence
to prov·ide any period of limitation for holding fresh election for H
374 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A constituting new Legislative Assembly in the event of premature
dissolution. This was deliberate and conscious decision . However, care
was taken not to leave the entire matter in the hands of the Election
Commission and, therefore, under Article 327 read with Entry 72 of List
I of VII th Schedule of the Constitution, Parliament was given power
subject to the provisions of the Constitution to make provisions with
B respect to matters relating to or in connection with the election of either
House of Parliament or State Legislature, as the case may be, including
preparation of electoral roll. For the States also, under Article 328 read
with entry 37 of List II, the Legislature was empowered to make provisions
subject to the provisions of the Constitution with respect to matters
C relating to or in connection with election of either House of Parliament
or State Legislature, including preparation of electoral roll. Thus, the
Parliament was empowered to make law as regards matters relating to
conduct of election of either Parliament or State Legislature, without
affecting the plenary powers of the Election Commission. In this view of
the matter, the general power of superintendence, direction, control and
D conduct of election although vested in the Election Commission under
Article 324(1), yet it is subject to any law either made by the Parliament
or State Legislature, as the case may be, which is also subject to the
provisions of the Constitution. The word 'election' has been interpreted
to include all the steps necessary for holding election. The power of
E superintendence, direction and control are subject to law made by either
Parliament or by the State Legislature, as the case may be provided the
same does not encroach upon the plenary powers of the Election
Commission under Article 324. 1422-C-H; 423-AI

M.S. Gill v. Chief Election Commissioner, 1197811 SCC 404; A.C. Jose
F v. Sivan Pillai and Ors., 119841 2 sec 656 and Kanhiya Lal Omar v. R.K.
Trivedi and Ors., 119851 4 SCC 628, referred to.

3.3 .. Representation of the People Act, 1951 also has not provided
any period of limitation for holdir.g election for constituting fresh
Assembly election in the event of premature dissolution of former
G Assembly. It is no doubt true that democracy is a part of the basic
structure of the Constitution and periodical, free and fair election is
substratum of democracy. If there is no free and fair periodic election, it
is end of d~mocracy. 1423-B, CJ

MS Gill v. Chief Election Commissioner, 119781 I SCC 404 and A.C.
H Jose v. Sivan Pillai and Ors.. 119841 2 SCC 656, relied on.
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 375
3.4. However, employment of words "on an expiration" occurring A
in Sections 14 and 15 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951
respectively show that Election Commission is required to take steps for
holding election immediately on expiration of the term of the assembly
on its dissolution, although no period has been provided for. Yet, there is
another indication in sections 14 and 15 of the Representation of the People
Act that the election process can be set in motion by issuing of notification B
prior to the expiry of six months of the normal term of the House of People
or Legislative Assembly. Articles 172(1), 123, 213, 109, 110 and 111
indicate that on the premature dissolution of Legislative Assembly, the
Election Commission is required to initiate immediate steps for holding
election for constituting Legislative Assembly on the first occasion and in C
any case within six months from the date of premature dissolution of the
Legislative Assembly. [423-H; 424-A-Df

3.5. So far as the framing of the schedule or calendar for election of
the Legislative Assembly is roncerned, the same is in the exclusive domain
of the Election Commission, which is not subject to any law framed by D
the Parliament. The Parliament is empowered to frame law as regards
conduct of elections but conducting elections is the sole responsibility of
the Election Commission. As a matter of law, the plenary powers of the
Election Commission cannot be taken away by law framed by Parliament.
If Parliament makes any such law, it would be repugnant to Article 324. E
Holding periodic, free and fair elections by the Election Commission are
part of the basic structure. [424-F, G[

Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain, [19751 Suppl. I SCC 1, relied on.

4.1. Article 174(1) is inapplicable to a dissolved Legislative Assembly.
Consequently, there is no infraction of the mandate of Article 174(1) in
F
preparing a schedule for elections to an Assembly by the Election
Commission. In view of the written submission of the Election Commission,
that Election Commission passed the order without reference to Article
356 and it was merely pointed out that Article 356 could provide solution
in situation of infraction of Article 174(1), the question of applicability of G
Article 356 on the infraction of the provisions of Article 174 loses much
of its substance and, therefore, application of Article 356 is not required
to be gone into. [427-F-H; 428-Af

4.2. Interpretation of Art. 174(1) of the Constitution by the Election
Commission in its order was mainly influenced by the past practice H
376 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A adopted :•,by the Election Commission holding elections for constituting
fresh Legislative Assembly within six months of the last sitting of the
...
dissolved House. It also appears that the gratuitous advice of application
of Art. 356 by the Election Commission in its order was in all its sincerity,
although on interpretation of Article 174(1), it is found that _it was
B misplaced. [425-E, Fl
1~4
5. In view of answer to question No.I, as Article 174(1) neither
applies to a prematurely dissolved Legislative Assembly nor does it deal
with elections and, therefore, the question that the Election Commission
is required to carry out the mandate of Article 174(1) of the Constitution
C does not arise. Under Article 324, it is the duty and responsibility of the
Election Commission to hold free and fair elections at the earliest. No
efforts should be spared by the Election Commission to hold timely
elections. Ordinarily, law and order or public disorder should not be
occasion for postponing the elections and it would be the duty and
responsibility of all concerned to render all assistance, cooperation and
D aid to the Election Commission for holding free and fair elections.
[428-B-DI.

6. One of the known methods to discern tile.intention behind enacting
a provision of the Constitution and also to interpret the sa~~ is to look
E into the Historical Legislative Development, Constituent Assembly De~ates ·
or any document preceding enactment of the Constitutional provision,
. . · CJ
[396-B, ,.

His Holiness Keshavanand Bharati shreepadgalvaru etc. v. State of
Kera/a and Am. etc., [19731 4 SCC 225 and R.S. Nayak v. A.R. Antulay,
F [19841 ~ SCR 495, relied on.

Per Balakrishnan, J. (Concurring)

LL , Article
. -.,.., 174 and Article 324 operate in different fields. Article
174 does not apply to dissolved Assemblies. The schedule of the election
p of the Assembly is to be fixed having regard to the urgency of the situation
that a democratically elected Government be installed at the earliest and
the process of election shall start immediately on the dissolution of the
Assembly. Though the ultimate authority to decide as to when a free and
fair election can be conducted is Election Commission, such decisions shall
be just and reasonable and arrived at having regard to all relevant
'H .circumstance. Any decision to postpone election on unreasonable grounds
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 377
is anathema to democratic form of Government and it is subject to judicial A
review on traditionally accepted grounds. 1437-F-H]

1.2. The plain meaning of the words used in Article 174 itself would
show that Article 174 has no application to a dissolved Assembly. The
words "six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in one session
and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session" occurring B
in. Article 17,4 clearly indicate that the interregnum between the two
sessions shall .not be six months and that is applicable only in respect of a
live Assembly. Once the Assembly is dissolved, Article 174 has no
application. [435-D-E]

1.3. Though, in the Report of the Election Commission it is stated
c
that the Commission has all along been taking the view that once the
Assembly is dissolved it would take all possible steps to see that the first
sitting of the next Assembly would be made possible within a period of
six months of the last sitting of the dissolved Assembly. This is a very
healthy convention which is being followed since the adoption of our D
Constitution and hence the action of the Election Commission in scheduling
the election in such a way that the first session of the next Assembly meets
within the period of six months of the last sitting of the dissolved Assembly
is appreciable. But that by itself is no reason to interpret that Article 174
would apply to a dissolved Assembly. Frequency of meeting as provided
under Article 174 would apply to an Assembly which is in esse at that time. E
[435-F-H]

2.1. The framing of schedule for election for the new Legislative
Assembly shall start immediately on dissolution of the Assembly and the
Election Commission shall endeavour to see that the new Legislative F
Assembly meets at least within a period of six months of the dissolution.
Article 356 regarding declaration of state of emergency in the State has
no relevance to the fixation of the election schedule. 1438-B]

2.2. Neither the Constitution nor the Representation of People Act,
1951 prescribes any time limit for the conduct of election after the term G
of the Assembly is over either by premature dissolution or otherwise. Once
there is dissolution of the Assembly, the Election Commission shall take
immediate steps to conduct the election and see that the new Assembly is
formed at the earliest point of time. A democratic form of Government
would survive only if there are elected representatives to rule the country.
Any delay on the part of the Election Commission is very crucial and it is H
378 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A the Constitutional duty of the Election commission to take steps
immediately on dissolution of the Assembly. Article 324 of the Constitution
gives vast powers to the Election Commission. 1436-B-D]

2.3. The Election Commission is vested with the power to decide the
election schedule. It can act only in accordance with the Constitutional
B provisions. The election process for electing the new Legislative Assembly
should start immediately on the dissolution of the Assembly. There may
be cases where the electoral roll may not be up-to-date and in such case
the EleCtion Commission is well within the power to update the electoral
roll and the time taken for such updating of the electoral roll shall be
C reasonable time. Ordinarily, the Election Commission would also require
time for 'notification, calling of nomination and such other procedure that
are required for the proper conduct of election. There may be situation
where the Election Commission may not be in a position to conduct free
and fair election because of certain natural calamities. Even under such
situation the Election Commission shall endeavour to conduct election at
D the earliest making use of all the resources within its command. Ample
powers are given to the Election Commission to coordinate all actions with
the help 'of various departments of the Government including military and
para-mili~ary forces. When an Assembly is dissolved by the Governor on
the advice of the Chief Minister, naturally, the Chief Minister or his
E political party seeks fresh mandate from the electorate. The duty of the
Election Commission is to conduct fresh election and see that a
democratically elected Government is installed at the earliest and any
decision by the Election Commission, which is intended to defeat this very
avowed object of forming an elected Government can certainly be
challenged before the Court if the decision taken by the Election
F Commission is perverse, unreasonable or for extraneous reasons and if
the decision of the Election Commission is vitiated by any of these grounds
the Court can give appropriate direction for the conduct of the election.
1436-F-H; 437-A-CI

3. L The Election Commission is under a constitutional duty to
G conduct the election at the earliest on completion of the term of the
Legislative Assembly on dissolution or otherwise. If there is any
impediment in conducting free and fair election as per the schedule
envisaged by the Election Commission, it can draw upon all the requisite
resources of Union and State within its command to ensure free and fair
H election, th.ough Article 174 has no application in the discharge of such
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 379
constitutional obligation by the Election Commission. It is the duty of the A
Election Commission to see that the election is done in a free and fair
manner to keep the democratic form of Government vibrant and active.
1437-D, El

3.2. Reference to Article 356 was incidentally made by the Election
Commission to point out that if Article 174 cannot be complied with, the B
possible alternative is to invoke Article 356 and declare a state of
emergency. Article 356 has no application under any of these situations.
It is an independent power to be exercised very rarely and this power is
hedged by ever so many Constitutional limitations. 1437-D, El

Per Arijit Pasaya!, J (Concurring)
c
I. This Court is bound by the recitals in the order of Reference.
Under Article 145(1) the Court accepts the statements of fact set out in
the Reference. The truth or otherwise of the facts cannot be enquired or
gone into nor can Court go into the question of bonafides or otherwise of D
the authority making the reference. This Court cannot go behind the
recital. This Court cannot go into disputed questions of fact in its advisory
jurisdiction under Article 143(1). The judicial aspect of these triple
questions alone can attract judicial jurisdiction. 1447-F, G; 455-HI

Dr. M Ismail Faruqui and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors., [1994) 6 E
SCC 360 and Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, 11993] Suppl. 1 SCC 96
(II); Kera/a Education Bill, 119591 SCR 995; Re Presidential Poll, [19741 2
SCC 33 and Special Reference No.I of 196411965] 1SCR413, referred to

Re: The Allocation of Lands and Buildings in a Chief Commissioner's
Province, AIR (1943) FC 13 and Re: Levy of Estate Duty, AIR (1944) FC F
73, referred to

2.1. The provisions of Article 174 are mandatory in character so far
as the time period between two sessions is concerned in respect of live
Assemblies and not dissolved Assemblies. Article 174 and Article 324
operate in different fields. Article 174 does not deal with elections which G
is the primary function of the Election Commission under Article 324.
Therefore, the question of one yielding to the other does not arise. There
is scope of harmonizing both. 1472-Cj

2.2. The constitutional scheme with rei:ard to the holding of the H
380 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A elections to Parliament and the State Legislatures is quite clear. First, the
Constitution has provided for the establishment of a high power body to
be in charge of the elections to Parliament and the State Legislatures and
of elections to the offices of President and Vice-President. That body is
the Commission. Article 324 of the Constitution contains detailed provision
B regarding the Constitution of the Commission and its general power. The
superintendence, direction and control of the conduct of elections referred
to in A~ticle 324(1) of the Constitution are entrusted to the Commission.
The words 'superintendence', 'direction' and 'control' are wide enough
to include all powers necessary for the smooth conduct of elections. It is,
however, seen that Parliament has been vested with the power to make
C law under Article 327 of the Constitution read with Entry 72 of List I of
Seventh Schedule to the Constitution with respect to all mat,ters relating
to the elections to either House of Parliament or to the House or either
House of the. Legislature of a State subject to the provisions of the
Constitution. Subject to the provisions of the Constitution and any law
made in that behalf by Parliament, the Legislature of a State may under
D Article 328 read with Entry 37 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the
Constitution make law relating to the elections to the Jflouse or Houses of )

Legislature of that State. The general powers of superir;tendence, direction
and control of the elections ve:>ted in the Commission under Article 324(1)
naturally are subject to any law made either under Article 327 or under
E Article 328 of the Constitution. The word 'election' in Article 324 is used
in a wide sense so as to include the entire process of election which consists
of several stages and it embraces many steps, some of which may have an
important bearing on the result of the process. Article 324 of the
Constitution operates in areas left unoccupied by legislati<Jn and the words
'superintendence', 'direction' and 'control' as well as 'conduct of all
F elections' are the broadest terms which would include the power to make
all such provisions. (456-G, H; 457-A-El

Mohinder Singh Gill v. Chief Election Commissioner, New Delhi, (1978(
1 SCC 405; A.C. Jose v. Sivan Pillai, (1984( 2 SCC 656; Kanhiya Lal Omar
v. R.K. Trivedi and Or./I., (1985] 4 SCC 628; His Holiness Keshavan and
G Bharati shreepadgalvaru etc. v. State of Kera/a and Anr. etc., (1973] 4 sec
225, refe'rred to

2.3. The first question essentially relates to the interplay between two
Articles i.e. Article 174 and Article 324 of the Constitution. A bare reading
H of the aforesaid two Articles makes it clear that they operate in different
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 381
fields. Article 174 appears in Chapter III of Part YI of the Constitution A
relating to State Legislature. The parallel provision, so far as the Union
is concerned, is contained in Article 85 in Chapter II of Part V of the
Constitution. Article 174 does not deal with elections. On the contrary,
the occasion for holding of elections to be conducted by the Election
Commission arise only after dissolution of the House. 1458-F, G; 459-C]
B
2.4. Dissolution brings a legislative body to an end. It essentially
terminates the life of such body and is followed by a constitution of new
body (a Legislative Assembly or a House of People, as the case may be).
· Prorogation on the hand relates to termination of a session and thus
preclude another session, unless it coincides with end of the legislative term. C
The basic difference is that prorogation unlike dissolution does not affect
a legislative body's life which may continue from session to session, until
brought to an end of dissolution. Dissolution draws the final curtain upon
the House. Once the House is dissolved it becomes irrevocable. There is
no power to recall the order of dissolution and/or revive the previous
House. Consequently effect of dissolution is absolute and irrevocable. The D
effect of dissolution is in essence termination of current business of the
legislative body, its sittings and sessions. Th~re is a cessation of chain of
sessions, sittings and for a dissolved legislative body and there cannot be
any next session or its first sitting. With the election of legislative body a
new Chapter comes into operation. Till that is done, the sine qua non of E
responsible government i.e. accountability is non-existent. Consequentially,
the time stipulation is non-existent. Any other interpretation would render
use of the word "its" in relation to "last sitting in one session" and "first
sitting iii the next session" without significance. 1461-H; 462-A-B]

Purushothaman Nambudiri v. The State of Kera/a, 11962] Supp. 1 stR
, I
p
753 and K.K. Aboo v. Union of India, AIR (1965) Kera la 229, referre~ to

3.1. Article 174 is not relatable to a dissolved Assembly. Similar is
the position under Article 85 vis-a-vis House of People. Merely because
the time schedule fixed under Article 174 cannot be adhered td that per
se cannot be the ground for bringing into operation Article 356. (472-DJ G
3.2. Sections 14 and 15 of the Representation of People Act, 1951
deal with notification for general election to the House of the People and
the State Legislative Assemblies respectively. It is clearly stipulated that
notification for holding the election cannot be issued at any time earlier
than 6 months prior to the date on which the duration of the House will H
382 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A expire under provisions of clause (2) of Article 83 or under clause (1) of
Article 172 respectively. The obvious purpose is that the President or the
Governor, as the case may be, to call upon the electorate tp elect members
in accordance with the provisions of the Rules, Act and the orders made
thereunder on such dates as may be recommended by the Election
Commission. The dates are to be so fixed that they are not much prior- to
B the expiry of the duration. Here also, the underlying object is that the
elected members are to continue for th1~ full term. It has been fairly
accepted by counsel for the parties who submitted that there is no time
limit fixed that there should always be a responsible Government. Our
Constitution establishes a democratic republic as is indicated in the
C Preamble to the Constitution itself and Cabinet system of Government is
generally known as the responsible Government. In a democracy the
sovereign powers vest collectively to the three limbs i.e., the executive,
legislature and the judiciary. Section 14 of the Representation of People
Act, 1951 mandates that general elections shall be held for the purpose of
constituting the new House of People on the expiry of the duration of the
D existing House or on its dissolution. Similar is in the case of Legislative
Assembly in the background of Section 15. When the election is to be held
on the expiry of the fixed term, the Election Commissioner knows thf date
in advance and can accordingly fix up schedule of the election. The
problem arises when there is a premature dissolution. In that case, the
E Election Commissioner becomes aware only after the dissolution takes
place. He cannot, therefore, fix up any schedule in advance in such a case.
The consequential fall out of not holding election for a long time is the
functioning of a caretaker Government which is contrary to the principles
of responsible Government. The caretaker Government is not the solution
to deterring elections for unduly long periods: As noted above, due to
F unforeseen contingencies it may become impossible to constitute new
House of People or the Legislative Assembly. Deferring an election is an
exception to .the requirement that election should be held as early as
practicable. The requirement of summoning the House has inbuilt in it
the existence of a House capable of being summoned. Therefore even in
G the case of pre-mature dissolution, effort of the Election Commission
should be to hold that where free and fair election is not possible to be
held, there may be inevitable delay. But reasons for deferring elections
should be relatable to acts of God and ~ormally not acts of man. Myriad
reasons may be there for not holding elections. 1465-E-H; 466-A-El

H 3.3. The impossibility of holding the election is not a factor against
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 383
the Election Commission. The maxim of law impote11tia excusat /egem is A
intimately connected with another maxim of law lex 11011 cogit ad
impossibilia. lmpote11tia excusat /egem is that when there is a necessary or
invincible disability to perform the mandatory part of the law that
impotentia excuses. The law does not compel one to do that which one
cannot possibly perform. "Where the law creates a duty or charge, and B
the part is disabled to perform it, without any default in him, and has no
remedy over it, there the law will in general excuse him". Therefore, when
it appears that the performance of the formalities prescribed by a statute
has been rendered impossible in circumstances over which the persons
interested had no control, like the act of God, the circumstances will be
taken as a valid excuse. Where the act of God prevents the compliance of C
the words of a statute, the statutory provision is not denuded of its
mandatory character because of supervening impossibility caused by the
act of God. Situations may be created by interested persons to see that
elections do not take place and the caretaker Government continues in
office. This certainly would be against the scheme of the Constitution and D
the basic structure to that extent shall be corroded. [467-A-D[

Special Reference 1 of 1974 [ 1975[ I SCR 504, referred to

Legal Maxims by Broom 10th Edn. pp. (1962-63) and Statute law by
Craies 6th Edn. P.268, referred to E
3.4. So far as applicability of Article 356 is concerned, though the
order of Election Commission has specifically dealt with the possibility of
applying that situation, in the written submissions and the arguments made
before this Court the view was given a go by. Mere non-compliance of
Article 174 so far as the time period is concerned, does not automatically F
bring in Article 356. It is made clear that the order of the Election
Commissioner is the foundation and not what is stated subsequently by
way of an affidavit or submissions to clarify. [469-8, C[

KN Rajgopal v. Thirn M. Karunanidhi, [1972[ 4 SCC 733 and Aru11
Kumar Rai Choudhury v. Union of India. AIR (1992) All. I and S.R. Bommai G
v. Union of India, [1994[ 3 SCC I, referred to

4.1. Article 174 does not deal with election, the question of Election
Commissioner taking the aid,' assistance or co-operation of the Central or
the State Government or to draw upon their resources to hold the election H
does not arise. On the contrary for effective operation of Article 324 the
384 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Election Commission can do so to ensure holding of free and fair election.
The question whether free and fair election i.s possible to be held or not
has to be objectively assessed by the Election Commission by taking into
consideration all relevant aspects. Efforts should be to hold the election
and not to defer holding of election. [472-E, F[

B Election Commission of India v. State of Haryana, [1984[ 3 SCR 554
and Election Commission of India v. Union of India and Ors., [1995[ Suppl.
3 SCC 643 and Election Commission ofIndia v. State ofT.N. and Ors., [1995[
Suppl. 3 SCC 379, referred to

C 4.2. Free and fair election is the sine qua non of democracy. The
scheme of the Constitution makes it clear that two distinct Constitutional
authoriti~s deal with election.and calling of session. As a matter of practice
the elections are completed within a period of six months from the date
of dissolution. As a matter of practice the elections are completed within
a period of six months from the date of dissolution, on completing the
D prescribed tenure or on pre-mature dissolution except when for inevitable
reasons there is a delay. The Election Commissioner is a high constitutional
authority charged with the duty of ensuring free and fair elections and
the purity of electoral process. To effectuate the constitutional objective
and purpose it is to draw upon all incidental and ancillary powers. 'Six
E months' period applicable to elections held on expiry of the prescribed
term would be imperatively applicable to elections held after pre-mature
dissolution. This of course would be subject to such rare exceptional cases
occasioned on account of facts situation (like acts of God) which make
holding of elections impossible. But man made situation intended to defer
holding of elections should be sternly dealt with and should not normally
F be a ground for deferring elections beyond six months period, starting
point of which would be the date of dissolution. Timely election which is
not free and fair subverts democracy and frustrates the ultimate
responsibility to assess objectively whether free and fair election is possible.
Any man made attempt to obstruct free and fair election is antithesis to
G democratic norms and should be overcome by garnering resources from
the intended sources and by holding the elections within the six months'
period. [468-B-F]

Digvijay Mote v. Union of India and Ors., [1993[ 4 SCC 175, referred
to
H
5.1. in interpreting the statute the words used therein cannot be read
SPECIAL REFERENCE N0.1 OF 2002 385
in isolation. Their colour and content are derived from their context and, A
therefore, every word in a statute must be examined in its context. By the
word 'context', it means in its widest sense as including not only other
enacting provisions of the same statute but its preamble, the existing state
of the law, other statutes in pari materia and the mischief which the statute
intended to remedy. While making such interpretation the roots of the past,
the foliage of the present and the seeds of the future cannot be lost sight
B
of. Judicial interrpretation should not be imprisoned in verbalism and
words lose their thrust when read in vacuo. Context would quite often
provide the key to the meaning of the word and the sense it should carry,
its setting would give colour to it and provide a cue to the intention of the
Legislature in using it. A word is not a crystal, transparent and unchanged; C
it is the skin of living thought and may vary greatly in colour and content
according to the circumstances and the time in which the same is used.
1462-E-Hl

Towne v. Eisner, (1917) 245 US 418, 425, referred to.
D
Statutory Interpretation by Justice G.P. Singh (Eighth Edition 2001 pp.
81-82), referred to.

5.2. The judicial function of the Court in interpreting the
Constitution thus becomes anti nomi. It calls for a plea upon a continuity
of members found in the instrument and for meeting the dominant needs E
and aspirations of the present. A constitutional court like this Court is a
nice balance of ju1risdiction and it declares the law as contained in the
Constitution but in doing so it rightly reflects that the Constitution is a
living and organic thing which of all instruments has the greatest claim
to be construed brnadly and liberally. 1463-El
F
Mis Goodyeair India ltd v. State of Haryana and Anr., AIR (1990) SC
781 and Synthetics and Chemicals ltd v. State of UP. and Ors., AIR (1990)
SC 927, referred to

5.3. In the int•erpretation of a constitutional document words arc but. G
the framework of concepts and concepts may change more than words
themselves. The significance of the change of the concepts themselves is
vital and the constitutional issues are not solved by a mere appeal to the
meaning of words without an acceptance of the line of their growth. It is
aptly said that the intention of the Constitution is rather to outline
principles th:an to engrave details. 1463-GJ H
386 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A R. C. Poudval v. Union of India and Ors., AIR (1993) SC 1804, referred
to

6. In determining the question whether a provision is mandatory or
directory, the subject matter, the importance of the provision, the relation
of the provision to the general object intended to be secured by the Act
B will decide whether the provision is directory or mandatory. It is the duty
of the courts to get the real intention of the law maker expressed in the
law itself, taken as a whole. 1466-F, HI

Bra// v. Bratt, (1826) 3 Addams 210, referred to

c 7. Section 164(4) is not really concerned with holding of elections and
primarily relates to a requirement to get elected within the time prescribed.
The said provision contemplates a situation where a Minister in a
Legislature in existence has to be elected, it does not deal with a non-
existing House and in this background, there is nothing to do with Article
D 174. [468-G, Hf

S.R. Chaudhuri v. State of Punjab and Ors., [20011 7 SCC 126,
distinguished

ADVISORY JURISDICTION IN THE MATTER OF SPECIAL
E REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002.

(Under Article 143 (I) of the Constitution of India).

Harish N. Salve, Solicitor General, Kirit N. Raval, Additional Solicitor
General, K.K. Venugopal, Arun Jaitley, Dr. Rajeev Dhavan, Jitendra Shrama,
F Kapil Sibal, A. Sharan, Milon K. Banerjee, M.C. Bhandare, D.N. Dwivedi,
Gopal Subramanium, P.P. Rao, Dr. A.M. Singhvi, Ashwani Kumar, K.
Parasaran, Kailash Vasdev, Vijay Bahaguna, Yetin Oza, O.P. Sharma,
Ram Jethmalani, T.M. Mohammed Youseff, Preetesh Kapur, Ms. Meenakshi
Sakhardanade, Siddhartha Chowdhury, Ms. Aparajita Singh, Ms. Gayatri
G Goswami, P. Parmeswaran, R.N. Poddar, S. Muralidhar, S.K. Mendiratta,
• Shreyas Jayasimha, Ms. Bina Gupta, Ms. Vanita Bhargava, Ms. Rakhi
Ray, Ms. Divya Roy Jha, H.K. Puri, S.K. Puri, Ujjwal Banerjee, Ms.
Anindita Gupta, B.K. Pal, P.N. Jha, Er.An ii Mittal, D:iyan Krishnan, Ranji
Thomas, Arun Baradwaj, Gautam Narayan, Pranab Kumar Mullick, Shail
Kumar Dwivedi, Ms. Madhu Sharan, Amit Kumar, Amit Anand Tiwari,
H Samir Ali Khan, Ashish Tiwari, lrshad Ahmad, Ms. Krishna Sarma, Ms.
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 387

Asha G. Nair, Anil Shrivastav, Jyoti Dutt, G. Prabhakar, Ms. Kamitii A
Jaiswal, Saket Singh, Kumar Rajesh Singh, B.B. Singh, Prakash Shrivastava,
J.C. Pandey, R.M. Sharma, Ms. A. Subhashini, Kamal Trivedi, Addi. Adv.
Gen for Gujarat, Ms. Hemantika Wahi, J.P. Dhanda, Ms. Raj Rani Dhanda,
Sunder Khatri, Naresh K. Sharma, Ashok Mathur Rajesh Pathak, Anis
Suhrawardy, Raj Shekhar Rao, K.R. Sasiprabhu, John Mathew, Sanjay R.
Hedge, Satya Mitra, Ashok Kumar Pandey, G. Balaji, Dhirendra Pandey, B
R.K. Mehta, Ms. M. Sarada, Ms. Suman Kukreti, R.S. Jena, R.S. Suri,
Jagjit Singh Chhabra, K.N. Madhusoodhnan, Ms. Sumita Hazarika, Joy
Basu, Prashant Chandra Sen, S.S. Shinde, V.N. Raghupathy, Kartik Singh,
Ranjan Mukherjee, K.H, Nobin Singh, M. Gireesh Kumar, Satish K. Agnihotri,
K.C. Kaushik, Rohit K. Singh, W.A. Nomani, Suren Uppal, Vikram Mehta, C
Pradip Tiwari, Anil K. Pandey, Sanjay K. Shandilya, Ms. V.D. Khanna,
V.G. Pragasam, S.M. Mehta, Adv. Gen!, for Rajasthan, Ms. Bharati
Upadhyaya, Sushi! Tekriwal, Javed M. Rao, A. Mariarputham, Gopal Singh,
Rahul Singh, Rajiv Mahapatra, P.N. Ramalingam, V. Balaji R.C. Verma,
Mukesh Verma, Vivek Vishnoi, Ms. Rachana Srivastava, Kamlendra Mishra,
Sanjay Visen, Tara Chandra Sharma, Rajeev Sharma, Ms. Neelam Sharma, D
Ajay Sharma, Rupesh Kumar, Ms. Kirti Singh, D.S. Mahra, S. Wasim A.
Qudri, Jana Kalyan Das, Ms. Bina Mahavan, S. Udaya Kumar Sagar,
Prashanth P., Ms. Meena C.R. for the appearing parties.

The Opinions of the Court were delivered by
E
V.N. KHARE, J. The dissolved Legislative Assembly of the State of
Gujarat was constituted in March 1998 and its five-year term was to expire
on 18.3.2003. On 19.7.2002 on the advice of the Chief Minister, the Governor
of Gujarat dissolved the Legislative Assembly. The last sitting of the dissolved
Legislative Assembly was held on 3rd April 2002. Immediately after F
dissolution of the Assembly, the Election Commission of India took steps for
holding fresh elections for constituting the new Legislative Assembly.
However, the Election Commission by its order dated 16th August, 2002
while acknowledging that Article 174(1) is mandatory and applicable to an
Assembly which is dissolved and further that the elections for constituting
new Legislative Assembly must be held within six months of the last session G
of the dissolved Assembly, was of the view that it was not in a position to
conduct elections before 3rd of October, 2002 which was the last date of
expiry of six months from last sitting of the dissolved Legislative Assembly.
It is in this context the President of India in exercise of powers conferred
upon him by virtue of clause (I) of Article 143 of the Constitution of India H
388 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A referred three questions for the opinion of the Supreme Court by his order
dated 19th August, 2002 which run as under :

"WHEREAS the Legislative Assembly of the State of Gujarat was
dissolved on July 19, 2002 before the expiration of its normal duration on
March 18, ,2003;
B
AND WHEREAS Article 174(1) of the Constitution provides that six
months shall not intervene between the last sitting of the Legislative Assembly
in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next Session:

·AND WHEREAS the Election Commission has also noted that the
C mandate of Article 174 would require that the Assembly should meet every
six months even after the dissolution of the House, and that the Election
Commission has all along been consistent that normally a Legislative Assembiy
should meet at least every six months as contemplated by Article 174, even
where it has been dissolved;
D AND WHEREAS under section 15 of the Representation of the People
Act, 195 l, for the purpose of holding general elections on the expiry of the
duration of the Legislative Assembly or its dissolution, the Governor shall,
by notification, call upon all Assembly Constituencies in the State to elect
members on such date or date as may be recommended by the Election
E Commission of India;
I
AND WHEREAS the last sitting of the Legislative Assembly of the
State of Gujarat was held on 3rd April, 2002, and as such the newly constituted
Legislative Assembly should sit on or before 3rd October, 2002; AND
WHEREAS the Election Commission of India by its order No. 464/GJ-LA/
F 2002 dated August 16, 2002 has not recommended any date for holding
general election for constituting a new Legislative Assembly for the State of
Gujarat and observed that the Commission will consider framing a suitable
schedule for the general election to the State Assembly in November-December
2002. Copy of the said order is annexed hereto;

G AND WHEREAS owing Jo the aforesaid decision of the Election
Commission of India, a new Legislative Assembly cannot come into existence
so as to meet within the stipulated period of six months as provided under
Article 174(1) of the Constitution of India;

AND WHEREAS THE Election Commission has held that the non-
H
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 389

observance of the provisions of Article 174(1) in the present situation would A
mean that the Government of the State cannot be carried in accordance with
the provisions of the Constitution within the meaning of Article 356(1) of the
Constitution and the President would then step in;

AND WHEREAS doubts have arisen with regard.to the Constitutional
validity of the said order of the Election Commission of India as the order B
of the Election Commission which would result in a non-compliance with the
mandatory requirement envisaged under Article 174(1) of the Constitution
under which not more than six months shall intervene between two sittings
of the State Legislature;

AND WHEREAS in view of what has been hereinbefore stated, it
c
appears to me that the questions of law hereinafter set out have arisen which
are of a such nature arrd of such public importance that it is expedient to
obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court of India;

NOW, THEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred upon me D
under clause (!) of Article 143 of the Constitution, I, A.P.J. Abdul Killam,
President of India, hereby refer the following questions to the Supreme Court
of India for consideration and report thereon, namely:-

(i) Is Article 174 subject to the decision of the Election Commission
of India under Article 324 as to the schedule of elections of the E
Assembly?

(ii) Can the Election Commission of India frame a schedule for the
elections to an Assembly on the premise that any infraction of
the mandate of Article 174 would be remedied by a resort to
Article 356 by the President? F
(iii) Is the Election Commission oflndia under a duty to carry out the
mandate of Article 174 of the Constitution, by drawing upon all
the requisite resources of the Union and the State to ensure free
and fair elections?"
G
Much before the matter was taken up for hearing it was made clear by the
Bench hearing the reference that it would neither answer the reference in the
context of the election in Gujarat nor look into the questions of facts arising
out of the order of the Election Commission and shall confine its opinion
only on questions of law referred to it.
H
390 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A When this reference was taken up objections were taken by learned'
counsel appearing for the Election Commission, several national political
parties and counsel for various States that this reference need not be answered
and it requires to be returned unanswered, inter a/ia, on the grounds :

(a) that, the reference raises issues already decided or determined by
B earlier Supreme Court judgments regarding the plenary and all
encompassing powers of the Election Commission to deal with
all aspects of an election under Articles 324-329 ;

(b) that, if the Supreme Court considers the said question again, it
would convert advisory Article 143 jurisdiction into an appellate
c jurisdiction, which is impermissible ;

(c) that, if Article 174 were to override .Article 324, question No. 3
is unnecessary. Also, if question No. 1 is answered in the
affirmative, question No. 3 is automatically answered. In any
event, the last part of question No. 3 raises a question to the
D effect as to whether the Election Commission is obliged to ensure
free and fair elections, the answer to which is axiomatic, obvious
and completely unnecessary to be answered in a Presidential
Reference ;

E (d) that, since question No. 2 cannot stand in the abstract, it also
ought not to be gone into and deserves to be sent back
unanswered;

(e) that, no undertaking has been furnished by the Union of India
that they would be bound by the advice of this Court and,
F therefore, the reference need not be answered;

(f) that, the reference proceeds on the flawed legal premise that
Article 174 applies to the holding of periodic elections and
mandates the Election Commission to hold elections within the
six-month period from the last session of dissolved Legislative
G Assembly and, therefore, this Court should return the reference
unanswered ; and

(g) that, the reference is a disguised challenge to the order of the
Election Commission dated 16th August, 2002 which is

H i. Sh. K.K. Venugopal, Sr. Counsel
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 391

inappropriate in a reference under Article 143. A
In support of the aforesaid propositions learned counsel relied upon the
following decisions : ( 1) In re : Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, [I 993]
Suppl. I SCC 96; (2) In re : Keshav Singh. Special Reference No. 1 of 1964-
[ I 965] I SCR 413 ; (3) In re: The Special Courts Bill, 1978 Spl Ref. No.
I of 1978 - [1979] I SCC 380; (4) In re : Appointment of Judges Case, B
Special Reference No. I of 1998 - [ 1998] 7 SCC 739; (5) The Ahmedabad
St. Xavier's College Society and Anr v. State of Gujarat and Ors., [1974] 1
SCC 717; (6) In re: Presidential Poll, Special Reference No. I of 1974 -
[1974] 2 SCC 33; (7) In re : The Kera/a Education Bill, 1957 - [1959] SCR
995 and (8) Dr. M. Ismail Faruqui and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors., C
(19941 6 sec 360.

In re: The Kera/a Education Bill, I 957 (supra), it was urged that since
the Bill introduced in the Legislative Assembly has been referred to under
Article 143 and the same having not received legislative sanction the reference
need not be answered. Dealing with the said argument this Court held that D
under Article 143, the Supreme Court is required to advise the President not
only as to any question which has arisen but also as to a question which is
likely to arise in future.

In re: Special Court Bill, 1978 (supra), it was held that it was not
necessary that the question on which the opinion of the Supreme Court is E
sought must have arisen actually. It is competent for the President to make
a reference at an anterior stage, namely, at the stage when the President is
satisfied that the question is likely to arise Chandrachud, CJ at page. 400,
para 20 held that :

"20. Article 143(1) is couched in broad terms which provide that any F
question of law or fact may be referred by the President for the
consideration of the Supreme Court if it appears to him that such a
question has arisen or is likely to arise and if the question is of such
a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain
the opinion of the Court upon it. Though questions of fact have not
been referred to this Court in any of the six references made under G
Article 143(1), that Article empowers the President to make a reference
even on questions of fact provided the other conditions of the Article
are satisfied. It is not necessary that the question on which the opiriion
of the Supreme Court is sought must have arisen actually. It is
competent to the President to make a reference under Article 143( I) H
392 SUPREME COURT REPORTS .[2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A at an anterior stage, namely, at the stage when the President is satisfied
that the question is likely to arise. The satisfaction whether the question
has arisen or is likely to arise and whether it is of such a nature and
of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion
of the Supreme Court upon it, is a matter essentially for the President
to decide. The plain duty and function of the Supreme Court under
B Article 143( 1) of the Constitution is to consider the question on which
the President has made the reference and report to the President its
opinion, provided of course the question is capable of being
pronounced upon and falls within the power of the court to decide.
If, by reason of the manner in which the question is framed or for any
c other appropriate reason the court considers it not proper or possible
to answer the question it would be entitled to return the reference by
pointing out the impediments in answering it. The right of this Court
to decline to answer a reference does not flow merely out of the
different phraseology used in clauses (I) and (2) of Article 143, in
the sense that clause (I) provides that the Court "may" report to the
D President its opinion on_ the question referred to it, while clause (2)
provides that the Court "shall" report to the President its opinion on
the question. Even in matters arising under clause (2), though that
question does not arise in this reference, the Court may be justified
in returning the reference unanswered if it finds for a valid reason
E that the question is incapable of being answered. With these
preliminary observations we will consider the contentions set forth
above."

In re: Keshav Singh, Special Reference No. I of 1964, 413, (supra)
Gajendragadkar, CJ speaking for the Court stated that the words of Article
F 143( 1) are wide e1iough to empower the President to forward to this Court
for its advisory opinion any question of law or fact which has arisen or is
likely to arise, provided it appears to the President that such a question is of
such a nature or of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the
opinion of the Court upon it.

G In re: Allocation osf lands and Buildings, [1943] FCR 20, Gwyer, CJ
stated "we felt some doubt whether any useful purpose would be served by
giving of an opinion under Section 213 of the Government of India Act. The
terms of that section do not impose an obligation on the Court, though we
should always be unwilling to decline to accept a reference except for good
H reason; and two difficulties presented themselves. First, it seemed that questions
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 393

of title might sooner or later.be involved, ifthe Government whose contentions A
found favour with the Court desired to dispose of some of the lands in
question to private individuals and plainly no advisory opinion would furnish
a good root of title such as might spring from a declaration of this Court in
proceedings taken under Section 204 (I) of the Act by one government
against the other".
B
In re: Levy of Estate Duty, 1944 FCR 317, it was held that Section 213
of the Government of India Act empowers the Governor General to make a
reference when questions of law are "likely to arise".

From the aforesaid decisions it is clear that this Court is well within its
jurisdiction to answer/advise the President in a reference made under Article c
143(1) of the Constitution of India if the questions referred are likely to arise
in future or such questions are of public importance or there is no decision
of this Court which has already decided the question referred.

In the present case what we find i's that one of the questions is as to D
whether Article 174 (I) prescribes any period of limitation for holding fresh
el.ection for constituting Legislative Assembly in the event of premature
dissolution of earlier Legislative Assembly. The recitals contained in the
Presidential reference manifestly demonstrate that the reference arises out of
the order of the Election Commission dated 16th August, 2002. In the said
order the Election Commission has admitted that under Article 174(1) six E
months should not intervene between one Assembly and the other even though
there is dissolution of the Assembly. The reference proceeds upon the premise
that as per order of the Election Commission, a new Legislative Assembly
cannot come into existence within the stipulated period of six months as
provided under Art. 174(1) of the Constitution on the assessment of conditions F
prevailing in the State. Further, a doubt has arisen with regard to the application
of Article 356 in the order of the Election Commission. In view of the
decision in Re: Presidential Poll, (1974] 2 SCC p. 33 holding that in the
domain of advisory jurisdiction under Article 143(1) this Court cannot go
into the disputed question of facts, we have already declined to go into the
facts arising out of the order· of the Election Commission. But the legal G
premise on which order was passed raises questions of public importance and
these questions are likely to arise in future. The questions whether Article
174(1) is mandatory and would apply to a dissolved Assembly, that, whether
in extraordinary circumstances Article 174(1) must yield to Art. 324, and,
that, the non-observance of Article 174 would mean that the government of H
394 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the
Constitution and in that event Art. 356 would step in, are not only likely to
arise in future but are of public importance. It is not disputed that there is no
decision of this Court directly on the questions referred and further, a doubt
has arisen in the .mind of the President of India as regards the interpretation
B of Art 174(1) of the Constitution. Under such circumstances, it is imperative
that this reference must be answered. We, therefore, overrule the objections
raised and proceed to answer the Reference.

Question No. I

C Is Article 174 subject to decision of the Election Commission of India
under Article 324 as to the schedule of election of the Assembly?

In an effort that aforesaid question be answered in the negative it was,
inter alia, urged on behalf of the Union of India, 2 one of the national political
parties' and one of the States:'
D
(a). that, the provision in Article 174(1) of the Constitution that six
months shall not intervene between the last sitting of one session
and the date appointed for its first meeting of the next session is
mandatory in nature and it applies when the Governor either
prorogues either of the Houses or dissolves the Legislative
E Assembly;

(b) that, Article 174(2) empowers the Governor to pr~rogue or
dissolve the Legislative Assembly and Article 174(1) does not
make any exception in respect of the interregnum irrespective of
whether the Governor has prorogued the House or dissolved the
F Legislative Assembly under Article 174(2);

(c) that, on the correct interpretation of Art. 174, the mandate of
Article 174(1) is applicable to the dissolved Assembly also. Such
an interpretation would be in the defence of a democracy and,
therefore, as and when an Assembly is prematurely dissolved,
G
the Election Commission has to fix its calendar for holding fresh
election within the time mandated under Article 174(1);

(d) that, alternatively, it was argued that in a situation where mandate

S/Sh.(2) Harish N. Salve, Solicitor General of India (3) Arnn Jaitley, Senior Counsel (4)
H Kirit N. Rawal. Addi. Solicitor General.
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002< (V.N. KHARE, J.] 395

under Article 174(1) cannot be complied with, it does not mean A
that the mandate is directory in nature; and

(e) that, the holding of election immediately after dissolution of the
Assembly is also necessary in view of the sanction which is
required to be taken with regard to Money Bills by the Legislative
Assembly. <5><10 <14> B
The contentions advanced on behalf of the other national political parties,
'"> <•> <11 <•1 <•> <11 1<12> <1J> <15 ><16><17>political parties as well as other States is that
Article 174(1) is neither applicable to the dissolved Assembly nor does it
provide any period of limitation of six months for holding fresh election in
the event of a premature dissolution of the Legislative Assembly. According C
to learned counsel appearing for these parties, there is no provision either in
the Constitution or in the Representation of the People Act which provides
an outer limit for holding election for constituting the new Legislative
Assembly or the new House of the People, as the case may be, in the event
of their premature dissolution.
D
On the argument of learned counsel for the parties, the first question
that arises for consideration is whether Article 174(1) is applicable to a
dissolved Assembly?

A plain reading of Article 174 shows that it stipulates that six months E
shall not intervene between the last sitting in one session and the date appointed
for its first sitting in the next session. It does not provide for any period of
limitation for holding fresh election in the event a Legislative Assembly is
prematurely dissolved. It is true that after commencement of the Constitution,
the practice has been that whenever either Parliament or Legislative Assembly
were prematurely dissolved, the election for constituting fresh Assembly or F
Parliament, as the case may be, were held within six months from the date
of the last sitting of the dissolved Parliament or Assembly. It appears that the
Election Commission's interpretation of Article 174 that fresh elections for
constituting Assembly are required to be held within six months from the
date of the last sitting of the last session was very much influenced by the G
prevailing practice followed by the Election Commission since enforcement

S/Sh. (5) Kapil Sibbal (6) K. R. Parasaran (7) Ram Jethmalani (8) P.P. Rao (9) Milon Banerji
(I 0) Rajeev Dhawan (I I) Ashwani Kumar (12) M.C. Bhandre ( 13) Devendra Dwivedi (14)
P.N.Puri (15) A.M. Singhvi (16) Gopal Subra111aniam (17) V. Bahuguna (18) A. Sharan -
all senior counsel.
H
396 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A of the Constitution. At no point of time any doubt had arisen as to whether
the interval of six months between the last sitting of one session and the first
sitting of the next session of the Assembly under Article 174(1) provides a
period of limitation for holding fresh election to constitute new Assembly by
the Election Commission in the event of a premature dissolution of Assembly.
Since the question has arisen in this Reference and also in view of the fact
B that Article 174 on its plain reading does not show that it provides a period
of limitation for holding fresh election after the premature dissolution of the
Assembly, it is necessary to interpret the said provision by applying accepted
rules o·f interpretations.

C 9ne of the known methods to discern the intention behind enacting a
provision of the Constitution and also to interpret the same is to look into the
Historical Legislative Development, Constituent Assembly Debates or any
document preceding the enactment of the Constitutional provision.

' In His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru etc. v. State of
D Kera/a and Anr. etc., [1973] 4 SCC 225, it was held that Constituent Assembly
debates although not conclusive, yei show the intention of the framers of the
Constitution in enacting provisions of the Constitution and the Constituent
Assembly Debates can throw light in ascertaining the intention behind such
provisions.

E , In R.S. Nayak v. A.R. Antu/ay, [1984] 2 SCR 495, it was held that
reports of the Commission which preceded the enactment of a legislation,
reports of Joint Parliament Commission, report of a Commission set up for
collecting information leading to the enactment are permissible external aid
to co~struction of the provisions of the Constitution. If the basic purpose
F underlying construction of legislation is to ascertain the real intention of the
Parliament, why should the aids which Parliament availed of such as report
of a. Special Commission preceding the enactment, existing state of Law, the
'...
environment necessitating enactment of legislation, and the object sought to
be achieved, be denied to the Court whose function is primarily to give effect
to the real intention of the Parliament in enacting the legislation. Such denial
G would deprive the Court of a substantial and illuminating aid to construction
of the provisions of the Constitution. The modern approach has to a
considerable extent. eroded the exclusionary rule in England.

Since it is permissible to look into the pre-existing law, Historical
Legislative Developments, and Constituent Assembly Debates, we will look
H into them for interpreting the provisions of the Constitution.
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. l OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 397
Historical Leg_islative Developments A
Government of India Act, 1915 & Government of India Act, 1919

Part VI of Government of India Act 1915 dealt with the Indian
Legislatures containing provisions dealing with Indian and Governor's
provinces legislatures. Section 63D dealt with Indian Legislature while Section B
72B dealt with the legislature of Govern.or's provinces. Sections 63D(l) and
Sec. 72B(l) run as under:

"Sec 63D(l) : Every Council of State shall continue for five years
and every Legislative Assembly for three years from its first
meeting: Provided that: C
(a) either Chamber of the Legislature may be sooner dissolved by the
Governor General; and

(b) any such period may be extended by the Governor General, if in
special circumstances he so think fit; and D
(c) after the dissolution of either Chamber the Governor Gtneral
shall appoint a date not more than six months or, with the sanction
of the Secretary of the State, not more than nine months from the
date of dissolution for the next session of that Chamber"
E
Sec 728(1) : Every Governor's legislative council shall continue
for three years from its first meeting : Provided that :

(a) the Council may be sooner dissolved by the Governor ; and

(b) the said period may be extended by the Governor for a period not F
exceeding one year, by notification in the official gazette of the
province, if in special circumstances (to be specified in the notification)
he so think fit; and

(c) after the dissolution of the council the Governor shall appoint
a date not more than six months or, with the sanction of the G
Secretary of the State, not more than nine months from the date
of dissolution for the next session of the council.

After repeal of Government of India Act 1915, Government of India
Act 1919 came into force. Section 8 of the Government of India Act 1919
provided for sittings of Legislative Council in provinces. Section 8 read as H
t
J

398 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A follows :

"Sec 8(1) : Every Governor's legislative council shall continue for
three years from its first meeting : Provided that:

(a) the Council may be sooner dissolved by the Governor; and
B (b) the said period may be extended by the Governor for a period not
exceeding one year, by notification in the official gazette of the
province, if in special circumstances (to be specified in the notification)
he so think fit; and

c (c) after the dissolution of the council the Governor shall appoint
a date not more than six months or, with the sanction of the
Secretary of the State, not more than nine months from the date
of dissolution for the next session of the council"

Similarly, Section 2 l provided for the sittings of the Indian legislature.
D Section 21 runs as under:

"Sec 21 (I) : Every Council of State shall continue for five years and
every Legislative Assembly for three years from its first meeting :
Provided that:

E (a) either Chamber of the Legislature may be sooner dissolved by the
Governor General; and

(b) any such period may be extended by the Governor General, if in
special circumstances he so think fit; and

(c) after the dissolution of either Chamber the Governor General
F shall appoint a date no't more than six months or, with the sanction
of the Secretary of the State, not more than nine months from the
date of dissolution for the next session of that Chamber.

A combined reading of Sections 630(1) & 728(1) of Government of
G India Act 1915 and Sections 8(1) and 21(1) of Government of India Act 1919
shows that the Governor General could also either dissolve the Council of
State or the Legislative Assembly sooner than its stipulated period or extend
the period of their functioning. Further, it was mandated that after the
dissolution of either Chamber, the Governor General shall appoint a date not
more than six months or with the sanction of the Secretary of the State, not
H more than nine months from the date of dissolution, for the next session of
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 399

that Chamber. Similarly, the Governor of the province could also either A
dissolve the Legislative Council sooner than its stipulated period or extend
the period of its functioning. Further, the Governor was duty bound after the
dissolution of the legislative council to appoint a date not more than six
months, or with the sanction of the Secretary of the State, not more than nine
months from the date of dissolution for the next session of legislative council. B
It is noteworthy that these powers of the Governor General and the
Governor of the province were similar to the powers exercised by the British
monarch historically under British conventions. The mandate to the Governor
General and the Governor to fix the date for the next session of the new
chamber or the legislative council respectively was based on the British C
conventions whereunder the monarch fixes a date for next session of the
House of Commons after its dissolution. Further the power of Governor
General to extend the period of Legislative Council or to prematurely dissolve
it was also based on British conventions.

Government of India Act 1935 D
The Government of India Act, I 919 was repealed by the Government
of India Act, 1935. Section 19( I) provided for the sittings of the Federal
Legislature. Section 19(1) runs as under:

"Sec 19(1) : The Chambers of the Federal Legislature shall be E
summoneo to meet once at least in every year, and twelve months
shall not intervene between their last sitting in one session and the
date appointed for their first sitting in the next session."

Similarly, Section 62(1) of the Act provided for sittings of Provincial
Legislature. Section 62(1) runs thus: F
"62(1): The Chamber or Chambers of each Provincial Legislature
shall be summoned to meet once at least in every year, and twelve
months shall not intervene between their last sitting in one session
and the date appointed for their first sitting in. the next session"
G
We find that under the Government of India Act, 1935, there was a
complete departure from the provisions contained in the Government of India
Act, 1915 and Government of India Act, 1919 as regards the powers and
responsibilities of the Governor General and the Governors of the Provinces
to extend the period of the chambers or fix a date for the next session of the H
400 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A new chamber. By the aforesaid provisions, not only were the powers to
extend the life of the chambers of the Federal Legislature and the Provincial
Legislatures done away with, but the British Convention to fix a date for the
next session of the new chamber was also given up. These were the departures
from the previous Acts. It may also be noted that under the Government of
B India Act, I935, statutory provisions were made in respect of the conduct of
elections. Under Schedule V Para 20 of the Government of India Act, 1935,
the Governor General was empowered to make rules for carrying out the
provisions of the Vth and V!th Schedule. Para 20 as a whole related to
matters concerning elections, and Clause (iii) particularly pertained to conduct
of elections. Similarly, Schedule VI of the Government of India Act, 1935
C contained provisions with respect to electoral rolls and franchise. Such
provisions are not found in either the Government of India Act, 1915 or the
Government of India Act, 1919. Thus, we see that statutory provisions have
come in for the first t'ime and conduct of elections has been entrusted in the
hands of the executive. Since the power to fix the calendar for holding
elections was given in the hand of executive, therefore, the provisions for
D a
fixing date of next session of new legislature in The Government of India
Act of 1915 and 1919 was given up in the J 935 Act. This shows that elections
in India were no longer based on the British conventions.
,
Under the Constitution of India, 1950, even these provisions have been
E departed from. While under the Government of India Act, 1935, the conduct
of elections was vested in an executive authority, under the Constitution of
India, a Constitutional authority was created under Art 324 for the
superintendence, direction and conduct of elections. This body, called the
Election Commission, is totally independent and impartial, and is free from
any interference of the executive. This is a very noticeable difference between
F the Constitution of India and the Government of India Act, J 935 in respect
of matters concerning elections for constituting the House of the People or
the Legislative Assembly. It may be noted that Arts.85(1) and 174(1) which
were physically borrowed from Govt. of India Act, 1935 were only for the
purposes of providing the frequencies of sessions of existing Houses of
G Parliament and State Legislature, and they do not relate to dissolved Houses.

Constituent Assembly Debates with regard to Articfes 85 & I 74 of the
Constitution

Draft Articles 69 and 153 correspond to Article 85 and Article 174 of
H the Constitution respectively. Article 69 dealt with the Parliament and Article
SPECIAL REFERENCE N0.1 OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 401

153 dealt with State Legislative Assembly. When the aforesaid two. draft A
Articles were placed before the Constituent Assembly for discussion, there
was not much debate on Draft Article 153. But there was a lot of discussion
when Draft Article 69 was placed before the Constituent Assembly. Draft
Articles 69 and 153 run as under:

"69 (I) : The Houses of Parliament, shall be summoned to meet twice B
at least in every year, and six months shall not intervene between
their last sitting in one session and the date appointed for their first
sitting in the next session.

(2) Subject to the provisions of this Article, the President may from
time to time - c
(a) summon the Houses or either House of Parliament to meet at such
time and place as he thinks fit;

(b) prorogue the Houses;

(c) dissolve the House of the People.
D

153 (I) : The House or Houses of the Legislature of the State shall
be summoned to meet twice at least in every year, and six months
shall not intervene between their last sitting in one session and the
date appointed for their first sitting in the next session.
E
(2) Subject to the provisions of this Article, the Governor may from
time to time -

(a) summon the Houses or either House to meet at such time and
place as he thinks fit;
F
(b) prorogue the House or Houses;

(c) dissolve the Legislative Assembly.

(3) The functions of the Governor under sub-clauses (a) and (c) of
clause (2) of this Article shall be exercised by him in his discretion". G
On 18.5.1949, when Draft Article 69 came up for discussion, there was
a proposal to change the intervening period between the t\vo sessions of the
Houses of Parliament from six months to three months so as to ensure that
the Parliament has more time to look into the problems faced by the people
of the country. Prof. K.T. Shah one of the members of the Constituent H
402 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Assembly, while moving an amendment to the Draft Article 69, as it then
stood, said that the Draft Article was based on other considerations prevailing ,.
during the British times, when the legislative work was not much and the
House used to be summoned only for obtaining financial sanction. Shri H.V.
Karnath while intervening in the debate emphasized on the need to have
frequent sessions of the Houses of Parliament. He suggested that the Houses
B should meet at least thrice in each year. He pointed out that in the United
States of America and the United Kingdom, the Legislatures s.at for eight to
nine months in a year as a result of which they were able to effectively
discharged their parliamentary duties and responsibilities. He also emphasized
that the period of business of transactions provided in the Federal or State
C Legislatures under the Government of India Act, 1935 were very short as
there was not much business to be transacted then by those Legislatures. He
also reiterated that the Houses of Parliament should sit more frequently so
that the interests of the country are thoroughly debated upon and business is
not rushed through. Prof K.T. Shah was very much concerned about the
regular sitting of the Parliament and, therefore he moved an amendment 1478
D which read as follows :

"at the end of Art 69(2) (c), the following proviso is to be added:

Provided that if any time the President does not summon as
provided for in this Constitution for more than three months the
E House of the People or either House of Parliament at any time after
·the dissolution of the House of the People, or during the currency of
the lifetime of the House of the People for a period of more than 90
days, the Speaker of the House of the People or the Chairman of the
Council of States may summon each his respective House which shall
then be deemed to have been validly summoned and entitled to deal
F
with any business placed or corning before it".

Further, Prof KT Shah also moved amendment No. 1483, which provided
for insertion of Cl. (3) after Art 69(2), and a proviso thereto, which is very
relevant. Clause (3) runs as under:
G "(3): If any time the President is unable or unwilling to summon
Parliament for more than three months after the prorogation or
dissolution of the House of the People and there is in the opinion of
the Prime Minister a National Emergency he shall request the Speaker
and the Chairman of the Council of States to summon both Houses
H of Parliament, and place before it such business as may be necessary
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 403

to cope with the National Emergency. Any business done in either A
House of Parliament thus called together shali be deemed to have
been validly transacted, and shall be valid and binding as any Act,
Resolution or Order of Parliament passed in the normal course:

Provided further that if at any time the President is unable or
unwilling to summon Parliament for a period of more than three B
months or 90 days after prorogation or dissolution of the House of
the People, and the Prime Minister is also unable or unwilling to
make the request aforesaid, the Chairman of either Houses of
Parliament thus called together shall be deemed to be validly convened
and entitled to deal with any businesG places before it".
c
Shri B.R. Ambedkar, while replying to the aforesaid proposed
amendment, highlighted that after the Constitution comes into force, no
executive could afford to show a callous attitude towards the legislature,
which was not the situation before as the legislature was summoned only to
pass revenue demands. Since there was no possibility of the executive showing D
a callous attitude towards the legislature, this would take care of the fear
voiced by some members that no efforts to go beyond the minimum mandatory
sittings of the Houses of Parliament would be made. He further dwelled on
the fact that the clause provided for minimum mandatory sittings in a year
so that if the need arose, the Parliament could sit more often and if more
frequent sessions ·were made mandatory, the sessions could be so frequent E
and lengthy that members would grow tired.

From the aforesaid debates, it is very much manifest that Article 85 and
Article 174 were enacted on the pattern of Sections 19(1) and 62(1) of the
Government of India Act, 1935 respectively which dealt with the frequency
of sessions of the existing Legislative Assembly and were not intended to F
provide any period of limitation for holding elections for constituting new
House of the People or Legislative Assembly in the event of their premature
dissolution. Further, the suggestions to reduce the intervening period between
the two sessions to three months from six months so that Parliament could
sit for longer duration to transact the business shows that it was intended for G
existing Houses of Parliament and not dissolved ones, as a dissolved House
cannot sit and transact legislative business at all.

It is interesting to note that during the debate ProfK.T. Shah suggested
amendment Nos. 1478 and 1483, quoted above, which specifically
contemplated the possibility ofa dissolved House of the People and convening H
404 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
A of the Council of States in an emergency session by the President or the
Speaker if the circumstances so necessitated. Even these amendments were
not accepted. This shows that Draft Article 69 was visualized in the context
of a scenario applicable only to a living and functional House and that the
stipulation of six months intervening period between the two sessions is
inapplicable to a dissolved House.
B
Moreover, it may be noticed that if the suggestion put forth during the
course of the debate that the Houses of Parliament should sit for eight to nine
months .in a year was accepted, it would not have giwn sufficient time for
holding fresh elections in the event of premature dissolution of either
C Parliament or Legislative Assembly and it would also have led to a breach
of Constitutional provisions. This also shows that what is contained in Article
174(1) is meant only for an existing and functional House. In a further
scenario, if the suggestion during the debate for reducing the intervening
period from six months to three months were accepted, it would mean that
after premature dissolution of the Houses of People or the Legislative
D Assembly, fresh elections have to be held so that House of People or
Legislative Assembly could hold their first sitting within three months from
the date of last sitting of the dissolved Parliament or Legislative Assembly,
as the case may be. This would also have not allowed sufficient time for
holding election for constituting either House of People or a Legislative
Assembly. This shows that the intention of the framers of the Constitution
E was that the provisions contained in Article 174 were meant for a living and
existing Legislative Assembly and not to a dissolved Legislative Assembly.

Debates during the Constitution First Amendment Bill regarding
amendment of Article 85 and Article 174
F The original Articles 85 and 174 as they stood prior to first Constitution
Amendment and after the Amendment read as follows :

Article Original Articles in the Constitution As amended by Constitution
(Amendment) Act 1951
G Article 85
(I ) the Houses of (l) The President shall from
Sessions of Parliament shall be time to time summon each
Parliament, summoned to meet twice at House of Parliament to meet
Prorogation least in every year, and six at such time and place as he
& months shall not intervene thinks fit, but six months shall
H Dissolution between their last sitting in . not intervene between its last
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF iooi (V.N. KHARE, J.J 405

one session and the date sitting in one session and the A
appointed for its first sitting date appointed for its first
in the next session. sitting in the next session,

(2) Subject to the provisions (2) The President may from
• of cl. (I), the President time to
may from time to time • B
(a) Summon the Houses gr (<1) Prorogue the Houses of
either House to meet at such either House
time & place as he thinks
fit;
(b) Prorogue the Houses; (b) Dissolve the House of the C
People
(c) Dissolve the House of
the People

Article 174 (I) The House or Houses qf (I} the Governor shall from
Sessions of the State shall be summoned time to time summon the D
the State, to meet twice at least in House or each House to the
Legislature every year, 11nd six months Legislature of the State to
Prorogation shall not interven!) between meet at such time and place
& Dissolution their last sittin!! in one as he thinks fit, but six
Session and the date months shall not intervene E
appointed for their first between its last sitting in one
sitting in the next session, session and the date appointed
for its first sitting in the next
session.
(2) Subject to the provisions (2) the Governor may from
of cl. (I), the Governor may time to time - F
from time to time -

(a) suminon the House or (a) prorogue the House or
either House to meet at such either House;
time !Ind place as he thinks G
fit;

(b) prorogue the House or (b) dissolve Legislative
Houses Assembly

H
406 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A The aforesaid original Articles show that what was mandated was that
the Houses of Parliament and State Legislature were required to meet at least
twice in~a year and six months shall not intervene between the last sitting in
one session and the date appointed for their first sitting in the next session.
This resulted in absurdity. If it was found that the session then had been
B going on ~ontinuously for 12 months, technically it could have been contended
that the Parliament had not met twice in that year at all as there must be
prorogation in order that there may be new session and, therefore, the original
Article 174(1) resulted in contradictions. Jn order to remove the said absurdity,
the First Amendment Bill for amendment of Articles 85 and 174 was moved.
While introducing the First Amendment Bill, Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru stated
C thus:

"one of the Articles mentions that the House shall meet at least twice
every year and the President shall address it. Now a possible
interpretation of that is that this House has not met at all this year.
It is an extraordinary position considering that this time this House
D has laboured more than probably at any time in the previous history
of this or the preceding Parliament in this country. We have been.
practically sitting with an interval round about X'mas since November
and we are likely to carry on and yet it may be held by some acute
interpreters that we have not met at all this year strictly in terms of
the Coastitution because we started meeting November and we have
E not met again it has not been prorogued the President has not
addressed the Parliament this year. Put in the extreme way, suppose
this House met for the full year without break except short breaks, it
worked for 12 months, then it may be said under the strict letter of
the law that it has not met all this year. Of course that Article was
F meant not to come in the way of our work but to come in the way
of our leisure. It was indeed meant and it must meet at least twice a
year and there should not be more than six months interval between
the meetings. It did not want any government of the day to simply sit
tight without the House meetir.g.". (emphasis mine)

G While intervening in the debate, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar stated thus:

" ...... due to the word summon, the result is that although Parliament
may sit for the whole year adjoining from time to time, it is still
capable of being said that Parliament has been summoned only once
an·d not twice. There must be prorogation in order that there may be
H
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 407

a new session. It is felt that this difficulty should be removed and A
consequently the first part of it has been deleted. The provision that
whenever there is a prorogation of Parliament, the new se~sion shall
be called within six months is retained."
(emphasis mine)

Even other members of the Parliament who participated in the debate B
with regard to the proposed amendment of Article 85 and Article l 74 were
concerned only with the current session and working of the existing House
of the People. The proceedings of the debate further show that the entire
debate revolved around prorogation and summoning. There was no discussion
as regards dissolution or Constitution of the House at all and the amendment C
was sought to remove the absurdity which has crept into the original Articles
85 and l 74. For these reasons we are of the view that Art. l 74(1) is inapplicable
to a dissolved Assembl~'·

Textua!Zv
D
The question at hand may be examined from another angle. As noticed
earlier, the language employed in Article 85 and Article 174 is plain and
simple and it does not contemplate an interval of six months betwe.en the last
sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next
session of the new Assembly after premature dissolution of Assembly. Yet
we will examine Article 174 textually also. E
Article 174 shows that the expression 'date appointed for its first sitting
in the next session' in Article 174 (1) cannot possibly refer to either an event
after the dissolution of the House or an event of a new Legislative Assembly
meeting for the first time after getting freshly elected. When there is a session
of the new Legislative Assembly after elections, the new Assembly will sit
F
in its "first session" and not in the "next session". The expression 'after each
general election' has been employed in other parts of the Constitution and
one such provision is Article I 76. The absence of such phraseology 'after
each general election' in Article I 74 is a clear indication that the said Article
does not apply to a dissolved Assembly or to a freshly elected Assembly. G
Further, Article 174( l) uses expressions i.e. 'its last sitting in one session',
'first sitting in the next session'. None of these expressions suggest that the
sitting and the session would include an altogether different Assembly i.e. a
previous Assembly which has been dissolved and its successor Assembly that
has come into being after elections. Again, Article 174 also employs the
H
408 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A word 'summon' and not 'constitute'. Article 174 empowers the Governor to
summon ·an Assembly which can only be an. existing Assembly. The
Constitution of an Assembly can only be under Sec 73 of the Representation
of the People Act, 195 l and the requirement of Art 188 of the Constitution
suggests that the Assembly comes into existence even before its first sitting
B commences.

Again, Article 174 contemplates a session, i.e. sitting of an existing
Assembly and not a new Assembly after dissolution and this can be appreciated
from the expression 'its last sitting in one session and its first sitting in the
next session'. Further, the marginal note 'sessions' occurring ·in Articles 85
C and 174 is an unambiguous term and refers to an existing Assembly which
a Governor ,can summon. When the term 'session or sessions' is used, it is
employed in the context of a particular Assembly or a particular House of the
People and not the legislative body whose life is terminated after dissolution.
Dissolution ends the life of legislature and brings an end to all business. The
entire chain of sittings and sessions gets broken and there is no next session
D or the first sitting of the next session after the House itself has ceased to exist.
Dissolution of Legislative Assembly end:; the representative capacity of ..
legislators and terminates the responsibility of the Cabinet to the members of
the Lok Sabha or the Legislative Assembly, as the case may be.

The act of summoning, sitting, adjourning, proroguing or dissolving of
E the Legislature is necessarily referable to an Assembly in praesenti i.e. an
existing, functional legislature and has nothing to do with the Legislative
Assembly which is not in existence. It is well understood that a dissolved
House is incapable ofbeing summoned or prorogued and in this view of the
matter also Article 174(1) has no application to a dissolved Legislative
F Assembly, as nothing survives after dissolution.

Conceptually

Yet, Art 174 may be examin.;d conceptually. Conceptually, Article 174
dears with a Jive legislature. The purpose and object of the said provision is
G to ensure that an existing legislature meets at least every six months, as it is
only an existing legislature that can be prorogued or dissolved. Thus Article
174 which is a complete code in itself deals only with a live legislature.

Article 174(!) shows that it does not provide that its stipulation is
applicable to a dissolved legislature as well. Further, Article 174 does not
H specify that interregnum of six months period stipulated between the two
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.l OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 409

sessions would also apply to a new legislature vis-a-vis an outgoing legislature. A
If such be the case, then there was no need to insert the proviso to Article
172(1) and insertion of the said proviso is rendered meaningless and
superfluous.

Further, if Article 174 is held to be applicable to a dissolved House as
well, it would mean that Article 174(2) is controlled by Article 174(1) B
inasmuch as the power has to be exercised under Article 174(2) in conformity
with Article 174( 1). Moreover, if the House is dissolved in 5th month of the
last session, the election will have to be held within one month so as to
comply with the requirement of Article 174(1) which would not have been
the intention of the framers of the Constitution. c
Yet, there is another aspect which shows that Article 174(1) is
inapplicable to a dissolved Legislative Assembly. It cannot be disputed that
each Legislative Assembly after Constitution is unique and distinct from the
previous one and no part of the dissolved House is carried forward to a new
Legislative Assembly. Therefore, Article 17 4(1) does not link the last session D
of the dissolved House with the newly formed one.

The distinclion between frequency of sessions and periodicity of the
elections

A perusal of Articles 172 and 174 would show that there is a distinction E
between the frequency of meetings of an existing Assembly and periodicity
of elections in respect of a dissolved Assembly which are governed by the
aforesaid provisions.

As far as frequency of meetings of Assembly is concerned, the six
months rule is mandatory, while as far as periodicity of election is concerned, F
there is no six months rule either expressly or impliedly in Article 174.
Therefore, it cannot be held that Article 174 is applicable to dissolved House
and also provides for period of limitation within which the Election
Commission is required to hold fresh election for constituting the new
Legislative Assembly. G
Whether, under the British Parliamentary prqctice a proclamation which
on the one hand dissolves an existing Parliament and on the other fixes a
date of nexl session of new Parliament is embodied in Article 174 df the
Constitution.
H

,.
410 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A It ~as also urged on behalf of the Union of India' that Indian Constitution
is enacted on pattern of Westminster system of parliamentary democracy
and, therefore, election has to be held within the stipulated time following the
British conventions as reflected in Article 174( I) of the Constitution. It was
urged that since the Parliament was a single entity with the responsibility to
debate matters affecting public interest on a continuous basis, it was most
B appropriate that long gaps were not there between its sessions.

Learned counsel' relied upon certain passages from several books in
support of his contention which run as under :

C Erskine May's Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Procee_dings and Usage
of Parliament 2 I st Edn.: "'A Parliament' in the sense of a
parliamentary period, is a period not exceeding five years which may
be .regarded as a cycle beginning and ending with a proclamation.
Such a proclamation on the one hand dissolves an existing Parliament,
and on the other, orders the issue of writs for the election of a new
D Parliament and appoints the day and place for its meeting. This period,
of course~ contains an interregnum between the dissolution of a
Parliament and the meeting of its successor during which there is no
Parliament in existence; but the principle of unbroken continuity of
Parliament is for all practical purposes secured by the fact that the
same proclamation which dissolves a Parliament provides for the
E
election and meeting of a new Parliament. A session is the period of
time between the meeting of a Parliament, whether after a prorogation
or a dissolution, and its prorogation."

JAG Griffith and Michael Ryle, Parliament: Functions, Practice and
F Procedures, I 989: "A Parliament is summoned by the Sovereign to
meet after each general election and the duration of a Parliament is
from that first meeting until Parliament is dissolved by the Sovereign,
prior to the next general election.

<The continuity of Parliament is today secured by including in the
G same proclamation the dissolution of one Parliament, the order for
the issuing of writs for the election of a new Parliament and the
surnmoning of that Pmliament on a specified date at Westminster.
Under Sec 21(3) of the Represer.tation of People Act, 1918, the interval
between the date of the proclamation and the meeting of Parliament
H must be not less than 20 days, although this period can be further
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 411

extended by proclamation. During this interval the general election is A
held."

Passages relied upon by the learned counsel' are extremely inappropriate
in the Indian context for holding elections for constituting either House of the
People or the Legislative Assembly. As is clear from the passages themselves,
under British Parliamentary system, it is the exclusive right·of the Monarch B
to dissolve the Parliament and the Monarch by the same proclamation also
provides for the election and meeting of its successor, which is not the case
under the Indian Constitution. Under the Indian Constitution, the power has
been entrusted to the Election Commission under Article 324 to conduct,
supervise, control and issue direction and, therefore, the British convention C
cannot be pressed into service. In our democratic system, the Election
Commission is the only authority to conduct and fix dates for fresh elections
for constituting new House of People or Legislative Assembly, as the case
may be. However, it is true that in the year 2000, Electoral Commission has
been constituted in E~gland by the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums
Act, 2000, but the conventions sought to be relied upon are prior to the year D
2000 and the Election Commission also does not have the power to fix dates
for holding elections for constituting the House of Commons. Therefore, the
British conventions cannot be said to be reflected in Article 174. Yet another
reason why the British convention for fixing a date for newly constituted
Parliament cannot be applied in India is that under British Parliamentary E
system, there is a continuity of Parliament, whereas in India once the
Parliament gets dissolved, all the business which is to be transacted comes to
an end and the House of People cannot be revived.

Is there any difference between the British Parliamentary practice and
Parliamentary practice under the Indian Constitution as regards Prorogation, F
Adjournment and Dissolution ?

In this context, learned counsel appearing for Union of India' also
relied upon the following passages from Erskine May, Parliamentary Practice,
20th Edn. as regards Prorogation, Adjournment and Dissolution under British
conventions and argued that the session is the period of time between the G
meeting of a Parliament whether after prorogation or dissolution. According
to learned counsel there is continuity in the Parliament and it forms an
unbroken chain. In substance the argument is that consequences of prorogation
or dissolution ofa House is the same and therefore, Art. 174(1) is applicable
to new Legislative Assembly after dissolution.
H

,I
412 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

·A Prorogation
The effect of a prorogation is once to terminate all the current
business of Parliament. Not only are the sittings of the parliament at
an end; but all proceedings pending at the time are quashed, except
impeachments by the Comm6ns, and appeals before the House of
B Lords. Every bill must therefore be renewed after a prorogation, as
if it had never been introduced.

Adjournment

Adjourrtinetlt Is solely in the power of each House respectively:
C though the pleasure of the Crown has occasionally been signified in
person, by message, commission or proclamation, that both Houses
should adjourn; and in some cases such adjournments have scarcely
differed from prorogations. But although no instance has occurred
·where the House has refused to adjourn, the communication may be
·disregarded.
D
Dissolution

. The Queen may also close the existence of Parliament by a
dissolution, but is not entirely free to define the duration of the
P~rlia~ent. Parliament is usually dissolved by a proclamation under
E great seal, after having been prorogued to a certain day, but such a
proclamation has been issued at a time .when both Houses stood
adjourned. This proclamation is issued by the Queen, with the advice
of her Privy Council; and announces that the Queen has given orders
to the Lord Chancellor of Gteat Britain and the Secretary of State for
Northern Ireland to issue out writs in due form, and according to law,
F for calling a new Parliament; and the Writs are to be returnable in due
course of law.

The aforesaid passages relied upon by learned counsel< 2> are wholly
inapplicable in the context of Indian Constitution. Under Art.85(2) when the
President on the advice of the Prime Minister prorogues the House, there is
G tenninatii;m of a session of the House and this is called prorogation. When the
House is prorogued all the pending proceedings of the House are not quashed
and pending Bills do not lapse. The prorogation of the House may take place
at any time either after the adjournment of the House or even while the
House is sitting. An adjournment of the House contemplates postponement of
H the sitting or proceedings of either House to reassemble on another specified
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 413

date. During currency of a session the House may be adjourned for a day or A
more than a day. Adjournment of the House is also sine die. When a house
is adjourned, pending proceedings or Bills do not lapse. So far as, the
dissolution of either House of the People or State Legislative Assembly is
·concerned, the same takes place on expiration of the period of five years
from the date appointed for its first meeting or under Art. 85(2) or Art.
174(2). It is only an existing or functional Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly B
which is capable of being dissolved. A dissolution brings an end to the life
of the House of the People or State Legislative Assembly and the same
cannot be revived by the President. When dissolution of House of the People
or State Legislative Assembly takes place all pending proceedings stand
terminated and pending Bill lapses and such proceedings and Bills are not C
carried over to the new House of the People or State Legislative Assembly
when they are constituted after fresh elections.

From the afore-mentioned passages relied upon, it is apparent that there
is a difference in the British parliamentary practice and the Indian practice
under the Indian Constitution as regards dissolution and prorogation. Under D
Indian Constitution dissolution brings a legislative body to an end and
terminates its life. Prorogation, on the other hand, only terminates a session
and does not preclude another session, unless it is coincident with the end of
a legislative term. In other words, prorogation, unlike dissolution, does not
affect the life of the legislative body which may continue from the last E
session until brought to an end by dissolution. This is the difference in the
meaning of prorogation and dissolution. In so far as the effects following
from prorogation and dissolution on pending legislative business are concerned,
in England, prorogation puts an end to all pending business in the Parliament,
whereas in India, this is not the case. Under Articles I 07 and 196, there is
a specific provision that mere prorogation will not lead to lapsing of Bills F
pending at that point of time. It is only on dissolution that the pending Bills
lapse under Articles 107(5) and 196(5) of the Constitution. Thus, we see that
there is practically no difference in the effects following prorogation and
dissolution in England, which difference is specifically contemplated under
the Indian Constitution. In England, dissolution does not bring with it any G
special or additional consequences apart from those that attend upon
prorogation. Therefore, the British convention with respect to summoning,
proroguing and dissolution of the House of Commons is also of not much
relevance in the Indian context.

From the above the irresistible conclusion is that Article 174(1) is H
414 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A neither applicable to a dissolved House nor does it provide for any period for
holding election for constituting fresh Legislative Assembly.

Whether the expression "the House" is a permanent body and is different
than. the House of People or the Legislative Assembly under Articles 85
B and 174 of the Constitution.

It was then urged on behalf of the Union' that under Article 174 what
is dissolved is an Assembly while what is prorogued is a House. Even when
an Assembly is dissolved, the House continues to be in existence. The Speaker
continues under Art 94 in the case of the House of the People or under Art
C 179 in the case of the State Legislative Assembly till the new House of the·
. People or the Assembly is consthuted. On that premise, it was further urged
that the fresh elections for constituting new Legislative Assembly has to be
held within six months from the last session of the dissolved Assembly.

At first glance, the argument appeared to be very attractive, but after
D going deeper into the matter we do not find any substance for the reasons
stated hereinafter.

Drafting the text of a Statute or a Constitution is not just an art but is
a skill. It is not disputed that a good legislation is that the text of which is
plain, simple, unambiguous, precise and there is no repetition of words or
E usage of superfluous language. The skill of a draftsman in the context of
drafting a Statute or the Constitution lies in brevity and employment of
appropriate phraseology wherein superfluous words or repetitive words are
avoided. It appears tJ:iat the aforesaid principle was kept in mind while drafting
the Government oflndia Act, 1915, the Government of India Act, 1919, and
the Government of India Act 1935. The draftsman of the Constitution of
F India has taken care to maintain brevity and the phraseology used is such that
there is no ambiguity while making provisions for the Constitutional institutions
in the provisions of the Constitution.

In thi~ background, wherever the Constitution makers wanted to confer
G power, duties or functions O\ wanted to make similar provisions both for·
Council of States as well as I-louse of the People or to the State, Legislative
Council and the Legislative Assembly, they have referred both the institutions
under Part V Chapter II and Part VI Chapter III of the Constitution as 'two
Houses', 'each House', 'either House' & 'both Houses'. On the other hand,
the Constitution makers, when they wanted to confer powers, functions and
H duties or to make provisions exclusively either for House of the People_ or _
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 415

Council of States, they have referred the said institutions either as Council of A
States or House of the People. Similarly, in States when the Constitution
makers wanted to confer power, functions, duties or wanted to make similar
provisions both for the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly,
they referred both the institutions as 'Houses', 'either House',' both Houses',
'each House' and where there was no Legislative Council, and power was to B
give exclusively to Legislative Assembly, it is referred as Legislative Assembly.
The aforesaid pattern of drafting has been borrowed from Government of
India Acts, 1915, 1919 and 1935 which we shall notice hereinafter.

Section 63 of Government of India Act, 1915 provided that Indian
Legislature shall consist of the Governor General and two Chambers viz., C
Council of State and Legislative Assembly. Section 63D(l)(a) provided that
either Chamber of the Legislature may be summoned/dissolved by the
Governor General. The expression 'Chamber' here is analogous to the
expression 'House'. Under Section 63D(l)(c) of the Act, after the dissolution
of either Chamber, the Governor General was required to appoint ·a date not
more than six months or with the sanction of the Secretary of the State not D
more than nine months after the date of dissolution for the next session of the
•
Chamber. Since both the "Chambers" were subject to dissolution, therefore,
under Section 63D(l)(c) both the Council of States and Legislative Assembly
have been referred as 'either Chamber', and not as 'Council of States or
Legislative Assembly'. This shows that the expressions "either Chamber" are E
referable to Council of States as well as Legislative Assembly. Under
Government of India Act, 19 I 9 again, the Indian Legislature consisted of the
Governor General and two Chambers viz., Council of States and the Legislative
Assembly. Under Section 2l(l)(a) of the Act, "either Chamber" of the
Legislature could be dissolved by the Governor General and under Section
2 l(l)(c) it was provided that after dissolution of either Chamber, the Governor F
General shall appoint a date not more than six months or with the sanction
of the Secretary of the State not more than nine months after the date of
dissolution, the next session. This provision is in pari materia with Section
630 of Government of India Act, 1915. In this case also, we find that since
both the Chambers viz., Council of State and Legislative Assembly were
subjected to dissolution, therefore, in Section 21(l)(c)°the Council of State or G
Legislative Assembly both were referred to as 'either Chamber' and not as
Council of State or Legislative Assembly.

Section 18 of Government of India Act, 1935 provided that the Federal
Legislature was to consist of His Majesty represented by Governor General H
416 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A and two Chambers to be known respectively as 'Council of State' and 'Federal
Assembly'. Under sub-section (4) of Section 18 of the 1935 Act, the Council
of State was made a permanent body not subject to dissolution, but as many
as I/3rd members thereof shall retire in every third year, in accordance with
the provisions in that behalf contained in the First Schedule. Sub-section (2)
of Section 19 of the Government of India Act, 1935 which is similar to
B Article 85 of the Constitution of India, provided that the Governor General ·
. may in his discretion summon the Chambers or either Chamber to meet at
such time as he deems fit, prorogue the Chamber and dissolve the Federal
Assembly. In this case, the dissolution is not of Chambers, but of the Federal
Assembly for the simple reason that Council of State was made a permanent
C body not 'subject to dissolution and, therefore, the Federal Assembly which
was subjected to dissolution has been specifically referred in the Section.

In Government of India Act, 1935, there was a provincial legislature. t

and under Section 60 of the Act, it was provided that there shall be provincial
legislature which shall consist of His Majesty represented by the Governor
D and in the provinces of Madras, Bombay and Bengal and United Provinces
Bihar and Assam there shall be two Chambers and in other provinces one
Chamber. Jn Sub-section (2) thereof, it was further provided that where there
are two Cliambers of the Provincial Legislature,· they shall be known as
Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly and where there is one Chamber
E the same will be known as Legisla.tive Assembly. Sub-section (3) of Section
61 provided that every Legislative Council shall be a permanent body not
subject to dissolution. Sub-section (2) of Section 62 of the Act provided that
Governor may in his discretion from time to time summon the Chambers or
either Chamber, prorogue the Chamber or Chambers and dissolve the
Legislative Assembly. This provision is pari materia with Art 174 of the
F Constitution of India. In this case also, it is very much clear that since
Legislative:.council has been made a permanent body and the Legislative
Assembly was sub:jected to dissolution, therefore, the expression 'Chamber'
.has not been employed for the Legislative Assembly, but expressly Legislative
Assembly has been mentioned.

G Coming to the Constitution of India, Article 85 is in pari materia with
Section 19 of the Government of India Act, 1935. Similarly Article 174 is in
pari materia with Section 62 of Government of India Act, 1935. Article 79
of Constitution of India provides that there shall be a Parliament for the
Union which shall consist of President and two Houses respectively to be
H known as Council of States and House of People. Article 83 provides that the ·
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 417

Council of States shall not be subject to dissolution. Article 85 provides that A
the President may, from time to time, prorogue the Houses or either House
and dissolve the House of People. Here again, since Council of States is a
permanent body and not liable to dissolution, therefore, instead of using the
expression 'either House', the expression 'House of People' has been-
employed, the same being liable to dissolution. The same thing holds for the B
State Legislature under Art 168, Art 172 and Art 174 of the Constitution.

From the aforesaid provisions, it is clear that the expressions "Houses",
"both Houses" and "either House" and "the House" are used synonymously
with the institutions known as Council of States and House of the People and
are interchangeable expressions.
c
The matter may also be examined from another angle. Under Article
86, the President is empowered to specially address either House of Parliament
or both Houses assembled together. Similarly, under Article 87, the President
is empowered to address both Houses of Parliament assembled together.
Under Article 88, every Minister and Attom~y General has a right to speak D
or take part in the proceedings of either House. Article 98 provides that each
House of Parliament shall have a Secretariat Staff and under clause (2) thereof,
the Parliament is empowered to make law for regulating the appointment and
conditions of services of persons appointed to the Secretariat staff of either
House of Parliament. Article 99 provides that every member of either House
of Parliament shall, before taking his seat, make and subscribe before the E
President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him an oath or
affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
Artide I 00 provides that all questions at any sitting of either House or joint
sitting of the Houses shall be determined by a majority of votes of the
members present and voting,. other than the Speaker or person acting as F
Chairman or Speaker. Article I 0 I provides that no person shall be a member
of both Houses of Parliament. Similarly, Article I 02 uses the expression
'either House of Parliament'. Article 103 again uses the expression 'either
House of Parliament'. Articles I 04, I06 and J 07 also use the expression
'either House of Parliament'. This shows that the Constitution framers,
wherever they wanted to make similar provisions for both Council of States G
and House of the People, have used the expressions "House", "either House"
, "both Houses", "Houses" only for the purpose of maintaining brevity and
to avoid using Council of States and House of the People again and again.

Analogous provisions are found in the provisions dealing with the State
H
418 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Legislature under Part VJ Chapter lll of the Constitution. Article 168 provides
that for every State, there shall be a Legislature which shall consist of the
Governor and in the States of Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh
two Houses and in other States one. House. Sub-clause (2) thereof further
provides that where there are two Houses, one shall be known as the Legislative
B Council and the other as the Legislative Assembly, and where there is only
one House it shall be known as Legislative Assembly. Sub-clause (2) of
Article 1Tl provides that the Legislative Council of a State is a permanent
body which is not subject to dissolution. Under Article 174(1), the Governor
is empowered to summon the House or each House of Legislature of the
State to meet at such time and place as he deems fit, but six months shall not
C intervene between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its
first sitting in the next session. Under clause (2) of Article 174 the Governor
has power to prorogue the House or either House and dissolve the Legislative c
Assembly. Here again, we find that since Legislative Council is a permanent
body, it cannot be dissolved and therefore, the expression 'Houses' does not
find place in Clause (2)(b) of Art.174.
D
Similarly, in the ca!:e of State Legislature, there are provisions where
the Constitution makers have used the expression 'either House' 'both j-fouses'
and 'Houses of Legislature' wherever they intended to apply similar provisions
to both the Legislative Coundl as well as Legislative Assembly.

E Article 175 empowers the Governor to address 'both the Houses
assembled together' and his power to send messages to 'Houses of Legislature'
of the State. Article 176 provides for a special address by the Governor to
both the 'Houses' assembled together. Article 177 speaks of the rights of
ministers and Advocate General to speak in and take part in the proceedings
F of 'both Houses'. Article 187 dealing with Secretariat of the State Legislature
uses the expressions, 'the House', 'each House, 'common to both Houses'
and 'Houses'. The head note of Article 189 reads: "voting in Houses, power
of Houses''. Article 190 also refers to 'both Houses'. Article 196, uses the
expressions 'either House', 'both Houses', and 'Houses' while referring to
both the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council. Similarly, Article
G 197(2) also provides for passage of a Bill ty the 'Houses of the Legislature'
of the State. Article 202 and Article 209 also use the expression 'Houses'
while referring to both the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council.

These provisions may be contrasted with Articles 169, 170, 171, 178,
179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185 and Article 186 which deal exclusively
H either with the Legislative Council or the Legislative Assembly. Similarly,
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 419

Articles 197 and 198 also mention Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council A
separately. Thus, the Constitution makers have specifically referred to
Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council wherever there was a need
to do so. Moreover, Articles 188, 191 and 193 while dealing.with the respective
matters specified therein mention both Legislative Assembly or Legislative
council separately. Since the Constitution was being drafted for the entire B
country and not for a particular State, the Constitution framers thought it fit
to specify the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council separately to avoid
confusion in States having just the Legislative Assembly and not the
Legislative Council.

It may be noted here that there is a difference in phraseology used in C
Arts. 99 and 188, which deal with oath or affirmation of members, Arts. 103
and 191, which deal with disqualification of members and Arts. 104 and 193
which deal with penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation
or when not qualified or disqualified. Articles 99, 103 and 104 employ the
expression 'either House' while Arts. 188, 191and193 mention "Legislative
Assembly or Legislative Council". This difference in phraseology can be D
explained on the basis of the fact that there are many states where there is
no Legislative Council, and therefore, in this context, use of the expression
"either House" in Arts. 188, 191 and 193 could have been misleading.

From the aforesaid provisions, it is manifest that there is no distinction E
between the 'House' and 'Legislative Assembly'. Wherever the Constitution
makers wanted to make similar provisions for Legislative Council as well as
Legislative Assembly, both together have been referred to as Houses and
wherever the Constitution makers wanted to make a provisions exclusively for
the Legislative Assembly, it has been referred to as Legislative Assembly. For
the aforesaid reasons our conclusion is that the expressions "The House" or F
"either House" in clause (2) of Art. 174 of the Constitution and Legislative
Assembly are synonymous and are interchangeable expressions. The use of
expression "the House" denotes the skill of Draftsman using appropriate
phraseology in the text of the Constitution of India. Further the employment
of expressions "the House or "either House" do not refer to different bodies G
other than the Legislative Assembly or the legislative Council, as the case
may be, and have no further significance.

2,(a) Js there any period oflimitation provided under the Constitution
oflndill or Representation of the People Act for holding fresh election
for constituting new Legislative Assembly in the event of premature H
420 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A dissolution of a Legislative Assembly ?

In this context, we have looked into the provisions of the Constitution
of India, but we do not find any provision expressly providing for any period
of limitation for constituting a fresh Legislative Assembly on the premature
dissolution, of the previous Legislative Assembly. On our interpretation of
B Article 174 (I), we have already held that it does not provide for any period
of limitation for holding elections within six months from the date of last
sitting of the session of the dissolved Assembly. Section 15 of the
Representation of the People Act, 1951 provides that general election is
required to be held for the purpose of constituting a new Legislative Assembly
C on the expiration of duration of the existing Assembly or on its dissolution.
Sub-section (2) thereof provides that for constituting new Legislative Assembly,
the Governor. shall by notification, on such date or dates, as may be
recommended by the Election Commission, call upon all Assembly
constituencies in the State to elect members in accordance with the provisions
of the Act, rules and orders made thereunder. The proviso to sub-section (2)
D of Section 15 of the Act provides that where an election is held otherwise
than on the dissolution of the existing Legislative Assembly, no such
notification shall be issued at any time earlier than six months prior to the
dates on which the duration of that Assembly would expire under the provision
of clause (I) of Article 172.
E The aforesaid provisions also do not provide for any period oflimitation
for holding elections for constituting new Legislative Assembly in the event
of premature dissolution of an existing Legislative Assembly, excepting that
election process can be set in motion by issuing a notification six months
prior to the date on which the normal duration of the Assembly expires. Thus,
F the question arises as to whether the Constitution framers have omitted by
oversight to provide any such period for holding election for constituting
new Assembly in an event of premature dissolution or it was purposely not
provided for in the Constitution. For that purpose, we must look into the
legislative developments and the Constitutional debates preceding the
G enactment of Constitution of India.

As earlier noticed, Sections 63D and 72B(I) of the Government oflndia
Act, 1915 and Sections 8(1) and 21(1) of the Government of India Act, 1919
empowered the Governor General in case of Indian Legislature and the Governor
in case of Provincial Legislature to dissolve either chambers sooner than their
H stipulated period and appoint a date, nor more than six months or, with the
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 421

sanction of the Secretary of the State, not more than nine months from the A
date of dissolution for the next session of that Chamber. Thus the statutes
themselves provided a period of limitation within which elections were to be
held for constituting the new Chamber. The power of the Governor General
to fix a date for the next chamber was similar to the powers exercised by the
British Monarch historically under the British conventions.
B
However, in Government of India Act, 1935, the period of limitation fixed
for holding election for constituting Legislative Council and Legislative
Assembly were dispensed with and under Schedule V, Para 20 to the
Government oflndia Act, 1935, the Govi::rnor General was empowered to make
rules for carrying out the provisions of thil Vth and Vlth Schedule. Para 20 C
thereof as a whole, related to matters consisting of elections and clause (3)
particularly pertains to conduct of elections. Similarly, Schedule VI of
Government of India ,\_ct, 1935 contained provisions with respect to electoral
roll and franchise. Thus, the conduct of election was entrusted to the Executive
and the Executive was empowered to fix the date or dates for holding elections
for constituting Federal Legislature as well as Provincial Legislature. ·D

When the question, who would conduct the elections under Indian
Constitution was debated upon before the Constituent Assembly, concerns
were expressed by the members of the Constituent Assembly in entrusting
the same in the hands of the Executive and, in fact, there was unanimity E
among the members that an independent Constitutional Authority be set up
for superintendence, direction, control and the conduct of elections to
Parliament and Legislature of every State. In this connection, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
stated before the Constituent Assembly thus:

"But the House affirmed without any kind of dissent that in the F
interest of purity and freedom of elections to the legislative bodies,
it was of the utmost importance that they should be freed from any
kind of interference from the executive of the day. In pursuance of the
decision of the House, the Drafting Committee removed this question
from the category of Fundamental Rights and put it in a separate part G
containing Articles 289, 290 and so on. Therefore, so far as the
fundamental question is concerned that the election machinery should
be outside the control of the executive Government, there has been
no dispute. What Article 289 does is to carry out that part of the
decision of the Constituent Assembly. It transfers the superintendence,
direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls and of H
422 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A all elections to Parliament and the Legislatures of States to a body
outside the executive to be called the Election Commission."

It is in light of the aforesaid discussion, Article 324 was enacted and
the superi.ntendence, direction, control and conduct of election was no more
left· in the hands of the Executive but was entrusted to an autonomous
B Constitutional Authority i.e. the Election Commission. It appears that since
the entire matter relating to the elections was entrusted to the Election
Commission, it was found to be a matter of no consequence to provide any
period of limitation for holding fresh election for constituting new Legislative
Assembly in the event of premature dissolution. This was deliberate and
.C conscious decision. However, care was taken not to leave the entire matter
in the hands of the Election Commission and, therefore, under Article 327 read
with Entry 72 of List 1 of VI!th Schedule of the Constitution, Parliament was
given power subject to the provisions of the Constitution to make provisions
with 'respect to matters relating to or in connection with the election of either
House of Parliament or State Legislature, as the case may be, including
D preparation of electoral roll. For the States also, under Article 328 read with
Entry 37 of List II, the Legislature was empowered to make provisions :mbject
to the provisions of the Constitution with respect to matters relating to or in
connection with election of either House of Parliament or State Legislature,
including 'preparation of electoral roll. Thus, the Parliament was empowered
E to make law as regards matters relating to conduct of election of either
Parliament or State Legislature, without affecting the plenary powers of the
Election Commission. In this view of the matter, the general power of
superintendence, direction, control and conduct of election although vested
in the Election Commission under Article 324(1 ), yet it is subject to any law
either made by the Parliament or State Legislature, as the case may be which
F is also subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The word 'election' has
been interpreted to include all the steps necessary for holding election. In
MS. Gill v. Chief Election Commissioner (supra), A.C. Jose v. Sivan Pillai
and Ors., [1984] 2 SCC 656 and Kanhiya Lal Omar v. R.K. Trivedi and Ors.,
[I 98~] 4 S€C 628, it has been consisteutiy held that Article 324 operates in
G the area left unoccupied by legislation and the words 'superintendence,
'control' 'direction' as well as 'conduct of all elections' are the broadest of
the terms. Therefore, it is no more in doubt that the power of superintendence,
direction and control are subject to law made by either Parliament or by the
State Legislature, as the case may provided the same does not encroach upon
H the plenary powers of the Election Commission under Article 324.
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 423

We find that the Representation of the People Act, 1951 also has not A·
provided any period of limitation for holding election for constituting fresh
Assembly election in the event of premature dissolution of former Assembly.
In this context, concerns were expressed by learned counsel for one of the
national political parties and one of the States that in the absence ·of any
period provided either in the Constitution or in the Representation of the B
People Act, the Election Commission may not hold election at all and in that
event it would be the end of democracy. It is no doubt true that democracy
is a part of the basic structure of the Constitution and periodical, free and fair
election is substratum of democracy. If there is no free and fair periodic
election, it is end of democracy and the same was recognized in MS. Gill v.
Chief Election Commissioner, [ 1978] 1 SCC 404 thus: C
"A free and fair election based on universal adult franchise is the
basic, the regulator:: procedures vis-a-vis the repositories of functions
and the .distribution of legislative, executive and judicative roles in the
total scheme, directed towards the holding of free elections, are the
specifics. The super authority is the Election Commission, the kingpin D
.... is the returning offic•er, the minions are the presiding officers in the
polling stations and the electoral engineering is in conformity with the
elaborate legislative provision."

Similar concern was raised in the case of A. C. Jose v. Sivan Pillai and
Ors., [1984] 2 sec 656. In that case, it was argued that ifthe Commission is E
armed with unlimited arbitrary powers and if it happens that the persons
manning the Commission shares or is wedded to a particular ideology, he
could by giving odd directions cause a political havoc or bring about a
Constitutional crisis, setting at naught the integrity and independence of the
electoral process, so important and indispensable to the democratic system. F
Similar apprehension was also voiced in M.S. Gill v. Chief Election
Commissioner (supra). The aforesaid concern was met by this Court by
observing that in case such a situation ever arises, the Judiciary which is a
watchdog to see that Constitutional provisions are upheld would step in and
that is enough safeguard for preserving democracy in the country.
G
However, we are of the view that the employment of words "on an
expiration" occurring in Sections 14 and 15 of the Representation of the
People Act, 1951 ·respectively show that Election Commission is required to
take steps for holding election immediately on expiration of the term of the·
Assembly or its dissolution, although no period has been provided for. Yet,
there is another indication in Sections 14 and 15 of the Representation of the H
424 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A People Act that the election process can be set in motion by iss1.1ing of
notification prior to the expiry of six months of the normal term of the House
of People or Legislative Assembly. Clause (I) of Article I 7:2 provides that
while promulgation of emergency is in operation, the Parliament by law can
extend the duration of the Legislative Assembly not exceeding one year at
B a time and this period shall not, in any case, extend beyond a period of six
months after promulgation has ceased to operate. Further, under Articles 123
and 213; the life of an ordinance promulgated either by the President or by
the Governor, as the case may be, is six months and repeated promulgation
of ordinance after six months has not been welcomed by this Court. Again,
under Articles 109, 110, and 111 and analogous Articles for State Assembly,
C Money Bill has to be passed by the House of People or by the Legislative
Assembly. The aforesaid provisions do indicate that on the premature
dissolution of Legislative Assembly, the Election Commission is required to
initiate immediate steps for holding election for constituting Legislative
Assembly on the first occasion and in any case within six months from the
date of premature dissolution of the Legislative Assembly.
D
2 (b) Is there any limitation on the powers of the Election Commission
to. frame schedule for the purpose of holding election for constituting
Legislative Assembly?

So far as the framing of the schedule or calendar for election of the
E Legislative Assembly is concerned, the same is in the exclusive domain of the
Election Commission, which is not subject to any law framed by the Parliament.
The Parliament is empowered to frame law as regards conduct of elections but
conducting elections is the sole responsibility of the Election Commission. As
a matter of law, the plenary powers of the Election Commission can not be
F taken away by law framed by Parliament. If Parliament makes any such law,
it would repugnant to Article 324. Holding periodic, free and fair elections by
the Election Commission are part of the basic structure and the same was
reiterated in Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain, [1975] Suppl. I SCC 1 which
run as under:

G "198. This Court in the case of Kesavananda Bharati (supra) held by
majority that the power of amendment o~ the Constitution contained
in Article 368 does not permit altering' the basic structure of the
Constitution. All the seven Judges who constituted the majority were
also agreed that democratic set-up was part of the basic structure of
the Constitution. Democracy postulates that there should be perio\lical
H elections, so that people may be in a position either to re-elect the oid
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [V.N. KHARE, J.] 425

representatives or, if they so choose, to change the representatives A
and elect in their place tither representatives. Democracy further
contemplates that the elections should be free and fair so that the
voti::rs lt\ay be in a position to vote for candidates of their choice.
Democracy can indeed function only upon the faith that elections are
free and fair and not rigged and manipulated, that they are effective B
instruments of ascertaining popular will both in reality and form a9d
are not mere rituals calculated to generate illusion of defence to mass
opinion .."

The same is also evident froifi Sections 14 and 15 of the Representation
of People Act, 195 l which provide that the President or the Governor shall C
fix the date or dates for holding elections on the recommendation of the
Election Commission. It is, therefore, manifest that fixing schedule for elections
either for the House of People or Legislative Assembly is in the exclusive
domain of the Election Commission.

(3) Application of Article 356 D
It appears that th~ Interpretation of Art.174(1) of the Constitution by the
Election Commission in its order was mainly influenced by the past practice
adopted by the Election Commission holding elections for constituting fresh
Legislative Assembly within six months of the last sitting· of the dissolved
House. It also appears that the gratuitous advice of application of Art.356 by E
the Election Commission in its order was. in all its sincerity, although now on
.our interpretation of Artide 174(1 ), we find that it was misplaced. However,
the Election Commission in its written submission has stated thus:

"The decision, contained in the Elei:tion Commission's order dated
16.8.2002, was taken without referenci! to Article 356. i-lowever, it was F
merely pointed out that- the~ heed be no apprehension that there
would be a constitut\()nal impasse as Article 356 could provide a
solution in such a situation".

In that view of the matter and the view We have taken in regard to the
interpretation of Art. 174(1 ), there is no need to go further into the question G
of application of Art.356 in the context of the order of the Election Commission
out 6f which the Reference arise~.

As a result of the aforesaid discussion, our conclusions are as follows:

(a) The Reference made by the President of India under Article H
426 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A 143(1) arises out of the order of the Election Commission dated
19.8.2002 and the questions raised therein are of public importance
and are likely to arise in future. Further, there being no decision
by this Court on the questions raised and a doubt having arisen
' in the mind of the President in regard to the interpretation of
Article 174(1) of the Constitution, the Reference is required to be
B . answered.

(b) Article 174(1) of the Constitution relates to an ·existing, live and
functional Legislative Assembly and not to a dissolved Assembly.

(c) The provision in Article 174(1) that six months shall not intervene
c between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for
its sitting in the next session is mandatory and relates to the
frequencies of the sessions of a live and existing Legislative
Assembly and does not provide for any period of limitation for
holding fresh elections for constituting Legislative Assembly on
premature dissolution of the Assembly.
D
(d) The expre.ssions "the House", "either House" is synonymous
with Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council and they do not
refer to different bodies other than the Legislative Assembly or
the Legislative Council, as the case may be.

E (e) Neither under the Constitution nor under the Representation of
the People Act, any period of liR\itation has been prescribed for
· holding election for constituting Legislative Assembly after
premature dissolution of the existing one. However, in view of the
scheme of the Constitution and the Representation of the People
, Act, the elections should be held within six months for constituting
F
. · Legislative Assembly from the date of dissolution of the
Legislative Assembly.

(f) Under the Constitution, the power to frame the calendar or
.schedule for elections for constituting Legislative Assembly 'is
within the exclusive domain of the Election Commission and such
G
a power' is not subject to any law either made by Parliament qr
State Legislature.

(g) In view of the affidavit filed by the Election Commission during
hearing of the Reference, the question regarding the application
of Artie.le 356 is not required to be gone into.
H
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 (V.N. KHARE, J.] 427

In accordance with the foregoing opinion, we report on the questions A
referred as follows:

Question No. (i) :

This question proceeds on the assumption that Article 174 (1) is also
applicable to a dissolved Legislative Assembly. We have found that the B
provision of Article 174(1) of the Constitution which stipulates that six months
shall not intervene between the last sitting in one session and the date
appointed for its first sitting in the next session is mandatory in nature aiJ.d
relates to an existing and functional. Legislative Assembly and not to a
dissolved Assembly whose life has come to an end and ceased to exist. C
Further, Article 174(1) neither relates to elections nor does it provide any
outer limit for holding elections for constituting. Legislative Assembly. The
superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral roll and
wnduct of holding elections for constituting Legislative Assembly is in the
exclusive domain of the Election Commission under Article 324 of the
Constitution. In that view of the matter, Article 174(1) and Article 324 operate D
on different fields and neither Article 174(1) is subject to Article 324 nor
Article 324 is subject to .Article 174(1) of the Constitution.

Question No. (ii):

This question also proceeds on the assumption that Article 174(1) is
E
also applicable to a dissolved House. On our interpretation of Article 174(1 ): .
we have earlier reported that the said Article is inapplicable to a dissolved
Legislative Assembly. Consequently, there is no infraction of the mandate of
Article 174 (I) in preparing a schedule for elections to an Assembly by the
Election Commission. The Election Commission in its written submissions F
stated thus:

"The decision, contained in the Election Commission's order dated
16.8.2002, was taken without reference to Article 356. However, it was
merely pointed out that there need be no apprehension that there
would be a constitutional impasse as Article 356 could provide a G
solution in such a situation".

In that view of the matter, the question of applicability.of Article 356 on the
infraction of the provisions of Article 174 loses much of its substance and,
therefore, application of Article 356 is not required to be gone into.
H
428 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Question No. (iii): l
Again, this question proceeds on the assumption that the provisions
of Article 174(1) also apply to a dissolved Assembly. In view of our answer
to question No. (i), we have already reported that Article 174(1) neither
applies to a prematurely dissolved Legislative Assembly nor does it deal with
B elections and, therefore, the question that the Election Commission is required
to carry out the mandate of Article 174(1) of the Constitution does not arise.
Under Article 324, it is the duty and responsibility of the Election Commission
to hold free and fair elections at the earliest. No efforts should be spared by
the Election Commission to hold timely elections. Ordinarily, law and order or
C public disorder should not be occasion for postponing the elections and it
would be the duty and responsibility of all concern to render all assistance,
cooperation and aid to the Election Commission for holding free and fair
elections.

The Reference is answered accordingly.
D
BALAKRISHNAN, J. I had the advantage of reading the Opinion in
draft of my learned brothers V.N. Khare and Arijit Pasaya!, JJ. and I fully
concur with the opinion expressed by them regarding interpretation of Article
174 and the consequential answers to the reference made by the President of
India, and I would like to add the following.
E
The Legislative Assembly of Gujarat was dissolved by the Governor of
Gujarat on 19th July, 2002 in exercise of the powers conferred on him under
Article 174(2)(b) of the Constitution. The full term ofthe Legislative Assembly
would be expiring on 18th March, 2003. After the dissolution of the Assembly,
F the ruling party in the State of Gujarat requested the Election Commission for
conducting fresh General Election urgently so that the new Legislative
Assembly would be able to have its first session before 6th October, 2002.
The ruling party of the State of Gujarat made this demand on the basis of the
premise that under Article 174(1) of the Constitution, there shall not be more
than six months' period in between the last session of the dissolved assembly
G and the first meeting of the next session of the Assembly to be newly
constituted. Certain other political parties, public-spirited citizens and
organisations urged the Election Commission not to bold the general election
to the Gujarat State Legislative Assembly but to wait for some more time until
r
the people who were affected by the communal riots and violence returned
H to their houses from the various relief camps where they were staying.
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. l OF 2002 [BALAKRISHNAN, J.] 429

In the last week of February, 2002 an unfortunate incident took place A
at the railway station in Godhara in Gujarat in which a railway compartment
was set on fire and several people who were occupants of that compartment
died of burning. After this incident a spate of communal violence erupted in
various parts of Gujarat and curfew was clamped in many cities of the State
of Gujarat. Many people who had been the victims of such riots were put in
the relief camps. Election Commission, which was requested to conduct the B
election, visited Gujarat and in the Order passed by the Election Commission
on 16th August, 2002, the following observations were made:

(l) The Commission was of the opinion that Article 174(1) of the
Constitution was applicable even in respect of dissolved C
Assemblies and in the Order it is stated that the Commission has,
in the past, been taking the view that the six months mentioned
in Article 174(1) of the Constitution applies not only to a Legislative
Assembly in existence but also to dissolved assembly and
elections to constitute a new Legislative Assembly have always
been held within such time so as to enable the new Assembly D
to meet within the period of ~:ix months from the last sitting of
the last session of the dissolved Assembly;
(2) The Commission was of the opinion that any other view on the
interpretation of Article 174(1) of the Constitution may lead to
extensive gaps between two Houses of a Legislative Assembly E
and the abuse of democracy, there being no provision in the
Constitution or in any law in force prescribing a period during
which an election to be held to constitute a new Legislative
Assembly on the dissolution of the previous house;
(3) The Commission further observed that Article 174(1) of the p
Constitution cannot be read in isolation and it has to be read
along with other relevant provisions of the Constitution,
particularly Article 324 of the Constitution and this Article being
not subject to the provisions of any other Article of the
Constitution including Article 174(1), vests the superintendence,
direction and control, inter alia, of the preparation of electoral G
rolls for, and conduct of, elections to Parliament and State
Legislature in the Election Commission. The Commission further
observed that free and fair election based on universal adult
franchise being the basic feature of the Constitution the same
cannot be held in view of the prevailing situation in Gujarat. The H
430 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Commission was of the view that there was large scale movement
and migration of electors due to communal riots and violence and
they had not returned to their homes and they would not be able
to go to the polling station to cast their votes and the electoral
rolls had to be revised.

B Therefore, the Election Commission came to the conclusion that it was
not i~' a position to conduct free and fair election immediately after the
dissolution of the Assembly and after the electoral roll is revised, the
Commission would be in a position to conduct election to the General Assembly
in the month of November/December, 2002.

c The Commission was also of the view that Legislative Assembly should
meet ~t least every six months as contemplated by Article 174(1) of the
Constitution even when it has been dissolved and in case it was not feasible,
that would mean that the Government of the State cannot be carried on in
accordance with the provisions of the Constitution within the meaning of
D Article 356(1) of the Constitution and the President would step in and declare
a state of emergency.

After the receipt of the report of the Election Commission, the Presidential
Reference was made under Article 143(1) of the Constitution of India and the
Order of Referer.ce proceeded on the assumption that the mandate of the
E Constitution under Article 174(1) is that six months shall not intervene between
the last sitting of the previous session and the date appointed for the first
sitting in the next session and the Election Commission has all along been
consistent that, normally, a Legislative Assembly should meet at least every
six months as contemplated by Article 174(1) of the Constitution, even where
it has been dissolved, and the Order of the Election Commission of India
F dated August 16, 2002 had not recommended any date for holding general
election for constituting a new Legislative Assembly for the State of Gujarat.
The new Legislative Assembly cannot come into existence so as to meet
within the stipulated period of six months as provided under Article 174(1)
of the Constitution of India. The following observation of the Election
G Commission was also noted in the Reference:
· "AND WHEREAS the Election Commission has held that the non-
observance of the provisions of Article 174( I) in the present situation
would mean that the Government of the State cannot be carried in
accordance with the provisions of the Constitution within the meaning
H of Article 356(1) of the Constitution and the President would then
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [BALAKRISHNAN, J.] 431

step in; A
AND WHEREAS doubts have arisen with regard to the constitutional
validity of the said order of the Election Commission of India as the
order of the Election Commission which would result in a non-
compliance with the mandatory requirement envisaged under Article
174( l) of the Constitution under which not more than six months shall B
intervene between two sittings of the State Legislature;

AND WHEREAS in view of what has been hereinbefore stated, it
appears to me that the questions of law hereinafter set out have arisen
which are of such a nature and of such public importance that it is
expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court of India." C
The following three questions were referred to the Supreme Court of
India for consideration:

(i) Is Article 174 subject to the decision of the Election Commission
of India under Article 324 as to the schedule of elections of the 1J
Assembly?

(ii) Can the Election Commission of India frame a schedule for the
elections to an Assembly on the premise that any infraction of
the mandate of Article 174 would be remedied by a resort to
Article 356 by the President? E
(iii) Is the Election Commission of India under a duty to carry out the
mandate of Article 174 of the Constitution, by drawing upon all
requisite resources of the Union and the State to ensure free and
fair elections?

After the receipt of the reference, notices were issued to all the States F
and all the recognised national political parties. On behalf of the Union of
India, Solicitor General Shri Harish N. Salve appeared and raised the following
contentions. It was contended on behalf of the Union of India that Article
174 is applicable even to dissolved assemblies and since there is no time limit
at all for conducting fresh election, it would hypothetically lead to a situation G
of Council of Ministers continuing perennially after the dissolution of
Assembly, which, in turn, would lead to a breakdown of the constitutional
democracy. It was argued that there is no question of Article 174, or Article
85, or Article 75 or Article 164 coming in conflict with Article 324 and these
provisions operate in different fields and the power of superintendence,
direction and control of elections vested with the Election Commission should H
432 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A be exercised in the manner which wou Id be consistent with the constitutional
scheme of representative government. It is submitted that the Election
Commission must use all the requisite resources of Union and the State to
ensure free and fair election. It was further argued that the power under
Article 356 is utterly irrelevant for ascertaining the constitutional mandate for
B holding elections and this power is highly discretionary and is to be exercised
where there is a breakdown of the constitutional machinery. The executive
government has no legal authority to compel the holding of elections not
even Parliament can, by resolution, legally compel the Election Commission
to fix a particular schedule for the elections. By the same token, the Election
Commission cannot recommend or even proceed upon the premise of -
C imposition of President's Rule, which would require executive action ratified
by Parliament.

Shri Arun Jaitley, Sr. Advocate, appearing on behalf of the Bharatiya
Janata Party contended that the view of the Election Commission that Article
174 is subject to Article 324 of the Constitution is wholly erroneous and
D contrary to the constitutional mandate. It was further submitted that Article
324 does not enable Election Commission to exercise untrammeled powers and
the Commission must exercise power either of the Constitution or the law
under Articles 327 and 328. It was also argued that even when the Assembly
is dissolved, the House continues to exist and, therefore, Article 174 is
E applicable even to dissolved assemblies. A reference was made to the
Parliamentary practice in various other countries including Britain.

Shri Kapil Sibal, Sr. Advocate appearing on behalf of the Indian National
Congress contended that Article 174 has no application to dissolved Assembly.
However, he submitted that on dissolution of an Assembly, it is the duty of
p the Election Commission to conduct the election immediately and every step
shall be taken to see that the new Legislative Assembly met for its first
session at the earliest. However, it was submitted that Election Commission
is the supreme authority, which should take a decision as to when a free and
fair election can be held. Article 324 of the Constitution gives vast power to
the Election Commission to decide the question as to when the election shall
G be held and if the Election Commission fails to carry out the constitutional
mandate .for any other extraneous reason, such decision can be challenged
under judicial review. According to the counsel, any other interpretation of
these constitutional provisions would lead to a situation where the Election
Commission would be forced to conduct election when it is not possible to
H conduct a free and fair election and that would be against the constitutional
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [BALAKRISHNAN, J.] 433

spirit of a democratic government. It was submitted that as the Reference was A
based on the wrong assumption of the constitutional provisions, it need not
be answered by this Court.

Shri Ram Jethmalani, Sr. Advocate appearing on behalf of the State of
Bihar submitted that Article 174 applies to an Assembly whose personality/
identity is not interrupted or altered by premature dissolution or expiry of its B
perit>d ofduratioil. Free and fair elections being a basic feature of a democratic
· and Republican Constitution, Article 174 will have to yield to Article 324. It
was further submitted that Article 356 does not include the power to suspend
the operation of Article 174. It was also submitted that Article 174 imposes
a mandate only on the Governor of the State and is not concerned with the C
Election Commission.

Shri Rajeev Dhavan, Sr. Advocate appearing on behalf of the Communist
Party of India (Marxist) also supported the contention raised by the counsel
who appeared for Indian National Congress and contended that Article 174
is not applicable to dissolved Assembly. Similar contentions were raised by D
counsel for other political parties and counsel who appeared for various
States.

Shri K.K. Venugopal, Sr. Advocate appearing on behalf of the Election
Commission submitted that Article 174 has no application to dissolved
Assemblies. It was submitted that free and fair election is the basic feature E
of the Constitution and the power of superintendence, direction and control
of election vests with the Election Commission. It was further submitted that
as the Reference has been made on the wrong premise, this Court need not
answer the same. It was also submitted that the Election Commission has
been trying its best to conduct election at the earliest even under very F
adverse circumstances and for the past 50 years Election Commission earned
a good reputation as a free and independent body, which has conducted
elections to various State Legislatures and the House of the People.

We are greatly beholden to other Senior Lawyers, Mr. K. Parasaran, P.P.
Rao, Milon Banerjee, M.C. Bhandare, Ashwani Kumar, P.N. Puri, A. Sharan, G
Devendra N. Dwivedi, A.M. Singhvi, Gopal Subramaniam, and Vijay Bahuguna,
who had made very enlightening arguments on various vexed legal questions
involved in this case.

The first and foremost question that arises for consiqeration is whether
Article 174 is applicable in respect of a dissolved Assembly. The next question H
434 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A that arises for consideration is the interplay of Article 174 and Article 324 of
the Constitution. Incidentally, a question also may arise whether the Election
'tommission can postpone the election indefinitely on one pretext or the other
and create a situation where there is a breakdown of democratic form Of
Goveminent. Article 174 of the Constitution reads thus:

B "174. Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution
(1) The Governor shall from time to time summon the House or each
House of the Legislature of the State to meet at such tilne and place
as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last
~;11i~. ~ in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the
C n~11t session.

(2) The Governor may from time to time

(a) prorogue the House or either House;

(b) dissolve the Legislative Assembly".
D
Article 324 of the Constitution reads as under :

"324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested
in an Election Commission -
(I) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of
E
the electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to Parliament
and to the Legislature of every State and of elections to the offices
of President and Vice-President held under this Constitution shall be
vested in a Commission (referred to in this Constitution as the Election
Commission).
F
(2) .......

(3) ...... .

(4) ...... .

G (5) ...... .

(6) .......".

Section 8 of the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951 amended
Article 174 of the Constitution. The amended Article requires the Governor
H to summon the House or each house of the Legislature of the State and this
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. l OF 2002 [BALAKRJSHNAN, J.] 435

Article mandates that six months shall not intervene between the last sitting A
of one session and the date appointed for the first sitting of the next session.
The sole object of Article 174(1) is to ensure accountability of executive to
the people through their elected representatives. Article 164(2) states that the
Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative
Assembly of the State. In a democratic form of Government the responsibility B
of the Government is to the people of the country and the Members of the
Legislative Assembly represent the people of the State and the Council of
Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly.
Therefore, frequency of the meeting of the Legislative Assembly is necessary,
otherwise, there will not be any check and balance to the actions of the
executive government. The Solicitor General contended that Article 174 would C
apply even to a dissolved assembly because the House as such is not
dissolved and it was pointed out that when the British Parliamentis dissolved,
notice to summon the next session of the Parliament is simultaneously issued.
On that basis, it was contended that Article 174 is even applicable to a
dissolved Assembly. We do not find much force in this contention. The plain
meaning of the words used in Article 174 itself would show that Article 174 D
has no application to a dissolved Assembly. The words "si~ months shall not
intervene between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for
its first sitting in the next session" occurring in Article 174 clearly indicate
that the interregnum between the two sessions shall not be six months and
that is applicable only in respect of a live Assembly. Once the Assembly is E
dissolved, Article 174 has no application.

Of course, in the Report of the Election Commission it is stated that that
Commission has all along been taking the view that once the Assembly is
dissolved it would take all possible steps to see that the first sitting of the
next Assembly would be made possible within a period of six months of the F
last sitting of the dissolved Assembly. This is a very healthy convention
which is being followed since the adoption of our Constitution and we must
appreciate the action of the Election Commission in scheduling the election
in such a way that the first session of the next Assembly meets within the
period of six months of the last sitting of the dissolved Assembly. But that G
by itself is no reason to interpret that Article 174 would apply to a dissolved
Assembly. Frequency of meeting as provided under Article 174 would apply
to an Assembly which is in esse at that time.

Therefore, a question may arise that if Article 174 is not applicable to
a dissolved Assembly, can the Election Commission postpone election for H
436 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A indefinite period so as to defeat the democratic form of Government? ls there
any mandate in the Constitution or in the Representation of People Act, J 951
prescribing time to conduct the election? Obviously, neither the Constitution
nor the Representation of People Act, J 95 l prescribes any time limit for the
conduct.of election after the term of the Assembly is over either by premature
B dissolution or otherwise. Proviso to Section 15(2) of the Representation of
People Act, 1951 states that where a general election is held otherwise than
on dissolution of the existing· House of the People, no notification for election
shall be issued at any time earlier than six months prior to the date on which
the duration of that House would expire under the provisions of clause (2)
of Article 83. Once there is dissolution of the Assembly, the Election
C Commission shall take immediate steps to conduct the election and see that
the new Assembly is formed at the earliest point of time. A democratic fonn
of Government would survive only if there are elected representatives to rule
the country. Any delay on the part of the Election Commission is very crucial
and it is the Constitutional duty of the Election Commission to take steps
immediately on dissolution of the Assembly. Article 324 of the Constitution
D gives vast powers to the Election Commission and time and again this Court
has pointed out the extent of powers and duty vested with the Election
Commission. It was argued by various counsel appearing on behalf of the
various political parties as to what would be ihe position if the Election
Commission would indefinitely postpone the election under some pretext or
E the other. So, the question posed was: 'Quis custodiet ipsos custodes' who
will guard the guards themselves?

The Election Commission is vested with the power to decide the election
schedule. It can act only in accordance with the Constitutional provisions.
The election process for electing the new Legislative Assembly should start
F immediately on the dissolution of the Assembly. There may be cases where
the electoral roll may not be up-to-date and in such case the Election
Commission is well with in its power to update the electoral roll and the time
taken for such updating of the electoral roll shall be reasonable time. Ordinarily,
the Election Commission would also require time for notification, calling of
nomination and such other procedure that are required for the proper conduct
G of election. There may be situation where the Election Commission may not
be in a position to conduct free and fair election because of certain natural
calamities. Even under such situation the Election Commission shall ~ndeavour
to conduct election at the earliest making use of all the resources within its
command. Ample powers are given to the Election Commission to coordinate
H all actions with the help of various departments of the Government including
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [BALAKRISHNAN, J.] 437

military and para-military forces. When an Assembly is dissolved by the A
Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, naturally, the Chief Minister or
his political party seeks fresh mandate, from the electorate. The duty of the
Election Commission is to conduct fresh election and see that a democratically
elected Government is installed at the earliest and any decision by the Election
Commission, which is intended to defeat this very avowed object of forming B
an elected Government can certainly be challenged before the Court if the
decision taken by the Election Commission is perverse, unreasonable or for
extraneous reasons and if the decision of the Election Commission is vitiated
by any of these grounds the Court can give appropriate direction for the
conduct of the election.

The next point that arises for consi_deradon to form an opinion regarding
c
the questions referred to this Court is as to the ii'pplication ofj\rti,cle 356 pf
the Constitution. Reference to Artie;.: 336 was incidentally made by the
Election Commission to point out that if Article 174 cannot be complied with,
the possible alternative is to invoke Article 356 an-:! declare a state of
emergency. I do not think that the solution suggested by the Election. D
Commission is appropriate or justified. A.1ticle 356 has no application under
any of these situations. It is an independent power to be exercised _very rarely
and this power is hedged in ever by so many Constitution.al limitations. Jn
view of the above discussion, the three questions made in the Reference can·
be answered in the following manner.
E
(i) Is Article 174 subject to the decision of the Election Commission
of India under Article 324 as to the schedule of elections of the
Assembly?

Article I 74 and Article 324 operate in different fields. Article I 74 does
not apply to dissolved Assemblies. The schedule of the election of the F
Assembly is to be fixed having regard to the urgency of the situation that
a democratically elected Government be installed at the earliest and the
process of election shall start immediately on the dissolution of the Assembly.
Though the ultimate authority to decide as to when a free and fair election
can be conducted is Election Commission, such decisions shall be just and G
reasonable and arrived at having regard to all relevant circumstances. Any
decision to postpone election on unreasonable grounds is anathema to
democratic form of government and it is subject to judicial review on
traditionally accepted grounds.

(ii) Can the Election Commission of India frame a schedule for the H
438 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A elections to an Assembly on the premise that any infraction of
the mandate of Article 174 would be remedied by a resort to ··-
Article 356 by the President?

The framing of schedule for election for the new Legislative Assembly
shall start immediately on dissolution of the Assembly and the Election
B Commission shall endeavour to see that the new Legisl~tive Assembly meets
at least within a period of six months of the dissolution. Article 356 regarding
declaration of state of emergency in the State has no relevance to the fixation
of the election schedule.

(iii) ls the Election Commission of India under a duty to carry out the
C mandate of Article 174 of the Constitution, by drawing upon all
the requisite resources of the Union and the State to ensure free
and fair elections?

The Election Commission is under a constitutional duty to conduct the
election at the earliest on completion of the term of the Legislative Assembly
D on dissolution or otherwise. If there is any impediment in conducting free and
fair election as per the schedule envisaged by the Election Commi:;sion, it can
draw upon all the requisite resources of Union and State within its command
to,ensure free and fair election, though Article 174 has no application in the
discharge of such constitutional obligation by the Election Commission. It is
E the duty of the Election Commission to see that the election is done in a free
and fair manner to keep the democratic form of Government vibrant and
active.

ARIJIT PASAYAT, .J. Free, fair and periodic elections are the part of the
basic structure of ti1e Constitution oflndia, I 950 (in short the 'Constitution').
F In a democracy the little man-voter-has overwhelming importance and
cannot be hijacked from the course of free and fair elections.

'Democracy' and 'free and fair election' are inseparable twins. There is
almost ari insevereable umbilical cordj0ining them. The little man's ballot and
not the bullet of those who want to capture power (starting with booth
G capturing) is the heartbeat of democracy. Path of the little man to the polling
booth should be free and unhindered, and his freedom to elect a candidate
of his choice is the foundation of a free and fair election.

The message relates to the pervasive philosophy of democratic elections
which Sir Winston Churchill vivified in matchless words:
H
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [ARIJIT PASAYA T, f] 439

"At the bottom of all tributes paid to democracy is the little man, A
walking into a little booth, with a little pencil, making a little cross on
a little bit of paper-no amount of rhetoric or voluminous discussion
can possibly diminish the overwhelming importance of the point."

If we may add, the little, large Indian shall not be hijacked from the
course of free and fair elections by mob muscle methods, or subtle perversion B
. of discretion by men 'dressed in little, brief authority'. For 'be you ever so
high, the law is above you'.

The moral may be stated with telling terseness in the words of William
Pitt: 'Where laws end, tyranny begins'. Embracing both these mandates and
emphasizing their combined effect is the elemental law and politics of Power
c
best expressed by Benjamin Disraeli :

"I repeat... .... tint all power is trust-that we are accountable for its
exercise-that, from the people and for the people, all springs, and all
must exist." D
At the threshold: why the Reference was made, and in what background.

The Gujarat Legislative Assembly met on 3rd April, 2002 and thereafter
was dissolved on 19th July, 2002. Election Commission passed an order on
16th August, 2002 holding that free and fair elections was not possible in E
Gujarat, even though Article 174 of the Constitution mandatorily provides
that the time gap between two sittings of the House should not exceed six
months. In that context, the Election Commission held that Article 324 postulates
"free and fair election" and when it is not possible to hold it, the provisions
contained in Article 174 have to yield. That gave rise to doubts and the
President of India has made reference to this Court under Article 143( I) of the F
Constitution, basically on that core issue and three questions have been
referred. First question specifically refers to Article 174 and Article 324. The
Election Commission observed that even ifthe period prescribed under Article
174 cannot be adhered to, the situation can be met by imposition of President's
Rule by Article 356 of the Constitution. The Reference (including the preambles) G
and relevant portion of Election Commission's order so far as relevant for the
Reference read as follows:
'/
Presidential Address:

WHEREAS the Legislative Assembly of the State of Gujarat was H
440 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A dissolved, on July 19, 2002 before the expiration of its normal duration on
March 18, 2003;

AND WHEREAS Article 174(1) of the Constitution provides that six
months shall not intervene between the last sitting of the Legislative Assembly
in· one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next Session;
B
AND WHEREAS the Election Commission has also noted that the
mandate of Article 174 would require that the Assembly should meet every
.
six months even after the dissolution of the House, and that the Election
Commission has all along been consistent that normally a Legislative Assembly
C should meet at least every six months as contemplated by Article l 74, even
where ii has been dissolved;

;\ND WHEREAS under Section 15 of the Representation of the People
Act, 1951, for the purpose of holding general elections on the expiry of the
duration of the Legislative Assembly or its dissolution, the Governor shall,
D by notification, call upon all Assembly Constituencies in the State• to elect
members on such date or dates as may be recommended by the Election
Commission of India;

AND WHEREAS the last sitting of the Legislative Assembly of the
E State of Gujarat was held on 3rd April, 2002, and as such the newly constituted
Legislative Assembly should sit on or before 3rd October, 2002;

AND WHEREAS the Election Commission of India by its order No.464/
GJ-LA/2002 dated August 16, 2002 has not recommended any date for holding
general election for constituting a new Legislative Assembly for the State of
F Gujarat and observed that the Commission will consider framing a suitable
schedule for the general election to the State Assembly in November-December
2002. Copy of the said order is annexed hereto;

AND WHEREAS owing to the aforesaid c.iecision of the Election
Commission oflndia, a new Legislative Assembly cannot come into existence
G so as to ·meet within the stipulated period of six months as provided under
Article 174(1) of the Col'lStitution of India;

AND WHEREAS the Election Commission has held that the non-
observance of the provisions of Article l 74( I) in the present situation would
H mean that the Government of the State cannot be carried in accordance with
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [ARIJIT PASA YAT, J.] 441

the provisions of the Constitution within the meaning of Article 356(1) of the A
Constitution and the President would then step in;

AND WHEREAS doubts have arisen with regard to the constitutional
validity of the said order of the E'lection Commission of India as the order of
the Election Commission which would result in a non-compliance ·with the
mandatory requirement envisaged under Article 174(1) of the Constitution B
under which not more than six months shall intervene between two sittings
of the State Legislature;

AND WHEREAS in view of what has been hereinbefore stated, it
appears to me that the questions of law hereinafter set out have arisen which C
are ()f such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to
obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court of India;

NOW, THEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred upon me under
clause(!) of Article 143 of the Constitution, I, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, President
of India, hereby refer the following questions to the Supreme Court of India D
for consideration and report thereon, namely:-

(i) Is Article 174 subject to the decision oftlie Election Commiss;on
of India under Article 324 as to the schedule of elections of the
Assembly?
(ii) Can the Election Commission of India frame a schedule for the
' /
E
elections to an Assembly on the premise that any infraction of
the mandate of Article 174 would be remedied by a resort to
Article 356 by the President?
(iii) Is the Election Commission of India under a duty to carry out the F
mandate of Article 174 of the Constitution, by drawing upon all
the requisite resources of the Union and the State to ensure free
and fair elections?

Order of the Election Commission (Relevant portions)

L The term of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Gujarat was G
normally due to expire, in terms of Article 172(1) of the Constitution, on the
18th March, 2003. Keeping that in view, the Commission had been planning
to hold the next general election in the State for constituting a new Legislative
Assembly in the early part of the year 2003, along with the general elections
to the Legislative Assemblies of Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland and H
442 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Tripura whose terms are alsc l'IOnnally due to expire in the month of March,
2003.

2. The Legislative Assembly of the State of Gujarat was, however,
dissolved prematurely by the Governor or'Gujarat on the 19th July, 2002 in
exercise of his powers under Article I 74(2)(b) of the Constitution. On such
B premature dissolution of the State Legislative Assembly, a demand is being
made, particularly by the Bhartiya Janta Party and a few other smaller parties
and NGOs, that the general election to constitute the new Legislative Assembly
be urgently held by the Commission. so as to enable the new Legislative
Assembly so constituted to meet for its first session before 6th October, 2002.
C In support of such demand, they are citing Article 174(1) of the Constitution
which provides that 'the Governor shall, from time to time, summon the House
or each House of the Legislature of the State to meet at such time and place
as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in
one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session'.
The last session of the dissolved Legislative Assembly of Gujarat was
D prorogued on 6th April, 2002 and it is contended that the first session of the
new Legislative Assembly should be held before 6th October, 2002 and,
therefore, it is mandatory for the Commission to hold the election well before
6th October, 2002. They also claim that the situation in the State of Gujarat
is quite normal and conductive to the holding of free and fair elections, as
E is evi~ent from the facts that the panchayat elections in large areas were
successfully conducted in April 2002, that HSC, SSC examinations were held
peacefully and that various religious festivals like the Rath Yatra had passed
off without any untoward incident.

x x x x x
F
4. The Commission has carefully examined the provisions of Article
174(1) of the Constitution. It has also considered other relevant provisions
in the Constitution having a bearing on functioning of the Legislative
Assemblies and the conduct of elections to constitute them. The Commission
G has, in the past, been taking the view that the six months in Article 174(1)
of the Constitution applies not only to a Legislative Assembly in existence
but also to elections to constitute the new Assembly on the dissolution of
the previous Assembly and in all past cases, like the recent dissolution of the
Goa Legislative Assembly on 27th February, 2002, wherever any Assembly
has been dissolved prematurely by the Governor under Article t74(2)(b) of
H the Constitution (and where the President has not taken over the administration
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [ARIJIT PASA YAT, J.] 443

of the State under Article 356 of the Constitution on the dissolution of the A
Assembly), elections to constitute a new Legislative Assembly have alwa}'S
been held in such time as have enabled the new Assembly to meet within the
period of six months from the last date of the last session of the dissolved
Assembly. Similar action has been taken by the Commission wherever the
House of the People has been prematurely dissolved by the President under
Article 85(2)(b) of the Constitution-for example, the dissolution of the House B
of the People in 1999, 1998 and earlier in 1991, 1979 and 1971-so that the
new House of the People could meet within the period of six months from the
last sitting of the dissolved House.

5. Thus, the Commission has all along been consistent that, normally, C
a Legislative Assembly should meet at least every six months as contemplated
by Article 174(1) of the Constitution, even when it has been dissolved (except
where President's Rule has been imposed in the State under Article 356 of the
Constitution). The Commission sees no convincing/justifiable reason to take
a different view in the present case. In fact, any other view on the interpretation
of Article 174(1) of the Constitution might lead to extensive gaps between two D
Houses of a Legislative Assembly and the abuse of democracy, there being
no provision in the Constitution or in any law in force prescribing a period
during which an election is to be held to constitute a new Legislative Assembly
on the dissolution of the previous House. This will be contrary to the basic
scheme of the Constitution which prescribes that there shall be a State E
Legislative Assembly (Article 168) and the Council of Ministers shall be
collectively responsible to that Assembly [Article 164(2)] and that ifa minister
is not a member of the Assembly for a consecutive six months period, he shall
cease to be a minister [Article 164(4)]. A more alarming situation may arise
with Parliament where Article 85( I) of the Constitution makes identical
provisions relating to the holding of sessions of the House of the People. F
Any view that the House of the People need not meet every six months and
the elections be indefinitely postponed after one House has been dissolved,
would not only be destructive of the whole Parliamentary system so
assiduously built in our Constitution but also be abhorrent to every section
of the Indian polity and citizenry.
G
6. The Commission is also fortified in its above. interpretation by the
view taken by the President and Parliament on the provisions of Article 174(1) -
whenever there was an imposition of President's Rule in a State under Article
356 of the Constitution. Whenever the Legislative Assembly of any State has
been dissolved in the past by the President under Article 356 of the H
444 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Constitution, the provisions of Article 174(1) have invariably been expressly
suspended in the Proclamation issued by the President under that Article and
approved by Parliament during the operation of that Proclamation (See for
example, the latest Proclamation dated 10th February, 1999 issued by th.e
President dissolving the Goa Legislative Assembly and imposing President's
B Rule in that State). If Article 174(1) has no application after an Assembly has
been dissolved, as is being contended by one set of representations, there
is no question of the suspension of that provision after the dissolution of the
Assembly by the said Proclamation.

x x x x x
c 8. There 1s, to the Commission's knowledge, no authoritative
pronouncement of the Supreme Court or of any High Court on this aspect of
the issue.But the most plausible view that appears to the Commission in that
Article 174(1) of the Constitution envisages that normally, the Legislative
Assembly of a State should meet every six months even after the dissolution
D of one House.

9. The next question for consideration of the Commission is whether the
Commission is obliged whatever may be the circumstances to hold the general
election within the period remainir.g out of six months from the date of the
last sitting of the dissolved Assembly. The Commission does not accept this
E view. Article 174(1) of the Constitution cannot be read in isolation and it has
to be read along with other relevant provisions of the Constitution, particularly
Article 324 of the Constitution. Article 324, which is not subject to the
provisions of any other Article of the Constitution including Article 174(1 ),
vests the superintendence, direction and control, inter alia, of the preparation
F of electoral rolls for, and conduct of, elections to Parliament and State
Legislatures in the Election Commission. Elections, in the context of democratic
institutions, mean free and faire elections and not merely a ritual to be gone
through periodically. In the words of the Constitution Bench of the Supreme
Court in T.N. Seshan v. Union of India and Ors., (1995] 4 SCC 61]:
'
'Democracy being the basic feature of our constitutional set up,
G
there can be no two opinions that free and fair elections to our
Legislative bodies alone would guarantee the growth of a healthy
democracy in the country. In order to ensure the purity of the election
process, it was thought by our Constitution-makers that the
responsibility to hold free and fair election in the country should be
H entrusted to an independent body which would be insulated from
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] 445

political and/or executive interference.' A
Again, the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court observed in the famous
Keshavanand Bharati v. State of Kera/a, AIR (I973) SC I46I that 'Free, fair,
fearless and impartial elections are the guarantee of a democratic polity.'
_j Likewise, the Supreme Court repeatedly underscored the importance of free
and fair elections in the case of Mohinder Singh Gill v. Chief Election B
Commissioner and Ors., AIR (1978) SC 851, Kanhiya Lal Omar v. R.K. Trivedi,
AIR (I986) SC 111 and a catena of other decisions. In the case of Mohinder
Singh Gill (supra), the Supreme Court observed:

'The free and fair election based on universal adult franchise is the
basic .... .it needs little argument to hold that the heart of the Parliamentary c
system is free and tilir election periodically held, based on adult
franchise and that social and economic democracy may demand much
more.'

Similar sentiments of the Supreme Court laying stress on free and fair elections D
to the legislative bodies have found echo in every other decision of the
Supreme Court on elections.

x x x x x

I I. Thus, the Constitutional mandate given to the Election Commission E
under Article 324 of the Constitution is to hold free and fair elections to the
legislative bodies. And, in the Commission's considered view, if a free and fair
election cannot be held to a legislative body at a given point of time because
of the extraordinary circumstances then prevailing, Article I 74 of the
Constitution must yield to Article 324 in the interest of genuine democracy
and purity of elections. Further, in the Commission's considered view, such F
interpretation of the pro'>i,isions of Articles I74(1) and 324 would not create
a situation which is not contemplated or envisaged under the Constitution
and which cannot be met thereunder. The non-observance of the provisions
of Article I 74( 1) in the aforesaid eventuality would mean that the Government
of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the G
Constitution within the meaning of Article 356(1) of the Constitution and the
President would then step in.

x x x x x

61. After completion of this exercise to correct the electoral rolls and H
446 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
j

A bringing them as up-to-date as possible and creation of conditions conducive
for free and fair elections in the State, the Commission will consider framing
a suitable schedule for the general election to the State Assembly in November-
December 2002.

It may be noted here that the Election Commission in the written
B submissions filed and the submissions made before us has stated that the
observations regarding impos_ition of Presidents' rule were not made in the
context of Article 356 of the Constitution, which we shall deal in detail infra.
The third question relates to the exercise of power in the context of Article
174.
c When the Reference was taken up for hearing we made it clear to the
parties that the correctness of factual conclusions arrived at by Election
Commiss,ion in its order shall not be considered by us. Only legal issues and
the foundations therefor i.e. as recorded in the order were to be analysed. We
also pointed out to learned counsel for the parties that while considering a
D Reference there is no adversarial lis involved. We record our appreciation that
learned counsel appearing for the parties have placed their submissions as
amicus curiae, though there was divergence in approach.

It was argued by some of the learned counsel that the Reference need
not be answered because the questions do not arise out of the order of the
E Election :Commission though the Preamble is based on the same. It is not
imperative for the Court to answer the Reference and even if any doubt is
entertained, that cannot be on hypothetical premises and answers which are
self-evident and/or issues settled by this Court by its decisions need not be
answered. It was submitted that the questions which are inherently incapable
F of being answered should not be answered. The Reference was as described
by some of the learned counsel to be inappropriate and defective. It was
submitted that the Reference is potentially political and seeking judicial review
though disguised as a Reference. Per contra, submissions were made by some
of the learned counsel who have submitted that the questions are of great
national interest, and there is no political overtone and in order to avoid
G controversies in future and to have the law settled, the Reference has been
made.

The questions referred are intrinsically linked with the conclusions of
the Election Commissioner and are clearly relatable to it. The scope and ambit
of reference under Article 143(1) has been examined by this Court in several
H cases. In some cases, this Court had declined to answer References on the
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [ARJJIT PASA VAT, J.] 447

ground that political issues are involved or that the Court does not act in A
exercise of appellate jurisdiction while dealing with a Reference. lt will be
proper to take note of few decisions on this aspect where References were
not answered on the ground that they are potentially political or that the
Advisory Jurisdiction is not appellate in character [See Dr. M. Ismail Faruqui
and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors., [1994] 6 SCC 360 and in the matter of: B
Cauve1y Water Disputes Tribunal, [1993] Supp 1 SCC 96(11)]

The Federal Court in Re The Allocation of Lands and Buildings in a
Chief Commissioner's Province, AIR (1943) FC 13 a Reference under Section
213(1) of the Government of India Act which is similar to Article 143 said that
though the terms of that section do not impose an obligation on the Court, C
the Court should be unwilling to accept a Reference except for good reasons.
Th is Court accepted the Reference for reasons which appeared to be of
constitutional importance as well as in public interest.

In Re Kera/a Education Bill, AIR (1958) SC 956 = [1959] SCR 995 Das,
C.J. referred to the Reference in Re The Allocation of Lands and Buildings D
(supra) and the Reference in Re Levy of Estate Duty, AIR (I 944) FC 73 and
the observations in both the cases that the Reference should not be declined
excepting for good reasons. This Court accepted the Reference on the
questions of law arising or likely to arise. Das, C.J. in Re Kera/a Education
Bill (supra) said that it is for the President to determine what questions
should be referred and if he does not have any serious "doubt" on the E
provisions, it is not for any party to say that doubts arise out of them. In
short, parties appearing in the Reference cannot go behind the order of the
Reference and present new questions by raising doubts. (See In Re:
Presidential Poll [1974] 2 SCC 33).

This Court is bound by the recitals in the order of Reference. Under
F
Article 145(1) we accept the statements of fact set out in the Reference. The
truth or otherwise of the facts cannot be enquired or gone into nor can Court
go into the question of bona jides or otherwise of the authority making the
Reference. This Court cannot go behind the recital. This Court cannot go into
disputed questions of fact in its advisory jurisdiction under Article 143(1). G
The correct approach according to us has been laid down by a 7 Judge
Bench in Special Reference No. I of 1964 [commonly known as Keshav
Singh Contempt Case] [1965] 1 SCR 413. After culling out the core issues (as
seen at page 439) from the questions set out at pages 429, 430 at page 440
it was observed as follows: H
448 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A "Though the ultimate solution of the problem posed by the questions
before us would thus lie within a very narrow ~ompass, it is necessary
to deal with some wider aspects of the problem which incidentally
arise and the decision of which will assist us in rendering our
answers to the questions framed in the present Reference''.

B (Underlined for emphasis)

It would be appropriate to take note of certain pivotal provisions in the
Constitution; Representation of Peoples' Act, 1951 (in short 'R.P. Act, 1951)
and the Government of India Act, 1935 (in short 'Government Act').

C Article I 72: Duration of State Legislature-(!) Every Legislative
Assembly of every State, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for five
;rears from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer and the
expiration of the said period of five years shall operate as a dissolution of the
As~embly:

D Prqvided that the said period may, while a Proclamation of Emergency
is in operation, be extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding
one year at a time and not extending in any case beyond a period of six
months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate.

E (2) The Legislative Council of a State shall not be subject to dissolution,
but a nearly as possible one-third of the members thereof shall retire as soon
as may be on the expiration of every second year in accordance with the
provisions made in that behalf by Parliament by law.

Article I 74: Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and
F dissolution -( 1) The Governor shall from time to time summon the House or
each House of the Legislature of the State to meet as such time and place
as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in
one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session.

(2) The Governor may from time to time -
G
(a) prorog11e the House or either House;

(b) dissolve the Legislative Assembly

Article 324 : Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be
H vested in an Election Commission-(1) The superintendence, direction and
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] 449

control of the preparation of the electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all A
elections to Parliament and to the Legislature of every State and of elections
to the offices of President and Vice-President held under this Constitution
shall be vested in a Commission (referred to in this Constitution as the
Election Commission).

(2) The Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election B
Commissi0ner and such number of other Election Commissioners, if any, as
the President may from time to time fix and the appointment of the Chief
Election Commissioner and the other Election Commissioners shall, subject to
the provisions of any law made in that behalf by Parliament, be made by the
President. c
(3) When any other Election Commissioner is so appointed the Chief
Election Commissioner shall act as the Chairman of the Election Commission.

(4) Before each general election to the House of the People and to the
Legislative Assembly of each State, and before the first general election and D
thereafter before each biennial election to the Legislative Council of each
State having such Council, the President may also appoint after consultation
with the Election Commission such Regional Commissioners as he may consider
necessary to assist the Election Commission in the performance of the
functions conferred on the Commission by clause (I).
E
(5) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, the
conditions of service and tenure of office of the Election Commissioners and
the Regional Commissioners shall be such as the President may by rule
determine:

Provided that the Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed F
from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of
the Supreme Court and the conditions of service of the Chief Election
Commissioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment:

Provided further that any other Election Commissioner or a Regional G
Commissioner shall not be removed from office except on the recommendation
of the Chief Election Commissioner.

(6) The President, or the Governor of a State, shall, when so requested
by the Election Commission, make available to the Election Commission or to
a Regional Commissioner such staff as may be necessary for the discharge H
450 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A of the functions conferred on the Election Commission by clause (1).
Article 327 : Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to
elections to Legislatures.-Subject to the provisions of this Constitution,
Parliament may from time to time by law make provision with respect to all
matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to either House of
B Parliament or to the House or either House of the Legislature of a State
including the preparation of electoral rolls, the delimitation of constituencies
and all other matters necessary for securing the due constitution of such
House or Houses.

C Article 356 : Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery
in States-( I) If the President, on receipt of report from the Governor of a
State or otherwise, is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the
government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions
of this Constitution, the President may by Proclamation -

D (a) assume to himself all or any of the functions of the Government
of the State and all or any of the powers vested in or exercisable
by the Governor or any body or authority in the State other than
the Legislature of the State;
(b) declare that the powers of the Legislature of the State shall be
E exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament;
(c) make such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to
the President to be necessary or desirable for giving effect to the
objects of the Proclamation, including provisions for suspending
in whole or in part the operation of any provisions of this
p Constitution relating to any body or authority in the State:

Provided that nothing in this clause shall authorize the President to
assume to himself any of the powers vested in or exercisable by a High Court,
or to suspend in whole or in part the operation of any provision of this
Constitutiun relating to High Courts.
G
(2) Any such Proclamation may be revoked or varied by a subsequent
Proclamation.

(c) Every Proclamation under this Article shall be laid before each
House of Parliament and shall, except where it is a P•oclamation revoking a
H previous Proclamation, cease to operate at the expiration of two months
SPEC'!AL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.] 451

unless before the expiration of that period it has been approved by resolutions A
r of both Houses of Parliament.

Provided that if any such Proclamation (not being a Proclamation
revoking a previous Proclamation) is issued at a time when the House of the
People is dissolved or the dissolution of the House of the People takes place
during the period of two months referred to in this clause, and if a resolution B
approving the Proclamation has been passed by the Council of States, but
no resolution with respect to such Proclamation has been passed by the
House of the People before the expiration of that period, the Proclamation
shall cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days from the date on which
the House of the People first sits after its reconstitution unless before the C
expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution approving the
Proclamation has been also passed by the House of the People.

(4) A Proclamation so approved shall, unless revoked, cease to operate
on the expiration of a period of six months from the date of issue of the
Proclamation. D
Provided that if and so often as a resolution approving the continuance
in force of such a Proclamation is passed by both Houses of Parliament, the
Proclamation shall, unless revoked, continue in force for a further period of
six months from the date on which under this clause it would otherwise have
ceased to operate, but no such Proclamation shall in any case remain in force E
for more than three years;

Provided further that ifthe dissolution of the House of the People takes
place during any such period of six months and a resolution approving the
continuance in force of such Proclamation has been passed by the Council
of States, but no resolution with respect to the continuance in force of such F
Proclamation has been passed by the House of the People during the said
period, the Proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days
from the date on which the House of the People first sits after its reconstitution
unless before the expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution
approving the contiruance in force of the Proclamation has been also passed G
by the House of the People.

Provided also that in the case of the Proclamation issued under clause
(I) on the I Ith day of May, 1987 with respect to the State of Punjab, the
reference in the first proviso to this clause to "three years" shall be construed
as a reference to five years. H
452 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A (5) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (4), a resolution with
respect to the continuance in force of a Proclamation approved under clause
(3) for any period beyond the expiration of one year from the date of issue
of such proclamation shall not be passed by either House of Parliament
unless-

B (a) a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, in the whole of India
or, as the case may be, in the whole or any part of the State, at
the time of the passing of such resolution, and
(b) the Election Commission certifies that the continuance in force of
the Proclamation approved under clause (3) during the period
c specified in such resolution is necessary on account of difficulties
in holding general elections to the Legislative Assembly of the
State concerned:

Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to the Proclamation
issued under clause (I) on the I Ith day of May, 1987 with respect to the State
D of Punjab.

Representation of People Act, 1951

Section 14 : Notification for general election to the House of the
People-{1) A general election shall be held for the purpose of cons.tituting .
E a new House of the People on the expiration of the duration of the existing
House or on its dissolution.

(2) For the said purpose the President shall, by one or more notifications
published in the Gazette of India on such date or dates as may be recommended
F by the Election Commission, call upon all parliamentary constituencies to
elect members in accordance with the provisions of this Act and of the rules
and orders made thereunder:

Provided that where a general election is held otherwise than on the
dissolution of the existing House of the People, no such notification shall be
G issued at any time earlier than six months prior to the date on which the
duration of that House would expire under the provisions of clause (2) of
Article 83.

Section I 5 : Notification for general election to a State Legislative
Assembly- (I) A general election shall be held for the purpose of constituting
H a new Legislative Assembly on the expiration of the duration of the existing
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [ARIJIT PASA YAT, J .] 453

Assembly or on its dissolution. A
(2) For the said purpose the Governor or the Administrator as the case
may be shall, by one or more notifications published in the Official Gazette
of the State on such date or dates as may be recommended by the Election
Commission, call upon all Assembly constituencies in the State to elect
members in accordance with the provisions of this Act and of ihe rules and B
orders made thereunder:

Provided that where a general election is held otherwise than on the
dissolution of existing Legislative Assembly no such notification shall be
issued at any time earlier than six months prior to the date on which the
duration of that Assembly would expire under the provisions of clause (I) of C
Article 172 or under the provisions of Section 5 of the Government iof Union
Territories Act, 1963, as the case may be.

Section 30 : Appointment of dates for nomination etc.-As soon as the
notification calling upon a constituency to elect a member or members is D
issued, the Election Commission shall, by notification in the Official Gazette,
appoint -

(a) the date of publication of the first mentioned notification or, if
that day is a public holiday the last date for making nominations,
which shall be the seventh day after holiday, the next succeeding E
day which is not a public holiday;

(b) The date for the serutiny of nomination, which shall be, the day
immediately following the last day for making nominations or, if
that day is a public holiday, the next succeeding day which is not
a public holiday; F
(c) The last date for the withdrawal of candidature, which shall be
the second day after the date for the scrutiny of nominations or,
if that day is a public holiday, the next succeeding day which is
not a public holiday;
G
(d) The date or dates on which a poll shall, if necessary, be taken
which or the first of which shall be a date not earlier than the
fourteenth day after the last date for the withdrawal of candidature;
and

(e) the date before which the election shall be completed. H
454 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Section 73 : Publication of results of general elections to the House
of the People and the State legislative Assemblies and of names of persons
nominated thereto-Where a general election is held for the purpose of
constituting a new House of the People or a new State Legislative Assembly,
there shall be notified by the Election Commission in the Official Gazette, as
soon as' may be, after the results of the elections in all the constituencies
B other than those in which the poll could not be taken for any reason on the
date originally fixed under Clause (d) of Section 30 or for which the time for
completion of the election has been extended under the provisions of Section
153 have been declared by the returning officer under the provisions of
section 53 or, as the case may be, Section 66, the names of the members
C elected for those constituencies and upon the issue of such notification that
House or Assembly shall be deemed to be duly constituted:

Provided that the issue of such notification shall not be deemed-

(a) to preclude -
D (i) the taking of the poll arid the completio~ of the election in
any Parliamentary or Assembly constituency or
constituencies in which the poll could not be taken for any
reason on the date originally fixed under clause (d) of Section
30; or
E (li) the completion of the election in any Parliamentary or
Assembly constituency or constituencies for which time has
been extended under the provisions of Section 153; or

(b) to affect the duration of the House of the People or the State
F Legislative Assembly, if any functioning immediately before the
issue of the said notification.
'
Government of India Act, 1935 :

18. Constitution of the Federal Legislature-{!) There shall be a Federal
G Legislature which shall consist of His Majesty, represented by the Governor
General, and two Chambers, to be known respectively as the Council of State
and the House of Assembly (in this Act referred to as ''the Federal Assembly'').

(2) The Council of State shail consist of one hundred and fifty-six
representatives of British India and not more than one hundred and four
H representatives of the Indian States, and the Federal Assembly shall consist
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I DF 2002 [ARIJIT PASA YAT, J.] 455

of two hundred and fifty representaives of British India and not more than A
one hundred and twenty-five representatives of the Indian States.

(3) The said representatives shall be chosen in accordance with the
provisions in that behalf contained in the First Schedule to this Act.

(4) The Council of State mall be a permanent body not subject to B
dissolution, but as near as may oe one-third of the members thereof shall
retire in every thiro year in acrordance with the provisions in that behalf
contained in the said First Schtduie.

(5) Every Federal Assemby, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue
for five years from th~ date app<lnted for their first meeting and no longer, C
and the expiration of the said perbd of five years shall operate as a dissolution
of the Assembly.

19. Sessions of the Legisiture, prorogation and dissolution--{ I) The
Chambers of the Federal Legislture shall be summoned to meet once at least
in every year, and twelve mon1s shall not intervene between their last sitting D
in one session and the date appinted for their first sitting in the next session.

(2) Subject to the prcisions of this section, the Governor-General
may in his discretion from tiie to time -

(a) summon the Chawers or either Chamber to meet at such time and E
place as he thinks ti

(b) prorogue the Cl:mbers; and

(c) dissolve the Fecral Assembly.
F
(3) The Chambers slll be summoned to meet for their first session on
a day not later than suctday as may be specified in that behalf in His
Majesty's Proclamation e~blishing the Federation.

In the aforesaid bacground it would be expedient to render answers to
the questions framed in e Reference. G
I
The judicial aspecof these triple questions alone can attract judicial
jurisdiction. However, fen if we confine ourselves to legal problematics,
eschewing the politicd 11ertones, the words of Justice Holmes will haunt the
Court: "We are quitehee, but it is the quite of a storm center''. The judicature
must, however, be ilGmned in its approach by a legal-sociological guideline H

!
I
456 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A and a principled-pragmatic insight in resolving with jural tools and techniques,
'the various crises of human affairs' as they reach the forensic stage and seek
dispute-resolution in terms of the rule of law. Justice Cardozo felicitously set
the perspective:

The great generalities of 'the Constitution have a content and
B significance that vary from :age to age.

Chief Justice Hidayatullah perceptively articulated the insight:

One must, of course, take note of the synthesized authoritative content
or the moral meaning of th1~ underlying principle of the prescriptions
C o,f law, but not ignore the historic evolution of the law itself or how
it was connected in its changing moods with social requirements of
a particular age.

The old Articles of the suprema lex meet new challenges of life, the old
legal pillars suffer new stresses. So we ha ve to adopt the law and develop
D its latent capabilities if novel situations, as h ere, are encountered. That is why
in the reasoning we have adopted and the pt ~rspective we have projected, not
literal nor lexical but liberal and visional is our interpretation of the Articles
of the Constitution and the provisions of the Act. Lord Denning's words are
instructive:

E "Law does not stand still. It moves con tinually. Once this is recognized,
then the task of the Judge is put on a higher plane. He must
consciously seek to mould the law s< 1 as to serve the needs of the
time. He must not be a mere mechanic a mere working mason, laying
brick on brick, without thought to the , Jverall design. He must be an
F architect-thinking of the structure as < 1 whole building for society a
system of law which is str_ong, durable < ind just. It is on his work that
civilized society itself depends.

The constitutional scheme with regard to the holding of the elections to
I
Parliament and the State Legislatures is quite clea 1 r. First, the Constitution has
G provided for the establishment of a high power 1:J()dy to be in charge of the
elections to Parliament and the State Legislatur\es and of elections to the
office; of President and Vice-President. That body·, b the Commission. Article
324 of the Constitution contains detailed provision', rt'garding the constitution
of the Commission and its general power. The supe1 ·in tendence, direction and
control of the conduct of elections referred to i:1n , <\rticle 324(1) of the
H Constitution are entrusted to the Commission. The •words 'superintendence',

I
I
SPECIAL REFERENCE NQ. I OF 2002 (ARIJIT PASA YAT, J.] 457

'direction' and 'control' are wide enough to include all powers necessary for A
the smooth "conduct of elections. It is, however, seen that Parliament has been
vested with the power to make law under Article 327 of the Constitution read
with Entry 72 of List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution with
respect to all matters relating to the elect ions to either House of Parliament
or to the House or either House of the L1~gislature of a State subject to the B
provisions of the Constitution. Subject to the provisions of the Constitution
and any law made in that behalf by Parliament, the Legislature of a State may
under Article 328 read with Entry 37 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the
Constitution make law relating to the elections to the House or Houses of
Legislature of that State, The general powers of superintendence, direction
and control of the el~ctions vested in the Commission under Article 324( I) C
naturally are subject to any law made either under Article 327 or under Article
328 of the Constitution. The word 'election' in Article 324 is used in a wide
sense so as to include the entire process of election which consists of several
stages and it embraces many steps., some of which may have an important
bearing on the result of the process. Article 324 of the Constitution operates
in areas left unoccupied by legislation and the words 'superintendence', D
'direction' and 'control' as well as 'conduct of all elections' are the broadest
terms which would include the power to make all such provisions. [See
Mohinder Singh Gill v. Chief Election Commissioner, New Delhi, (1978] I
SCC 405, A.C. Jose v. Sivan Pillai, (1984] 2 SCC 656 and Kanhiya Lal Omar
v. R.K. Trivedi and Ors., (1985] 4 sec 628. E
Before the scheme of thie Constitution is examined in some detail it is
necessary to give the pattern which was followed in framing it. The Constituent
Assembly was unfettered by any previous commitment in evolving a
constitutional pattern "suitable to the genius and requirements of the Indian
people as a whole". The Assembly had before it the experience of the working F
of the Government Act several features of which could be accepted for the
new Constitution. Our Constitution borrowed a great deal from the
Constitutions of other countries, e.g. United Kingdom, Canada, Australia,
Ireland, United States of America and Switzerland. The Constitution being
supreme all the organs and bodies owe their existence to it. None can claim G
superiority over the other and each of them has to function within the four-
corners of the constitutional provisions. The Preamble embodies the great
purposes, objectives and the policy underlying its provisions apart from the
basic character of the State which was to come into existence, i.e. a Sovereign
Democratic Republic. It is the executive that has the main responsibility for
formulating the governmental policy by "transmitting it into law" whenevei H
458 SUPREME C:OURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A necessary. "The executive functim comprises both the determination of the
policy as well as carrying it ino execution. This evidently includes the
initiation of legislation, the mainte1ance of order, the promotion of social and
economic welfare, the direction of foreign policy, in fact the carrying on or
supervision of the general admini>tration of the State". With regard to the
B civ'' services and the position of the judiciary the British model has been
a<fripted inasmuch as the appointment of Judges both of the Supreme Court
of !1\dia and the High Courts of the States is kept free from political
controversies. Their independence has been assured. But the doctrine of
parliamentary sovereignty as it obtains in England does not prevail here
except to the extent provided by the Constitution. The entire scheme of the
C Constitution is such that it ensures the sovereignty and integrity of the
country as a Republic and the democratic way of life by parliamentary
institutions based on free and fair elections. These aspects have been
highlighted in Kesavananda Bharati 's case (supra).

Democracy is a basic feature of the Constitution. Whether any particular
D brand or system of government by itself, has this attribute of a basic feature,
as long as the essential characteristics that entitle a system of government
to be called democratic are otherwise satisfied is not necessary to be gone
into. Election conducted at regular, prescribed intervals is essential to the
democr~tic system envisr.ged in the. Constitution. So is the need to protect
E and sustain the purity of the electoral process. That may take within it the -·
quality, efficacy and adequacy of the machinery for resolution of electoral
disputes.

The first question essentially relates to the interplay between two
Articles. i.e. Article 174 and Article 324 of the Constitution. A bare reading
F of the aforesaid two Articles makes it clear that they operate in different fields.
Article 174 appears in Chapter llJ of Part VI of the Constitution relating to
State Legislature. The parallel provision, so far as the Union is concerned, is
contained in Article 85 in Chapter II of Part V of the Constitution. Chapter
Ill of Part VI with which we are presently concerned deals with State
Legislature. Article 168 provides that for every State there shall be a Legislature
G which shall consist of the Governor and in four States with two Houses and
in other States one House of the State. Where there are two Houses of the
Legislatures of a State, one is known as a Legislative Council and other is
Legislative Assembly and when there is only one House, it is known as the
Legislative Assembly. Article 172 provides for the duration of State
H Legislatures. Article 174 deals with sessions of the State Legislatures,
'' SPECIAL REFERENCE NO.I OF 2002 [ARIJlT PASAYAT, J.] 459

prorogation and dissolution. Under clause (I), the Governor is required to A
summon the House or each House of the Legislature of the State from time
to time to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit. It further provides that
six months shall not intervene between its last sitting of one session of the
House and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session of the
House. The requirement relating to the meeting within the prescribed time B
period is the crucial issue in the reference. Clause (2) deals with power of the
Governor to (a) prorogue the House or either House or (b) dissolve the
Legislative Assembly. Almost in similar language are couched Articles 83 and
85. As has been rightly contended by some of the learned counsel, Article
174 does not deal with elections. On the contrary, the occasion for holding
of elections to be. conducted by the Election Commission arise only after C
dissolution of the House. It is the stand of the Union of India, the Election
Commission and some of the parties that the Election Commission is duty
bound to ensure meeting of the House within the time indicated in Article 174
(1). According to them, the urgency and desirability involved in calling the
meeting of the House cannot be frustrated by postponing elections. Thus,
according to them, the Election Commission has to ensure that the elections D
are held in time, so that the State Legislature can meet within the prescribed
time period. On the other hand, learned counsel for some of the other parties
have submitted that the period of six months does not operate in respect of
the dissolved Assemblies. Election Commissioner under the Constitution is
required to hold "free and fair election" and election which is not free and E
fair is, sham or manipulated, and no election at all. Article 174 according to
them relates to the live assembly and not assembly which on dissolution has
suffered civil death. It has been pointed out by them that no time period is
prescribed for holding the elections after dissolution either in the Constitution
or Representation of Peoples' Act, 1950 (in short R.P. Act 1950) and R.P. Act
1951 '. The stand of the Union of India, the Election Commission and some F
of the parties is that in the scheme of the Constitution and the laws framed
under Article 327, it is impossible to conceive that elections can be deferred
indefinitely. According to them, the fact that elections constitute basic
structure of the Constitution, the care taker Ministry is not the answer and
not even imposition of President's Rule. According to them, President Rule G
can be imposed only if the enumerated circumstances exist and not otherwise.
Imposition of President's Rule has to be ratified by both the Houses of
Parliament. It is further submitted that Election Commissioner has to ensure
holding of elections and not holding up the elections, and effort should be
to take necessary assistance from the Center and the States, if necessary, to
hold the elections and that is why the third question has been referred. With H
460 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R. r
'
A reference to the language used in Article 174 that is "between its last sitting
in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session", '-··
it is pointed out that the House does not get dissolved, it is only the
Legislative Assembly which gets dissolved. Therefore, the Election
Commissioner is duty bound to see that Article 324 is exercised in such a
manner that prescription under Article 174 is not diluted or rendered ineffective.
B
So far as Chapter lII of Part VI is concerned, like Chapter lII of Part V,
difference is made between the Legislature, the Legislative Assembly and the
House of the People, as the case may be. Article 79 says that there shall be
a Parliament for the Union which shall consist of the President and the two
C Houses to be known respectively as the Council of States and the House of
the People. As indicated above, in almost identical language is couched
Article 168, Clause (I) of which provides that for every State there shall be
a Legislature which shall consist of the Governor etc. It was submitted by
some of the learned counsel that the House is known as Legislative Assembly
so far as.the States are concerned and so far as the Parliament is concerned,
D two Houses are known as Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly.
According to them, it is only the nomenclature and that on the dissolution
of the Legislative Assembly or the House of the People, as the case may be,
there is no House in existence. This plea though attractive is not tenable. The
question of holding elections by the Election Commissioner to meet the dead
E line fixed under Article 174, some times becomes impossible of being perfonned.
In a hypothetical case if the House of People or the Legislative Assembly is
dissolved a month before the expiry of the six months period, it becomes a
practical impossibility to hold the election to meet the dead line. There may
be several cases where acts of God intervene, rendering holding of election
impossible even though a time schedule has been fixed. In such cases, even
F if the elections are held after six months period they do not become invalid.
The Election Commission in such cases cannot be asked to perform the
impossible. There lies the answer to the question whether Article 174 has
mandatory attributes.

The House of the People or the Legislature is a permanent body. On
G dissolution of the House of the People or the Legislative Assembly, the
House does not cease to be in existence. Dissolution in its broadest sense
means decomposition, disintegration, undoing a bond. In a broad sense-the
Constitutional-it implies the dismissal of an Assembly or the House of the
People. Dissolution is an act of the Executive which dismisses the legislative
H body and starts the process through exercise of franchise by the little men
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 (ARIJIT PASA YAT, J.] 461

who are the supreme arbitrators of the State to put the new legislative body A
in place. The natural dissolution is on expiry of period fixed under the
Constitution, and other mode of dissolution is by an act of the Executive. It
is the lawful act of the Executive that prematurely dissolution ends the life
of the Legislature. We are not concerned whether such an act of the Executive
can be subject to judicial review which is another matter.
B
The exercise of the right of the Executive to dissolve the House of the
People or the Legislative Assembly pre-supposes certain conditions i.e. (i) the
existence of a representative body which is the object of dissolution and (ii)
the act of the Executive which implies a separate and distinct state organ
vested with the power to dissolve (iii) the consequential summoning of a new C
House of People or Legislative Assembly after the election is held by the
Election Commission and the result notified after its conclusion.

The State organ vested with the right to dissolve Parliament must
express its will to do so in a manner which accords with the Constitution, and
the relevant laws. The primary consequence of dissolution is that House of D
People or the Legislative Assembly, as the case may be, legally ceases to exist
and cannot perform its legislative functions. Such pre-mature interruption of
the life of the House of the People or the Legislative Assembly as the case
may be, amongst others factors affects it as a body as well as its individual
members likewise its work is also abruptly ended, subject to prescribed
exclusions, if any. Any further meeting of the ex-members has to be considered E
an ordinary meeting of citizens, and not an official session of the Legislative
Assembly or House of People in the legislative capacity.

When the House meets after the results of election are notified and
notification has been issued under the relevant law, it becomes a live body F
after it is duly constituted. The constituents. of the body may have been
changed but the constitutional body which is permanent one becomes alive
again. Therefore, the submission that under Article 174(1) time period fixed
does not apply to dissolved Legislative Assembly has substance.

Dissolution brings a legislative body to an end. It essentially terminates G
the life of such body and is followed by a constitution of new body (a
Legislative Assembly or a House of People, as the case may be). Prorogation
on the other hand relates to termination of a session and thus preclude
another session, unless it coincides with end of the legislative term. The basic
difference is that prorogation unlike dissolution does not affect a legislative
body's life which may continue from session to session, until brought to an H
462 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A end of dissolution. Dissolution draws the final curtain upon the House. Once
the House is dissolved it becomes irrevocable. There is no power to recall the
order of dissolution and/or revive the previous House. Consequently effect
of dissolution is absolute and irrevocable. It has been described by some
learned authors that dissolution "passes a sponge over the parliamentary
slate''. The effect of dissolution is in essence termination of current business
B of the legislative body, its sittings and sessions. There is a cessation of chain
of sessions, sittings and for a dissolved legislative body and there cannot be
any next session or its first sitting. With the election of legislative body a new
Chapter comes into operation. Till that is done, the sine qua non of responsible
govern.men! i.e. accountability is non-existent. Consequentially, the time
C stipulation is non-existent. Any other interpretation would render use of the
word "its" in relation to "last sitting in one session" and "first sitting in the
next session" without significance.

In. providing key to the meaning of any word or expression the context
m which it is said has significance. Colour and content emanating from
D context may permit sense being preferred to mere meaning depending on what
is sought to be achieved and what is sought to be prevented by the legislative
scheme surrounding the expression. It is a settled principle that iP interpreting
the statute the words used therein cannot be read in isolation. Their colour
and content are derived from their conte)(t and, therefore, every word in a
E statute must be examined in its context. By the word 'context', it means in its
widest sense as including not only other enacting provisions of the same
statute but its preamble, the existing state of the law, other statutes in pari
materia and the mischief which the statute intended to remedy. While making
such interpretation the roots of the past the foliage of the Present and the
seeds of the future cannot be lost sight of. Judicial interpretation should not
F be imprisoned in verbalism and words lose their thrust when read in vacuo.
Context would quite often provide the key to the meaning of the word and
the sen,~e it should carry. Its setting would give colour to it and provide a
cue to the intention of the Legislature in using it. A word is not a crystal,
transparent and unchanged; it is the skin of living thought and may vary
G greatly in colour and content according to the circumstances and the time in
which.the same is used as was observed by Holmes, J in Towne v. Eisner,
(1917)245 US 418m 425.

The following passage from Statutory Interpretation by Justice G.P.
Singh (Eighth Edition, 200 I atpp.81-82) is an appropriate guide to the case at
H hand:
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 (ARJJIT PASA Y AT, J.] 463

"No word", says Professor H.A. Smith "has an absolute meaning, for A
no words can be defined in vacuo, or without reference to some
context". According to Sutherland there is a "basic fallacy" in saying
"that words have meaning in and of themselves", and "reference to
the abstract meaning of words", states Craies, "if there be any such
thing, is of little value in interpreting statutes" .... in determining the B
meaning of any word or phrase in a statute the first question to be
asked is-"what is the natural or ordinary meaning of that word or
phrase in its context in the statute? It is only when that meaning leads
to some result which cannot reasonably be supposed to have been
the intention of the Legislature, that it is proper to look for some other
possible meaning of the word or phrase". The context, as already C
seen, in the construction of statutes, means the statute as a whole,
the previous state of the law, other statutes in pari materia the
general scope of the statute and the mischief that was intended to
remedy".

The judicial function of the Court in interpreting the Constitution thus D
becomes anti n01ni. It calls for a plea upon a continuity of members found in
the instrument and for meeting the domain, needs and aspirations of the
present. A constitutional court like this Court is a nice balance of jurisdiction
and it declares the law as contained in the Constitution but in doing so it
rightly reflects that the Constitution is a living and organic thing which of all E
instruments has the greatest claim to be construed broadly and liberally. [See
Mis. Goodyear India Ltd. v. State of Haryana and Anr., AIR (1990) SC 781
and Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd. v. State of U.P. and Ors., AIR (1990) SC
1927].

In the interpretation of a constitutional document words are but the F
framework of concepts and concepts may change more than words themselves.
The significance of the change of the concepts themselves is vital and the
constitutional issues are not solved by a mere appeal to the meaning of words
without an acceptance of the line of their growth. It is aptly said that the
intention of the Constitution is rather to outline principles than to engrave
details. (See R.C. Poudyal v. Union of India and Ors., AIR (1993) SC 1804). G
In Purushothaman Nambudiri v. The State of Kera/a, (1962] Supp.
SCR 753, a Constitution Bench of this Court observed as follows:

"Dissolution of Parliament is sometimes described as 'a civil death
of Parliament'. llbert, in his work on 'Parliament', has observed that H
464 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A 'prorogation means the end of a session (not of a Parliament)';"

"in any case, there is no continuity in the personality of the
Assembly where the life of one Assembly comes to an end and
another Assembly is in due course elected."

B It will be also clear from the Constituent Assembly Debates (vis-a-vis
Article 153-presently Article 174) that the stress was on frequent meetings
of long durations of live Legislative Assembly.

In May's Parliamentary Practice, the following paragraph reinforces the
view:
c ''A session is the period of time between the meeting of a
P~rliament, whether after the prorogation or dissolution, and its
prorogation .. .During the course of a session, either House may adjourn
itself of its own motion to such as it pleases. The period between the
prorogation of Parliament and its reassembly in a new session 'is
D termed as 'recess'; while the period between the adjournment of either
House and the resumption of its sitting is generally called an
~adjournment'.

A prorogat;on terminates a session; an adjournment is an
interruption in the course of one and the same session."
E
There is a direct decision of the Kerala High Court in K.K. Aboo v.
Union ofIndia, AIR (1965) Kerala 229 on the point. It was inter alia observed
as follows:

"A Legislature can be summoned to meet only if it is in esse at
F the time. A dissolved Legislature is incapable of being summoned to
meet under Article 174 of the Constitution. The question therefore is
not whether the Legislature should or could have been summoned to
m'eet, but whether its dissolution ordered by the President, is
constitutionally valid.''

G The view is well founded.

The position gets further clear that one looks at the original Article 174
which was amended in 195 l. The un-amended Article 174 reads as follows:

'' 174( 1) The House or Houses of the Legislature of the State shall
H be summoned to meet twice at least in every year, and six months shall
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [ARIJIT PASA YAT, J.] 465

not intervene between their last sitting in one session and the date A
appointed for their first sitting in the next session.

(2) Subject to the provisions of clause ( l ), the Governor may from
time to time -

(a) summon the House or either House to meet at such time and B
place as he thinks fit;

(b) prorogue the House or Houses."

Having reached the conclusion that Article 174 in terms does not apply
to dissolved Assembly (similar in the case of Article 85 in case of House of
People), the other question that survives consideration is that can there be C
a time limit fixed for holding the elections in such cases? It has been emphatically
submitted by some of the learned counsel that the Constitution does not
provide for any time of limitation, nor does the R.P. Act.

Can it be said that the framers of the Constitution intended that in case
of life of the elected body comes to an end on expiry of the fixed duration, D
a time limit for holding elections is imperative, while in the case of a pre-
mature dissolution it does not so?

Sections 14 and 15 of the R.P. Act, 1951 deal with notification for
general election to the House of the People and the State Legislative E
Assemblies respectively. It is clearly stipulated that notification for holding
the election cannot be issued at any time earlier than 6 months prior to the
date on which the duration of the House will expire under provisions of clause
(2) of Article 83 or under clause (I) of Article 172 respectively. The obvious
purpose is that the President or the Governor, as the case may be, to call i,pon
the electorate to elect members in accordance with the provisions of the F
Rules, Act and the orders made thereunder on such dates as may be
recommended by the Election Commission. The dates are to be so fixed that
they are not much prior to the expiry of the duration. Here also, the underlying
object is that the elected members are to continue for the full term. It has been
fairly accepted by learned counsel for the parties who submitted that there G
is rio time limit fixed that there should always be a responsible Government.
Our Constitution establishes a democratic republic as is indicated in the
Preamble to the Constitution itself and Cabinet system of Government is
generally known as the responsible government. We may notice here that in
a democracy the sovereign powers vest collectively to the three limbs i.e. the
executive, legislatures and the judiciary. Section 14 of the R.P. Act, 1951 H
466 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A mandates that general elections shall be held for the purpose of constituting
the new House of People on the expiry of the duration of the existing House
or on its dissolution. Similar is in the case of Legislative Assembly in the
background of Section 15. When the election is to be held on the expiry of
the fixed term, the Election Commissioner knows the date in advance and can
B accordingly fix up schedule of the election. The problem arises when there
is a pre-mature dissolution. In that case, the Election Commissioner becomes
aware only after the dissolution takes place. He cannot, therefore, fix up any
schedule in advance in such a case. The consequential fall out of not holding
election for a long time is the functioning of a care-taker government which
is contrary to the principles of responsible Government. The caretaker
C government is not the solution to deferring elections for unduly long periods.

As noted above, due to unforeseen contingencies it may become
impossible to constitute new House of People or the Legislative Assembly.
Deferring an election is an exception to the requirement that elections should
be held as early as practicable. The requirement of summoning the House has
D inbuilt in it; the existence of a House capable of being summoned. Therefore
even in the case of pre-mature dissolution, effort of the Election Commission
should be to hold elections in time so that a responsible government is in
office. At the cost of repetition it may be indicated that where free and fair
election is not possible to be held, there may be inevitable delay. But reasons
E for deferring elections should be relatable to acts of God and normally not
acts of man. Myriad reasons may be there for not holding elections.

In determining the question whether a provision is mandatory or directory,
the subject matter, the importance of the provision, the relation of the provision
to the general object intended to be secured by the Act will decide whether
F the provision is directory or mandatory. It is the duty of the courts to get the
real intention of the legislature by carefully attending the whole scope of the
provision ;to be construed. The key to the opening of every law is the reason
and spirit of the law, it is the animus impotentia, the intention of the law maker
expressed in the law itself, taken as a whole". (See Bratt v. Bratt {1826) 3
Addams 210 at p. 216).
G
The necessity for completing the election expeditiously is enjoined by
the Constitution in public and State interest to see that the governance of the
country is not paralysed.

The impossibility of holding the election is not a factor against the
H Election Commission. The maxim of law impotentia exusat legem is intimately
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [ARIJIT PASA YAT, J.] 467

connected with another maxim of law lex non cogit and impossibilia. A
Impotentia excusat legem is that when there is a necessary or invincible
disability to perform the mandatory part of the law that impotentia excuses.
The law does not compel one to do that which one cannot possibly perform.
"Where the law creates a duty .or charge, and the party is disabled to perform
it, without any default in him, and has no remedy over it, there the law will B
in general excuse him." Therefore; when it appears that the performance of
the formalities prescribed by a statute has been rendered impossible by
circumstances over which the persons interested had no control, like the act
of God, the circumstances will be taken as a valid excuse. Where the act of
God prevents the compliance of the words of a statute, the statutory provision
is not denuded of its mandatory character because of supervening impossibility C
caused by the act of God. (See Broom's Legal Maxims 10th Edition at pp.
1962-63 and Craies on Statute Law 6th Ed. P. 268). These aspects were
highlighted by this Court in Special Reference I of 1974, [1975] I SCR 504.
Situations may be created by interested persons to see that elections do not
take place and the caretaker government continue in office. This certainly
would be against the scheme of the Constitution and the basic structure to D
that extent shall be corroded.

A responsible Government provides for a healthy functioning. The
democracy has to be contrasted with a caretaker government which is ad hoc
in all its context and whiih is not required to take any policy decision. A E
piquant situation may arise when a Cabinet of Ministers being sure that it will
loose the vote of confidence, calls for a dissolution a few days before the
expiry of the six months' period in terms of Article 174 knowing fully well that
the elections cannot be held immediately continues as the care taker
government. Let us take another hypothetical case, where free and fair elections
are not possible and caretaker government continues in office because of man F
made situations. Here the Election Commissioner has a duty to lift the veil,
see the design and make all possible efforts to hold the elections so that a
responsible government takes place in office. Question then arises as to how
a impasse can be avoided when an Assembly or the House of People is
.J
dissolved and election can be held immediately so that six months' period is G
not given a go by, between the last sitting of the dissolved one and the first
sitting of the duly constituted subsequent one. One of the solutions can be
that an emergent session which is usually described as 'lame duck' session
can be convened, and immediately thereafter the dissolution can be notified.
In such a situation, the Election Commissioner gets sufficient time to hold the
election subject of course to the paramount consideration that it is free and H
468 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A fair one; thereby enabling functioning of the next session of the duly constituted
elected body to meet within six months from the date of dissolution. For
practical purposes the six months' period then would begin from the date of
dissolution.

Free and fair election is the sine qua non of democracy. The scheme
B of the Constitution makes it clear that two distinct Constitutional authorities.
deal with election and calling of session. It has heen pointed out to us that
as a matter of practice the elections are completed within a period of six
months from the date of dissolution, on completing the prescribed tenure or
on pre-mature dissolution except when for inevitable reasons there is a delay.
C The Election Commissioner is a high constitutional authority charged with the
duty of ensuring free and fair elections and the purity of electoral process.
To effectuate the constitutional objective and purpose it is to draw upon all
incidental and ancillary powers. Six months' period applicable to elections
held on expiry of the prescribed term would be imperatively applicable to
elections held after pre-mature dissolution. This of course would be subject
D to such rare exceptional cases occasioned on account of facts situation (like
acts of God) which make holding of elections impossible. But man made
situation intend~d to defer holding of elections should be sternly dealt with
and should not normally be a ground for deferring elections beyond six
months period, starting point of which would be the date of dissolution. As
E was observed in Digvijay Mote v. Union ofIndia and Ors., (1993] 4 SCC 175,
timely election which is not free and fair subverts democracy and frustrates
the ultimate responsibility to assess objectively whether free and fair election
is possible. Any man made attempt to obstruct free and fair election is
antithesis to democratic norms and should be overcome by garnering resources
from the intended sources and by holding the elections within the six months'
F period.

Reference was made to Article 164(4) of the Constitution to contend
that six months' period for holding election is in built in Article 174. It has
to be noted that as observed by this Court in S.R. Chaudhuri v. State of
Punjab a_nd Ors., [200 I] 7 SCC 126 the provisions is not really concerned with
G holding of elections and primarily relates to a requirement to get elected
within the time prescribed. The said provision contemplates a situation where
a Minister in a Legislature in existence has to be elected, it does not deal with
a non-existing House and in this background, there is nothing to do with
Article 174.

H The second question has really lost its sting because of the submissions
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [ARIJIT PASA YAT, J.] 469

made before this Court on behalf of the Election Commission. A
So far as applicability of Article 356 is concerned, though in the order
the Election Commission has specifically dealt with the possibility of applying
that situation, in the written submissions and the arguments made before this
Court the view was given a go by; and in our view rightly. Mere non-
compliance of Article 174 so far as the time period is concerned, does not B
automatically bring in Article 356. It is made clear that the order of the Election
Commissioner is the foundation and not what is stated subsequently by way
of an affidavit or submissions to cl?rify. But in view of the concession, which
according to us is well founded, we need not go into the question in detail.
It was submitted by some of the learned counsel that the Election Commission's C
order otherwise makes out a case for applying Article 356. We are not
concerned with those as the Reference only related to application of Article
356 when the requirement of Article 174 is not met. In K.N. Rajgopal v. Thiru
M Karunanidhi, [1972] 4 SCC 733, a Constitution Bench of this Court inter
alia, observed as follows:
D
" ......... Article 356 of the Constitution makes provisions in case of
failure of constitutional machinery in the State. But when an Assembly
is dissolved there is no failure of constitutional machinery within
Article 356".

A similar observation was made by one of us (Hon'ble V.N. Khare, J. E
as His Lordship was then) in Arun Kumar Rai Choudhury v. Union of India,
AIR (1992) Allahabad 1. His Lordship succinctly stated the position as follows:

"This question came up for consideration before Supreme Court
in the case of U.N.R. Rao v. Indira Gandhi, ( 1971] 2 SCC 63 and Thiru
KN. Rai Gopal V. M Karima Nidhi, [1972] 4 sec 733. The Supreme F
Court while interpreting Arts. 74 and 75 as well as Arts. 163 and 164
of the Constitution held that even if the House is dissolved, the
Council of Ministers continues. These decisions squarely cover the
case before us. Following these decisions we hold that after the
Governor of the State ofU.P. dissolved the Legislative Assembly and G
directions were issued for holding fresh poll for constituting the
Legislative Assembly, the Council of Ministers continues. Further
there being no failure of constitutional machinery within the meaning
of Article 356 of the Constitution, the contention that the President
of India ought to have promulgated President Rule in the State for
carrying on the function of the Government must be rejected." H
470 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Situations when Article 356 can be resorted to have been illuminatingly
highlighted in S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, [1994) 3 SCC I. The following
obsel'Vations very aptly summarized the position:

" ........... Article 356 is an emergency provision though, it is true, it
is qualitatively different from the emergency contemplated by Article
B 352, or for that matter, from the financial emergency contemplated by
Article 360. Undoubtedly, breakdown of the constitutional machinery
in a State does give rise to a situation of emergency. Emergency
means a situation which is not normal, a situation which calls for
urgent remedial action. Article 356 confers a power to be exercised by
the President in exceptional circumstances to discharge the obligation
c cast upon him by Article 355. It is a measure to protect and preserve
the Constitution, consistent with his oath. He is as much bound to
exercise this power in a situation contemplated by Article 356 as he
is bound not to use it where such a situation has not really arisen."

D It has been further observed:

" ............... He has to exercise his powers with the aid and advice
. of the Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at its head (A11icle
-
i63). He takes the oath, prescribed by Article 159, to preserve, protect
and defend the Constitution and the laws to the best of his ability.
E It is this obligation which requires him to report to the President the
commissions and omissions of the Government of his State which
according to him are creating or have created a situation where the
Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the
provisions of the Constitution. In fact, it would be a case of his
reporting against his own Government but this may be a case of his
F wearing two h~ts, one as the head of the State Government and the
other as the holder of an independent constitutional office whose
duty it is to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution (See
Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab, [1974] 2 SCC 831 at p. 849). Since
he cannot himself take any action of the nature contemplated by
G Article 356(1), he reports the mattrr to the President and it is for the
President to be satisfied-whether on the basis of the said report or
on the basis of any other information which he may receive otherwise-
that situation of the nature contemplated by Article 356(1) has
arisen ....... "

H The third question is to be considered in the background of what has
SPECIAL REFERENCE NO. I OF 2002 [ARIJIT PASA YAT, J.] 471

been observed supra about scope and ambit of Article 174. It does not relate A
to holding of elections. Therefore, the question of seeking control or State
assistance does not arise. However, the Election Commission and the
Governments (Central and/or State) have well-defined roles to play to ensure
free and fair election. The parameters have been laid down by this Court in
several cases e.g. Election Commission of India v. State of Haryana, [1984]
3 SCR 554, Election Commission of India v. Union of India and Ors., [ 1995] B
Supp. 3 SCC 643, Election Commission of India v. State of T.N. and Ors.,
[1995] Supp. 3 SCC 379. Some of the relevant observations need to be noticed.

In Tamil Nadu 's case (supra) it was observed:
c
''The ~lection Commission of India is a high constitutional authority
charged with the function and the duty of ensuring free and fair
elections and of the purity of the electoral process. It has all the
incidental and ancillary powers to effectuate the constitutional objective
and purpose. The plenitude of the Commission's powers corresponds
to the high constitutional functions it has to discharge. In an exercise D
of the magnitude involved in ensuring free and fair elections in the
vastness of our country, there are bound to be differences of perception
as to the law and order situation in any particular constituency at any
given time and as to the remedial requirements. Then again, there may
be intrinsic limitations on the resources of the Central Government to E
meet in full the demands of the Election Commission. There may again
be honest differences of opinion in the assessment of the magnitude
of the security machinery. There must, in the very nature of the
complexities and imponderables inherent in such situations, be a
harmonious functioning of the Election Commission and the
Governments, both State and Central. If there are mutually irreconcilable F
viewpoints, there must be a mechanism to resolve them. The assessment
of the Election Commission as to the state of law and order and the
nature and adequacy of the machinery to deal with situations so as
to ensure free and fair elections must, prima facie, prevail. But, there
may be limitations of resources. Situation of this kind should be
resolved by mutual discussion and should not be blown up into G
public confrontations. This is not good for a healthy democracy. The
Election Commission of India and the Union Government should find
a mutually acceptable coordinating machinery for resolution of these
differences."
H
•

472 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A To sum up, answers to the questions set out in the Reference are as
follows:

I. The provisions of Article 174 are mandatory in character so far as
the time period between two sessions is concerned in respect of live
Assemblies and not dissolved Assemblies. Article 174 and Article 324 operate
B in different fields. Article 174 does not deal with elections which is the primary
function of the Election Commission under Article 324. Therefore, the question
of one yielding to the other does not arise. There is scope of harmonizing
both in a manner indicated supra.

2. Article 174 is not relatable to a dissolved Assembly. Similar is the
C position under Article 85 vis-a-vis House of People. Merely because the time
schedule fixed under Article 174 cannot be adhered to, that per se cannot be
the ground for bringing into operation Article 356.

3. As Article 174 does not deal with election, the question of Election
D Commissioner taking the aid, assistance or co-operation of the Center or the
State Governments or to draw upon their resources to hold the election does
not arise. On the contrary for effective operation of Article 324 the Election
Commission can do so to ensure holding of free and fair election. The
question; whether free and fair election is possible to be held or not has to
be objectively assessed by the Election Commission by taking into
E consideration all relevant aspects. Efforts should be to hold the election and
not to defer holding of election.

K.K.T. Questions Answered.